Dutch Baroque Art

<html> <head> <title>Dutch Baroque Art</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta name="description" content="Dutch Baroque Art (1600-80): Golden Age of Realist Genre Painting, Portraits, Pronkstilleven and Vanitas Still Lifes"> <meta name="keywords" content="Dutch Baroque Art, Genre Painting, Portraits, Pronkstilleven, Vanitas Still Lifes, Frans Hals, Hendrik Terbrugghen, Adriaen Brouwer, Rembrandt, Jan Davidsz de Heem, Adriaen van Ostade, Gerard Terborch, Willem Kalf, Aelbert Cuyp, Jan Steen, Samuel Van Hoogstraten, Jacob Van Ruisdael, Gabriel Metsu, Pieter de Hooch, Jan Vermeer, Leonard Bramer, Gerrit van Honthorst, Nicolaes Maes, Govaert Flinck, Ferdinand Bol, Carel Fabritius, Haarlem, Delft, Leiden, Utrecht, Dordrecht, Amsterdam"> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"> <div id="fb-root"></div> <script>(function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_GB/all.js#xfbml=1"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));</script> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td> Dutch Baroque Art Haarlem, Delft, Leiden, Utrecht, Dordrecht, Amsterdam Schools. <a href="../site/search.htm">MAIN A-Z INDEX</a> - <a href="../site/art-styles.htm">A-Z of ART MOVEMENTS</a> <div class="fb-like" data-href="http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/dutch-baroque.htm" data-width="450" data-show-faces="true" data-send="true"></div> <a href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" class="pin-it-button" count-layout="none"><img src="//assets.pinterest.com/images/PinExt.png" alt="Pin it" / ></a> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js"></script> </td> </tr> </table> <hr width="750" size="1"> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> <img src="../images-paint/rembrandt-nightwatch.jpeg" width="200" height="178"> The Night Watch (1642) By Rembrandt. </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <h1>Dutch Baroque Painting (c.1600-80) Types, History, Characteristics of Dutch Realism School</h1> Contents <a href="#goldenage">Dutch Golden Age of Painting</a> <a href="#portraiture">Dutch Baroque Portraits</a> <a href="#rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> <a href="#genrepainting">Dutch Baroque Genre Painting</a> <a href="#still">Dutch Baroque Still Life Painting</a> <a href="#landscapes">Dutch Baroque Landscape Painting</a> <a href="#painters">Greatest Dutch Baroque Painters</a> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top"> EVOLUTION OF VISUAL ART For details of art movements and styles, see: <a href="../history-of-art.htm">History of Art</a>. For a chronological guide to key events in the development of visual arts around the globe see: <a href="../history-of-art-timeline.htm">History of Art Timeline</a>. WORLD'S GREATEST ART For a list of the Top 10 painters/ sculptors: <a href="../best-artists-of-all-time.htm">Best Artists of All Time</a>. For the best oils/watercolours, see: <a href="../greatest-paintings-ever.htm">Greatest Paintings Ever</a>. For the best plastic art, see: <a href="../greatest-sculptures-ever.htm">Greatest Sculptures Ever</a>. GERMANY For architecture, painting and sculpture in Germany, during the 16th and 17th centuries, see: <a href="german-baroque-art.htm">German Baroque Art</a>. <a href="http://www.facebook.com/ArtEncyclopedia" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img src="../images/facebookimage.jpg" width="80" height="80" border="0"></a> </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> <a name="goldenage"></a>Dutch Golden Age of Painting During the era of <a href="baroque.htm">Baroque art</a>, the United Provinces, of which Holland was one, occupied the northern part of the Low Countries. Less developed than Flanders, perhaps they had once been the poor relations of the Flemings, but in the seventeenth century the nation was rich, proud, and expanding in influence. In fact it became one of the wealthiest nations in 17th century Europe. It was also addicted to painting: during the period 1600-80, more than 4 million paintings were produced in Holland - far more than the number produced by artists of the <a href="flemish-baroque.htm">Flemish Baroque</a> - and every sort of person indulged their own appreciation of <a href="../fine-art-painting.htm">fine art painting</a>; artisans, merchants, burghers, sailors, shop-keepers - all knew, or prided themselves on knowing, something about it. <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> The sort of <a href="baroque-painting.htm">Baroque painting</a> they admired and which they commissioned from their artists were however different from Italian paintings, different even from those of Rubens. The Dutch, being Protestants, had banished Catholic-style <a href="../christian-art.htm">Christian art</a>, which was still the main form of painting in Catholic countries. Once they had gained their independence, they expressed their contentment in the enjoyment of the good things of life: fine, solid houses, convivial company, clothes of high quality. They were, in short, bourgeois, and they wanted pictures that reflected the contentment of bourgeois prosperity: portraits, interiors, genre-paintings (scenes of everyday life) and affluent looking still lifes, painted on canvases of moderate size, to hang in ordinary houses. </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="200" valign="top">   </td> <td width="524" valign="top"> This was the beginning of the Dutch Golden Age (c.1610-80), during which the school of <a href="dutch-realism.htm">Dutch Realism</a> established itself as one of the greatest ever movements of <a href="../oil-painting.htm">oil painting</a> in the history of art. The <a href="best-baroque-paintings.htm">best Baroque paintings</a> by its leading members - such as Rembrandt and Vermeer - represent the summit of human creative achievement and command multi-million dollar prices at auction. The school also set standards in the categories of <a href="naturalism.htm">naturalism</a>, still life and genre painting, which have hardly been equalled, far less exceeded. <a name="portraiture"></a>Dutch Baroque Portraiture <a href="../old-masters/frans-hals.htm">Frans Hals</a> (1580-1666) was the first great exponent of <a href="../genres/portrait-art.htm">portrait art</a> of the Dutch Baroque school: the first to shake off the dominant Italian classical approach to portraiture, in favour of a more realistic style. A style in which his sharp eye for observation and lively power of expression could conjure up a suitably unique composition. Hals painted what his customers wanted, and in prosperous, bourgeois Holland, the new middle class patron wanted above all to see himself in oils. Portraiture was after all the photography of the day, except better, because a painter can flatter the sitter better than any camera. It was this genre that Hals mastered. In his brimming vitality, for all his poverty and debt, he could always console himself by painting the portrait of a jolly fool - capturing the sitter not in the brilliance of a finished portrait, such as Rubens had taught people to expect, but by a new picturesque improvisation, owing its charm to its easy, loose, brushwork - a style appreciated above all by the 19th century Impressionists. <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <a name="rembrandt"></a>Rembrandt Where Hals specialised in capturing the unique exterior of a subject, <a href="../old-masters/rembrandt.htm">Rembrandt</a> (1606-69) looked for the inner reality. To put it another way, while the Flemish Baroque painter <a href="../old-masters/rubens.htm">Rubens</a> personified the exuberant, theatrical, courtly side of Baroque art, Rembrandt represented its tormented, dramatic, introverted aspect. He was the heir to <a href="../old-masters/caravaggio.htm">Caravaggio</a>; and he made this inheritance the nucleus of an incomparable achievement. It was Rembrandt who gave a new spirituality to the realistic <a href="../art-definition.htm">art</a> of Holland. He kept the methods of realism, but gave them a hitherto unknown, translucent luminosity. Above all, he went below the surface of his human subjects and exposed some of their inner character and soul beneath. One of his first great portrait masterpieces was actually a group portrait, a type which was especially characteristic of the country and the time. During the wars with Spain, many companies of volunteer soldiers had been formed - we should perhaps call them militia companies. After the Dutch victory their members had not gone their separate ways but continued to meet; and each of these companies wanted a group portrait to show their members gathered together. Usually these canvases were of greater width than height, and showed the officers of the company grouped around a table or some other object that would serve as a pretext for a gathering of so many men. The lighting was depicted as natural, without any dramatic contrast, giving the same emphasis to each of the subjects. Rembrandt's portrait - highly controversial at the time - is actually entitled The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch but is more commonly known as <a href="../famous-paintings/night-watch.htm">The Night Watch</a> (1642), because of the dark background from which its figures emerge, partially or wholly illuminated by patches of light. But it is not a night scene: the darkness is a technique of <a href="caravaggism.htm">caravaggism</a> known as <a href="../painting/tenebrism.htm">tenebrism</a>, involving the contrast of dark shadow with areas of strong light - a technique which had not been seen before in group portraiture. Contrary to convention, the militia officers do not all have the same importance but are presented in strictly hierarchical order. The captain of the company and his lieutenant are seen in strong light in the centre with the others around them, only their heads emerging from the shadow. Such an approach signified the beginning of an interest in the use of light to observe a single figure, or sometimes only a face. To see how conventional Dutch painters approached this type of group portraiture, see Company of Captain Reinier Reael (Meagre Company) (1637) by Frans Hals. Caravaggesque methods are also evident in Rembrandt's single portraits, in which the shadows can be even darker and invade almost the entire canvas. The light falls from one side of the subject, illuminates the face, dramatizes every wrinkle. Sometimes it also strikes a secondary subject - a book, a table, or other object. The rest is an area of darkness whose purpose is to throw into relief those parts that are minutely scrutinized. Good examples include: <a href="../famous-paintings/conspiracy-of-claudius-civilis.htm">The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis</a> (1661) Nationalmuseum, Stockholm); Bathsheba Holding King David's Letter (1654, Louvre), and the poignant <a href="../famous-paintings/suicide-of-lucretia.htm">Suicide of Lucretia</a> (1666, Minneapolis Institute of Arts), along with many of Rembrandt's <a href="../genres/self-portraits.htm">self portraits</a>. <a name="genrepainting"></a>Dutch Baroque Genre Painting To cater for the rising demand among the bourgeoisie for easel art, notably <a href="../genres/genre-painting.htm">genre painting</a>, a number of artistic movements sprang up in towns like Haarlem, Delft, Leiden, Utrecht, Dordrecht and Amsterdam. Thus was born the <a href="../genres/genre-painting-dutch-realist-school.htm">Dutch Realist style of genre painting</a> which is still seen as the apogee of the idiom. The Haarlem school was represented by <a href="../old-masters/adriaen-van-ostade.htm">Adriaen van Ostade</a> (1610-85) (lowlife peasant scenes), and the Catholic <a href="../old-masters/jan-steen.htm">Jan Steen</a> (1626-79) (moralising tavern scenes); while <a href="../old-masters/pieter-de-hooch.htm">Pieter de Hooch</a> (1629-83) and the incomparable <a href="../old-masters/jan-vermeer.htm">Jan Vermeer</a> (1632-75), represented the Delft school. Utrecht had <a href="../old-masters/hendrik-terbrugghen.htm">Hendrik Terbrugghen</a> (1588-1629), and <a href="../old-masters/gerrit-van-honthorst.htm">Gerrit van Honthorst</a> (1590-1656), both strongly influenced by Caravaggio, while the Leiden school's most famous member was Rembrandt's first pupil Gerrit Dou (1613-75), known for his small, colourful, polished works. The Dordrecht school was represented by the "interiors" painter <a href="../old-masters/samuel-van-hoogstraten.htm">Samuel van Hoogstraten</a> (1627-78) and Nicolaes Maes (1634-93), noted for his kitch genre-paintings and chiaroscuro effect; while the Amsterdam school consisted of Rembrandt, his pupils Govaert Flinck (1615-60), Ferdinand Bol (1616-80), and the talented Carel Fabritius (1622-54) who perished in a gunpowder explosion, as well as <a href="../old-masters/gerard-terborch.htm">Gerard Terborch</a> (1617-81), and <a href="../old-masters/gabriel-metsu.htm">Gabriel Metsu</a> (1629-67), noted for his intimate small-scale genre works. Special mention should be made of Jan Vermeer of Delft, who in his only self-portrait, if it is really anything of the kind, symbolically turns his back on the observer, as if to remain completely concealed within his world. Only from his portraits of elegant women do we realize how little is known of him - the poverty-stricken father of eleven children - who hardly ever left his native city, where he ate his heart out in longing for the aristocratic life; who languished in obscurity for centuries before being acclaimed as one of the all time greats of <a href="dutch-painting.htm">17th century Dutch painting</a>, on a par with the majestic Rembrandt. <a name="still"></a>Dutch Baroque Still Life Painting It was in the Baroque period too that a type of picture was developed that was to remain successful up to our own time - the '<a href="../genres/still-life-painting.htm">still life painting</a>', a picture offering an arrangement of flowers, of more or less inanimate objects of one kind or another, generally painted in the studio, that is to say indoors. Of course paintings of this kind had certainly been made earlier, but now they constituted a true genre, with practitioners in every country and in every school of painting. Again the innovator who had founded this kind of painting was Caravaggio, who indeed began his artistic career in this type of work. Not unnaturally, however, the genre reached its highest development in the Netherlands, where there was already a precursor, if not a tradition, of realistic, domestic, straightforward painting carefully attentive to the detail of everyday life, which had been produced there from as early as the fifteenth century. <blockquote> NOTE: Dutch painters developed a particular genre of still life art - known as <a href="../definitions/vanitas-painting.htm">vanitas painting</a> - which contained moralistic (Biblical) messages. </blockquote> The tradition of still life art was developed by a number of exceptional painters who included: <a href="../old-masters/willem-claesz-heda.htm">Willem Claesz Heda</a> (1594-1680) and <a href="../old-masters/pieter-claesz.htm">Pieter Claesz</a> (1597-1660) both members of the Haarlem school; <a href="../old-masters/heem.htm">Jan Davidsz de Heem</a> (1606-84) of the Utrecht school; <a href="../old-masters/willem-kalf.htm">Willem Kalf</a> (1619-93) the Amsterdam painter of pronkstilleven paintings; and <a href="../old-masters/rachel-ruysch.htm">Rachel Ruysch</a> (1664-1750) the Amsterdam flower painter, arguably the greatest still life artist of the Late Baroque. <a name="landscapes"></a>Dutch Baroque Landscape Painting Coinciding with the classical Arcadian landscapes of Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin, working in Rome, the Dutch school began to produce great examples of Baroque <a href="../genres/landscape-painting.htm">landscape painting</a>, of which the finest works were created by <a href="../old-masters/jacob-van-ruisdael.htm">Jacob van Ruisdael</a> (c.1628-82) and his pupil <a href="../old-masters/hobbema.htm">Meindert Hobbema</a> (1638-1703); other top artists included Philips de Koninck (1619-88) who specialized in large-size panoramic views; and <a href="../old-masters/aelbert-cuyp.htm">Aelbert Cuyp</a> (1620-91) noted for his soft light and impastoed highlights. Other Baroque landscape painters included: Hendrik Avercamp (1585-1634) who excelled at winter scenes; Cornelis van Poelenberg (1586-1667) who painted Italianate scenes; the naturalist pioneer Esaias van de Velde (1591-1630) and his pupil Jan van Goyen (1596-1656) who produced repetitive views of the Nijmegen River, Dordrecht, sand dunes, and ships; and Salomon van Ruysdael (1600-70) famous for his typical Dutch views and riverscapes. Dutch Baroque realist painters who specialised in other genres included the Haarlem-based architectural painter Pieter Saenredam (1597-1665), the peerless animal painter Paulus Potter (1625-54), and marine artist Willem van de Velde (1633-1707) from Leiden. Works reflecting the Dutch Baroque style of painting can be seen in most of the <a href="../art-museums.htm">best art museums</a> in the world, notably the <a href="../museums/rijksmuseum-amsterdam.htm">Rijksmuseum Amsterdam</a> and the <a href="../museums/mauritshuis.htm">Mauritshuis Royal Picture Gallery</a> in The Hague. <a name="painters"></a>Greatest Dutch Baroque Painters Here is a selected list of the best <a href="dutch-realist-artists.htm">Dutch Realist artists</a>, together with some of the <a href="../genres/genre-paintings-greatest.htm">greatest genre paintings</a> of the century. Frans Hals (1582-1666) One of the greatest Dutch portraitists. <a href="../famous-paintings/laughing-cavalier.htm">The Laughing Cavalier</a> (1625) oil on canvas, Wallace Collection, London. Hendrik Terbrugghen (1588-1629) Dutch genre-painter, Utrecht school. Flute Players (1621) Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Kassel. Gerrit van Honthorst (1592-1656) Most famous member of the Utrecht School. Adoration of the Shepherds (1622) Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne. <a href="../old-masters/pieter-saenredam.htm">Pieter Jansz Saenredam</a> (1597-1665) Architectural artist famous for his austere whitewashed church interiors. Interior of the Buurkerk, Utrecht (1644) NG London; KAM Fort Worth, Texas. Salomon van Ruysdael (1602-70) Painter of landscapes and riverscapes. River Landscape near Arnhem (1651) Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. Adriaen Brouwer (1605-38) Genre-painter famous for his tavern genre-pictures. The Bitter Draught (1635) Stadel Art Museum, Frankfurt. Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669) World's greatest ever portrait artist; outstanding history painter. <a href="../famous-paintings/anatomy-lesson-of-doctor-nicolaes-tulp.htm">The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Nicolaes Tulp</a> (1632) Mauritshuis. The Nightwatch (1642) oil on canvas, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. <a href="../famous-paintings/aristotle-contemplating-the-bust-of-homer.htm">Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer</a> (1653) The Met, New York <a href="../famous-paintings/bathsheba-holding-king-davids-letter.htm">Bathsheba Holding King David's Letter</a> (1654) oil on canvas, Louvre, Paris. <a href="../famous-paintings/portrait-of-jan-six.htm">Portrait of Jan Six</a> (1654) oil on canvas, Six Collection, Amsterdam. The Conspiracy of Julius Civilis (1661-2) National Museum, Stockholm. <a href="../famous-paintings/syndics-of-the-clothmakers-guild.htm">Syndics of the Cloth-Makers Guild (De Staalmeesters)</a> (1662) Rijksmuseum. The Suicide of Lucretia (1666) oil on canvas, Minneapolis Institute of Arts. <a href="../famous-paintings/jewish-bride-rembrandt.htm">The Jewish Bride</a> (c.1665-8) Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. <a href="../famous-paintings/return-of-the-prodigal-son.htm">Return of the Prodigal Son</a> (1666-69) Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. Jan Davidsz de Heem (1606-83) Still life artist, Utrecht/Antwerp School. A Table of Desserts (1640) oil on canvas, Louvre, Paris. Still Life of Fruit (1670) oil on canvas, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Adriaen van Ostade (1610-85) Painter of peasant scenes, Haarlem school. Rustic Concert (1638) oil on canvas, Prado, Madrid. Interior with Peasants (1663) oil on canvas, Wallace Collection, London. David Teniers the Younger (1610-90) Noted for small-scale guardroom scenes and tavern scenes. Gambling Scene at an Inn (1649) Wallace Collection, London. <a href="../old-masters/harmen-van-steenwyck.htm">Harmen van Steenwyck</a> (1612-56) Leading exponent of vanitas painting (still lifes with Biblical messages). An Allegory of the Vanities of Human Life (1640) National Gallery, London. <a href="../old-masters/emanuel-de-witte.htm">Emanuel de Witte</a> (1615-1692) Alkmaar architectural painter noted for church interiors with human interest. Interior of the Oude Kerk Amsterdam (1669) Private Collection. Gerard Terborch (1617-81) Haarlem school genre painter. Parental Admonition (1654-55) Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Woman Writing a Letter (1655) Mauritshuis, The Hague. Willem Kalf (1619-93) Still life artist, noted for pronkstilleven and vanitas paintings. Still Life with Lobster, Drinking Horn & Glasses (1653) National Gallery, London. Still Life with Chinese Porcelain Jar (1662) Gemaldegalerie, SMPK, Berlin. Aelbert Cuyp (1620-91) Landscape artist, Dordrecht school. Dordrecht from the North (1650) oil on canvas, Rothschild Collection. River Landscape with Horseman & Peasants (1658) National Gallery, London. Carel Fabritius (1622-54) Rembrandt's best pupil. Active in Amsterdam and Delft. View of Delft (1652) oil on canvas, National Gallery, London. Paulus Potter (1625-54) Leading animalier of the Dutch School. The Bull (1647) oil on canvas, Mauritshuis, The Hague. Jan Steen (1626-79) Genre-painter, Leiden school. The Christening Feast (1664) oil on canvas, Wallace Collection, London. Samuel Van Hoogstraten (1627-78) Genre painter, noted for interiors with deep linear perspective. The Slippers (1654-60) oil on canvas, Louvre, Paris. View down the Corridor (1662) oil on panel, Dyrham Park, UK. Jacob Van Ruisdael (1628-82) Landscape painter, Haarlem school. The Mill at Wijk Near Duurstede (1670) oil on canvas, Rijksmuseum. Jewish Cemetery at Ouderkerk (1670) oil on canvas, Alte Meister, Dresden. Gabriel Metsu (1629-67) Intimate small-scale genre scenes. The Prodigal Son (1640s) oil on canvas, Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. The Music Lesson (1658) oil on canvas, National Gallery, London. Pieter de Hooch (1629-83) Genre painter, Delft school. Courtyard of a House in Delft (1658) oil on canvas, National Gallery, London. The Linen Cupboard (1663) Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Interior of Burgomaster's Council Chamber (1661-70) Thyssen-Bornemisza. Jan Vermeer (1632-1675) Leader of Delft school of genre-painting. <a href="../famous-paintings/soldier-and-laughing-girl.htm">Soldier and a Laughing Girl</a> (c.1658) oil on canvas, Frick Collection, New York. <a href="../famous-paintings/milkmaid.htm">The Milkmaid</a> (c.1658-1660) oil on canvas, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. <a href="../famous-paintings/little-street-vermeer.htm">The Little Street</a> (Street in Delft) (c.1657-1658) Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. <a href="../famous-paintings/young-woman-with-water-jug.htm">Woman with a Water Jug</a> (c.1664-1665) Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. <a href="../famous-paintings/woman-holding-balance.htm">Woman Holding a Balance</a> (1662-3) National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. <a href="../famous-paintings/woman-with-pearl-necklace.htm">Woman with a Pearl Necklace</a> (c.1662) SMPK, Gemaldegalerie, Berlin. The Music Lesson (Lady/Gentleman at the Virginals) (c.1665) Royal Collection. The Concert (c.1665-1666) Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, MA. <a href="../famous-paintings/girl-with-pearl-earring.htm">Girl with a Pearl Earring</a> (Head of a Girl with a Turban) (c.1665) Mauritshuis. <a href="../famous-paintings/art-of-painting.htm">The Art of Painting: An Allegory</a> (c.1666-1673) Kunsthistorisches Museum. <a href="../famous-paintings/lacemaker.htm">The Lacemaker</a> (c.1669-1670) oil on canvas, Louvre, Paris. <a href="../famous-paintings/girl-with-red-hat.htm">Girl with a Red Hat</a> (c.1666-1667) National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. Nicolas Maes (1634-93) Dordrecht School artist, noted for genre paintings of kitchen life, portraits. The Eavesdropper (1657) oil on canvas, Dordrecht Museum, Dordrecht. Meindert Hobbema (1638-1709) Last major Dutch landscape painter of the 17th century. A Watermill (1665-8) oil on canvas, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. For details of European collections containing works illustrating Dutch Realist genre painting or still lifes, see: <a href="../art-museums-europe.htm">Art Museums in Europe</a>. </td> </tr> </table> <table width="750" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td> For more about painting, sculpture, architecture and printmaking, see: <a href="../index.htm">Homepage</a>. <hr size="1"> <a rel="author" href="https://profiles.google.com/115076279462378566554#115076279462378566554"> <img src="http://www.google.com/images/icons/ui/gprofile_button-16.png" width="16" height="16"></a> <a href="../art-movements-glossary.htm">Art Movements</a> ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ART HISTORY © visual-arts-cork.com. All rights reserved. </td> </tr> </table> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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Dutch Baroque Art