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Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جان جوريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جان جوريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Жан Жарэс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жан Жарэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Жан Жарэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жан Жарэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Жан Жорес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жан Жорес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%96%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Ζαν Ζωρές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζαν Ζωρές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="ژان ژورس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژان ژورس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5_%EC%A1%B0%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="장 조레스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장 조레스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BA%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Ժան Ժորես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժան Ժորես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="ז'אן ז'ורס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'אן ז'ורס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჟან ჟორესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟან ჟორესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Жан Жорес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жан Жорес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Ioannes Jaurès – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDans_%C5%BDoress" title="Žans Žoress – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žans Žoress" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جان جوريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جان جوريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="जाँ जोरेस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जाँ जोरेस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="ジャン・ジョレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャン・ジョレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Jaur%C3%A9s" title="Joan Jaurés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Joan Jaurés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жорес, Жан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жорес, Жан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Жан Жорес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жан Жорес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Жан Жорес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жан Жорес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jean Jaurès" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%C2%B7%E9%A5%92%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="尚·饒勒斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尚·饒勒斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12688#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French Socialist leader (1859–1914)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jean Jaurès</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s,_1904,_by_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="225" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s%2C_1904%2C_by_Nadar.jpg/220px-Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s%2C_1904%2C_by_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s%2C_1904%2C_by_Nadar.jpg/330px-Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s%2C_1904%2C_by_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s%2C_1904%2C_by_Nadar.jpg/440px-Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s%2C_1904%2C_by_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Jaurès in 1904</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Editor of <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 April 1904 – 31 July 1914</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Newspaper established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 June 1902 – 31 July 1914</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tarn_(department)" title="Tarn (department)">Tarn</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 January 1893 – 1 June 1898</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">Tarn</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 November 1885 – 11 November 1889</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">Tarn</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/French_Socialist_Party_(1902)" title="French Socialist Party (1902)">French Socialist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 March 1902 – 25 April 1905</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Party established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Party abolished</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1859-09-03</span>)</span>3 September 1859<br /><a href="/wiki/Castres" title="Castres">Castres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarn_(departement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarn (departement)">Tarn</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 July 1914<span style="display:none">(1914-07-31)</span> (aged 54)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Assassination of Jean Jaurès">Assassination</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon, Paris">Panthéon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(France,_1871%E2%80%931901)" title="Moderate Republicans (France, 1871–1901)">Moderate Republicans</a> <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Independent_Socialists_(France)" title="Independent Socialists (France)">Independent Socialists</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/French_Socialist_Party_(1902)" title="French Socialist Party (1902)">French Socialist Party</a> <br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Louise Bois</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École Normale Supérieure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepassepresent_signature_autographe_jean_jaures.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean Jaurès's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lepassepresent_signature_autographe_jean_jaures.jpg/128px-Lepassepresent_signature_autographe_jean_jaures.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lepassepresent_signature_autographe_jean_jaures.jpg/192px-Lepassepresent_signature_autographe_jean_jaures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lepassepresent_signature_autographe_jean_jaures.jpg/256px-Lepassepresent_signature_autographe_jean_jaures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès</b> (3 September 1859 – 31 July 1914), commonly referred to as <b>Jean Jaurès</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒɔʁɛs]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7d\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Anonym%C3%A2t_%28Kvardek_du%29-Boulogne_-_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Anonym%C3%A2t_%28Kvardek_du%29-Boulogne_-_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Anonym\u00e2t (Kvardek du)-Boulogne - Jean Jaur\u00e8s.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Anonym%C3%A2t_%28Kvardek_du%29-Boulogne_-_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Anonym%C3%A2t_%28Kvardek_du%29-Boulogne_-_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Anonym%C3%A2t_(Kvardek_du)-Boulogne_-_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Anonymât (Kvardek du)-Boulogne - Jean Jaurès.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: <i lang="oc">Joan Jaurés</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="oc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">[dʒuˈan<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒawˈɾes]</a></span>), was a French <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> leader. Initially a <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(France,_1871%E2%80%931901)" title="Moderate Republicans (France, 1871–1901)">Moderate Republican</a>, he later became a <a href="/wiki/Social_democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrat">social democrat</a> and one of the first <a href="/wiki/Possibilism_(politics)" title="Possibilism (politics)">possibilists</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> wing of the socialist movement) and in 1902 the leader of the <a href="/wiki/French_Socialist_Party_(1902)" title="French Socialist Party (1902)">French Socialist Party</a>, which opposed <a href="/wiki/Jules_Guesde" title="Jules Guesde">Jules Guesde</a>'s revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_France_(1902)" title="Socialist Party of France (1902)">Socialist Party of France</a>. The two parties merged in 1905 in the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO). An <a href="/wiki/Antimilitarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimilitarist">antimilitarist</a>, he was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Assassination of Jean Jaurès">assassinated</a> in 1914 at the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> but remains one of the main historical figures of the <a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a>. As a heterodox <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>, Jaurès rejected the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> and tried to conciliate <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2022)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The son of an unsuccessful businessman and farmer, Jean Jaurès was born in <a href="/wiki/Castres" title="Castres">Castres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarn_(department)" title="Tarn (department)">Tarn</a>, into a modest French provincial <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">haut-bourgeois</a> family. His younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Louis Jaurès">Louis</a>, became an admiral and a <a href="/wiki/Republican-Socialist_Party" title="Republican-Socialist Party">Republican-Socialist</a> deputy. </p><p>A brilliant student, Jaurès was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Sainte-Barbe" title="Collège Sainte-Barbe">Lycée Sainte-Barbe</a> in Paris and admitted first at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, in 1878, ahead of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>. He obtained his <i><a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation" title="Agrégation">agrégation</a></i> of philosophy in 1881, ending up third, and then taught philosophy for two years at the <a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Albi</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée">lycée</a> before lecturing at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse" title="University of Toulouse">University of Toulouse</a>. He was elected <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">deputy</a> for the <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Département in France">département</a></i> of Tarn in 1885,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sitting alongside the moderate <a href="/wiki/Opportunist_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunist Republicans">Opportunist Republicans</a>, opposed both to <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radicals</a> and to the Socialists. He then supported both <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Léon Gambetta</a>. On 29 June 1886 Jaurès married Louise Bois who despite Jaurès's secularism remained a devout Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historian">Historian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1889, after unsuccessfully contesting the Castres seat, this time under the banner of Socialism, he returned to his professional duties at <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, where he took an active interest in municipal affairs and helped to found the medical faculty of the university. He also prepared two theses for his doctorate in philosophy, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De primis socialismi germanici lineamentis apud <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Lutherum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a> et <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></i></span> (<i>"On the first delineations of German socialism in the writings of [Martin] Luther, [Immanuel] Kant, [Johann Gottlieb] Fichte and [Georg Wilhelm Friedrich] Hegel"</i>) (1891), and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">De la réalité du monde sensible</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jaurès became a highly influential historian of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Research in the archives in the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale</a></span></span> in Paris led him to the formulation of a theoretical Marxist interpretation of the events. His book <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire Socialiste</i></span> (1900–03) shaped interpretations—from <a href="/wiki/Albert_Mathiez" title="Albert Mathiez">Albert Mathiez</a> (1874–1932), <a href="/wiki/Albert_Soboul" title="Albert Soboul">Albert Soboul</a> (1914–1982) and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lefebvre" title="Georges Lefebvre">Georges Lefebvre</a> (1874–1959)—that came to dominate teaching analysis in class-conflict terms well into the 1980s. Jaurès emphasized the central role the middle class played in the aristocratic <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Brumaire</a></i></span>, as well as the emergence of the working class "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a></i></span>" who espoused a political outlook and social philosophy that came to dominate revolutionary movements on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_prominence">Rise to prominence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise to prominence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jaurès was initially a moderate republican, opposed to both <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Clemenceau</span></span>'s Radicalism and socialism. He developed into a socialist during the late 1880s, when he was in his late 20s. In 1892 the miners of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carmaux" title="Carmaux">Carmaux</a></span></span> went on strike over the dismissal of their leader, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Jean Baptiste Calvignac</span></span>. <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Jaurès</span></span>'s campaigning forced the government to intervene and require <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Calvignac</span></span>'s reinstatement. <a href="/wiki/1893_French_legislative_election" title="1893 French legislative election">The following year</a>, Jaurès was re-elected to the National Assembly as socialist deputy for Tarn, a seat he retained (apart from the four years 1898 to <a href="/wiki/1902_French_legislative_election" title="1902 French legislative election">1902</a>) until his death. </p><p>Defeated in the <a href="/wiki/1898_French_legislative_election" title="1898 French legislative election">legislative election of 1898</a>, he spent four years without a legislative seat. His eloquent speeches nonetheless made him a force to be reckoned with as an intellectual champion of socialism. He edited <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Petite_R%C3%A9publique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Petite République (page does not exist)">La Petite République</a></i></span>, and was, along with <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a></span></span>, one of the most energetic defenders of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a>. He approved of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexandre Millerand</a></span></span>, and the socialist's inclusion in the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Waldeck-Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="René Waldeck-Rousseau">René Waldeck-Rousseau</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of France">cabinet</a>, though this led to an irredeemable split with the more revolutionary section led by <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Jules Guesde</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming the Independent Socialists Party.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SFIO_leadership">SFIO leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: SFIO leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Jaur%C3%A8s_-_Action_socialiste_I.djvu&page=9" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jaur%C3%A8s_-_Action_socialiste_I.djvu/page9-200px-Jaur%C3%A8s_-_Action_socialiste_I.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jaur%C3%A8s_-_Action_socialiste_I.djvu/page9-300px-Jaur%C3%A8s_-_Action_socialiste_I.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jaur%C3%A8s_-_Action_socialiste_I.djvu/page9-400px-Jaur%C3%A8s_-_Action_socialiste_I.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2678" /></a><figcaption>Jaurès's <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Action socialiste</i></span>, 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1902_French_legislative_election" title="1902 French legislative election">1902</a>, Jaurès returned as deputy for Albi. The independent socialists merged with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brousse" title="Paul Brousse">Paul Brousse</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Possibilism_(politics)" title="Possibilism (politics)">possibilist</a>" (reformist) <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Socialist_Workers_of_France" title="Federation of the Socialist Workers of France">Federation of the Socialist Workers of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Allemane" title="Jean Allemane">Jean Allemane</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (France)">Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party</a> to form the French Socialist Party, of which Jaurès became the leader. They represented a <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> stance, opposed to Jules Guesde's revolutionary Socialist Party of France. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Emile_Combes" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Combes">Combes</a> administration his influence secured the coherence of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical</a>-Socialist coalition known as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_des_gauches" title="Bloc des gauches">Bloc des gauches</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which enacted the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a>. In 1904, he founded the socialist paper <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-rap_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rap-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Geoffrey Kurtz, Jaures was "instrumental" in the reforms carried out by the administration, Emile Combes, "influencing the content of legislation and keeping the factions within the Bloc united."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Amsterdam Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a>, the French socialist groups held a Congress at <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> in March 1905, which resulted in a new consolidation, with the merger of Jaurès's French Socialist Party and Guesde's Socialist Party of France. The new party, headed by Jaurès and Guesde, ceased to co-operate with the Radical groups, and became known as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Parti Socialiste Unifié</i></span> (PSU, Unified Socialist Party), pledged to advance a <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a> programme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the socialist movements unified the same year in the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO). </p><p>On 1 May 1905 Jaurès visited a newly formed wine making cooperative in <a href="/wiki/Maraussan" title="Maraussan">Maraussan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVignerons_coopérateurs_de_l'Hérault_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVignerons_coopérateurs_de_l'Hérault-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said the peasants had to unite instead of refusing to help each other. He told them to, "in the vat of the Republic, prepare the wine of the Social Revolution!".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThéobald201470_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThéobald201470-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Languedoc_winegrowers" title="Revolt of the Languedoc winegrowers">revolt of the Languedoc winegrowers</a> developed, on 11 June 1907 Jaurès filed a bill with <a href="/wiki/Jules_Guesde" title="Jules Guesde">Jules Guesde</a> that proposed nationalization of the wine estates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon2023_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After troops had shot wine growing demonstrators later that month, Parliament renewed its confidence in the government. Jaurès's <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Humanité</i></span> carried the headline, "The House acquits the mass killers of the Midi".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon2023_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1906_French_legislative_election" title="1906 French legislative election">general elections of 1906</a>, Jaurès was again elected for the Tarn. His ability was now generally recognized, but the strength of the SFIO still had to reckon with radical Georges Clemenceau, who was able to appeal to his countrymen (in a notable speech in the spring of 1906) to rally to a Radical programme which had no socialist ideas in view, although Clemenceau was sensitive to the conditions of the working class. Clemenceau's image as a strong and practical leader considerably diminished socialist populism. In addition to daily journalistic activity, Jaurès published <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les preuves</i></span>; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Affaire Dreyfus</i></span> (1900); <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Action socialiste</i></span> (1899); <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Études socialistes</i></span> (1902), and, with other collaborators, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire socialiste</i></span> (1901), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283–284_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283–284-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. He supported, albeit not without criticisms, the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">regional languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a>", thus opposing, on this issue, traditional Republican <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jaures opposed imperialism, arguing that it posed a threat to peace in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-militarism">Anti-militarism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anti-militarism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_%281%29.jpg/220px-Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_%281%29.jpg/330px-Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_%281%29.jpg/440px-Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>Jean Jaurès</figcaption></figure> <p>Jaurès was a committed <a href="/wiki/Anti-militarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-militarism">antimilitarist</a> who tried to use diplomatic means to prevent what became the First World War. In 1913, he opposed <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Driant" title="Émile Driant">Émile Driant</a>'s <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_des_trois_ans" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi des trois ans">Three-Year Service Law</a>, which implemented a <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">draft</a> period, and tried to promote understanding between France and Germany. As conflict became imminent, he tried to organise <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strikes</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> in order to force the governments to back down and negotiate. This proved difficult, however, as many Frenchmen sought revenge (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanche</a></i></span>) for their country's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> and the return of the lost <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> territory. Then, in May 1914, with Jaurès intending to form an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Joseph Caillaux</a> for the labour movement, the Socialists won the General Election. They planned to take office and "press for a policy of European peace". Jaurès accused French President <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> of being "more Russian than Russia" and premier <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">René Viviani</a> as being compliant. </p><p>In July 1914, he attended the Socialist Congress in Brussels where he struck up a constructive solidarity with German socialist party leader <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Haase" title="Hugo Haase">Hugo Haase</a>. On the 20th of that month, Jaurès voted against a parliamentary subsidy for Poincaré's visit to St. Petersburg; which he condemned as both dangerous and provocative. The Caillaux–Jaurès alliance was dedicated to defeating military objectives that were aimed at precipitating war. France sent a mission, headed by Poincaré, to coordinate French and Russian responses. Always a pacifist, Jaurès rushed back to Paris to attempt an impossible reconciliation with the government. Russia had partially mobilized, which Germany took as an extreme provocation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Assassination of Jean Jaurès">Assassination of Jean Jaurès</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raoul_Villain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Raoul_Villain.jpg/250px-Raoul_Villain.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Raoul_Villain.jpg/375px-Raoul_Villain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Raoul_Villain.jpg/500px-Raoul_Villain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption>Raoul Villain mugshot 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>On 31 July 1914, Jaurès was assassinated. At 9 pm, he went to dine at the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_du_Croissant" title="Café du Croissant">Café du Croissant</a> on <a href="/wiki/Rue_Montmartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue Montmartre">Rue Montmartre</a>. Forty minutes later, <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Villain" title="Raoul Villain">Raoul Villain</a>, a 29-year-old French nationalist, walked up to the restaurant window and fired two shots into Jaurès's back.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died five minutes later at 9:45 pm. Jaurès had been due to attend an international conference on 9 August, in an attempt to dissuade the belligerent parties from going ahead with the war.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villain also intended to murder <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Caillaux" title="Henriette Caillaux">Henriette Caillaux</a> with his two engraved pistols.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tried after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and acquitted, he was later killed by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a> in 1936 during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. </p><p>Shock waves ran through the streets of Paris. One of the government's most charismatic and compelling orators had been assassinated. His opponent, President Poincaré, sent his sympathies to Jaurès's widow. Paris was on the brink of revolution: Jaurès had been advocating a general strike and had narrowly avoided sedition charges. One important consequence was that the cabinet postponed the arrest of socialist revolutionaries. Viviani reassured Britain of Belgian neutrality but also said that "the gloves were off". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Jaures_Caf%C3%A9_Croissant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jean_Jaures_Caf%C3%A9_Croissant.jpg/220px-Jean_Jaures_Caf%C3%A9_Croissant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jean_Jaures_Caf%C3%A9_Croissant.jpg/330px-Jean_Jaures_Caf%C3%A9_Croissant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jean_Jaures_Caf%C3%A9_Croissant.jpg/440px-Jean_Jaures_Caf%C3%A9_Croissant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque at the Café Croissant</figcaption></figure> <p>Jaurès's murder brought matters one step closer to world war. It helped to destabilise the French government, whilst simultaneously breaking a link in the chain of international solidarity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Speaking at Jaurès's funeral a few days later, <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)" title="General Confederation of Labour (France)">CGT</a> leader <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a> declared, "All working men ... we take the field with the determination to drive back the aggressor."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As if in reverence to his memory, the Socialists in the Chamber agreed to suspend all sabotage activity in support of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Union" title="Sacred Union">Union Sacrée</a></i>. Poincaré commented that, "In the memory of man, there had never been anything more beautiful in France."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 November 1924, his remains were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_legacy">Political legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Castres)_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_par_Gabriel_Pech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%28Castres%29_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_par_Gabriel_Pech.jpg/220px-%28Castres%29_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_par_Gabriel_Pech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%28Castres%29_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_par_Gabriel_Pech.jpg/330px-%28Castres%29_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_par_Gabriel_Pech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%28Castres%29_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_par_Gabriel_Pech.jpg/440px-%28Castres%29_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_par_Gabriel_Pech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="7761" /></a><figcaption>Monument of Jean Jaurès in Castres.</figcaption></figure> <p>Joseph Caillaux and Jaurès were fellow anti-militarists trying to halt the slide to war in July 1914. But Caillaux was paralyzed, politically and emotionally, by the trial of his <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Caillaux" title="Henriette Caillaux">wife</a> for murder. With the trial over (July 28) Caillaux and Jaurès hoped they could expose the President's secret deal with Russia. This would have led to a policy of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with Germany, preventing war and the inevitable carnage. Russia had covertly subsidized Poincaré's election campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poincaré had, in this theory, therefore abandoned socialism for another party and warfare. Even if Germany intentionally condemned Belgium to occupation, they had already accused Russia of starting the conflict. This theory, downplaying Germany's aggressive moves, was not widely supported in France.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the centenary year of his assassination, politicians from all sides of the political spectrum paid tribute to him and claimed he would have supported them. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> declared that "Jaurès, the man of socialism, is today the man of all of France" while in 2007, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> declared that his party was Jaurès's successor.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Numerous streets and squares in France are named for Jaurès, especially in the south of France, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>), <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>), <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cluj" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluj">Cluj</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>) and also in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</li> <li>Jaurès appears as a character in many <a href="/wiki/Period_piece" class="mw-redirect" title="Period piece">period</a> French films and TV series, sometimes as the main subject and sometimes as a supporting character.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Brel" title="Jacques Brel">Jacques Brel</a> wrote a song, "Jaurès", and recorded it for his last album <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Marquises" title="Les Marquises">Les Marquises</a></i>. In it, he wonders why Jean Jaurès was killed, while lamenting on the life of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>. (This song was re-interpreted by the band <a href="/wiki/Zebda" title="Zebda">Zebda</a> in 2009 as a celebration of the 150th anniversary of Jaurès's birth.)</li> <li>"Les Corons", a song by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bachelet" title="Pierre Bachelet">Pierre Bachelet</a>, contains a reference to Jean Jaurès: "Y avait à la mairie le jour de la kermesse, Une photo de Jean Jaurès".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Stewart" title="Al Stewart">Al Stewart</a>'s song "Trains" includes the lyrics, "on the day they buried Jean Jaurès, World War One broke free..."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The long poem "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mystery_of_the_Charity_of_Charles_P%C3%A9guy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mystery of the Charity of Charles Péguy (page does not exist)">The Mystery of the Charity of Charles Péguy</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hill" title="Geoffrey Hill">Geoffrey Hill</a> (1983) begins with (and returns to) the death of Jaurès.</li> <li>Metro stations have been named after Jaurès in <a href="/wiki/Paris_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Metro">Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jaur%C3%A8s_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaurès (Paris Métro)">Jaurès</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boulogne_-_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne - Jean Jaurès (Paris Métro)">Boulogne - Jean Jaurès</a>), <a href="/wiki/List_of_Toulouse_Metro_stations" title="List of Toulouse Metro stations">Toulouse</a> (Jean-Jaurès), and <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Metro_Line_B" title="Lyon Metro Line B">Lyon</a> (Place Jean-Jaurès).</li> <li>In the 1976 film <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresse" title="Maîtresse">Maîtresse</a></i> ("Mistress"), a character looking at a Parisian map laments, "There are too many avenues named after Jean Jaurès."</li> <li>Transcribed as Zhores, Jaurès is a Russian first name, used by people as <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Zhores Alferov</a> (Alferov has a brother named Marx) and <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Medvedev" title="Zhores Medvedev">Zhores Medvedev</a> (whose brother is Roy, from <a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a>). For Zhores Medvedev, this has been disputed by Michael Lerner. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1972/mar/23/zhores-not-jaures/">the letter by Michael Lerner in the <i>New York Review of Books,</i> 23 March 1972.</a></li> <li>Jaurès figures in <a href="/wiki/Jules_Romains" title="Jules Romains">Jules Romains</a>'s epic fictional work <i>Les Hommes de Bonne Volonté</i>.</li> <li>His assassination is depicted in <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thibaults" title="The Thibaults">The Thibaults</a></i>.</li> <li>Since 1981, a video clip of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> placing a rose in front of Jaurès's tomb at the moment the Socialists returned to power in pomp and circumstance is often played on French television.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the play <i>Hans im Schnakenloch</i> ("Hans in the mosquito pit") by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Schickele" title="René Schickele">René Schickele</a>, the character Cavrel represents Jaurès.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jaurès is the idol and moral compass of the lead character, the union leader Michel, in the French film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(2011_film)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (2011 film)">The Snows of Kilimanjaro</a></i> (2011). Michel quotes Jaurès throughout the film to justify and reflect on his actions.</li> <li>His political journey towards <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> is depicted in the 2004 made-for-TV movie "Jaurès, Birth of a Giant" (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaur%C3%A8s,_naissance_d%27un_g%C3%A9ant" class="extiw" title="fr:Jaurès, naissance d'un géant">fr</a>), . It shows him support a general strike initiated by miners in the French city of <a href="/wiki/Carmaux" title="Carmaux">Carmaux</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchist</a> mine owner. During the course of the film, Jaurès goes from being a "Hard left Republican" allied to the likes of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a>, to calling himself a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>. The movie ends with his successful attempt to unify the 7 socialist factions of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> at the time under one party, the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couit%C3%A9as_affair" title="Couitéas affair">Couitéas affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Jean Jaurès">Murder of Jean Jaurès</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sévillia, Jean, <i>Histoire Passionnée de la France</i>, Perrin, 2013, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFConkiln2015" class="citation book cs1">Conkiln, Alice (2015). <i>France and Its Empire Since 1870</i>. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+Its+Empire+Since+1870&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Conkiln&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Friguglietti and Barry Rothaus, "A new view of Jean Jaures' <i>Histoire Socialiste</i>." <i>Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Selected Papers</i> (1994), pp 254–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Friguglietti, "Albert Mathiez, an Historian at War." <i>French Historical Studies</i> (1972): 570–586 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286199">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the 26 November 1900 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lours.org/default.asp?pid=331">debate between Jules Guesde and Jaurès</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116024253/http://www.lours.org/default.asp?pid=331">Archived</a> 2006-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rap-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rap_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael_Levy1929" class="citation journal cs1">Raphael Levy (January 1929). "The Daily Press in France". <i>The Modern Language Journal</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 294–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-4781.1929.tb01247.x">10.1111/j.1540-4781.1929.tb01247.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/315897">315897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Daily+Press+in+France&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=294-303&rft.date=1929-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-4781.1929.tb01247.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F315897%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Raphael+Levy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyNyBAAAQBAJ&dq=%C3%89mile+Combes+social+reforms&pg=PA118">Combes social reforms</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVignerons_coopérateurs_de_l'Hérault-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVignerons_coopérateurs_de_l'Hérault_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVignerons_coopérateurs_de_l'Hérault">Vignerons coopérateurs de l'Hérault</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThéobald201470-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThéobald201470_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThéobald2014">Théobald 2014</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBon2023-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon2023_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBon2023_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBon2023">Bon 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283–284-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911283–284_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 283–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Jaurès, "L'éducation populaire et les "patois"", in <i><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche_du_Midi" title="La Dépêche du Midi">La Dépêche</a></i>, 15 August 1911<br />"Méthode comparée", in <i>Revue de l'Enseignement Primaire</i>, 15 October 1911. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gardaremlaterra.free.fr/article.php3?id_article=29">On-line</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahler1984" class="citation book cs1">Kahler, Miles (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/33697"><i>Decolonization in Britain and France: The Domestic Consequences of International Relations</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5558-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5558-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-5558-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization+in+Britain+and+France%3A+The+Domestic+Consequences+of+International+Relations&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5558-2&rft.aulast=Kahler&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F33697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Albertini" title="Luigi Albertini">Luigi Albertini</a>, <i>Origins</i>, III, pp. 94–95; McMeekin, p. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor" class="citation web cs1">Tharoor, Ishan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/07/31/the-other-assassination-that-led-up-to-world-war-i/?noredirect=on">"The other assassination that led up to World War I"</a>. <i>washingtonpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=The+other+assassination+that+led+up+to+World+War+I&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2014%2F07%2F31%2Fthe-other-assassination-that-led-up-to-world-war-i%2F%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Tombs1996" class="citation book cs1">Robert Tombs (1996). "To The Sacred Union, 1914". <i>France 1814–1914</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. p. 481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49314-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49314-8"><bdi>978-0-582-49314-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+The+Sacred+Union%2C+1914&rft.btitle=France+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49314-8&rft.au=Robert+Tombs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berenson, The trials of Mme Caillaux, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albertini, <i>Origins</i>, III, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McMeekin, p. 376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/jaures/livret/livret-5.asp">"Le Panthéon (1924): Collection Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly of France</a></i> (in French). 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Assembly+of+France&rft.atitle=Le+Panth%C3%A9on+%281924%29%3A+Collection+Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+l%27Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Fhistoire%2Fjaures%2Flivret%2Flivret-5.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/decouvrir-l-assemblee/histoire/1914-1918/hommage-a-jean-jaures#node_4167">Jaures murder</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatty (2012) states that "[T]he close January 17, 1913, vote in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber</a>... elevated Poincaré to the presidency... Rumored at the time, Russian subsidies to the Paris press were revealed in the 1920s by <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i>, the journal of the French Communist party, the Bolsheviks having supplied the editors with the tsarist documents. By 1912, the subsidies, administered by the French finance minister, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz" title="Louis-Lucien Klotz">M. Klotz</a>, totaled more than two million francs a year. For this sum, Russia got favorable publicity for its railroad loan requests, for the presidential candidacy of Raymond Poincaré, and for his pro-Russian policies as premier and president. [footnote 76, details on p. 366] Always awkward, the Republic's alliance with tsarist autocracy became so close under Poincaré that a Toulouse paper could plausibly ask: 'Is France Republican or Cossack?'" (p. 234). Foornote 76 (p. 366) states "For details on reptile fund, see Sidney B. Fay, <i>The Origins of the War</i>, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1927), 270, n. 79. Also James William Long, "Russian Manipulation of the French Press, 1904–1906," <i>Slavic Review</i> 31, no. 2 (June 1972): 343–354. Berenson, <i>The Trial of Madame Caillaux</i>, 235–236."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Albertini" title="Luigi Albertini">Luigi Albertini</a>, <i>Origins</i>, III, pp. 94–95; McMeekin, p. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Ball2014" class="citation news cs1">Sam Ball (31 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20140731-100-years-france-remembers-murdered-socialist-hero-jean-jaures">"France remembers murdered socialist hero Jean Jaurès"</a>. <i>www.france24.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.france24.com&rft.atitle=France+remembers+murdered+socialist+hero+Jean+Jaur%C3%A8s&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft.au=Sam+Ball&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20140731-100-years-france-remembers-murdered-socialist-hero-jean-jaures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alstewart.com/publicfiles/LYRICS_trains.htm">Trains</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002115906/http://alstewart.com/publicfiles/LYRICS_trains.htm">Archived</a> 2 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Al Stewart.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Áine McGillicuddy, <i>René Schickele and Alsace: Cultural Identity Between the Borders.</i> Bern: Peter Lang 2010, p. 110.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertiniMassey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Albertini" title="Luigi Albertini">Albertini, Luigi</a>; Massey, Isabella M. (trans.) (2005) [1955]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ct5mAAAAMAAJ"><i>The origins of the War of 1914</i></a> (1st English edition (Oxford, 1955), updated (Enigma, 2005), original Italian edition published in 1942–1943 in Milan, Italy, by <a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Bocca" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratelli Bocca">Fratelli Bocca</a> ed.). OxfordNew York: Oxford University Press (1st English ed., 1955) / Enigma Books (updated, 2005). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/192963126X" title="Special:BookSources/192963126X"><bdi>192963126X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+the+War+of+1914&rft.place=OxfordNew+York&rft.edition=1st+English+edition+%28Oxford%2C+1955%29%2C+updated+%28Enigma%2C+2005%29%2C+original+Italian+edition+published+in+1942%E2%80%931943+in+Milan%2C+Italy%2C+by+Fratelli+Bocca&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%281st+English+ed.%2C+1955%29+%2F+Enigma+Books+%28updated%2C+2005%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=192963126X&rft.aulast=Albertini&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft.au=Massey%2C+Isabella+M.+%28trans.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCt5mAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatty2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Beatty" title="Jack Beatty">Beatty, Jack</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ookxTggkiegC"><i>The Lost History of 1914: Why the Great War was Not Inevitable</i></a>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408827970" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408827970"><bdi>978-1408827970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+History+of+1914%3A+Why+the+Great+War+was+Not+Inevitable&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1408827970&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DookxTggkiegC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864789028">864789028</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBon2023" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bon, Nicolas (24 July 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vin-terre-net.com/autour-du-vin/216-1907-histoire-revolte-midi-vignerons-marcelin-albert-ferroul">"Midi 1907, l'histoire d'une révolte vigneronne"</a>, <i>vin-terre-net.com</i> (in French)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=vin-terre-net.com&rft.atitle=Midi+1907%2C+l%27histoire+d%27une+r%C3%A9volte+vigneronne&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.aulast=Bon&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vin-terre-net.com%2Fautour-du-vin%2F216-1907-histoire-revolte-midi-vignerons-marcelin-albert-ferroul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jaur%C3%A8s,_Jean_L%C3%A9on" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jaurès, Jean Léon">Jaurès, Jean Léon</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jaur%C3%A8s%2C+Jean+L%C3%A9on&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=283-284&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_McMeekin" title="Sean McMeekin">McMeekin, Sean</a> (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/july1914countdow0000mcme"><i>July 1914: Countdown to War</i></a></span>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465038862" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465038862"><bdi>978-0465038862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=July+1914%3A+Countdown+to+War&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0465038862&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjuly1914countdow0000mcme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThéobald2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Théobald, Gérard (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lvRSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70"><i>La Liberté est ou n'est pas...</i></a> (in French), Editions Publibook, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-342-02233-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-342-02233-9"><bdi>978-2-342-02233-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Libert%C3%A9+est+ou+n%27est+pas...&rft.pub=Editions+Publibook&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-342-02233-9&rft.aulast=Th%C3%A9obald&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlvRSAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVignerons_coopérateurs_de_l'Hérault" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vignerons coopérateurs de l'Hérault, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925183149/http://minervois.over-blog.com/pages/Les_Vignerons_Cooperateurs_de_lHerault-229718.html"><i>Histoire de la coopération</i></a> (in French), Vignerons coopérateurs de l'Hérault, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minervois.over-blog.com/pages/Les_Vignerons_Cooperateurs_de_lHerault-229718.html">the original</a> on 25 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+coop%C3%A9ration&rft.pub=Vignerons+coop%C3%A9rateurs+de+l%27H%C3%A9rault&rft.au=Vignerons+coop%C3%A9rateurs+de+l%27H%C3%A9rault&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminervois.over-blog.com%2Fpages%2FLes_Vignerons_Cooperateurs_de_lHerault-229718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bernstein, Samuel. "Jean Jaures and the Problem of War," <i>Science & Society,</i> vol. 4, no. 3 (Summer 1940), pp. 127–164. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40399340">In JSTOR</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoombes_J._E.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Coombes J. E. (1990). "Jean Jaures: education, class and culture". <i>Journal of European Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 23–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004724419002000102">10.1177/004724419002000102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143654813">143654813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+European+Studies&rft.atitle=Jean+Jaures%3A+education%2C+class+and+culture&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-58&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004724419002000102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143654813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Coombes+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Jaur%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Goldberg, Harvey. <i>The Life of Jean Jaures.</i> Madison, WI: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, 1962.</li> <li>Goldberg, Harvey. "Jean Jaurès and the Jewish Question: The Evolution of a Position." <i>Jewish Social Studies</i> (1958): 67–94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4465588">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Kurtz, Geoffrey. <i>Jean Jaures: The Inner Life of Social Democracy.</i> University Park, PA: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a>, 2014.</li> <li>Noland, Aaron. "Individualism in Jean Jaures' Socialist Thought." <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> (1961): 63–80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707874">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Tolosa, Benjamin T. "The Socialist Legacy of Jean Jaures and Leon Blum." <i>Philippine Studies</i> (1992): 226–239. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633311">in JSTOR</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.philippinestudies.net/index.php/ps/article/viewFile/1037/1022">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Tuchman, Barbara W.</a> "The Death of Jaurès", chapter 8 of <i>The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World before the War: 1890–1914</i>, pp. 407–462, (1966).</li> <li>Weinstein, Harold. <i>Jean Jaurès: A Study of Patriotism in the French Socialist Movement</i> (1936)</li> <li>Williams, Stuart, ed. <i>Socialism in France: From Jaurès to Mitterrand</i> (Pinter, 1983)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" class="extiw" title="commons:Jean Jaurès"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Jean Jaurès</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/index.htm">Jean Jaurès Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marxists.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists.org">marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost19/Jaures/jau_soci.html">De primis socialismi germanici lineamentis apud Lutherum, Kant, Fichte, Hegel</a> (in Latin)</li> <li>Margaret Pease, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeanjauressocial00peasmiss"><i>Jean Jaurès, socialist and humanitarian</i></a> (New York: B. W. 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title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Woodsworth" title="J. S. Woodsworth">Woodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12688#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12688#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12688#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121309304">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46762788">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/44168/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpj8RHFCd48kwwRcBbWXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11871192X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jaurès, Jean, 1859-1914"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79118990">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119086682">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119086682">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00522955">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jaurès, Jean"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV053710">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36533338">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990004000&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX845437">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/43267">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070588686">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90219561">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000247818&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000036110&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000043061">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=95463">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000029197">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199613806">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz05x30f8pcl0">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810607749905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/147523">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263218805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519113106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14087788">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01730359?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/4011">Sycomore</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1277083">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11871192X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11871192X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027405826">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6612rs6">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaurès&oldid=1255724888">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Jaurès&oldid=1255724888</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Category:Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1859_births" title="Category:1859 births">1859 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1914_deaths" title="Category:1914 deaths">1914 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Castres" title="Category:People from Castres">People from Castres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_republicans" title="Category:French republicans">French republicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Socialist_Party_(1902)_politicians" title="Category:French Socialist Party (1902) politicians">French Socialist Party (1902) politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International_politicians" title="Category:French Section of the Workers' International politicians">French Section of the Workers' International politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_4th_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_French_Third_Republic" title="Category:Members of the 4th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic">Members of the 4th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_5th_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_French_Third_Republic" title="Category:Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic">Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_6th_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_French_Third_Republic" title="Category:Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic">Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_8th_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_French_Third_Republic" title="Category:Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic">Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_9th_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_French_Third_Republic" title="Category:Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic">Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_10th_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_French_Third_Republic" title="Category:Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic">Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_11th_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_French_Third_Republic" title="Category:Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic">Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_Parliament_for_Tarn" title="Category:Members of Parliament for Tarn">Members of Parliament for Tarn</a></li><li><a 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