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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life and final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concept_of_criminal_atavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_of_criminal_atavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Concept of criminal atavism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_of_criminal_atavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Man_of_Genius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Man_of_Genius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span><i>The Man of Genius</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Man_of_Genius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Spiritualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literary impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Original Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Selected articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Introductions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cesare Lombroso</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88" title="تشيزري لومبروزو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشيزري لومبروزو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ezare_Lombrozo" title="Çezare Lombrozo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çezare Lombrozo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88" title="چزاره لومبروزو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چزاره لومبروزو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Чэзарэ Ламброза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чэзарэ Ламброза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Чезаре Ломброзо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чезаре Ломброзо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B5_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%BF" title="Τσέζαρε Λομπρόζο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσέζαρε Λομπρόζο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88" title="چزاره لومبروزو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چزاره لومبروزو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%82%AC%EB%A0%88_%EB%A1%AC%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%86%8C" title="체사레 롬브로소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체사레 롬브로소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B8" title="Չեզարե Լոմբրոզո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեզարե Լոմբրոզո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B" title="शेजारे लोम्ब्रोजो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शेजारे लोम्ब्रोजो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95" title="צ'זארה לומברוזו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'זארה לומברוזו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cez%C4%81re_Lombrozo" title="Čezāre Lombrozo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čezāre Lombrozo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88" title="تشيزرى لومبروزو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيزرى لومبروزو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BE" title="チェーザレ・ロンブローゾ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェーザレ・ロンブローゾ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Ломброзо, Чезаре – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ломброзо, Чезаре" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Чезаре Ломброзо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чезаре Ломброзо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cesare Lombroso" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Italian criminologist (1835–1909)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Cesare Lombroso</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombroso.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lombroso.JPG/220px-Lombroso.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lombroso.JPG/330px-Lombroso.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lombroso.JPG/440px-Lombroso.JPG 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1009" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ezechia Marco Lombroso</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1835-11-06</span>)</span>6 November 1835<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy–Venetia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 October 1909<span style="display:none">(1909-10-19)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_criminology" title="Italian school of criminology">Italian school of positivist criminology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gina_Lombroso" title="Gina Lombroso">Gina Lombroso</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Medicine</li><li>Criminology</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Cesare_Lombroso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Signature_of_Cesare_Lombroso.jpg/150px-Signature_of_Cesare_Lombroso.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Signature_of_Cesare_Lombroso.jpg/225px-Signature_of_Cesare_Lombroso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Signature_of_Cesare_Lombroso.jpg/300px-Signature_of_Cesare_Lombroso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="105" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cesare Lombroso</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">lom-<span style="font-size:90%">BROH</span>-soh</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">lawm-</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈtʃeːzare<span class="wrap"> </span>lomˈbroːzo,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtʃɛː-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-oːso]</a></span>; born <b>Ezechia Marco Lombroso</b>; 6 November 1835 – 19 October 1909) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Eugenicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenicist">eugenicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminologist">criminologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrenologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrenologist">phrenologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_criminology" title="Italian school of criminology">Italian school of criminology</a>. He is considered the founder of modern criminal anthropology by changing the Western notions of individual responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lombroso rejected the established <a href="/wiki/Classical_school_(criminology)" title="Classical school (criminology)">classical school</a>, which held that crime was a characteristic trait of human nature. Instead, using concepts drawn from <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Degeneration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneration theory">degeneration theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>, Lombroso's theory of <a href="/wiki/Anthropological_criminology" title="Anthropological criminology">anthropological criminology</a> essentially stated that criminality was inherited, and that someone "born criminal" could be identified by <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">physical (congenital) defects</a>, which confirmed a criminal as savage or <a href="/wiki/Atavism" title="Atavism">atavistic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lombroso was born in <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>, on 6 November 1835 to a wealthy Jewish family.<sup id="cite_ref-cerebromente.org.br_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerebromente.org.br-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was Aronne Lombroso, a tradesman from Verona, and his mother was Zeffora (or Zefira) Levi from <a href="/wiki/Chieri" title="Chieri">Chieri</a> near <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CL@MC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CL@MC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cesare Lombroso descended from a line of rabbis, which led him to study a wide range of topics in university.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied literature, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, and archæology at the universities of <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, and Paris. Despite pursuing these studies in university, Lombroso eventually settled on pursuing a degree in medicine, which he graduated with from the University of Pavia.<sup id="cite_ref-CL@MC_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CL@MC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">penology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 1.0em 1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentonvilleiso19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pentonvilleiso19.jpg/220px-Pentonvilleiso19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pentonvilleiso19.jpg/330px-Pentonvilleiso19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pentonvilleiso19.jpg/440px-Pentonvilleiso19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.75em;padding-right:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_windows_theory" title="Broken windows theory">Broken windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_efficacy" title="Collective efficacy">Collective efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_analysis" title="Crime analysis">Crime analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization" title="Criminalization">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_association" title="Differential association">Differential association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeling_theory" title="Labeling theory">Labeling theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory_(criminology)" title="Rational choice theory (criminology)">Rational choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_and_actuarial_criminology" title="Risk and actuarial criminology">Risk & actuarial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_control_theory" title="Social control theory">Social control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_learning_theory" title="Social learning theory">Social learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_theory_(sociology)" title="Strain theory (sociology)">Strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcultural_theory" title="Subcultural theory">Subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Ferri_(criminologist)" title="Enrico Ferri (criminologist)">Enrico Ferri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Lacassagne" title="Alexandre Lacassagne">Alexandre Lacassagne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cesare Lombroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Reiss" title="Archibald Reiss">Archibald Reiss</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Against <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Offence against the state">State</a></li></ul></li> <li>Class <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_crime" title="Blue-collar crime">Blue-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">White-collar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_case" title="Cold case">Cold case</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_crime" title="Perfect crime">Perfect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-order_crime" title="Public-order crime"><span class="nowrap">Public-order</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crime" title="State crime">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-corporate_crime" title="State-corporate crime">State-corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_crime" title="Transnational crime">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimless_crime" title="Victimless crime">Victimless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offender_profiling" title="Offender profiling">Profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports" title="Uniform Crime Reports">Uniform Crime Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_statistics" title="Crime statistics">Crime statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist school">Positivist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">BJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Incident-Based_Reporting_System" title="National Incident-Based Reporting System">NIBRS</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denunciation_(penology)" title="Denunciation (penology)">Denunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_(penology)" title="Deterrence (penology)">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incapacitation_(penology)" title="Incapacitation (penology)">Incapacitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_prison" title="Open prison">open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">Recidivism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a> in penology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;;padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_justice" title="Participatory justice">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformative_justice" title="Transformative justice">Transformative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">Retributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice#Utilitarian_justice" title="Justice">Utilitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_school_(criminology)" title="Classical school (criminology)">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_criminology" title="Conflict criminology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_criminology" title="Critical criminology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_criminology" title="Environmental criminology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_criminology" title="Integrative criminology">Integrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_criminology" title="Italian school of criminology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_school_(criminology)" title="Neo-classical school (criminology)">Neo-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist school">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernist school">Postmodernist</a></li> <li>Realism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_realism" title="Left realism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Subfields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Criminology" title="American Society of Criminology">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_criminology" title="Anthropological criminology">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_criminology" title="Conflict criminology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_criminology" title="Critical criminology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_criminology" title="Cultural criminology">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime"> Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_criminology" title="Environmental criminology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_criminology" title="Experimental criminology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_theory" title="Organizational theory">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_criminology" title="Public criminology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_criminology" title="Radical criminology">Radical criminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Browse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_criminology_articles" title="Index of criminology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminology_journals" title="Category:Criminology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminology_organizations" title="Category:Criminology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_criminologists" title="List of criminologists">People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminology_and_penology" title="Template:Criminology and penology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminology_and_penology" title="Template talk:Criminology and penology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminology_and_penology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminology and penology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lombroso initially worked as an army surgeon, beginning in 1859 when he enlisted as a volunteer. He claimed that he developed the theory of atavistic criminality during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866, he was appointed visiting lecturer at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">Pavia</a>, and later took charge of the insane asylum at <a href="/wiki/Pesaro" title="Pesaro">Pesaro</a> in 1871. His research into the bodily characteristics of soldiers and asylum inmates became the foundation of his work on criminal anthropology.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became professor of forensic medicine and hygiene at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">Turin</a> in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year he wrote his most important and influential work, <i>L'uomo delinquente</i> (<i>Criminal Man</i> in English), which went through five editions in Italian and was published in various European languages. </p><p>Three of his works had been translated into English by 1900, including a partial translation of <i>The Female Offender</i> published in 1895 and read in August of that year by the late nineteenth-century English novelist <a href="/wiki/George_Gissing" title="George Gissing">George Gissing</a> (1857-1903).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lombroso became a professor of psychiatry (1896) and of criminal anthropology (1906) at Turin University.<sup id="cite_ref-cerebromente.org.br_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerebromente.org.br-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_final_years">Personal life and final years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life and final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lombroso married Nina de Benedetti on 10 April 1870. They had five children together, one of whom—<a href="/wiki/Gina_Lombroso" title="Gina Lombroso">Gina</a>—would go on to publish a summary of Lombroso's work after his death. </p><p>He died in Turin in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept_of_criminal_atavism">Concept of criminal atavism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Concept of criminal atavism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Face_Measurements_Lombroso%27s_method.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Face_Measurements_Lombroso%27s_method.jpg/200px-Face_Measurements_Lombroso%27s_method.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Face_Measurements_Lombroso%27s_method.jpg/300px-Face_Measurements_Lombroso%27s_method.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Face_Measurements_Lombroso%27s_method.jpg/400px-Face_Measurements_Lombroso%27s_method.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7442" data-file-height="8490" /></a><figcaption>Face measurements based on Lombroso's criminal anthropology</figcaption></figure><p> Lombroso's general theory suggested that criminals are distinguished from noncriminals by multiple physical anomalies. He postulated that criminals represented a reversion to a primitive or subhuman type of person characterized by physical features reminiscent of apes, lower <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, and early humans and to some extent preserved, he said, in modern "savages". The behaviour of these biological "throwbacks" will inevitably be contrary to the rules and expectations of modern civilized society.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through years of postmortem examinations and anthropometric studies of criminals, the insane, and normal individuals, Lombroso became convinced that the "born criminal" (<i>reo nato</i>, a term given by Ferri) could be anatomically identified by such items as a sloping forehead, ears of unusual size, asymmetry of the face, <a href="/wiki/Prognathism" title="Prognathism">prognathism</a>, excessive length of arms, asymmetry of the cranium, and other "physical stigmata". Specific criminals, such as <a href="/wiki/Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Thieves">thieves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rapists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murderers</a>, could be distinguished by specific characteristics, he believed. Lombroso also maintained that criminals had less sensitivity to <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> and touch; more acute sight; a lack of moral sense, including an absence of <a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">remorse</a>; more vanity, impulsiveness, <a href="/wiki/Vindictiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindictiveness">vindictiveness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">cruelty</a>; and other manifestations, such as a special criminal argot and the excessive use of <a href="/wiki/Tattooing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattooing">tattooing</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_6_of_Cesar_Lombroso%27s_L%27Homme_Criminel_Wellcome_L0010111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Plate_6_of_Cesar_Lombroso%27s_L%27Homme_Criminel_Wellcome_L0010111.jpg/220px-Plate_6_of_Cesar_Lombroso%27s_L%27Homme_Criminel_Wellcome_L0010111.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Plate_6_of_Cesar_Lombroso%27s_L%27Homme_Criminel_Wellcome_L0010111.jpg/330px-Plate_6_of_Cesar_Lombroso%27s_L%27Homme_Criminel_Wellcome_L0010111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Plate_6_of_Cesar_Lombroso%27s_L%27Homme_Criminel_Wellcome_L0010111.jpg/440px-Plate_6_of_Cesar_Lombroso%27s_L%27Homme_Criminel_Wellcome_L0010111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Six figures illustrating types of criminals from Lombroso's <i>Criminal Man</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides the "born criminal", Lombroso also described "<a href="/wiki/Criminaloid" title="Criminaloid">criminaloids</a>", or occasional criminals, criminals by passion, moral imbeciles, and criminal <a href="/wiki/Epileptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic">epileptics</a>. He recognized the diminished role of organic factors in many habitual offenders and referred to the delicate balance between predisposing factors (organic, genetic) and precipitating factors such as one's environment, opportunity, or poverty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <i>Criminal Woman</i>, as introduced in an English translation by <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Hahn_Rafter" title="Nicole Hahn Rafter">Nicole Hahn Rafter</a> and Mary Gibson, Lombroso used his theory of atavism to explain women's criminal offending. In the text, Lombroso outlines a comparative analysis of "normal women" as opposed to "criminal women" such as "the prostitute."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Lombroso's "obdurate beliefs" about women presented an "intractable problem" for this theory: "Because he was convinced that women are inferior to men Lombroso was unable to argue, based on his theory of the born criminal, that women's lesser involvement in crime reflected their comparatively lower levels of atavism."<sup id="cite_ref-Gartner_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gartner-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lombroso's research methods were clinical and descriptive, with precise details of skull dimensions and other measurements. He did not engage in rigorous statistical comparisons of criminals and non-criminals. Although he gave some recognition in his later years to psychological and sociological factors in the <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a> of crime, he remained convinced of and identified with, criminal <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">anthropometry</a>. After he died, his skull and brain were measured according to his own theories by a colleague as he requested in his will; his head was preserved in a jar and is still displayed with his collection at the Museum of Psychiatry and Criminology in Turin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lombroso's theories were disapproved throughout Europe, especially in schools of medicine: notably by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Lacassagne" title="Alexandre Lacassagne">Alexandre Lacassagne</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His notions of physical differentiation between criminals and non-criminals were seriously challenged by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Buckman_Goring" title="Charles Buckman Goring">Charles Goring</a> (<i>The English Convict</i>, 1913), who made elaborate comparisons and found insignificant statistical differences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Self-proclaimed the founder of modern scientific psychiatry, Lombroso is purported to have coined the term <i><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></i>. He institutionalized the science of psychiatry in universities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His graduating thesis from the University of Pavia dealt with "endemic <a href="/wiki/Cretinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretinism">cretinism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next several years, Lombroso's fascination with criminal behaviour and society began, and he gained experience managing a mental institution.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a brief stint in the Italian army, Lombroso returned to the University of Pavia and became the first professor specializing in mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1880s, his theories had reached the pinnacle of their fame, and his accolades championed them throughout the fields dedicated to examining mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso differentiated himself from his predecessor and rival, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a>, by depicting his positivist school in opposition to Beccaria's classist one (which centred around the idea that criminal behaviour is born out of free will rather than inherited physical traits).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso's psychiatric theories were conglomerated and collectively called the positivist school by his followers,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Marro" title="Antonio Marro">Antonio Marro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Niceforo" title="Alfredo Niceforo">Alfredo Niceforo</a>. Ideas similar to <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Lombroso's assessment of white and northern-European supremacy over other races</a> would be used by fascists to gird, for example, the promulgation of <a href="/wiki/Italian_racial_laws" title="Italian racial laws">Italian racial laws</a>. His school of thought was only truly abandoned in Italian universities' curriculum after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through his various publications, Lombroso established a school of psychiatry based on <a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">biological determinism</a> and the idea that mental illness was via genetic factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person's predisposition to mental illness was determinable through his appearance, as explained in the aforementioned criminal atavism segment. Lombroso's theory has been cited as possibly "the most influential doctrine" in all areas studying human behaviour, and indeed, its impact extended far and wide.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lombroso, criminal appearance was not just based on inherited <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a> such as nose or skull shape, but also could be judged through superficial features like tattoos on the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Lombroso began searching for a relationship between tattoos and an agglomeration of symptoms eut (which are currently diagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also believed that tattoos indicated a certain type of criminal. </p><p>Through his observations of sex workers and criminals, Lombroso hypothesized a correlation between left-handedness, criminality, and degenerate behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also propagated the idea that left-handedness leads to other disabilities, by linking left-handedness with <a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegeneration">neurodegeneration</a> and alcoholism.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso's theories were likely accepted due to the pre-existing regional stigma against left-handedness, and greatly influenced the reception of left-handedness in the 20th century. His hypothesis even manifested in a new way during the 1980s and 1990s with a series of research studies grouping left-handedness with psychiatric disorders and autoimmune diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his stance on inherited immorality and biologically destined criminal behaviour, Lombroso believed in socialism and supposedly sympathized with the stigmatization of lower socioeconomic statuses, placing him at odds with the biological determinism he espoused.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work stereotyping degenerates can even be seen as an influence behind <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s movement to clean the streets of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many adherents to Lombroso's positivist school stayed powerful during Mussolini's rule, because of the seamless way criminal atavism and biological determinism justified both the racial theories and eugenic tendencies of fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, certain legal institutions did press back against the idea that criminal behaviour is biologically determined. </p><p>Within the penal system, Lombroso's work led to new forms of punishment, where occasionally punishment varied based on the defendant's biological background. There are a few instances in which case the physiognomy of the defendant actually mattered more than witness testimony and the defendant was subjected to harsher sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period in Italy between the 1850s and 1880s, the Italian government debated legislation for the insanity plea. Judges and lawyers backed Beccaria's classist school, tending to favour the idea that wrongdoers are breaking a societal contract with the option to exercise free will, tying into Beccaria's classist school of social misbehaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso and his followers argued for a criminal code, in which the criminal was understood as unable to act with free will due to their biological predisposition to crime.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since his research tied criminal behaviour together with the insane, Lombroso is closely credited with the genesis of the criminally insane asylum and <a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">forensic psychiatry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work sponsored the creation of institutions where the criminally insane would be treated for mental illness, rather than placed in jails with their saner counterparts. One example of an asylum for the criminally insane is <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_State_Hospital" title="Bridgewater State Hospital">Bridgewater State Hospital</a>, which is located in the United States. Other examples of these institutions are <a href="/wiki/Matteawan_State_Hospital_for_the_Criminally_Insane" title="Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane">Matteawan State Hospital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danvers_State_Hospital" title="Danvers State Hospital">Danvers State Hospital</a>. Most have closed down, but the concept is kept alive with modern correctional facilities like <a href="/wiki/Cook_County_Jail" title="Cook County Jail">Cook County Jail</a>. This facility houses the largest population of prisoners with mental illness in the United States. However, criminal insane asylums did exist outside of Italy while Lombroso was establishing them within the country. His influence on the asylum was at first regional, but eventually percolated to other countries who adopted some of Lombroso's measures for treating the criminally insane.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to influencing criminal atavism, Lombroso wrote a book called <i>Genio e Follia</i>, in which he discussed the link between genius and insanity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that genius was an evolutionarily beneficial form of insanity, stemming from the same root as other mental illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis led to his request to examine <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> for degenerate qualities during his attendance at the 12th <a href="/wiki/International_Medical_Congress" title="International Medical Congress">International Medical Congress</a> in Moscow in 1897. The meeting went poorly, and Tolstoy's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)">Resurrection</a></i> shows great disdain for Lombroso's methodology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of his life, Lombroso began to study <a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">pellagra</a>, a disease which <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldberger" title="Joseph Goldberger">Joseph Goldberger</a> simultaneously was researching, in rural Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He postulated that pellagra came from a nutrition deficit, officially proven by Goldberger.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disease also found its roots in the same poverty that caused cretinism, which Lombroso studied at the start of his medical career. Furthermore, before Lombroso's death, the Italian government passed a law in 1904 standardizing treatment in mental asylums and codifying procedural admittance for mentally ill criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law gave psychiatrists <a href="/wiki/Rein" title="Rein">free rein</a> within the criminally insane asylum, validating the field of psychiatry by giving the psychiatrists the sole authority to define and treat the causes of criminal behaviour (a position which Lombroso argued for from his early teaching days to his death).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Man_of_Genius"><i>The Man of Genius</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Man of Genius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lombroso believed that <a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">genius</a> was closely related to <a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">madness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his attempts to develop these notions, while in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 1897 he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a> to meet <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> in hopes of elucidating and providing evidence for his theory of genius reverting or degenerating into insanity.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lombroso published <i>The Man of Genius</i> in 1889, a book which argued that artistic genius was a form of hereditary insanity. In order to support this assertion, he began assembling a large collection of "psychiatric art". He published an article on the subject in 1880 in which he isolated thirteen typical features of the "art of the insane." Although his criteria are generally regarded as outdated today, his work inspired later writers on the subject, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hans_Prinzhorn" title="Hans Prinzhorn">Hans Prinzhorn</a>. </p><p>Lombroso's <i>The Man of Genius</i> provided inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Max Nordau</a>'s work, as evidenced by his dedication of <i>Degeneration</i> to Lombroso, whom he considered to be his "dear and honored master".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his exploration of geniuses descending into madness, Lombroso stated that he could only find six men who did not exhibit symptoms of "degeneration" or madness: <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, Lombroso cited that men such as <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> all displayed "degenerate symptoms".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to classify geniuses as "degenerate," or insane, Lombroso judged each genius by whether they exhibited "degenerate symptoms," such as precocity, longevity, versatility and inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso supplemented these psychological observations with skeletal and cranial measurements, including facial angles, "abnormalities" in bone structure, and volumes of brain fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Man_of_Genius_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_of_Genius-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measurements of skulls taken included those from <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a>, and Ambrogio Fusinieri.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_of_Genius_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_of_Genius-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso's reference to skull measurements was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Phrenological" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrenological">phrenological</a> work and research of German doctor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Gall" title="Franz Joseph Gall">Franz Joseph Gall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In commenting on skull measurements, Lombroso made observations such as, "I have noted several characters which anthropologists consider to belong to the lower races, such as prominence of the styloid apophysis". This observation was recorded in response to his analysis of <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>'s skull.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_of_Genius_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_of_Genius-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso connected geniuses to various health disorders as well, by listing signs of degeneration in chapter two of his work, some of which include abnormalities and discrepancies in height and pallor.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_of_Genius_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_of_Genius-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso listed the following geniuses, among others, as "sickly and weak during childhood": <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes_(general)" title="Demosthenes (general)">Demosthenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Haller" title="Albrecht von Haller">Albrecht von Haller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_K%C3%B6rner_(author)" title="Theodor Körner (author)">Körner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_of_Genius_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_of_Genius-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other physical afflictions that Lombroso associated with degeneracy included <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a>, emaciation, sterility, lefthandedness, unconsciousness, stupidity, <a href="/wiki/Somnambulism" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnambulism">somnambulism</a>, smallness or disproportionality of the body, and <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">amnesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_of_Genius_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_of_Genius-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his explanation of the connection between genius and the "degenerative marker" of height, Lombroso cites the following people: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning" title="Elizabeth Barrett Browning">Elizabeth Browning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, Thiers, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_of_Genius_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_of_Genius-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continues by listing the only "great men of tall stature" that he knows of, including <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, Foscolo, Bismarck, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, Dumas, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, and Voltaire.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_of_Genius_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_of_Genius-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso further cited certain personality traits as markers of degeneracy, such as "a fondness for special words" and "the inspiration of genius".<sup id="cite_ref-Man_of_Genius_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_of_Genius-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lombroso's methods and explanations in <i>The Man of Genius</i> were rebutted and questioned by the American Journal of Psychiatry. In a review of <i>The Man of Genius</i> they stated, "Here we have an hypothesis claiming to be the result of strict scientific investigation and reluctant conviction, bolstered by half-told truths, misrepresentations and assumptions."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso's work was also criticized by Italian anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Giuseppe Sergi</a>, who, in his review of Lombroso's <i>The Man of Genius</i>—and specifically his classifications and definitions of "the genius"—stated, "By creating a genius according to his own fancy, an ideal and abstract being, and not by examining the personality of a real living genius, he naturally arrives at the conclusion that all theories by which the origin of genius is sought to be explained on a basis of observation, and especially that particular one which finds in degeneration the cause or one of the causes of genius, are erroneous."<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sergi went on to state that such theorists are "like the worshippers of the saints or of fetishes, who do not recognize the material from which the fetish is made, or the human origin from which the saint has sprung".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spiritualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later in his life Lombroso began investigating <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediumship</a>. Although originally sceptical, he later became a believer in <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an atheist<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso discusses his views on the paranormal and spiritualism in his book <i>After Death – What?</i> (1909) which he believed the existence of spirits and claimed the medium <a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a> was genuine. The article "Exit Eusapia!" was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i> on 9 November 1895. The article questioned the scientific legitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a> for investigating Palladino a medium who had a reputation of being a fraud and imposter and was surprised that Lombroso had been deceived by Palladino.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Edward Clodd</a> wrote "[Lombroso] swallowed the lot at a gulp, from table raps to materialisation of the departed, spirit photographs and spirit voices; every story, old or new, alike from savage and civilised sources, confirming his will to believe".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombroso's daughter Gina Ferrero wrote that during the later years of his life, Lombroso suffered from <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a> and his mental and physical health was wrecked. The sceptic <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a> wrote that because of this it was not surprising that Palladino managed to fool Lombroso into believing spiritualism by her tricks.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_impact">Literary impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literary impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pick" title="Daniel Pick">Daniel Pick</a> argues that Lombroso serves "as a curious footnote to late-nineteenth-century literary studies", due to his referencing in famous books of the time. Jacques in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_B%C3%AAte_humaine" title="La Bête humaine">The Beast Within</a></i> is described as having a jaw that juts forward on the bottom. It is emphasized especially at the end of the book when he is overwhelmed by the desire to kill. The anarchist Karl Yundt in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Agent" title="The Secret Agent">The Secret Agent</a></i>, delivers a speech denouncing Lombroso. The assistant prosecutor in <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)">Resurrection</a></i> uses Lombroso's theories to accuse Maslova of being a congenital criminal. In <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a> is described as having a physical appearance Lombroso would describe as criminal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_Italian">Original Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Original Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1859  <i>Ricerche sul cretinismo in Lombardia</i></li> <li>1864  <i>Genio e follia</i></li> <li>1865  <i>Studi clinici sulle mallatie mentali</i></li> <li>1871  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dw8AAAAAQAAJ"><i>L'uomo bianco e l'uomo di colore</i></a></li> <li>1873  <i>Sulla microcefala e sul cretinismo con applicazione alla medicina legale</i></li> <li>1876  <i>L'uomo delinquente</i></li> <li>1879  <i>Considerazioni al processo <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Passannante" title="Giovanni Passannante">Passannante</a></i></li> <li>1881  <i>L'amore nel suicidio e nel delitto</i></li> <li>1888  <i>L'uomo di genio in rapporto alla psichiatria</i></li> <li>1890  <i>Sulla medicina legale del cadavere</i> (second edition)</li> <li>1891  <i>Palimsesti del carcere</i></li> <li>1892  <i>Trattato della pellagra</i></li> <li>1893  <i>La Donna Delinquente: La prostituta e la donna normale</i> (Co-authored with Lombroso's son-in-law Guglielmo Ferrero).</li> <li>1894  <i>Le più recenti scoperte ed applicazioni della psichiatria ed antropologia criminale</i></li> <li>1894  <i>Gli anarchici</i></li> <li>1894  <i>L'antisemitismo e le scienze moderne</i></li> <li>1897  <i>Genio e degenerazione</i></li> <li>1898  <i>Les Conquêtes récentes de la psychiatrie</i></li> <li>1899  <i>Le crime; causes et remédes</i></li> <li>1900  <i>Lezioni de medicina legale</i></li> <li>1902  <i>Delitti vecchi e delitti nuovi</i></li> <li>1909  <i>Ricerche sui fenomeni ipnotici e spiritici</i></li></ul> <p>In 1906, a collection of papers on Lombroso was published in Turin as <i>L'opera di Cesare Lombroso nella scienza e nelle sue applicazioni</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1891 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/manofgenius00lombuoft#page/n11/mode/2up"><i>The Man of Genius</i></a>, Walter Scott.</li> <li>1895 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/femaleoffender00lomb#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>The Female Offender</i></a>. The 1895 English translation was a partial translation which left out the entire section on the normal woman and which, in true Victorian fashion, sanitised Lombroso's language.</li> <li>1899 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/crimeitscausesre00lomb#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Crime: Its Causes and Remedies</i></a></li> <li>1909 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/afterdeathwhatsp00lombuoft#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>After Death - What?</i></a></li> <li>1911 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/criminalmanaccor1911lomb#page/n11/mode/2up"><i>Criminal Man, According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso</i></a></li> <li>2004 <i>The Criminal Anthropological Writings of Cesare Lombroso</i></li> <li>2004 <i>Criminal Woman, the Prostitute, and the Normal Woman.</i> Translated by Nicole Hahn Rafter and Mary Gibson.</li> <li>2006 <i>Criminal Man.</i> Translated by Nicole Hahn Rafter and Mary Gibson.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_articles">Selected articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Selected articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/monistquart01hegeuoft#page/176/mode/2up">"Illustrative Studies in Criminal Anthropology"</a>, <i>The Monist</i>, Vol. I, No. 2, 1890.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/monistquart01hegeuoft#page/336/mode/2up">"The Physiognomy of the Anarchists"</a>, <i>The Monist</i>, Vol. I, No. 3, 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/monistquart01hegeuoft#page/344/mode/2up">"Innovation and Inertia in the World of Psychology"</a>, <i>The Monist</i>, Vol. I, No. 3, 1890.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/monistquart01hegeuoft#page/428/mode/2up">"The Modern Literature of Italy Since the Year 1870"</a>, <i>The Monist</i>, Vol. I, No. 3, 1890.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/monistvolume01instgoog#page/n60/mode/2up">"Criminal Anthropology Applied to Pedagogy"</a>, <i>The Monist</i>, Vol. VI, No. 1, October 1895.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/theforum24newy#page/200/mode/2up">"The Heredity of Acquired Characteristics,"</a> <i>The Forum</i>, Vol. XXIV, 1898.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/theforum27newy#page/536/mode/2up">"Was Columbus Morally Irresponsible?,"</a> <i>The Forum</i>, Vol. XXVII, 1899.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924007343662;view=1up;seq=239">"Why Criminals of Genius Have No Type,"</a> <i>The International Quarterly</i>, Vol. VI, 1902.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductions">Introductions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Introductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>MacDonald, Arthur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/criminology00donagoog#page/n8/mode/2up"><i>Criminology</i></a>, Introduction by Cesare Lombroso, Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1893.</li> <li>Drahms, August. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/criminalhispers00drgoog#page/n6/mode/2up"><i>The Criminal</i></a>, Introduction by Cesare Lombroso, The Macmillan Company, 1900.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLombroso–Ferrero1911" class="citation book cs1">Lombroso–Ferrero, Gina (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criminalmanaccor00lomb"><i>Criminal man: according to the classification of Cesare Lombroso – With an Introduction by Lombroso</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+man%3A+according+to+the+classification+of+Cesare+Lombroso+%E2%80%93+With+an+Introduction+by+Lombroso&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lombroso%E2%80%93Ferrero&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriminalmanaccor00lomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/lombroso">"Lombroso"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lombroso">"Lombroso"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Lombroso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Flombroso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Lombroso">"Lombroso"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Lombroso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FLombroso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckham2014" class="citation book cs1">Peckham, Robert (2014). <i>Disease and Crime: A History of Social Pathologies and the New Politics of Health</i>. Oxon, UK: Routledge. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83619-7"><bdi>978-0-415-83619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disease+and+Crime%3A+A+History+of+Social+Pathologies+and+the+New+Politics+of+Health&rft.place=Oxon%2C+UK&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-83619-7&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cerebromente.org.br-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cerebromente.org.br_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cerebromente.org.br_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n01/frenolog/lombroso.htm">"Cesare Lombroso, A Brief Biography", <i>Brain and Mind</i> (1997).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CL@MC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CL@MC_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL@MC_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906220217/http://www.museocriminologico.it/lombroso_1_uk.htm">"Cesare Lombroso, the Inventor of Criminal Anthropology"</a>. <i>Museo Criminologico</i>. Italian Ministry of Justice, Department of Penitentiary Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museocriminologico.it/lombroso_1_uk.htm">the original</a> on 6 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Museo+Criminologico&rft.atitle=Cesare+Lombroso%2C+the+Inventor+of+Criminal+Anthropology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museocriminologico.it%2Flombroso_1_uk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10096-lombroso-cesare">"LOMBROSO, CESARE - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=LOMBROSO%2C+CESARE+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F10096-lombroso-cesare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriplett2018" class="citation book cs1">Triplett, Ruth Ann (2018). <i>The Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Criminology</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-01135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-01135-4"><bdi>978-1-119-01135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+the+History+and+Philosophy+of+Criminology&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-119-01135-4&rft.aulast=Triplett&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywardMarunaMooney2010" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Keith; Maruna, Shadd; Mooney, Jayne (2010). <i>Fifty Key Thinkers in Criminology</i>. 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Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sainthysterianeu00mazz/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801432293" title="Special:BookSources/9780801432293"><bdi>9780801432293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+hysteria%3A+neurosis%2C+mysticism%2C+and+gender+in+European+culture&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780801432293&rft.aulast=Mazzoni&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsainthysterianeu00mazz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRondini2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rondini, Andrea (2001). "Cosa da pazzi: Cesare Lombroso e la letteratura". <i>Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali</i> (in Italian): 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istituti+Editoriali+e+Poligrafici+Internazionali&rft.atitle=Cosa+da+pazzi%3A+Cesare+Lombroso+e+la+letteratura&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Rondini&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Exit Eusapia!". <i>The British Medical Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (1819): 1182. 9 November 1895.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Exit+Eusapia%21&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1819&rft.pages=1182&rft.date=1895-11-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Edward Clodd</a>. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/questionifmandie00cloduoft#page/236/mode/2up"><i>The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism</i></a>. Grant Richards, London. p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a>. (1920). <i>Scientific Men and Spiritualism: A Skeptic's Analysis</i>. The Living Age. June 12. pp. 652-657.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPick1993" class="citation book cs1">Pick, Daniel (1993). <i>Faces of degeneration : a European disorder, c. 1848-c. 1918</i> (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521457538" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521457538"><bdi>978-0521457538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faces+of+degeneration+%3A+a+European+disorder%2C+c.+1848-c.+1918&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=109-110&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0521457538&rft.aulast=Pick&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2008" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Stephen Jay (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goul_1"><i>The mismeasure of man</i></a></span> (Rev. and expanded, with a new introduction. ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goul_1/page/122">122</a>–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393314250" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393314250"><bdi>978-0393314250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mismeasure+of+man&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=122-3&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded%2C+with+a+new+introduction.&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0393314250&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmismeasureofman00goul_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwab1890" class="citation journal cs1">Schwab, Michael (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/monistquart01hegeuoft#page/520/mode/2up">"A Convicted Anarchist's Reply to Professor Lombroso"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monist" title="The Monist">The Monist</a></i>. <b>I</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monist&rft.atitle=A+Convicted+Anarchist%27s+Reply+to+Professor+Lombroso&rft.volume=I&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmonistquart01hegeuoft%23page%2F520%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrecht1910" class="citation journal cs1">Albrecht, Adalbert (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=jclc">"Cesare Lombroso"</a>. <i>Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology</i>. <b>I</b> (2): 71–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1133036">10.2307/1133036</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1133036">1133036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Criminal+Law+and+Criminology&rft.atitle=Cesare+Lombroso&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=71-83&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1133036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1133036%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Albrecht&rft.aufirst=Adalbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1023%26context%3Djclc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchi1922" class="citation journal cs1">Bianchi, A. G. (11 February 1922). "Cesare Lombroso — A Life of Service". <i>The Living Age</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Living+Age&rft.atitle=Cesare+Lombroso+%E2%80%94+A+Life+of+Service&rft.date=1922-02-11&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, Kate (2009). "Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)". <i>Fifty Key Thinkers in Criminology</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fifty+Key+Thinkers+in+Criminology&rft.atitle=Cesare+Lombroso+%281835-1909%29&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiò2004" class="citation journal cs1">Chiò, A.; et al. (2004). "Cesare Lombroso, Cortical Dysplasia, and Epilepsy: Keen Findings and Odd Theories". <i>Neurology</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.63.1.194-a">10.1212/wnl.63.1.194-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15249647">15249647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7203375">7203375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=Cesare+Lombroso%2C+Cortical+Dysplasia%2C+and+Epilepsy%3A+Keen+Findings+and+Odd+Theories&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=194&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7203375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15249647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2Fwnl.63.1.194-a&rft.aulast=Chi%C3%B2&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fleming, Rebecca B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcr.org/tcr/essays/EPrize_Lombroso.pdf">"Scanty Goatees and Palmar Tatoos: Cesare Lombroso's Influence on Science and Popular Opinion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Concord Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Concord+Review&rft.atitle=Scanty+Goatees+and+Palmar+Tatoos%3A+Cesare+Lombroso%27s+Influence+on+Science+and+Popular+Opinion&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcr.org%2Ftcr%2Fessays%2FEPrize_Lombroso.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaakeer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gaakeer, Jeanne (2005). "The Art to Find the Mind's Construction in the Face, Lombroso's Criminal Anthropology and Literature: The Example of Zola, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy". <i>Cardozo Law Review</i>. <b>26</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardozo+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Art+to+Find+the+Mind%27s+Construction+in+the+Face%2C+Lombroso%27s+Criminal+Anthropology+and+Literature%3A+The+Example+of+Zola%2C+Dostoevsky+and+Tolstoy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gaakeer&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGattiVerde2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gatti, Uberto; Verde, Alfredo (2012). "Cesare Lombroso: Methodological Ambiguities and Brilliant Intuitions". <i>International Journal of Law and Psychiatry</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 19–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijlp.2011.11.004">10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.11.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22154472">22154472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Law+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Cesare+Lombroso%3A+Methodological+Ambiguities+and+Brilliant+Intuitions&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-26&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijlp.2011.11.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22154472&rft.aulast=Gatti&rft.aufirst=Uberto&rft.au=Verde%2C+Alfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2002" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Mary (2002). <i>Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology</i>. Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+to+Crime%3A+Cesare+Lombroso+and+the+Origins+of+Biological+Criminology&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould,_Stephen_J.1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen J.</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Mismeasure_of_Man" title="The Mismeasure of Man"><i>The Mismeasure of Man</i></a>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31425-0"><bdi>978-0-393-31425-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mismeasure+of+Man&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31425-0&rft.au=Gould%2C+Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1970" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, John S. (1970). 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415947299" title="Special:BookSources/9780415947299"><bdi>9780415947299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Criminal+Body%3A+Lombroso+and+the+Anatomy+of+Deviance&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415947299&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrimina_hor_2003_00_7652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1968" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Robert G. (1968). 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"The Death of Lombroso". <i>Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation</i>. <b>10</b> (2). New Series.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Comparative+Legislation&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Lombroso&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Courtney+Stanhope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnepperYstehede2012" class="citation book cs1">Knepper, Paul; Ystehede, P. J. (2012). <i>The Cesare Lombroso Handbook</i>. 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Rebman Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cesare+Lombroso%3A+A+Modern+Man+of+Science&rft.pub=Rebman+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kurella&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcesarelombrosomo00kurerich%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kushner, Howard I (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60009-3">"Cesare Lombroso and the Pathology of Left-handedness"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>377</b> (9760): 118–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2960009-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60009-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21226230">21226230</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25970424">25970424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Cesare+Lombroso+and+the+Pathology+of+Left-handedness&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=9760&rft.pages=118-119&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25970424%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21226230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2960009-3&rft.aulast=Kushner&rft.aufirst=Howard+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2811%2960009-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kushner, Howard I. (2012). "Deficit or Creativity: Cesare Lombroso, Robert Hertz, and the Meanings of Left-handedness". <i>Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 416–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1357650x.2012.697171">10.1080/1357650x.2012.697171</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22757625">22757625</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30990112">30990112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Laterality%3A+Asymmetries+of+Body%2C+Brain+and+Cognition&rft.atitle=Deficit+or+Creativity%3A+Cesare+Lombroso%2C+Robert+Hertz%2C+and+the+Meanings+of+Left-handedness&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=416-436&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30990112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22757625&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1357650x.2012.697171&rft.aulast=Kushner&rft.aufirst=Howard+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannheim1960" class="citation book cs1">Mannheim, Hermann (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pioneersincrimin0000mann_a4r7"><i>Pioneers in Criminology</i></a></span>. Stevens & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+in+Criminology&rft.pub=Stevens+%26+Sons&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Mannheim&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpioneersincrimin0000mann_a4r7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Hahn_Rafter" title="Nicole Hahn Rafter">Rafter, Nicole Hahn</a> and Mary Gibson. (2004). <i>Introduction to Criminal Woman</i> (English translation). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPast2012" class="citation book cs1">Past, Elena (2012). <i>Methods of Murder: Beccarian Introspection and Lombrosian Vivisection in Italian Crime Fiction</i>. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methods+of+Murder%3A+Beccarian+Introspection+and+Lombrosian+Vivisection+in+Italian+Crime+Fiction&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Past&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuirós1912" class="citation journal cs1">Quirós, Constancio Bernaldo de (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/moderntheoriesof00bernuoft#page/10/mode/2up">"Cesare Lombroso, 1836-1909"</a>. <i>Modern Theories of Criminality</i>. Little, Brown & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Theories+of+Criminality&rft.atitle=Cesare+Lombroso%2C+1836-1909&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Quir%C3%B3s&rft.aufirst=Constancio+Bernaldo+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmoderntheoriesof00bernuoft%23page%2F10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang1961" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfgang, Marvin E. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5047&context=jclc">"Pioneers in Criminology: Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)"</a>. <i>The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science</i>. <b>52</b> (4): 361–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1141263">10.2307/1141263</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1141263">1141263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Criminal+Law%2C+Criminology%2C+and+Police+Science&rft.atitle=Pioneers+in+Criminology%3A+Cesare+Lombroso+%281835-1909%29&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=361-391&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1141263&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1141263%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wolfgang&rft.aufirst=Marvin+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5047%26context%3Djclc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Lombroso&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cesare_Lombroso" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cesare_Lombroso" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Cesare_Lombroso" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34235">Works by Cesare Lombroso</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lombroso%2C%20Cesare%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Cesare%20Lombroso%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lombroso%2C%20Cesare%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cesare%20Lombroso%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lombroso%2C%20C%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Cesare%20Lombroso%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lombroso%2C%20Cesare%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cesare%20Lombroso%22%29%20OR%20%28%221835-1909%22%20AND%20Lombroso%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Cesare Lombroso</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14872">Works by Cesare Lombroso</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfm.unito.it/en/digital-archives/archive-cesare-lombroso">"Cesare Lombroso"</a>, Biblioteca Federata di Medicina F. Rossi, Università degli studi di Torino. Works in Italian, French and German.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL47285A">Works by Cesare Lombroso</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Search=Search&Query=au:%22Cesare%20Lombroso%22&wc=on">Works by Cesare Lombroso</a> at <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Lombroso,%20Cesare,%201835-1909.%22&type=author&inst=">Works by Cesare Lombroso</a> at <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">Hathi Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061009044430/http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/301/301lect03.htm">Anthropological Criminology</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Wesleyan_College" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Wesleyan College">North Carolina Wesleyan College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017202048/http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOConnor/428/428lect01.htm">History of profiling</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Wesleyan_College" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Wesleyan College">North Carolina Wesleyan College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10096-lombroso-cesare">Lombroso, Cesare</a>: Jewish Encyclopedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=%22cesare%20lombroso%22">References to Cesare Lombroso in European newspapers</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_European_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Library">The European Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lombroso, Cesare"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lombroso,_Cesare">"Lombroso, Cesare" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lombroso%2C+Cesare&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmocida2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Armocida, Giuseppe (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cesare-lombroso_(Dizionario-Biografico)">"LOMBROSO, Cesare"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani" title="Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani">Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</a>, Volume 65: Levis–Lorenzetti</i> (in Italian). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"><bdi>978-8-81200032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LOMBROSO%2C+Cesare&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani%2C+Volume+65%3A+Levis%E2%80%93Lorenzetti&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8-81200032-6&rft.aulast=Armocida&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fcesare-lombroso_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACesare+Lombroso" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118728970">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79089220">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12299329c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12299329c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00523933">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lombroso, Cesare"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90725027">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000044959&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000134439&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=145533">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=231258">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200702453">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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