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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_el.wikipedia.org&uselang=el"><span>Δωρεές</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C:%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D&returnto=%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF" title="Σας ενθαρρύνουμε να δημιουργήσετε ένα λογαριασμό και να συνδεθείτε· ωστόσο, δεν είναι υποχρεωτικό"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Δημιουργία λογαριασμού</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Περιεχόμενα</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">μετακίνηση στην πλαϊνή μπάρα</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">απόκρυψη</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Αρχή</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ιστορία" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ιστορία"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ιστορία</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ιστορία-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Παραπομπές" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Παραπομπές"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Παραπομπές</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Παραπομπές-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Περιεχόμενα" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Εναλλαγή του πίνακα περιεχομένων" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Εναλλαγή του πίνακα περιεχομένων</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Χειρόγραφο</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Μεταβείτε σε ένα λήμμα σε άλλη γλώσσα. Διαθέσιμο σε 81 γλώσσες" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 γλώσσες</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskrip" title="Manuskrip – Αφρικάανς" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Manuskrip" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Αφρικάανς" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskript" title="Manuskript – Γερμανικά Ελβετίας" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Manuskript" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Γερμανικά Ελβετίας" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7" title="مخطوط – Αραβικά" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخطوط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Αραβικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscritu" title="Manuscritu – Αστουριανά" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manuscritu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Αστουριανά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Flyazma" title="Əlyazma – Αζερμπαϊτζανικά" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əlyazma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Αζερμπαϊτζανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ال یازما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ال یازما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%82" title="Манускрыпт – Λευκορωσικά" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манускрыпт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Λευκορωσικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Рукапіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рукапіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Ръкопис – Βουλγαρικά" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ръкопис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Βουλγαρικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="পাণ্ডুলিপি – Βεγγαλικά" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাণ্ডুলিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Βεγγαλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornskrid" title="Dornskrid – Βρετονικά" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dornskrid" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Βρετονικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrit" title="Manuscrit – Καταλανικά" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manuscrit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Καταλανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukopis" title="Rukopis – Τσεχικά" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rukopis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Τσεχικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%C3%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" title="Алçыру – Τσουβασικά" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алçыру" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Τσουβασικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llawysgrif" title="Llawysgrif – Ουαλικά" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llawysgrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Ουαλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskript" title="Manuskript – Δανικά" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manuskript" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Δανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskript" title="Manuskript – Γερμανικά" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manuskript" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Γερμανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript – Αγγλικά" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Manuscript" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Αγγλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskripto" title="Manuskripto – Εσπεράντο" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manuskripto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Εσπεράντο" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrito" title="Manuscrito – Ισπανικά" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manuscrito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Ισπανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4sikiri" title="Käsikiri – Εσθονικά" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käsikiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Εσθονικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskuizkribu" title="Eskuizkribu – Βασκικά" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskuizkribu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Βασκικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="نسخه خطی – Περσικά" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسخه خطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Περσικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4sikirjoitus" title="Käsikirjoitus – Φινλανδικά" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käsikirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Φινλανδικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrit" title="Manuscrit – Γαλλικά" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manuscrit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Γαλλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2nskrift_(dokumint)" title="Hânskrift (dokumint) – Δυτικά Φριζικά" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hânskrift (dokumint)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Δυτικά Φριζικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrito" title="Manuscrito – Γαλικιανά" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manuscrito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Γαλικιανά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4" title="હસ્તપ્રત – Γκουτζαρατικά" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હસ્તપ્રત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Γκουτζαρατικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%93_(%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%A7)" title="כתב יד (העתק) – Εβραϊκά" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב יד (העתק)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Εβραϊκά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="पाण्डुलिपि – Χίντι" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाण्डुलिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Χίντι" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukopis" title="Rukopis – Κροατικά" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rukopis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Κροατικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9zirat_(dokumentum)" title="Kézirat (dokumentum) – Ουγγρικά" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kézirat (dokumentum)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ουγγρικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Ձեռագիր – Αρμενικά" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձեռագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Αρμενικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskah" title="Naskah – Ινδονησιακά" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naskah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Ινδονησιακά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskripto" title="Manuskripto – Ίντο" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manuskripto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ίντο" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handrit" title="Handrit – Ισλανδικά" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Handrit" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Ισλανδικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoscritto" title="Manoscritto – Ιταλικά" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manoscritto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Ιταλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%99%E6%9C%AC" title="写本 – Ιαπωνικά" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="写本" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Ιαπωνικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskah" title="Naskah – Ιαβανικά" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Naskah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Ιαβανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿ – Κανάντα" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Κανάντα" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%B8" title="사본 – Κορεατικά" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사본" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Κορεατικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82" title="Манускрипт – Κιργιζικά" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Манускрипт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Κιργιζικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscriptum" title="Manuscriptum – Λατινικά" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manuscriptum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Λατινικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoscrito" title="Manoscrito – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Manoscrito" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankra%C5%A1tis" title="Rankraštis – Λιθουανικά" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rankraštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Λιθουανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokraksts" title="Rokraksts – Λετονικά" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rokraksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Λετονικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora-tanam-piraketana" title="Sora-tanam-piraketana – Μαλγασικά" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sora-tanam-piraketana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Μαλγασικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87" title="हस्तलिखिते – Μαραθικά" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हस्तलिखिते" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Μαραθικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskhah" title="Naskhah – Μαλαισιανά" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Naskhah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Μαλαισιανά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manascritto" title="Manascritto – Ναπολιτανικά" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Manascritto" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Ναπολιτανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="पाण्डुलिपि – Νεπαλικά" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाण्डुलिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Νεπαλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handschrift_(document)" title="Handschrift (document) – Ολλανδικά" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Handschrift (document)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Ολλανδικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskript" title="Manuskript – Νορβηγικά Νινόρσκ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Manuskript" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Νορβηγικά Νινόρσκ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskript" title="Manuskript – Νορβηγικά Μποκμάλ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manuskript" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Νορβηγικά Μποκμάλ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrit" title="Manuscrit – Οξιτανικά" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manuscrit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Οξιτανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A4" title="ਹੱਥ ਲਿਖਤ – Παντζαπικά" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੱਥ ਲਿਖਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Παντζαπικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%99kopis" title="Rękopis – Πολωνικά" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rękopis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Πολωνικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrito" title="Manuscrito – Πορτογαλικά" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manuscrito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Πορτογαλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscris" title="Manuscris – Ρουμανικά" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manuscris" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Ρουμανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Рукопись – Ρωσικά" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рукопись" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ρωσικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83" title="मातृकाग्रन्थः – Σανσκριτικά" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मातृकाग्रन्थः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Σανσκριτικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%88" title="قلمي نسخو – Σίντι" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قلمي نسخو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Σίντι" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukopis" title="Rukopis – Σερβοκροατικά" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rukopis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Σερβοκροατικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manuscript" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukopis_(star%C3%BD_dokument)" title="Rukopis (starý dokument) – Σλοβακικά" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rukopis (starý dokument)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Σλοβακικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokopis" title="Rokopis – Σλοβενικά" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rokopis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Σλοβενικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dor%C3%ABshkrimi" title="Dorëshkrimi – Αλβανικά" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dorëshkrimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Αλβανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рукописна књига – Σερβικά" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рукописна књига" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Σερβικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskah" title="Naskah – Σουνδανικά" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Naskah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Σουνδανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handskrift" title="Handskrift – Σουηδικά" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Handskrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Σουηδικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="கையெழுத்துப்படி – Ταμιλικά" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கையெழுத்துப்படி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Ταμιλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskrito" title="Manuskrito – Τάγκαλογκ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manuskrito" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Τάγκαλογκ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_yazmas%C4%B1" title="El yazması – Τουρκικά" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="El yazması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Τουρκικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Рукопис – Ουκρανικά" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рукопис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ουκρανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%81" title="مخطوطہ – Ούρντου" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مخطوطہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Ούρντου" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%CA%BBlyozma" title="Qoʻlyozma – Ουζμπεκικά" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoʻlyozma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Ουζμπεκικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7_b%E1%BA%A3n" title="Thủ bản – Βιετναμικά" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủ bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Βιετναμικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%AEscr%C3%AEt" title="Papîscrît – Βαλλωνικά" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Papîscrît" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Βαλλωνικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskrito" title="Manuskrito – Γουάραϊ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Manuskrito" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Γουάραϊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%8A%84%E6%9C%AC" title="手抄本 – Κινεζικά Γου" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="手抄本" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Κινεζικά Γου" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%8A%84%E6%9C%AC" title="手抄本 – Κινεζικά" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="手抄本" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Κινεζικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q87167#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Επεξεργασία διαγλωσσικών συνδέσεων" class="wbc-editpage">Επεξεργασία συνδέσμων</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ονοματοχώροι"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF" title="Προβολή της σελίδας περιεχομένου [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Λήμμα</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7:%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Συζήτηση για τη σελίδα περιεχομένου (δεν έχει γραφτεί ακόμα) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Συζήτηση</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Εργαλεία</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">μετακίνηση στην πλαϊνή μπάρα</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">απόκρυψη</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Περισσότερες επιλογές" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ενέργειες </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Γενικά </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C:%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%95%CE%B4%CF%8E/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF" title="Κατάλογος όλων των σελίδων wiki που έχουν συνδέσμους προς εδώ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Συνδέσεις προς εδώ</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C:%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF" rel="nofollow" title="Πρόσφατες αλλαγές σε σελίδες που παραπέμπουν οι σύνδεσμοι αυτής της σελίδας [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Σχετικές αλλαγές</span></a></li><li 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q87167" title="Σύνδεσμος προς το συνδεδεμένο αντικείμενο δεδομένων [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Αντικείμενο Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Εργαλεία σελίδων"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Εμφάνιση"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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ambox ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span class="mbox-text-span">Το λήμμα δεν περιέχει <a href="/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Βικιπαίδεια:Επαληθευσιμότητα"><b>πηγές</b></a> ή αυτές που περιέχει δεν επαρκούν.</span> <span class="hide-when-compact"><a class="external text" href="https://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF&action=edit">Μπορείτε να βοηθήσετε</a> προσθέτοντας την κατάλληλη τεκμηρίωση. Υλικό που είναι ατεκμηρίωτο μπορεί να αμφισβητηθεί και να αφαιρεθεί.<br /> <small>Η σήμανση τοποθετήθηκε στις 17/07/2015.</small></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF:Aristotle_latin_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aristotle_latin_manuscript.jpg/220px-Aristotle_latin_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aristotle_latin_manuscript.jpg/330px-Aristotle_latin_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aristotle_latin_manuscript.jpg/440px-Aristotle_latin_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>Μεσαιωνικό Χειρόγραφο στα λατινικά -Η φυσική του Αριστοτέλη</figcaption></figure> <p>Ένα <b>χειρόγραφο</b> είναι καθετί που γράφεται με το <a href="/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Χέρι">χέρι</a>, σε αντίθεση με το <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Έντυπο (δεν έχει γραφτεί ακόμα)">έντυπο</a> που είναι γραμμένο με τεχνικά μέσα.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ιστορία"><span id=".CE.99.CF.83.CF.84.CE.BF.CF.81.CE.AF.CE.B1"></span>Ιστορία</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Επεξεργασία ενότητας: Ιστορία" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Επεξεργασία</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF&action=edit&section=1" title="Επεξεργαστείτε τον πηγαίο κώδικα της ενότητας: Ιστορία"><span>επεξεργασία κώδικα</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Κατά την αρχαία εποχή τα βιβλία γράφονταν με το χέρι πάνω σε μεμβράνη από <a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πάπυρος">πάπυρο</a>. Από τον 2ο π.Χ. αιώνα σαν γραφική ύλη χρησιμοποιούσαν την <a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Περγαμηνή">περγαμηνή</a>. Το χειρόγραφο από πάπυρο λεγόταν <a href="/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Βιβλίο">βιβλίο</a>, τα φύλλα του είχαν ορθογώνιο σχήμα. Επάνω σ' αυτά έγραφαν σε γραμμές χαραγμένες με το χάρακα. Μετά τα συγκολλούσαν όλα μαζί και τα τύλιγαν σε σχήμα κυλίνδρου, ο οποίος, όταν ξετυλιγόταν, έφτανε συχνά το μήκος των 12 μέτρων. Υπήρξαν όμως και αιγυπτιακοί παπύροι μήκους 45 μέτρων. Τα φύλλα χωρίζονταν σε στήλες που αντιστοιχούσαν στις σημερινές σελίδες. Στο τελευταίο κολλημένο φύλλο προσαρμοζόταν ένα ραβδί, γύρω από το οποίο τυλιγόταν όλο το χειρόγραφο. Τα άκρα του ραβδιού στολίζονταν συχνά με μέταλλο ή με <a href="/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Ελεφαντόδοντο">ελεφαντόδοντο</a> και ονομάζονταν <i>ομφαλοί</i>. Πάνω σ' αυτά κολλούσαν ένα κομμάτι περγαμηνής με τον τίτλο του έργου. Ο αναγνώστης κρατούσε το χειρόγραφο με το δεξί χέρι και το ξετύλιγε με το αριστερό, ενώ με το ίδιο χέρι τύλιγε πάλι το μέρος που είχε διαβάσει. </p><p>Όταν άρχισαν να χρησιμοποιούν την περγαμηνή, έκοβαν τα φύλλα και τα έραβαν σε σχήμα τετραδίου. Τα τετράδια αυτά λέγονταν <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Κώδικας (παλαιογραφία)">κώδικες</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Παραπομπές"><span id=".CE.A0.CE.B1.CF.81.CE.B1.CF.80.CE.BF.CE.BC.CF.80.CE.AD.CF.82"></span>Παραπομπές</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Επεξεργασία ενότητας: Παραπομπές" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Επεξεργασία</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF&action=edit&section=2" title="Επεξεργαστείτε τον πηγαίο κώδικα της ενότητας: Παραπομπές"><span>επεξεργασία κώδικα</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Schmid, Rudolf; Hopkins, D. J.; Merriam-Webster (1998-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223820">«Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary»</a>. <i>Taxon</i> <b>47</b> (2): 535. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1223820">10.2307/1223820</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0040-0262">0040-0262</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223820">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223820</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" 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