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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0+%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0+%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-원리" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#원리"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>원리</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-원리-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-클러스터의_특징" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#클러스터의_특징"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>클러스터의 특징</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-클러스터의_특징-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-설계_및_구성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#설계_및_구성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>설계 및 구성</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-설계_및_구성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-통신_서비스에서의_활용" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#통신_서비스에서의_활용"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>통신 서비스에서의 활용</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-통신_서비스에서의_활용-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-클러스터의_구성_요소" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#클러스터의_구성_요소"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>클러스터의 구성 요소</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-클러스터의_구성_요소-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-데이터_공유_및_통신" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#데이터_공유_및_통신"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>데이터 공유 및 통신</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-데이터_공유_및_통신-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>데이터 공유 및 통신 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-데이터_공유_및_통신-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-데이터_공유" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#데이터_공유"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>데이터 공유</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-데이터_공유-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-메시지_전달_통신" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#메시지_전달_통신"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>메시지 전달 통신</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-메시지_전달_통신-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-클러스터_관리" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#클러스터_관리"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>클러스터 관리</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-클러스터_관리-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>클러스터 관리 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-클러스터_관리-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-작업_스케줄링" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#작업_스케줄링"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>작업 스케줄링</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-작업_스케줄링-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-노드_장애_관리" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#노드_장애_관리"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>노드 장애 관리</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-노드_장애_관리-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-소프트웨어_개발_및_관리" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#소프트웨어_개발_및_관리"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>소프트웨어 개발 및 관리</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-소프트웨어_개발_및_관리-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>소프트웨어 개발 및 관리 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-소프트웨어_개발_및_관리-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-병렬_프로그래밍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#병렬_프로그래밍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>병렬 프로그래밍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-병렬_프로그래밍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="목차" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">컴퓨터 클러스터</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 41개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9)" title="عنقود (حوسبة) – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنقود (حوسبة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Клъстер – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клъстер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কম্পিউটার ক্লাস্টার – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্পিউটার ক্লাস্টার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%BAster_d%27ordinadors" title="Clúster d'ordinadors – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clúster d'ordinadors" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%BD_cluster" title="Počítačový cluster – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Počítačový cluster" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klyngecomputer" title="Klyngecomputer – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klyngecomputer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechnerverbund" title="Rechnerverbund – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rechnerverbund" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Computer cluster" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapolo_(komputado)" title="Grapolo (komputado) – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grapolo (komputado)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%BAster_de_computadoras" title="Clúster de computadoras – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clúster de computadoras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaster_(infotehnoloogia)" title="Klaster (infotehnoloogia) – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klaster (infotehnoloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="خوشه کامپیوتر – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوشه کامپیوتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klusteri_(tietotekniikka)" title="Klusteri (tietotekniikka) – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Klusteri (tietotekniikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grappe_de_serveurs" title="Grappe de serveurs – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grappe de serveurs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%BAster_de_computadores" title="Clúster de computadores – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clúster de computadores" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אשכול מחשבים – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשכול מחשבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster" title="Cluster – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cluster" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1m%C3%ADt%C3%B3g%C3%A9pf%C3%BCrt" title="Számítógépfürt – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Számítógépfürt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2)" title="Կլաստեր (համակարգիչների խումբ) – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլաստեր (համակարգիչների խումբ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluster_komputer" title="Kluster komputer – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kluster komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ret_de_computatores" title="Ret de computatores – 인테르링구에" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ret de computatores" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="인테르링구에" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Computer cluster" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="コンピュータ・クラスター – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンピュータ・クラスター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ ക്ലസ്റ്റർ – 말라얄람어" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ ക്ലസ്റ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="말라얄람어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugusan_komputer" title="Gugusan komputer – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gugusan komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computercluster" title="Computercluster – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Computercluster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataklynge" title="Dataklynge – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dataklynge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regneklynge" title="Regneklynge – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Regneklynge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaster_komputerowy" title="Klaster komputerowy – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klaster komputerowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster" title="Cluster – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cluster" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Кластер (группа компьютеров) – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кластер (группа компьютеров)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_(computing)" title="Cluster (computing) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cluster (computing)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupet_kompjuterike" title="Grupet kompjuterike – 알바니아어" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupet kompjuterike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="알바니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кластер рачунари – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кластер рачунари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datorkluster" title="Datorkluster – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datorkluster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgisayar_k%C3%BCmesi" title="Bilgisayar kümesi – 튀르키예어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgisayar kümesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="튀르키예어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%27%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Комп'ютерний кластер – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комп'ютерний кластер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%82_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="خوشۂ کمپیوٹر – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خوشۂ کمپیوٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_to%C3%A1n_c%E1%BB%A5m" title="Điện toán cụm – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện toán cụm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4" title="计算机集群 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="计算机集群" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%8F%A2%E9%9B%86" title="電腦叢集 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電腦叢集" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">보이기</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ko" dir="ltr"><p><span class="nowrap"></span> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:MEGWARE.CLIC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MEGWARE.CLIC.jpg/300px-MEGWARE.CLIC.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MEGWARE.CLIC.jpg/450px-MEGWARE.CLIC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MEGWARE.CLIC.jpg/600px-MEGWARE.CLIC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>독일에 위치한 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BC%90%EB%8B%88%EC%B8%A0_%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="켐니츠 기술 대학교 (없는 문서)">켐니츠 기술 대학교</a>에서 기술자들이 대규모 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%88%85%EC%8A%A4" title="리눅스">리눅스</a> 클러스터에서 작업하고 있다</figcaption></figure> <p><b>컴퓨터 클러스터</b>(<span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영어">영어</a>: </span><span lang="en">computer cluster</span>)는 여러 대의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="컴퓨터">컴퓨터</a>들이 연결되어 하나의 시스템처럼 동작하는 컴퓨터들의 집합을 말한다. 클러스터의 구성 요소들은 일반적으로 고속의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EA%B1%B0%EB%A6%AC_%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0%EB%A7%9D" title="근거리 통신망">근거리 통신망</a>으로 연결된다. 서버로 사용되는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%93%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="노드">노드</a>에는 각각의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EC%98%81_%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="운영 체제">운영 체제</a>가 실행된다. 컴퓨터 클러스터는 저렴한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%B8%EC%84%9C" title="마이크로프로세서">마이크로프로세서</a>와 고속의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC" class="mw-disambig" title="네트워크">네트워크</a>, 그리고 고성능 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="분산 컴퓨팅">분산 컴퓨팅</a>용 소프트웨어들의 조합 결과로 태어났다. 클러스터는 일반적으로 단일 컴퓨터보다 더 뛰어난 성능과 안정성을 제공하며, 비슷한 성능과 안정성을 제공하는 단일 컴퓨터보다 비용 면에서 훨씬 더 효율적이다.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 따라서 열 개 안팎의 중소 규모의 클러스터부터 수천 개로 이루어진 대형 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="슈퍼컴퓨터">슈퍼컴퓨터</a>에 이르기까지 널리 사용되고 있다. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="원리"><span id=".EC.9B.90.EB.A6.AC"></span>원리</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 원리"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Beowulf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Beowulf.jpg/150px-Beowulf.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Beowulf.jpg/225px-Beowulf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Beowulf.jpg/300px-Beowulf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>간단하게 집에서 만들어진 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%98%A4%EC%9A%B8%ED%94%84_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="베오울프 클러스터">베오울프 클러스터</a></figcaption></figure> <p>시장에서 구할 수 있는 저렴한 상용 제품 여러 대를 조합하여 더 빠르고 안정적인 시스템을 만들고자 하는 요구가 원천이 되어 다양한 아키텍처와 구성방법이 발전해왔다. </p><p>컴퓨터 클러스터링 접근법은 일반적으로 시장에서 쉽게 가용한 제품들을 고속의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EA%B1%B0%EB%A6%AC_%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0%EB%A7%9D" title="근거리 통신망">근거리 통신망</a>으로 연결한다.<sup id="cite_ref-nbis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 컴퓨팅 노드들을 "클러스터 미들웨어"라는 소프트웨어 계층에서 관리된다. 이 소프트웨어 계층은 노드들의 상부층에 위치하여 사용자들이 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%9D%BC_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C_%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%A7%80" title="단일 시스템 이미지">단일 시스템 이미지</a> 개념으로 하나의 커다란 컴퓨팅 단위로 처리할 수 있도록 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-nbis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 중앙 집중적인 관리 접근법은 노드들을 잘 조화된 공유 서버들로 만들어 준다. 이 방식은 많은 노드들을 사용하는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%90%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%90_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%9C" title="점대점 프로토콜">점대점</a>이나 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="그리드 컴퓨팅">그리드 컴퓨팅</a>과는 다르며 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="분산 컴퓨팅">분산 컴퓨팅</a>의 특성으로 차이점이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-nbis_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 컴퓨터 클러스터는 간단히 두 개의 개인용 컴퓨터를 연결하는 두 노드 시스템일 수도 있고 수천 대를 연결한 매우 빠른 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="슈퍼컴퓨터">슈퍼컴퓨터</a>일 수도 있다. 기본적인 클러스터 구성 방법은 전통적인 슈퍼컴퓨터를 비용 면에서 효율적인 제품으로 대체하기 위해 몇 개의 개인용 컴퓨터들을 이용하여 만든 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%98%A4%EC%9A%B8%ED%94%84_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="베오울프 클러스터">베오울프</a>(beowulf) 방식이다. 초창기 133개의 노드로 구성된 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_Soupercomputer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stone Soupercomputer (없는 문서)">Stone Soupercomputer</a> 프로젝트는 컴퓨터 클러스터 개념이 실현 가능하다는 것을 증명하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 비교적 낮은 비용으로 고성능을 이루기 위해 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%88%85%EC%8A%A4" title="리눅스">리눅스</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="병렬 가상 머신">병렬 가상 머신</a> 툴킷과 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%A7%80_%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%AC_%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="메시지 전달 인터페이스">메시지 전달 인터페이스</a> 라이브러리를 사용하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-extreme_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extreme-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 비록 클러스터들은 적은 수의 개인용 컴퓨터들을 단순한 네트워크로 연결되었지만 높은 수준의 성능을 이룰 수 있었다. 현재 해마다 두 번 발표하는 <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a>에 등재된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="슈퍼컴퓨터">슈퍼컴퓨터</a>들 가운데 상당수의 시스템은 컴퓨터 클러스터들이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="클러스터의_특징"><span id=".ED.81.B4.EB.9F.AC.EC.8A.A4.ED.84.B0.EC.9D.98_.ED.8A.B9.EC.A7.95"></span>클러스터의 특징</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 클러스터의 특징"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>컴퓨터 클러스터는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%B9_%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4" title="웹 서비스">웹 서비스</a>와 같은 일반적인 비즈니스 목적에 대한 요구부터 많은 계산이 요구되는 과학 계산에 이르기까지 다양한 용도로 구성될 수 있다. 이 모든 것들은 높은 가용성을 제공한다는 것이 장점이다. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Balanceamento_de_carga_(NAT).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Balanceamento_de_carga_%28NAT%29.jpg/220px-Balanceamento_de_carga_%28NAT%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Balanceamento_de_carga_%28NAT%29.jpg/330px-Balanceamento_de_carga_%28NAT%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Balanceamento_de_carga_%28NAT%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>2대의 서버와 4대의 사용자 시스템으로 구성된 작업 부하 분산용 클러스터</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>"작업 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%95%98%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0" title="부하분산">부하 분산</a>"(Load-Balancing) 클러스터는 시스템의 전반적인 성능을 향상시키기 위해 계산 부하량을 여러 노드에서 분담하여 병렬 처리하도록 구성 하는 방식이다. 웹서버 클러스터의 예를 들면, 각기 다른 종류의 요구들을 각기 다른 노드에서 처리하도록 할당함으로써 전반적인 응답시간을 최소화 할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Sloan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그렇지만 애플리케이션에 따라 작업 부하를 분산하는 방법은 크게 다를 수 있다. 단순히 <a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4%EB%93%9C_%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%88" title="라운드 로빈">라운드 로빈</a> 방식을 사용하는 웹 서버와 과학 계산을 하는데 사용되는 클러스터 시스템과의 방식은 다르다.</li></ul> <ul><li>"높은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%A9%EC%84%B1" title="가용성">가용성</a>"(High-availability, HA) 클러스터는 시스템의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%A9%EC%84%B1" title="가용성">가용성</a>을 높이기 위한 방법중 하나이다. 하나의 노드에 장애가 생겼을 때 연결된 다른 노드의 컴퓨터가 서비스를 이어받아(Failover) 계속해서 서비스되도록 한다.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="설계_및_구성"><span id=".EC.84.A4.EA.B3.84_.EB.B0.8F_.EA.B5.AC.EC.84.B1"></span>설계 및 구성</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 설계 및 구성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> 클러스터를 설계하는데 있어서 중요한 문제 중의 하나는 어떻게 각각의 노드들을 밀접하게 연결을 할 것인가이다. 처리할 하나의 컴퓨터 일(job)은 노드들 간에 빈번하게 통신을 해야 한다. 이것은 독립된 네트워크를 사용하여 동일한 아키텍처, 동일 기종의 노드들이 밀도있게 설치되어야 한다는 말이다. </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Beowulf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Beowulf.png/240px-Beowulf.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Beowulf.png/360px-Beowulf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Beowulf.png/480px-Beowulf.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>전형적인 베오울프 구성</figcaption></figure><p>베오울프 시스템은 주(Master) 서버와 종속(Slave) 서버들로 구성되어 있다. 주 서버는 컴퓨터의 일들을 나누고 관리하며 종속 서버는 일을 처리하고 계산을 하는 서버들이다. 애플리케이션 프로그램은 주 서버와 통신을 할 뿐 종속 서버라고 불리는 계산 노드들과는 통신을 하지 않는다.<sup id="cite_ref-VECPAR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VECPAR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 일반적으로 주 서버는 두 개의 네트워크 인터페이스를 가지고 있다. 하나는 종속 서버와의 통신을 위한 내부 네트워크이고 다른 하나는 외부 통신을 위한 범용 네트워크이다.<sup id="cite_ref-VECPAR_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VECPAR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 종속 서버는 일반적으로 자체의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EC%98%81_%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="운영 체제">운영 체제</a>와 메모리 그리고 저장장치를 가지고 있다. 그러나 내부용 네트워크는 대용량 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%A0" class="mw-disambig" title="공유">공유</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC_%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%84" title="파일 서버">파일 서버</a>와 연결될 수도 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-VECPAR_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VECPAR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 컴퓨터 클러스터는 전통적으로 동일 운영 체제 위에 물리적으로 분리된 컴퓨터들의 집합이라고 생각한다. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="통신_서비스에서의_활용"><span id=".ED.86.B5.EC.8B.A0_.EC.84.9C.EB.B9.84.EC.8A.A4.EC.97.90.EC.84.9C.EC.9D.98_.ED.99.9C.EC.9A.A9"></span>통신 서비스에서의 활용</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 통신 서비스에서의 활용"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>기존의 <a href="/wiki/2-tier" class="mw-redirect" title="2-tier">2-tier</a> 클라이언트/서버 구조에서 서버는 수 백 명에서 수 천 명의 클라이언트를 처리하면 되었다. 그러나 웹을 기반으로 한 서비스가 많아지면서 동시에 수만에서 수백만의 클라이언트를 처리할 수 있는 서버가 필요하게 되었다. 이렇게 많은 클라이언트들의 요청을 동시에 처리하기 위해서 많은 서버들을 네트워크로 연결하여 클러스터 형태로 구성하는 것이 비용과 성능을 잘 절충한 일반적인 해결책이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="클러스터의_구성_요소"><span id=".ED.81.B4.EB.9F.AC.EC.8A.A4.ED.84.B0.EC.9D.98_.EA.B5.AC.EC.84.B1_.EC.9A.94.EC.86.8C"></span>클러스터의 구성 요소</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 클러스터의 구성 요소"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>클러스터 노드 : 프로세싱 자원을 제공하는 시스템</li> <li>클러스터 관리자 : 노드를 서로 연결하여 단일 시스템처럼 보이게 만드는 로직을 제공</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="데이터_공유_및_통신"><span id=".EB.8D.B0.EC.9D.B4.ED.84.B0_.EA.B3.B5.EC.9C.A0_.EB.B0.8F_.ED.86.B5.EC.8B.A0"></span>데이터 공유 및 통신</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 데이터 공유 및 통신"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="데이터_공유"><span id=".EB.8D.B0.EC.9D.B4.ED.84.B0_.EA.B3.B5.EC.9C.A0"></span>데이터 공유</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 데이터 공유"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Nec-cluster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nec-cluster.jpg/220px-Nec-cluster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nec-cluster.jpg/330px-Nec-cluster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nec-cluster.jpg/440px-Nec-cluster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%85%94" title="인텔">인텔</a> <a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%95%A0%EB%A0%98" class="mw-disambig" title="네할렘">네할렘</a> 프로세서 기반 클러스터</figcaption></figure> <p>1980년대에 컴퓨터 클러스터가 나오면서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="슈퍼컴퓨터">슈퍼컴퓨터</a>도 나왔다. 그 당시 초창기 슈퍼컴퓨터들은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%A0_%EB%A9%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC" title="공유 메모리">공유 메모리</a>를 많이 사용하였지만 지금의 클러스터들은 공유 메모리를 사용하지 않으며 많은 슈퍼컴퓨터들도 사용하지 않는다. 그렇지만 클러스터 파일 시스템은 현대 컴퓨터 클러스터에도 중요하게 사용된다. 예를 들면 공개 소프트웨어인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_(%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C)" title="러스터 (파일 시스템)">러스터 파일 시스템</a>은 <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a>의 컴퓨터에서 가장 많이 사용되는 병렬 분산 공유 파일 시스템이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="메시지_전달_통신"><span id=".EB.A9.94.EC.8B.9C.EC.A7.80_.EC.A0.84.EB.8B.AC_.ED.86.B5.EC.8B.A0"></span>메시지 전달 통신</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 메시지 전달 통신"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>가장 폭넓게 사용되는 2 가지 통신 방법은 MPI(<a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%A7%80_%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%AC_%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="메시지 전달 인터페이스">메시지 전달 인터페이스</a>)와 PVM(<a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="병렬 가상 머신">병렬 가상 머신</a>)이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehrke_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehrke-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PVM은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="오크리지 국립 연구소">오크리지 국립 연구소</a>에서 1989년도에 MPI가 사용되기 전에 개발되었다. PVM은 반드시 각각의 클러스터 노드에 설치되어야 하며 노드를 "병렬 가상 머신"으로 규정하는 소프트웨어 라이브러리의 집합을 제공한다. PVM은 메시지 전달과 테스크 그리고 자원 관리 및 오류 알림을 위한 실시간 환경을 제공한다. PVM은 <a href="/wiki/C_(%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="C (프로그래밍 언어)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%80" title="포트란">포트란</a> 등의 언어로 작성된 사용자 프로그램에서 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehrke_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehrke-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prabhu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prabhu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPI는 1990년대 초에 40개 조직들의 토론에 의해 태어났다. 초기에는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%9C%84%EA%B3%A0%EB%93%B1%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D%EA%B5%AD" title="방위고등연구계획국">ARPA</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%9E%AC%EB%8B%A8" title="미국 국립과학재단">미국 국립과학재단</a>(NSF)에 의해 주도 되었다. 아주 처음부터 새롭게 시작하는 것 대신에 MPI는 상용 시스템에서 사용되는 기능들 위에서 설계되었다. MPI 규격은 규격 보충으로 증가 되었으며 MPI는 일반적으로 <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>와 소켓 연결을 사용한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehrke_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehrke-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPI는 지금 광범위하게 사용되는 통신 모델이며 C, 포트란, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%8D%AC" title="파이썬">파이썬</a>과 같은 언어를 사용하여 병렬 프로그래밍을 구현한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Prabhu_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prabhu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 따라서 PVM과는 다르게 MPI는 <a href="/wiki/MPICH" title="MPICH">MPICH</a>와 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_MPI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open MPI (없는 문서)">Open MPI</a>과 같은 시스템에서 구현된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Prabhu_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prabhu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gropp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gropp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="클러스터_관리"><span id=".ED.81.B4.EB.9F.AC.EC.8A.A4.ED.84.B0_.EA.B4.80.EB.A6.AC"></span>클러스터 관리</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 클러스터 관리"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>컴퓨터 클러스터를 사용하는데 있어서 가장 어려운 점중의 하나는 시스템을 관리하는 것이다. 만약 N개의 노드로 구성된 클러스터 시스템이 있다고 한다면 관리비용은 N개의 독립된 컴퓨터들을 관리하는 것과 비슷한 비용이 든다.<sup id="cite_ref-patter641_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patter641-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 따라서 어떤 경우에는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%A0_%EB%A9%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EC%95%84%ED%82%A4%ED%85%8D%EC%B2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="공유 메모리 아키텍처 (없는 문서)">공유 메모리 아키텍처</a>가 관리비용 측면에서 클러스터 시스템 대비 유리한 측면이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-patter641_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patter641-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 상대적으로 관리의 편리성은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="가상 머신">가상 머신</a>이 많이 활용되는 이유중의 하나이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="작업_스케줄링"><span id=".EC.9E.91.EC.97.85_.EC.8A.A4.EC.BC.80.EC.A4.84.EB.A7.81"></span>작업 스케줄링</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 작업 스케줄링"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>커다란 여러 사용자 클러스터가 매우 방대한 양의 데이터를 접근할 때 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BC%80%EC%A4%84%EB%A7%81_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85)" title="스케줄링 (컴퓨팅)">작업 스케줄링</a>을 하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 애플리케이션의 환경이 복잡한 이기종 CPU-코프로세서 클러스터의 경우에 각 작업(job)의 성능은 클러스터의 특성에 의존적이기 때문에 CPU 코어와 코프로세서 장치에 작업을 할당하는 것은 매우 어렵다.<sup id="cite_ref-Shira_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shira-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 분야는 현재 진행되고 있는 연구 분야이기도 하다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="노드_장애_관리"><span id=".EB.85.B8.EB.93.9C_.EC.9E.A5.EC.95.A0_.EA.B4.80.EB.A6.AC"></span>노드 장애 관리</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 노드 장애 관리"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>클러스터의 한 노드에서 장애가 발생했을 때 나머지의 모든 시스템이 계속해서 동작하도록 하기 위한 방법으로 "펜싱"(fencing)과 같은 전략이 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-ARob_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARob-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suncl_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suncl-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 펜싱은 노드가 오동작을 할 때 공유된 자원을 보호하고 그 노드를 격리시키는 동작이다. 두가지의 펜싱 방법이 있는데 하나는 노드 자체를 비활성화 시키는 것이고 다른 방법은 공유 디스크와 같은 공유 자원에 대한 접근을 차단하는 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-ARob_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARob-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 노드의 격리는 장애로 의심되는 노드를 비활성화 하거나 전원을 끈다는 의미이다.<sup id="cite_ref-ARob_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARob-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 예를 들면, 전원 펜싱은 전원 제어기가 동작하지 않는 노드의 전원을 끄는 것이다. 자원 펜싱은 노드의 전원을 끄지 않고 자원에 대한 접근을 막는 것이다. 이것은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=SCSI3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCSI3 (없는 문서)">SCSI3</a>에서 <i>persistent reservation fencing</i>이 있고, 파이버 채널 포트를 막기위한 파이버 채널 팬싱, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_network_block_device&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global network block device (없는 문서)">global network block device</a> (GNBD) 서버에 대한 접근을 막기위해 GNBD 팬싱이 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="소프트웨어_개발_및_관리"><span id=".EC.86.8C.ED.94.84.ED.8A.B8.EC.9B.A8.EC.96.B4_.EA.B0.9C.EB.B0.9C_.EB.B0.8F_.EA.B4.80.EB.A6.AC"></span>소프트웨어 개발 및 관리</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=12" title="부분 편집: 소프트웨어 개발 및 관리"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="병렬_프로그래밍"><span id=".EB.B3.91.EB.A0.AC_.ED.94.84.EB.A1.9C.EA.B7.B8.EB.9E.98.EB.B0.8D"></span>병렬 프로그래밍</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=13" title="부분 편집: 병렬 프로그래밍"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>웹 서버와 같이 작업 부하를 조절해주는 클러스터들은 많은 사용자들을 지원하기 위해 각 사용자의 요구를 특정 노드에 연결을 해주는 구조를 사용한다. 이 방법은 여러 노드들간 상호 협력하지 않고서 사용자가 공유 데이터에 빠르게 접근할 수 있게 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%91%EC%97%85_%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC%ED%99%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="작업 병렬화 (없는 문서)">작업 병렬화</a>를 구현한다. 그렇지만 적은 수의 사용자가 아주 복잡한 계산을 수행해야 하는 컴퓨터 클러스터는 클러스터의 병렬 처리 능력이 발휘되어야 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Blum_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 프로그램을 자동으로 병렬화해주는 것은 기술적으로 극복해야 할 과제이다. 그렇지만 각기 다른 프로세서들에서 프로그램을 동시에 수행함으로써 더 높은 수준의 병렬화를 수행하기 위해서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8" title="병렬 프로그래밍 모델">병렬 프로그래밍 모델</a>이 사용되어야 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Blum_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=14" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r38501082">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480595">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9A%A9" title="위키미디어 공용">위키미디어 공용</a></b>에 관련된<br />미디어 자료가 있습니다. <div style="padding-left:1em;"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster" class="extiw" title="commons:Computer cluster">컴퓨터 클러스터</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>개념</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B1%EB%8A%A5_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="고성능 컴퓨팅">고성능 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="그리드 컴퓨팅">그리드 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="분산 컴퓨팅">분산 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="클라우드 컴퓨팅">클라우드 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%AD%ED%98%95_%EB%8B%A4%EC%A4%91_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC" title="대칭형 다중 처리">대칭형 다중 처리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%9D%BC_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C_%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%A7%80" title="단일 시스템 이미지">단일 시스템 이미지</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>컴퓨터 팜</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%84_%ED%8C%9C" title="서버 팜">서버 팜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%8C%EB%8D%94_%ED%8C%9C" title="렌더 팜">렌더 팜</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC_%ED%8C%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="컴파일 팜 (없는 문서)">컴파일 팜</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0&action=edit&section=15" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_A._Bader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David A. Bader (없는 문서)">Bader, David</a>; Robert Pennington (June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071221011621/http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~bader/papers/ijhpca.html">“Cluster Computing: Applications”</a>. Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing. 2007년 12월 21일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~bader/papers/ijhpca.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2007년 7월 13일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cluster+Computing%3A+Applications&rft.pub=Georgia+Institute+of+Technology+College+of+Computing&rft.date=1996-06&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cc.gatech.edu%2F~bader%2Fpapers%2Fijhpca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0+%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">다음 글자 무시됨: ‘Georgia Tech College of Computing’ (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#text_ignored" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">더 이상 지원되지 않는 변수를 사용함 (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#deprecated_params" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nbis_2-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nbis_2-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nbis_2-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Network-Based Information Systems: First International Conference, NBIS 2007</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r38117996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/3-540-74572-6" title="특수:책찾기/3-540-74572-6">3-540-74572-6</a> page 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciam-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sciam_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">William W. Hargrove, Forrest M. Hoffman and Thomas Sterling (2001년 8월 16일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-do-it-yourself-superc">“The Do-It-Yourself Supercomputer”</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>》 <b>265</b> (2). 72–79면<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 10월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Do-It-Yourself+Supercomputer&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=72-79&rft.date=2001-08-16&rft.au=William+W.+Hargrove%2C+Forrest+M.+Hoffman+and+Thomas+Sterling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dthe-do-it-yourself-superc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0+%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extreme-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-extreme_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018122713/http://climate.ornl.gov/~forrest/linux-magazine-1999/">“Cluster Computing: Linux Taken to the Extreme”</a>. 《Linux magazine》. 2011년 10월 18일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.ornl.gov/~forrest/linux-magazine-1999/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 10월 18일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linux+magazine&rft.atitle=Cluster+Computing%3A+Linux+Taken+to+the+Extreme&rft.date=1999&rft.au=William+W.+Hargrove+and+Forrest+M.+Hoffman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.ornl.gov%2F~forrest%2Flinux-magazine-1999%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0+%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sloan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sloan_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>High Performance Linux Clusters</i> by Joseph D. Sloan 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-596-00570-9" title="특수:책찾기/0-596-00570-9">0-596-00570-9</a> page</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VECPAR-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VECPAR_6-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VECPAR_6-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VECPAR_6-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>High Performance Computing for Computational Science - VECPAR 2004</i> by Michel Daydé, Jack Dongarra 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/3-540-25424-2" title="특수:책찾기/3-540-25424-2">3-540-25424-2</a> pages 120-121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehrke-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gehrke_7-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gehrke_7-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gehrke_7-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Distributed services with OpenAFS: for enterprise and education</i> by Franco Milicchio, Wolfgang Alexander Gehrke 2007, ISBN pages 339-341 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.it/books?id=bKf4NBaIJI8C&pg=PA339&dq=%22message+passing%22+computer+cluster+MPI+PVM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-dD7ToZCj_bhBOOxvI0I&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22message%20passing%22%20computer%20cluster%20MPI%20PVM&f=false">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216000232/http://books.google.it/books?id=bKf4NBaIJI8C&pg=PA339&dq=%22message+passing%22+computer+cluster+MPI+PVM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-dD7ToZCj_bhBOOxvI0I&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22message%20passing%22%20computer%20cluster%20MPI%20PVM&f=false">Archived</a> 2013년 12월 16일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prabhu-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Prabhu_8-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Prabhu_8-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Prabhu_8-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216001434/http://books.google.it/books?id=EIVdVtGHv-0C&pg=PA112&dq=%22message+passing%22+computer+cluster+MPI+PVM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-dD7ToZCj_bhBOOxvI0I&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22message%20passing%22%20computer%20cluster%20MPI%20PVM&f=false">“<i>Grid and Cluster Computing</i> by Prabhu 2008 8120334280 pages 109-112”</a>. 2013년 12월 16일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.it/books?id=EIVdVtGHv-0C&pg=PA112&dq=%22message+passing%22+computer+cluster+MPI+PVM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-dD7ToZCj_bhBOOxvI0I&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22message%20passing%22%20computer%20cluster%20MPI%20PVM&f=false">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2013년 3월 7일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grid+and+Cluster+Computing+by+Prabhu+2008+8120334280+pages+109-112&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.it%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIVdVtGHv-0C%26pg%3DPA112%26dq%3D%2522message%2Bpassing%2522%2Bcomputer%2Bcluster%2BMPI%2BPVM%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D-dD7ToZCj_bhBOOxvI0I%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522message%2520passing%2522%2520computer%2520cluster%2520MPI%2520PVM%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0+%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gropp-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gropp_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGroppLuskSkjellum1996" class="citation journal">Gropp, William; Lusk, Ewing; Skjellum, Anthony (1996). “A High-Performance, Portable Implementation of the MPI Message Passing Interface”. 《Parallel Computing》. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeer#CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeer">CiteSeerX</a>: <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.102.9485">10.1.1.102.9485</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parallel+Computing&rft.atitle=A+High-Performance%2C+Portable+Implementation+of+the+MPI+Message+Passing+Interface&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Gropp&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Lusk%2C+Ewing&rft.au=Skjellum%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0+%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patter641-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-patter641_10-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-patter641_10-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Computer Organization and Design</i> by David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-12-374750-3" title="특수:책찾기/0-12-374750-3">0-12-374750-3</a> pages 641-642</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shira-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shira_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Shirahata, et al <i>Hybrid Map Task Scheduling for GPU-Based Heterogeneous Clusters</i> in: Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), 2010 Nov. 30 2010-Dec. 3 2010 pages 733 - 740 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-4244-9405-7" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-4244-9405-7">978-1-4244-9405-7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5708524">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARob-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ARob_12-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ARob_12-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ARob_12-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Robertson <i>Resource fencing using STONITH</i>. IBM Linux Research Center, 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="ftp://ftp.telecom.uff.br/pub/linux/HA/ResourceFencing_Stonith.pdf">[3]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36482206">.mw-parser-output .fix{background-color:#fff9f9;color:DarkSlateGray;border:1px solid #ffdcdc}</style><sup class="정리_필요 noprint">[<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EA%B9%A8%EC%A7%84_%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC" title="위키백과:깨진 링크">깨진 링크</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/ftp://ftp.telecom.uff.br/pub/linux/HA/ResourceFencing_Stonith.pdf">과거 내용 찾기</a>)]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suncl-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-suncl_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sun Cluster environment: Sun Cluster 2.2</i> by Enrique Vargas, Joseph Bianco, David Deeths 2001 ISBN page 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blum-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Blum_14-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Blum_14-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Computer Science: The Hardware, Software and Heart of It</i> by Alfred V. Aho, Edward K. Blum 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/1-4614-1167-X" title="특수:책찾기/1-4614-1167-X">1-4614-1167-X</a> pages 156-166 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.it/books?id=S7QU9RRLYIYC&pg=PA156&dq=%22parallel+programming%22+computer+cluster&hl=en&sa=X&ei=C_H8TqSRCobS4QSTmY2pCA&sqi=2&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22parallel%20programming%22%20computer%20cluster&f=false">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216000535/http://books.google.it/books?id=S7QU9RRLYIYC&pg=PA156&dq=%22parallel+programming%22+computer+cluster&hl=en&sa=X&ei=C_H8TqSRCobS4QSTmY2pCA&sqi=2&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22parallel%20programming%22%20computer%20cluster&f=false">Archived</a> 2013년 12월 16일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Parallel Programming: For Multicore and Cluster Systems</i> by Thomas Rauber, Gudula Rünger 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/3-642-04817-X" title="특수:책찾기/3-642-04817-X">3-642-04817-X</a> pages 94–95 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.it/books?id=wWogxOmA3wMC&pg=PA94&dq=%22parallel+programming+language%22+computer+cluster&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zfD8TpX_F5CQ4gSMvfXhBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22parallel%20programming%20language%22%20computer%20cluster&f=false">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215235723/http://books.google.it/books?id=wWogxOmA3wMC&pg=PA94&dq=%22parallel+programming+language%22+computer+cluster&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zfD8TpX_F5CQ4gSMvfXhBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22parallel%20programming%20language%22%20computer%20cluster&f=false">Archived</a> 2013년 12월 15일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480591">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="틀:컴퓨터 과학"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="틀토론:컴퓨터 과학"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="특수:문서편집/틀:컴퓨터 과학"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="컴퓨터_과학의_주요_분야" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="컴퓨터 과학">컴퓨터 과학</a>의 주요 분야</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%95%99" title="수학">수학적 기초</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A6%AC%EB%85%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="수리논리학">수리논리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%91%ED%95%A9%EB%A1%A0" title="집합론">집합론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%88%98%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="정수론">정수론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%84_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="그래프 이론">그래프 이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%98%95_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="유형 이론">유형 이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EC%A3%BC%EB%A1%A0" title="범주론">범주론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%B9%98%ED%95%B4%EC%84%9D%ED%95%99" title="수치해석학">수치해석학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%EC%88%98%ED%95%99" title="이산수학">이산수학</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="계산 이론">계산 이론</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%A7%88%ED%83%80_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="오토마타 이론">오토마타 이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0_%EA%B0%80%EB%8A%A5%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="계산 가능성 이론">계산 가능성 이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0_%EB%B3%B5%EC%9E%A1%EB%8F%84_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="계산 복잡도 이론">계산 복잡도 이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="양자컴퓨터">양자 계산 이론</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="알고리즘">알고리즘</a> & <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%8C_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0" title="자료 구조">자료 구조</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="알고리즘">알고리즘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98_%EC%84%A4%EA%B3%84" title="알고리즘 설계">알고리즘 설계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98_%ED%95%B4%EC%84%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="알고리즘 해석">알고리즘 해석</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%8C_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0" title="자료 구조">자료 구조</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%98%ED%95%99" title="계산기하학">계산기하학</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="프로그래밍 언어">프로그래밍 언어</a> & <a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC" title="컴파일러">컴파일러</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%AC%B8_%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D" title="구문 분석">구문 분석</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC" title="컴파일러">컴파일러</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%84%B0" title="인터프리터">인터프리터</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="프로그래밍 언어">프로그래밍 언어</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%81_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D" title="구조적 프로그래밍">구조적 프로그래밍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%A7%80%ED%96%A5_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D" title="객체 지향 프로그래밍">객체 지향 프로그래밍</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="병렬 컴퓨팅">병렬</a> & <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="분산 컴퓨팅">분산 시스템</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="병렬 컴퓨팅">병렬 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">컴퓨터 클러스터</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="분산 컴퓨팅">분산 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="그리드 컴퓨팅">그리드 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="클라우드 컴퓨팅">클라우드 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%98%95_%EC%9D%B8%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%AD%EC%B2%98" title="서비스형 인프라스트럭처">IaaS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%98%95_%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%AB%ED%8F%BC" title="서비스형 플랫폼">PaaS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%98%95_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="서비스형 소프트웨어">SaaS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="소프트웨어 공학">소프트웨어 공학</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EA%B5%AC%EC%82%AC%ED%95%AD_%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D" title="요구사항 분석">요구 분석</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EC%84%A4%EA%B3%84" title="소프트웨어 설계">소프트웨어 설계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D" title="컴퓨터 프로그래밍">컴퓨터 프로그래밍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%ED%98%95_%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="정형 기법">정형 기법</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="소프트웨어 테스트">소프트웨어 테스트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C" title="소프트웨어 개발">소프트웨어 개발</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C_%EC%95%84%ED%82%A4%ED%85%8D%EC%B2%98" title="시스템 아키텍처">시스템 아키텍처</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0" title="컴퓨터 구조">컴퓨터 아키텍처</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%84%ED%82%A4%ED%85%8D%EC%B2%98" title="마이크로아키텍처">마이크로아키텍처</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EC%98%81_%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="운영 체제">운영 체제</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0" title="통신">통신</a> & <a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="컴퓨터 네트워크">네트워크</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EC%98%A4%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4" class="mw-disambig" title="컴퓨터 오디오">컴퓨터 오디오</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%ED%8C%85" title="라우팅">라우팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC_%ED%86%A0%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%A7%80" title="네트워크 토폴로지">네트워크 토폴로지</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%ED%98%B8%ED%95%99" title="암호학">암호학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EC%84%B8%EB%8C%80_%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0%EB%A7%9D" title="차세대 통신망">차세대 통신망</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="데이터베이스">데이터베이스</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%9D" title="데이터 마이닝">데이터 마이닝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84%ED%98%95_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="관계형 데이터베이스">RDBMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%B4_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="오라클 데이터베이스">오라클 데이터베이스</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EB%8A%A5" title="인공지능">인공지능</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%ED%99%94%EB%90%9C_%EC%B6%94%EB%A1%A0" title="자동화된 추론">자동화된 추론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%82%B0%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99" title="전산언어학">전산언어학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84" title="컴퓨터 비전">컴퓨터 비전</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94_%EC%97%B0%EC%82%B0" title="진화 연산">진화 연산</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84_%ED%95%99%EC%8A%B5" title="기계 학습">기계 학습</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="자연 언어 처리">자연 언어 처리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B4%87%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="로봇공학">로봇학</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="컴퓨터 그래픽">컴퓨터 그래픽</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%81%ED%99%94" class="mw-disambig" title="시각화">시각화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC" title="영상 처리">영상 처리</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%84%EA%B3%BC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8_%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="인간과 컴퓨터 상호 작용">인간과 컴퓨터 상호 작용</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EC%A0%91%EA%B7%BC%EC%84%B1" title="컴퓨터 접근성">컴퓨터 접근성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90_%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="사용자 인터페이스">사용자 인터페이스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%A9%EC%9A%A9_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="착용 컴퓨터">착용 컴퓨터</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%B9%84%EC%BF%BC%ED%84%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅">유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81%ED%98%84%EC%8B%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="가상현실">가상현실</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="계산과학">계산과학</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85" title="인공생명">인공생명</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%ED%95%99" title="생물정보학">생물정보학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="인지과학">인지과학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="계산화학">계산화학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="계산신경과학">계산신경과학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="계산물리학">계산물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%B9%98%ED%95%B4%EC%84%9D%ED%95%99" title="수치해석학">수치해석학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%98%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0" title="기호계산">기호계산</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EB%B3%B4%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="정보보호">정보보호</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%ED%98%B8%ED%95%99" title="암호학">암호학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%88" title="물리 보안">물리 보안</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A0%ED%94%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98_%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%88" title="애플리케이션 보안">애플리케이션 보안</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7_%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%88" title="인터넷 보안">인터넷 보안</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC_%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%88" title="네트워크 보안">네트워크 보안</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%ED%82%B9" title="해킹">해킹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%98%ED%82%B9" title="소프트웨어 크래킹">크래킹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38501015"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="병렬_컴퓨팅" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38585741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="틀:병렬 컴퓨팅"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:병렬 컴퓨팅 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="특수:문서편집/틀:병렬 컴퓨팅"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="병렬_컴퓨팅" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="병렬 컴퓨팅">병렬 컴퓨팅</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">일반</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="클라우드 컴퓨팅">클라우드 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B1%EB%8A%A5_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="고성능 컴퓨팅">고성능 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">클러스터 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="분산 컴퓨팅">분산 컴퓨팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="그리드 컴퓨팅">그리드 컴퓨팅</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">병렬화 수준</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85#비트수준_병렬처리" title="병렬 컴퓨팅">비트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85#명령어_수준_병렬_처리" title="병렬 컴퓨팅">명령어</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85#자료_병렬_처리" title="병렬 컴퓨팅">데이터</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85#작업_병렬처리" title="병렬 컴퓨팅">테스크</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="스레드">스레드</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%A0%88%EB%94%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="슈퍼스레딩">슈퍼스레딩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%ED%8D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%A0%88%EB%94%A9" title="하이퍼스레딩">하이퍼스레딩</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">이론</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%EB%8B%AC%EC%9D%98_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="암달의 법칙">암달의 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A8%EC%9D%98_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="구스타프슨의 법칙">구스타프슨의 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%A9_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="비용 효과 (없는 문서)">비용 효과</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B9%B4%ED%94%84-%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%AB_%EC%B2%99%EB%8F%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="카프-플랫 척도 (없는 문서)">카프-플랫 척도</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EA%B0%90%EC%86%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="병렬 감속 (없는 문서)">감속</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%BC%EB%93%9C%EC%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="스피드업 (없는 문서)">스피드업</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">구성 요소</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="프로세스">프로세스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="스레드">스레드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99)" title="파이버 (컴퓨터 과학)">파이버</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRAM" title="PRAM">PRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AA%85%EB%A0%B9%EC%96%B4_%EC%9C%88%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="명령어 윈도우 (없는 문서)">명령어 윈도우</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">조정</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%80%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4%EB%A0%88%EB%94%A9" title="멀티스레딩">멀티스레딩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9D%BC%EA%B4%80%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="메모리 일관성">메모리 일관성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EC%8B%9C_%EC%9D%BC%EA%B4%80%EC%84%B1" title="캐시 일관성">캐시 일관성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B0%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4" title="메모리 배리어">메모리 배리어</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%94_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99)" title="동기화 (컴퓨터 과학)">동기화</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%A0%ED%94%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98_%EC%B2%B4%ED%81%AC%ED%8F%AC%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="애플리케이션 체크포인트 (없는 문서)">애플리케이션 체크포인트</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="프로그래밍">프로그래밍</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8" title="병렬 프로그래밍 모델">모델</a>(<a 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href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" class="mw-disambig" title="하드웨어">하드웨어</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%A4%91_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC" title="다중 처리">다중 처리</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%AD%ED%98%95_%EB%8B%A4%EC%A4%91_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC" title="대칭형 다중 처리">대칭형</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%84%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%AD%ED%98%95_%EB%8B%A4%EC%A4%91_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="비대칭형 다중 처리 (없는 문서)">비대칭형</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84%EC%B2%B4_%EB%A9%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC" title="반도체 메모리">메모리</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B7%A0%EC%9D%BC_%EA%B8%B0%EC%96%B5_%EC%9E%A5%EC%B9%98_%EC%A0%91%EA%B7%BC" title="불균일 기억 장치 접근">NUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=COMA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COMA (없는 문서)">COMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0_%EB%A9%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC" title="분산 메모리">분산</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%A0_%EB%A9%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC" title="공유 메모리">공유</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%A0_%EB%A9%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC" title="분산 공유 메모리">분산 공유</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%8B%9C_%EB%A9%80%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4%EB%A0%88%EB%94%A9" title="동시 멀티스레딩">SMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%AD%ED%98%95_%EB%8B%A4%EC%A4%91_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC" title="대칭형 다중 처리">SMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B7%9C%EB%AA%A8_%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="대규모 병렬 컴퓨터">MPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="슈퍼스칼라">슈퍼스칼라</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A1%ED%84%B0_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%B8%EC%84%9C" title="벡터 프로세서">벡터 프로세서</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="슈퍼컴퓨터">슈퍼컴퓨터</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%98%A4%EC%9A%B8%ED%94%84_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="베오울프 클러스터">베어울프</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/POSIX_%EC%8A%A4%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C" title="POSIX 스레드">POSIX 스레드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="병렬 가상 머신">PVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%A7%80_%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%AC_%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="메시지 전달 인터페이스">MPI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%86%B5%ED%95%A9_%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="통합 병렬 C (없는 문서)">UPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A0%88%EB%94%A9_%EB%B9%8C%EB%94%A9_%EB%B8%94%EB%A1%9D" title="스레딩 빌딩 블록">스레딩 빌딩 블록</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_(C%2B%2B_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%A6%AC)" title="Boost (C++ 라이브러리)">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD_%EB%B0%B0%EC%97%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="전역 배열 (없는 문서)">전역 배열</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charm%2B%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charm++ (없는 문서)">Charm++</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cilk (없는 문서)">Cilk</a>/<a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%ED%81%AC_%ED%94%8C%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="실크 플러스">실크 플러스</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-array_Fortran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-array Fortran (없는 문서)">Co-array Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUDA" title="CUDA">CUDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">문제</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%98%EC%B9%98_%EA%B3%A4%EB%9E%80_%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC" title="처치 곤란 병렬">처치 곤란 병렬 문제</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%B1%8C%EB%A6%B0%EC%A7%80_%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="그랜드 챌린지 문제 (없는 문서)">그랜드 챌린지 문제</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EB%9D%BD%EC%95%84%EC%9B%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="소프트웨어 락아웃 (없는 문서)">소프트웨어 락아웃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%95%EC%9E%A5%EC%84%B1" title="확장성">확장성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%9F%81_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="경쟁 상태">경쟁 상태</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%B0%A9_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="교착 상태">교착 상태</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%B0%A9_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C#라이브락" title="교착 상태">라이브락</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95%EB%A1%A0%EC%A0%81_%EC%95%8C%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="결정론적 알고리즘">결정론적 알고리즘</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%91%EB%A0%AC_%EA%B0%90%EC%86%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="병렬 감속 (없는 문서)">병렬 감속</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38501015"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%A0%84%EA%B1%B0_%ED%86%B5%EC%A0%9C" title="위키백과:전거 통제">전거 통제</a>: 국가 <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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