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These kinds of contracts are the most important instrument for attracting foreign investors in accordance with Iran's laws. These contracts have been the basis of commercial and economic relations between Iran and foreign companies for about 30 years. The legal structure of this type of contract has gradually evolved, so today, an advanced generation of it under the title of Iran Petroleum Contract is being used in the industry of Iran. This article has analytically examined the issue of Iran's commercial contracts in the oil industry and contracting services and allocated sections to examine the strengths and weaknesses of these oil contracts. Also, this research is an attempt to examine and compare the Concession regime with the Buyback contracts, each of which is derived from the common law legal system and the Islamic legal system, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buyback%20contracts" title="buyback contracts">buyback contracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concession%20regime" title=" concession regime"> concession regime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ownership" title=" ownership"> ownership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common%20law%20legal%20system" title=" common law legal system"> common law legal system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20legal%20system%20of%20Iran" title=" Islamic legal system of Iran"> Islamic legal system of Iran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156460/comparison-of-buyback-contracts-and-concession-regimes-in-the-regime-of-the-common-law-system-and-the-islamic-legal-regime" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156460.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Developers’ Gains and Losses from the Economic Incentives of Green Building: Explanations from the Transitional Gains Trap and Transaction Cost Economics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ke%20Fan">Ke Fan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edwin%20H.%20W.%20Chan"> Edwin H. W. Chan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Economic incentives of green building (GB) have been implemented to promote green building and address the market barriers. However, if developers could gain from the incentives, why not all the buildings are green? This paper aims to study this problem and provide a new perspective to look at the economic incentives. The theories of Transitional Gains Trap (TGP) and Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) are employed to explain the developers’ gains and losses from the economic incentives. This paper takes the GFA (gross floor area) concession incentive in Hong Kong, which is one of the most popular incentives, as the case to conduct in-depth case study and it did interview to validate the results. The results show that after implementing the GFA concession scheme, the benefit of the GFA concession is capitalized into land value. Therefore, developers have to bear the increased land cost, which supports the theory of the TGP. Even though, some developers are still not willing to participate in the incentive scheme because of high transaction costs (TCs). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20building" title="green building">green building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20incentives" title=" economic incentives"> economic incentives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transitional%20gains%20trap" title=" transitional gains trap"> transitional gains trap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transaction%20cost" title=" transaction cost"> transaction cost</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61235/developers-gains-and-losses-from-the-economic-incentives-of-green-building-explanations-from-the-transitional-gains-trap-and-transaction-cost-economics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61235.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> The Impact of Land Use Ex-Concession to the Environment in Dharmasraya District, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yurike">Yurike</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yonariza"> Yonariza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rudi%20Febriamansyah"> Rudi Febriamansyah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syafruddin%20Karimi"> Syafruddin Karimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Forest is a natural resource that has an important function as a supporting element of human life. Forest degradation enormous impact on global warming is a reality we have experienced together, that disruption of ecosystems, extreme weather conditions, disruption of water management system watersheds and the threat of natural disasters as floods, landslides and droughts, even disruption food security. Dharmasraya is a district in the province of West Sumatra, which has an area of 92.150 ha of forest, which is largely a former production forest concessions (Forest Management Rights) which is supposed to be a secondary forest. This study answers about the impact of land use in the former concession area Dharmasraya on the environment. The methodology used is the household survey, key informants, and satellite data / GIS. From the results of the study, the former concession area in Dharmasraya experienced a reduction of forest cover over time significantly. Forest concessions should be secondary forests in Dharmasraya, now turned conversion to oil palm plantations. Population pressures and growing economic pressures, resulting in more intensive harvesting. As a result of these forest disturbances caused changes in forest functions. These changes put more emphasis towards economic function by ignoring social functions or ecological function. Society prefers to maximize their benefits today and pay less attention to the protection of natural resources. This causes global warming is increasing and this is not only felt by people around Dharmasraya but also the world. Land clearing by the community through a process in slash and burn. This fire was observed by NOAA satellites and recorded by the Forest Service of West Sumatra. This demonstrates the ability of trees felled trees to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) to be lost, even with forest fires accounted for carbon dioxide emitted into the air, and this has an impact on global warming. In addition to the change of control of land into oil palm plantations water service has been poor, people began to trouble the water and oil palm plantations are located in the watershed caused the river dried up. Through the findings of this study is expected to contribute ideas to the policy makers to pay more attention to the former concession forest management as the prevention or reduction of global warming. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community" title=" community"> community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concession%20forests" title=" concession forests"> concession forests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27729/the-impact-of-land-use-ex-concession-to-the-environment-in-dharmasraya-district-west-sumatra-province-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27729.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Flow Duration Curves and Recession Curves Connection through a Mathematical Link</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20Carcano">Elena Carcano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirzi%20Betasolo"> Mirzi Betasolo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study helps Public Water Bureaus in giving reliable answers to water concession requests. Rapidly increasing water requests can be supported provided that further uses of a river course are not totally compromised, and environmental features are protected as well. Strictly speaking, a water concession can be considered a continuous drawing from the source and causes a mean annual streamflow reduction. Therefore, deciding if a water concession is appropriate or inappropriate seems to be easily solved by comparing the generic demand to the mean annual streamflow value at disposal. Still, the immediate shortcoming for such a comparison is that streamflow data are information available only for few catchments and, most often, limited to specific sites. Subsequently, comparing the generic water demand to mean daily discharge is indeed far from being completely satisfactory since the mean daily streamflow is greater than the water withdrawal for a long period of a year. Consequently, such a comparison appears to be of little significance in order to preserve the quality and the quantity of the river. In order to overcome such a limit, this study aims to complete the information provided by flow duration curves introducing a link between Flow Duration Curves (FDCs) and recession curves and aims to show the chronological sequence of flows with a particular focus on low flow data. The analysis is carried out on 25 catchments located in North-Eastern Italy for which daily data are provided. The results identify groups of catchments as hydrologically homogeneous, having the lower part of the FDCs (corresponding streamflow interval is streamflow Q between 300 and 335, namely: Q(300), Q(335)) smoothly reproduced by a common recession curve. In conclusion, the results are useful to provide more reliable answers to water request, especially for those catchments which show similar hydrological response and can be used for a focused regionalization approach on low flow data. A mathematical link between streamflow duration curves and recession curves is herein provided, thus furnishing streamflow duration curves information upon a temporal sequence of data. In such a way, by introducing assumptions on recession curves, the chronological sequence upon low flow data can also be attributed to FDCs, which are known to lack this information by nature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronological%20sequence%20of%20discharges" title="chronological sequence of discharges">chronological sequence of discharges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recession%20curves" title=" recession curves"> recession curves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=streamflow%20duration%20curves" title=" streamflow duration curves"> streamflow duration curves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20concession" title=" water concession"> water concession</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131516/flow-duration-curves-and-recession-curves-connection-through-a-mathematical-link" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Petroleum Play Fairway Analysis of the Middle Paleocene Lower Beda Formation, Concession 71, South-Central Sirt Basin, Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hatem%20K.%20Hamed">Hatem K. Hamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20S.%20Hrouda"> Mohamed S. Hrouda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Middle Paleocene Lower Beda Formation was deposited in a ramp system with local shoaling. The main constituent is limestone, with subordinate dolomites and Shales. Reservoir quality is largely influenced by depositional environments and diagenesis processes. Generally the reservoir quality of Lower Beda Formation is low risk on the Inferred Horst and in the Southern Shelf where the Lower Beda formation comprises mainly of calcarenties. In the vicinity of the well GG1 the Lower Beda comprise mainly of argillaceous calcilutites and shale. The reservoir quality gradually improves from high risk to moderate risk towards KK1, LL1 and NN1 wells. The average gross thickness of Lower Beda Formation is about 300 ft. The net thickness varies from about 270 ft. in the E1-71 well to about 30 ft. in the vicinity of GG1-71 well. The net thickest of Lower Beda form a NNW-SSW trend with an average of 250 ft. the change in facies is due to change in the depositional environment, from lagoonal to shoal barrier to open marine affected the reservoir quality. The Upper Cretaceous Sirte Shale is the main source rock. It is developed within the three troughs surrounding the study area. S-Marada Trough to the N- E, Gerad Trough to the N N-W, and Abu Tummym Sub-basin to the S-W of the Inferred Horst. Sirte shale reaches 1000ft, of organically rich section. It has good organic contents over large area 2% to 3%. Hydrocarbon shows were encountered in several wells in Beda Formation this is an indication of vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbon. The overlying Upper Paleocene Khalifa Formation is a transgressive shale, it is an effective regional top seal. Lithofacies variations in Khalifa Shale, from shales to limestones in the southern shelf in R1-71 well approximately 50-75% of the secession is limestone. About 47 million barrel of hydrocarbon recoverable reserves is expected to be trapped in structural and stratigraphic traps in Beda Formation in the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sirte%20basin" title="Sirte basin">Sirte basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beda%20formation" title=" Beda formation"> Beda formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concession%2071" title=" concession 71"> concession 71</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20play%20fairway%20analysis" title=" petroleum play fairway analysis"> petroleum play fairway analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159363/petroleum-play-fairway-analysis-of-the-middle-paleocene-lower-beda-formation-concession-71-south-central-sirt-basin-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159363.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Microfacies Analysis and Paleoenvironmental Trends of the Paleocene Farrud and Mabruk Reservoirs, Concession 11, West Sirte Basin, Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nisreen%20Agha">Nisreen Agha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Investigation of representative core samples under the petrological microscope reveals common petrographic and mineralogical characteristics with distinct faunal assemblages, allowing establishing of the microfacies associations and deducing the paleoenvironmental trends of the Paleocene Farrud and Mabruk rock units. Recognition of the early and post-diagenetic processes, particularly dolomitization and micritization, as well as dissolution and precipitation of spary drusy calcite as a new morphism process affecting the reservoir rocks, is established. The microfacies trends detected from the investigation of 46 core samples from Farrud member (Lower Paleocene) representing six wells; QQQ1-11, GG1-11, LLL1-11, RRR1-11, RRR40-11, and RRR45-11 indicate that the deposition was started within the realm of shallow supratidal and intertidal subenvironments followed by deeper environments of the shelf bays with maximum sea level during inner shelf environment where fossiliferous bioclastic packstone dominated. The microfacies associations determined in 8 core samples from two wells LLL1and RRR40 representing Mabruk Member (Upper Paleocene), indicate paleoenvironmental trends marked by sea level fluctuations accompanied with a relatively marine shelf bay conditions intervened with short-lived shallow intertidal and supratidal warm coastal sedimentation. As a result, dolostone, evaporitic dismicrites, and gypsiferous dolostone of supratidal characters were deposited. They reflect rapid oscillation of the sea level marked by drop land-ward shift of the sea shore deposition prevailed by supratidal gypsiferous dolostone and numerous ferruginous materials as clouds straining many parts of dolomite and surrounded the micritized fossils. This situation ends the deposition of the Farrud Member in most of the studied wells. On the other hand, the facies in the northern part of the Concession -11 field indicates deposition in a deeper marine setting than in the southern facies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farrud%20and%20Mabruk%20members" title="Farrud and Mabruk members">Farrud and Mabruk members</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paleocene" title=" paleocene"> paleocene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfacies%20associations" title=" microfacies associations"> microfacies associations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagenesis" title=" diagenesis"> diagenesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sea%20level%20oscillation" title=" sea level oscillation"> sea level oscillation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depositional%20environments" title=" depositional environments"> depositional environments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154853/microfacies-analysis-and-paleoenvironmental-trends-of-the-paleocene-farrud-and-mabruk-reservoirs-concession-11-west-sirte-basin-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154853.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Analyzing the Oil and Gas Exploration Opportunities in Poland: Five Prospective Areas Selected and Dedicated to the Tender</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krystian%20W%C3%B3jcik">Krystian Wójcik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Wr%C3%B3blewska"> Sara Wróblewska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcin%20%C5%81ojek"> Marcin Łojek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katarzyna%20Sobie%C5%84"> Katarzyna Sobień</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polish Geological Survey selected five of the most prospective areas for oil and gas exploration in Poland. They are dedicated to the 6th international tender round for hydrocarbon concessions, planned in 2022. The main exploration target of these areas is related to conventional and unconventional accumulations of gas and oil in the Carpathian basement, Carpathian Foredeep and Outer Carpathians (Block 413 – 414), as well as in the Carboniferous, Rotliegend, Main Dolomite (Block 208, Cybinka – Torzym, Zielona Góra West), and in the Mesozoic of the Polish Lowlands (Koło). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concession%20policy" title="concession policy">concession policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20tender" title=" international tender"> international tender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20and%20gas%20exploration%20horizons" title=" oil and gas exploration horizons"> oil and gas exploration horizons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prospective%20areas" title=" prospective areas"> prospective areas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146650/analyzing-the-oil-and-gas-exploration-opportunities-in-poland-five-prospective-areas-selected-and-dedicated-to-the-tender" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Analysis of Changes Being Done of the Mine Legislation of Turkey: Mining Operation Activity Process </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1n%20Deniz%20Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z">Taşkın Deniz Yıldız</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Topalo%C4%9Flu"> Mustafa Topaloğlu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Orhan%20Kural"> Orhan Kural</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The right to operate a fairly long periods of prior periods and after the 3213 Mining Law has been observed to be shortened in Turkey. Permit the realization of business activities (or concession) requested the purchase of the mine operated "found mine" position, as well as the financial and technical capability to have the owner of the right to operate the mines as well as the principle of equality is important in terms of assessing the best way be. In particular, in this context, license fields "negligence" (downsizing) have noted that the current arrangement for all periods. However, in the period after 3213 Mining Act and a permit to operate more effectively within the framework of implementation of negligence is laid down. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mining%20legislation" title="mining legislation">mining legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operation" title=" operation"> operation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permit" title=" permit"> permit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey"> Turkey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59466/analysis-of-changes-being-done-of-the-mine-legislation-of-turkey-mining-operation-activity-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59466.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> The Organizational Structure of the Special Purpose Vehicle in Public-Private Partnership Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Capintero">Samuel Capintero</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public-private partnerships (PPP) arrangements have emerged all around the world as a response to infrastructure deficits and the need to refurbish existing infrastructure. During the last decade, the Spanish companies have dominated the international market of PPP projects in Latin America, Western Europe and North America, particularly in the transportation sector. Arguably, one of the most influential factors has been the organizational structure of the concessionaire implemented by the Spanish consortiums. The model followed by most Spanish groups has been a bundled model, where the concessionaire integrates the functions of concessionaire, construction and operator companies. This paper examines this model and explores how it has provided the Spanish companies with a comparative advantage in the international PPP market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PPP" title="PPP">PPP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20management" title=" project management"> project management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concessionaire" title=" concessionaire"> concessionaire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concession" title=" concession"> concession</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title=" infrastructure"> infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title=" construction"> construction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25549/the-organizational-structure-of-the-special-purpose-vehicle-in-public-private-partnership-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">393</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> The Politics of Land Grabbing in Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esayas%20Geleta">Esayas Geleta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within the last two decades in many sub-Saharan African countries, a large-scale acquisition (lease, concession, outright purchase) of extensive areas of farmland commonly labeled as ‘idle’ and ‘under-utilized’ has resulted in displacement and dispossession and dispossession without ‘compensation.’ This paper seeks to critically illustrate the processes and the consequences of the ‘land grabbing project’ in Ethiopia. Drawing on the theory of participatory development and empirical studies undertaken in Ethiopia, the paper elucidates the power dynamics that influence how and why dislocation and dispossession occur. The paper then demonstrates why the land-grabbing project, which was hugely supported by many international organizations, has largely failed in Ethiopia. Through a critical analysis of the process of ‘land grabbing’ in Ethiopia, the paper contributes to a more adequate and critical understanding of contemporary land deals and their social and environmental consequences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20grabbing" title="land grabbing">land grabbing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispossession" title=" dispossession"> dispossession</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162266/the-politics-of-land-grabbing-in-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162266.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Assessment of Access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, in Relation to the SDG 6, in Small Towns in Senegal: The Case of the Town of Foundiougne</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elhadji%20Mamadou%20Sonko">Elhadji Mamadou Sonko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ndiogou%20Sankhare"> Ndiogou Sankhare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean%20Birane%20Gning"> Jean Birane Gning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheikh%20Diop"> Cheikh Diop</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Senegal, small towns have problems of access to water, hygiene, and sanitation. This study aims to assess the situation in Foundiougne. The methodology includes a literature review, semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, surveys of 100 households, and observation. The results show that 35% of households have unimproved water services, 46% have limited service, and 19% have basic service. Regarding sanitation, 77% of households have basic sanitation services, and 23% have limited sanitation services. Manual emptying alone is practiced by 4% of households, while 17% combine it with mechanical emptying. Household wastewater is disposed of in streets, vacant land, and concession yards. The emptied sludge is discharged into the environment without treatment. Hand washing is practiced by 98% of households. These results show that there is real work to be done at the small towns level to close the water and sanitation gap in order to achieve SDG 6 targets in Senegal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foundiougne" title="foundiougne">foundiougne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SDG%206" title=" SDG 6"> SDG 6</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=senegal" title=" senegal"> senegal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20towns" title=" small towns"> small towns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20sanitation%20ang%20hygiene" title=" water sanitation ang hygiene"> water sanitation ang hygiene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147209/assessment-of-access-to-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-relation-to-the-sdg-6-in-small-towns-in-senegal-the-case-of-the-town-of-foundiougne" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147209.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Beginner Steps of the First Dendrochronology Lab in Montenegro - Dendrochronology Research in The Bosnian Pine (Pinus heldreichii) Forests</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jelena%20Popovi%C4%87">Jelena Popović</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrijana%20Mi%C4%87anovi%C4%87"> Andrijana Mićanović</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Officially, 60% of Montenegrin territory is covered in forests, but they are continually being destroyed by illegal cutting, concession politics and wildfires. Montenegrin Ecologists Society started the first dendrochronology lab in Montenegro, and data collection began in the Summer of 2021. The cores were taken from 3 localities around the peak Lisac on the mt. Prekornica, where biggest P.heldreichii forests existed until recent huge wildfires. This research is the first step towards comprehensive dendrochronology research in Montenegro. It will show how old certain forest stands of Pinus heldreichii on mountain Prekornica are, that were not destroyed in huge wildfires from the recent years. It will also show how do they correlate between each other. Per locality 15 trees were sampled. Electric sanders (150 - 2000) were used for preparation. Cores were scanned, then measured in CooRecorder. Analysis is done in Cofecha. Process will be repeated with Lintab 6 and TSAP (Time Series Analysis and Presentation for Dendrochronology and Related Applications) - Win Scientific software by Rinntech. Since this is the first dendrochronology research entirely done in Montenegro it is a foundation for the dendroclimatology research. Besides, it’ll contribute to the understanding of the life of these forests in this part of its areal, and in designing good management practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dendrochronology" title="dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bosnian%20pine" title=" bosnian pine"> bosnian pine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pinus%20heldreichii" title=" pinus heldreichii"> pinus heldreichii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=montenegro" title=" montenegro"> montenegro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forests" title=" forests"> forests</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156735/beginner-steps-of-the-first-dendrochronology-lab-in-montenegro-dendrochronology-research-in-the-bosnian-pine-pinus-heldreichii-forests" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156735.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Factors Leading to the Renegotiation of Private Finance Initiative Design-Build-Finance-Operate Road Projects in the UK</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajibola%20Fatokun">Ajibola Fatokun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akintola%20Akintoye"> Akintola Akintoye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Champika%20%20Liyanage"> Champika Liyanage</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The issue of renegotiation has not received public sector applause because of the outcomes recorded over years. Numerous reasons have been adduced by the stakeholders for the renegotiation of PPP road projects. In some instances, the reason can also be the factor leading to the renegotiation of PFI (DBFO) road projects. Thus, a number of factors inform the decision of the primary stakeholders to renegotiate the contract. This paper, therefore, evaluates and assesses the factors leading to the renegotiation of PFI (DBFO) road projects in the UK. Qualitative interviews involving both public and private stakeholders were extensively adopted on five PFI (DBFO) case study road projects in order to address the aim of this study. This serves to complement the findings of the literature with respect to the factors leading to the renegotiation of PPP road projects. The findings of this research reveal the respective factors leading to the renegotiations of PFI (DBFO) road projects in the UK. However, the prominent factors are a change in scope of the works necessitating works removal and an addition of assets, change in standards and obsolete specification occasioned by the long duration of the PFI road project concession among others. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renegotiation" title="renegotiation">renegotiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors" title=" factors"> factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Private%20Finance%20Initiative%20%28PFI%29" title=" Private Finance Initiative (PFI)"> Private Finance Initiative (PFI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design-build-finance-operate%20%28DBFO%29%20road%20projects" title=" design-build-finance-operate (DBFO) road projects"> design-build-finance-operate (DBFO) road projects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71765/factors-leading-to-the-renegotiation-of-private-finance-initiative-design-build-finance-operate-road-projects-in-the-uk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71765.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> The Social Process of Alternative Dispute Resolution and Collective Conciliation: Unveiling the Theoretical Framework</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adejoke%20Yemisi%20Ige">Adejoke Yemisi Ige</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents a conceptual analysis and investigation into the development of a systematic framework required for better understanding of the social process of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and collective conciliation. The critical examination presented in this study is significant because; it draws on insight from ADR, negotiation and collective bargaining literature and applies it in our advancement of a methodical outline which gives an insight into the influence of the key actors and other stakeholder strategies and behaviours during dispute resolution in relation to the outcomes which is novel. This study is qualitative and essentially inductive in nature. One of the findings of the study confirms the need to consider ADR and collective conciliation within the context of the characteristic conditions; which focus on the need for some agreement to be reached. Another finding of the study shows the extent which information-sharing, willingness of the parties to negotiate and make concession assist both parties to attain resolution. This paper recommends that in order to overcome deadlock and attain acceptable outcomes at the end of ADR and collective conciliation, the importance of information exchange and sustenance of trade union and management relationship cannot be understated. The need for trade unions and management, the representatives to achieve their expectations in order to build the confidence and assurance of their respective constituents is essential. In conclusion, the analysis presented in this study points towards a set of factors that together can be called the social process of collective conciliation nevertheless; it acknowledges that its application to collective conciliation is new. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20dispute%20resolution" title="alternative dispute resolution">alternative dispute resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collective%20conciliation" title=" collective conciliation"> collective conciliation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20process" title=" social process"> social process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theoretical%20framework" title=" theoretical framework"> theoretical framework</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unveiling" title=" unveiling"> unveiling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82577/the-social-process-of-alternative-dispute-resolution-and-collective-conciliation-unveiling-the-theoretical-framework" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82577.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Secret Agents in the Azores during the Second World War and the Impact of Espionage on Portuguese-British Relations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marisa%20Galiza%20Filipe">Marisa Galiza Filipe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In 1942, at the height of the Second World War, Roosevelt and Churchill planned to occupy the Azores to establish air and naval bases. The islands' privileged position in the middle of the Atlantic made them a strategic location for both the Axis and the Allies. For the Germans, the occupation of the island was also a strategic place to launch an attack on the United States of America, and for the British and Americans, the islands were the perfect spot to counterattack the German sinking of British boats and submarines. Salazar avoided the concession of the islands until 1943, claiming, on the one hand, the policy of neutrality, a decision made in agreement with England, and on the other hand, the reaffirmation of Portuguese sovereignty over the territory. Aware of the constant changes and supported by a network of informers on the islands, the German and British spies played a crucial role in the negotiations between Portugal and the Allies and the ceding of the bases by Salazar, which prevented their forced occupation. The espionage caused several diplomatic tensions, and the large number of German spies denounced by the British, operating on the islands under the watchful eye of the PVDE and Salazar, weakened the Portuguese-British alliance. Using primary source documents in the Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (MNE) archives, this paper introduces the spies that operated on the islands, their missions and motives, organizations, and modus operandi. As a chess game, any move was careful thinking and the spies were valuable assets to control and use information that could lead to the occupation of the islands and, ultimately, change the tide of the war. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=espionage" title="espionage">espionage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azores" title=" Azores"> Azores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WWI" title=" WWI"> WWI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutrality" title=" neutrality"> neutrality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181579/secret-agents-in-the-azores-during-the-second-world-war-and-the-impact-of-espionage-on-portuguese-british-relations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181579.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Project Knowledge Harvesting: The Case of Improving Project Performance through Project Knowledge Sharing Framework</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eng%20Rima%20Al-Awadhi">Eng Rima Al-Awadhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Jaleel%20Tharayil"> Abdul Jaleel Tharayil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In a project-centric organization like KOC, managing the knowledge of the project is of critical importance to the success of the project and the organization. However, due to the very nature and complexity involved, each project engagement generates a lot of 'learnings' that need to be factored into while new projects are initiated and thus avoid repeating the same mistake. But, many a time these learnings are localized and remains as ‘tacit knowledge’ leading to scope re-work, schedule overrun, adjustment orders, concession requests and claims. While KOC follows an asset based organization structure, with a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic workforce and larger chunk of the work is carried out through complex, long term project engagement, diffusion of ‘learnings’ across assets while dealing with the natural entropy of the organization is of great significance. Considering the relatively higher number of mega projects, it's important that the issues raised during the project life cycle are centrally harvested, analyzed and the ‘learnings’ from these issues are shared, absorbed and are in-turn utilized to enhance and refine the existing process and practices, leading to improve the project performance. One of the many factors contributing to the successful completion of a project on time is the reduction in the number of variations or concessions triggered during the project life cycle. The project process integrated knowledge sharing framework discusses the knowledge harvesting methodology adopted, the challenges faced, learnings acquired and its impact on project performance. The framework facilitates the proactive identification of issues that may have an impact on the overall quality of the project and improve performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20harvesting" title="knowledge harvesting">knowledge harvesting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20integrated%20knowledge%20sharing" title=" project integrated knowledge sharing"> project integrated knowledge sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance%20improvement" title=" performance improvement"> performance improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20management" title=" knowledge management"> knowledge management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lessons%20learn" title=" lessons learn"> lessons learn</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32574/project-knowledge-harvesting-the-case-of-improving-project-performance-through-project-knowledge-sharing-framework" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32574.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Impact of Private Oil Palm Expansion on Indonesia Tropical Forest Deforestation Rate: Case Study in the Province of Riau</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arzyana%20Sunkar">Arzyana Sunkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yanto%20Santosa"> Yanto Santosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Intan%20Purnamasari"> Intan Purnamasari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yohanna%20Dalimunthe"> Yohanna Dalimunthe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A variety of negative allegations have criticized the Indonesian oil palm plantations as being environmentally unfriendly. One of the important allegations thus must be verified is that expansion of Indonesian oil palm plantation has increased the deforestation rate of primary tropical forest. In relation to this, a research was conducted to study the origin or history of the status and land use of 8 private oil palm plantations (with a total of 46,372.38 ha) located in Riau Province. Several methods were employed: (1) conducting analysis of overlay maps between oil palm plantation studied with the 1986 Forest Map Governance Agreement (TGHK) and the 1994 and 2014 Riau Provincial Spatial Plans(RTRWP); (2) studying the Cultivation Right on Land (HGU) documents including the Forestry Ministerial Decree on the release of forest area and (3) interpretation of lands at imagery of bands 542, covering 3 years before and after the oil palm industries operated. In addition, field cross-checked, and interviews were conducted with National Land Agency, Plantation and Forestry Office and community figures. The results indicated that as much as 1.95% of the oil palm plantations under study were converted from production forest, 30.34% from limited production forest and 67.70% from area for other usage /conversion production forest. One year prior to the establishment of the plantations, the land cover types comprised of rubber plantations (49.96%), secondary forest (35.99%), bare land (10.17%), shrubs (3.03%) and mixed dryland farming-shrubs (0.84%), whereas the land use types comprised of 35.99% forest concession areas, 14.04% migrants dryland farms, and 49.96% Cultivation Right on Land of other companies. These results indicated that most of the private oil palm plantations under study, resulted from the conversion of production forests and the previous land use were not primary forest but rubber plantations and secondary forests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20cover%20types" title="land cover types">land cover types</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use%20history" title=" land use history"> land use history</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primary%20forest" title=" primary forest"> primary forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20oil%20palm%20plantations" title=" private oil palm plantations"> private oil palm plantations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79625/impact-of-private-oil-palm-expansion-on-indonesia-tropical-forest-deforestation-rate-case-study-in-the-province-of-riau" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79625.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Effects of Work Stress and Chinese Indigenous Ren-Qing Shi-Ku Social Wisdom on Emotional Exhaustion, Work Satisfaction and Well-Being of Insurance Workers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang%20Chung-Kwei">Wang Chung-Kwei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lo%20Kuo%20Ying"> Lo Kuo Ying</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is aimed to examine main and moderation effect of Chinese traditional social wisdom ‘Ren-qing Shi-kuo’ on the adjustment of insurance workers. Rationale: Ren-qing Shi-ku as a social wisdom has been emphasized and practiced by collective-oriented Chinese for thousand years. The concept of‘Ren-qing Shi-ku’includes values, beliefs and behavior rituals, which helps Chinese to cope with interpersonal conflicts in a sophisticated and closely tied collective society. Based on interview and literature review, we found out Chinese still emphasized the importance of ‘Ren-qing Shi-ku’. The concepts contains five factors, including ‘proper emotion display’, ‘social ritual abiding’, ‘ make empathetic concession’, ‘harmonious and proper behavior’ and ‘tolerance for the interest of the whole’. We developed an indigenous ‘Ren-qing Shi-ku’scale based on interview data and a survey on social worker students. Research methods: We conduct a dyad survey between 294 insurance worker and their supervisors. Insurance workers’ response on ‘Ren-qing Shi-ku,emotion labor, emotional exhaustion, work stress and load, work satisfaction and well-being were collected. We also ask their supervisors to rate these workers ‘empathy, social rule abiding, work performance, and Ren-qing Shi-ku performance. Results: Students’self-ratings on Ren-qing Shi-ku scale are positively correlated with rating from their supervisors on all above indexes. Workers who have higher Ren-qing Shi-ku score also have lower work stress and emotion exhaustion, higher work satisfaction and well-being, more emotion deep acting. They also have higher work performance, social rule abiding, and Ren-qing Shi-ku performance rating from their supervisor. The finding of this study suggested Ren-qing Shi-ku is an effective indicator on insurance workers ‘adjustment. Since Ren-qing Shi-ku is trainable, we suggested that Ren-qing Shi-ku training might be beneficial to service industry in a collective-oriented culture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=work%20stress" title="work stress">work stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ren-qing%20Shi-ku" title=" Ren-qing Shi-ku"> Ren-qing Shi-ku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotional%20exhaustion" title=" emotional exhaustion"> emotional exhaustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=work%20satisfaction" title=" work satisfaction"> work satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=well-being" title=" well-being"> well-being</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28536/effects-of-work-stress-and-chinese-indigenous-ren-qing-shi-ku-social-wisdom-on-emotional-exhaustion-work-satisfaction-and-well-being-of-insurance-workers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28536.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">478</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Price Compensation Mechanism with Unmet Demand for Public-Private Partnership Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhuo%20Feng">Zhuo Feng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ying%20Gao"> Ying Gao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public-private partnership (PPP), as an innovative way to provide infrastructures by the private sector, is being widely used throughout the world. Compared with the traditional mode, PPP emerges largely for merits of relieving public budget constraint and improving infrastructure supply efficiency by involving private funds. However, PPP projects are characterized by large scale, high investment, long payback period, and long concession period. These characteristics make PPP projects full of risks. One of the most important risks faced by the private sector is demand risk because many factors affect the real demand. If the real demand is far lower than the forecasting demand, the private sector will be got into big trouble because operating revenue is the main means for the private sector to recoup the investment and obtain profit. Therefore, it is important to study how the government compensates the private sector when the demand risk occurs in order to achieve Pareto-improvement. This research focuses on price compensation mechanism, an ex-post compensation mechanism, and analyzes, by mathematical modeling, the impact of price compensation mechanism on payoff of the private sector and consumer surplus for PPP toll road projects. This research first investigates whether or not price compensation mechanisms can obtain Pareto-improvement and, if so, then explores boundary conditions for this mechanism. The research results show that price compensation mechanism can realize Pareto-improvement under certain conditions. Especially, to make the price compensation mechanism accomplish Pareto-improvement, renegotiation costs of the government and the private sector should be lower than a certain threshold which is determined by marginal operating cost and distortionary cost of the tax. In addition, the compensation percentage should match with the price cut of the private investor when demand drops. This research aims to provide theoretical support for the government when determining compensation scope under the price compensation mechanism. Moreover, some policy implications can also be drawn from the analysis for better risk-sharing and sustainability of PPP projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title="infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20compensation%20mechanism" title=" price compensation mechanism"> price compensation mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20partnership" title=" public-private partnership"> public-private partnership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renegotiation" title=" renegotiation"> renegotiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93123/price-compensation-mechanism-with-unmet-demand-for-public-private-partnership-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93123.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Forest Harvesting Policies and Practices in Tropical Forest of Terengganu, Malaysia: Industry Experiences</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Zaki%20Hamzah">Mohd Zaki Hamzah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roslan%20Rani"> Roslan Rani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Bazli%20Razali"> Ahmad Bazli Razali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satiful%20Bahri%20Mamat"> Satiful Bahri Mamat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Hadi%20Ripin"> Abdul Hadi Ripin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Harun%20Esa"> Mohd Harun Esa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ever since 1901, forest management and silviculture practices in Malaysia have been frequently reviewed and updated to take into account changes in forest conditions, markets, timber demand/supply and technical advances that can be achieved in industrial processes, logging and forest harvesting, and currently, the forest management system practiced in Peninsular Malaysia is the Selective Management System (SMS) which was introduced in 1978. This system requires the selection of management regime (felling) based on Pre-Felling Forest Inventory (Pre-F) data to ensure economical harvesting and also ensuring adequate standing stands for subsequent rounds of felling, while maintaining ecological balance and environmental quality. SMS regulates forest harvesting through area and volume controls, with the cutting cycle 30 years. Most of the forest management units (FMU) (in Peninsular Malaysia) implementing SMS have been certified by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and/or Program for Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), and one such FMU belongs to Kumpulan Pengurusan Kayu Kayan Terengganu (KPKKT). KPKKT, a timber management subsidiary of Golden Pharos Berhad (GPB), adopts the SMS to manage its 108,900 ha of timber concessionary areas in its role as logs’ supplier for the consumption of three subsidiaries of GPB. KPKKT is also responsible for the sustainable development and management of its concession in accordance with the Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) standards to ensure that it addresses the loss of forest cover and forest degradation, forest-based economic, social and environmental benefits, and ecologically protecting forests while mobilising financial resources for the implementation of sustainable forest management planning, harvesting, monitoring and the marketing of products. This paper will detail out the management and harvesting guidelines imposed by the controlling government agency, and harvesting processes taken by KPKKT to comply with guidelines and eventually supplying timber to the relevant subsidiaries (downstream mills under GPB). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20forest%20management" title="sustainable forest management">sustainable forest management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silviculture" title=" silviculture"> silviculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduce%20impact%20logging" title=" reduce impact logging"> reduce impact logging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20certification" title=" forest certification"> forest certification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164270/forest-harvesting-policies-and-practices-in-tropical-forest-of-terengganu-malaysia-industry-experiences" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Quantitative Seismic Interpretation in the LP3D Concession, Central of the Sirte Basin, Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tawfig%20Alghbaili">Tawfig Alghbaili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> LP3D Field is located near the center of the Sirt Basin in the Marada Trough approximately 215 km south Marsa Al Braga City. The Marada Trough is bounded on the west by a major fault, which forms the edge of the Beda Platform, while on the east, a bounding fault marks the edge of the Zelten Platform. The main reservoir in the LP3D Field is Upper Paleocene Beda Formation. The Beda Formation is mainly limestone interbedded with shale. The reservoir average thickness is 117.5 feet. To develop a better understanding of the characterization and distribution of the Beda reservoir, quantitative seismic data interpretation has been done, and also, well logs data were analyzed. Six reflectors corresponding to the tops of the Beda, Hagfa Shale, Gir, Kheir Shale, Khalifa Shale, and Zelten Formations were picked and mapped. Special work was done on fault interpretation part because of the complexities of the faults at the structure area. Different attribute analyses were done to build up more understanding of structures lateral extension and to view a clear image of the fault blocks. Time to depth conversion was computed using velocity modeling generated from check shot and sonic data. The simplified stratigraphic cross-section was drawn through the wells A1, A2, A3, and A4-LP3D. The distribution and the thickness variations of the Beda reservoir along the study area had been demonstrating. Petrophysical analysis of wireline logging also was done and Cross plots of some petrophysical parameters are generated to evaluate the lithology of reservoir interval. Structure and Stratigraphic Framework was designed and run to generate different model like faults, facies, and petrophysical models and calculate the reservoir volumetric. This study concluded that the depth structure map of the Beda formation shows the main structure in the area of study, which is north to south faulted anticline. Based on the Beda reservoir models, volumetric for the base case has been calculated and it has STOIIP of 41MMSTB and Recoverable oil of 10MMSTB. Seismic attributes confirm the structure trend and build a better understanding of the fault system in the area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LP3D%20Field" title="LP3D Field">LP3D Field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beda%20Formation" title=" Beda Formation"> Beda Formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reservoir%20models" title=" reservoir models"> reservoir models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seismic%20attributes" title=" Seismic attributes"> Seismic attributes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113302/quantitative-seismic-interpretation-in-the-lp3d-concession-central-of-the-sirte-basin-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113302.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Optimizing Traffic Flow and Reducing Congestion Using Virtual Tollgate System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gogulraj%20B.">Gogulraj B.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asif%20Ahamed%20M."> Asif Ahamed M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Preethi%20R."> Preethi R.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper introduces a real-time Automatic Toll Detection System that is designed to simplify the processes of toll management. It uses advanced machine learning and cloud technology to enhance efficiency and accuracy. The system offers a modern solution for seamless toll operations. Using real-time video inputs, the suggested system precisely detects and locates vehicle license plates using the YOLOv8 object identification model. Tesseract OCR is then used to extract alphanumeric text from the identified license plate photos, transforming the visual input into legible car registration numbers. The system incorporates Firebase, a cloud-based database that stores and retrieves information including vehicle type, registration number plates, and associated toll costs, to manage toll information and car-related data. Unique characteristics of the system include 24 hour two-way toll concessions, which allow for effective cost management for cars making several trips in a predetermined amount of time. To give administrators an easy-to-use interface for visualizing toll-related data, such as the total toll collected, the number of cars processed, and a breakdown of vehicles by type, a real-time Node-RED dashboard is also created. Transparency is guaranteed, and this dashboard facilitates efficient toll operations monitoring. The proposed solution automates toll collection, addressing delays, errors, and inefficiencies of manual methods. High accuracy, shorter processing times, and increased toll man-agement efficiency are all achieved by the system’s integration of contemporary IoT technologies with machine learning (YOLOv8) and OCR tools. With possible uses in parking lots, roads, and smart city infrastructure, this work presents a scalable, dependable, and affordable real-time toll detection method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automatic%20toll%20detection%20system" title="automatic toll detection system">automatic toll detection system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yolov8" title=" yolov8"> yolov8</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tesseract%20optical%20character%20recognition%20ocr" title=" tesseract optical character recognition ocr"> tesseract optical character recognition ocr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=firebase" title=" firebase"> firebase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=24-hour%20two%20way%20toll%20concession" title=" 24-hour two way toll concession"> 24-hour two way toll concession</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=node-red%20dashboard" title=" node-red dashboard"> node-red dashboard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time%20monitoring" title=" real-time monitoring"> real-time monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toll%20fee%20automation" title=" toll fee automation"> toll fee automation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=license%20plate%20detection" title=" license plate detection"> license plate detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT" title=" IoT"> IoT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/198502/optimizing-traffic-flow-and-reducing-congestion-using-virtual-tollgate-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/198502.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">10</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Public-Private Partnership Projects in Canada: A Case Study Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Carpintero">Samuel Carpintero</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public-private partnerships (PPP) arrangements have emerged all around the world as a response to infrastructure deficits and the need to refurbish existing infrastructure. The motivations of governments for embarking on PPPs for the delivery of public infrastructure are manifold, and include on-time and on-budget delivery as well as access to private project management expertise. The PPP formula has been used by some State governments in United States and Canada, where the participation of private companies in financing and managing infrastructure projects has increased significantly in the last decade, particularly in the transport sector. On the one hand, this paper examines the various ways used in these two countries in the implementation of PPP arrangements, with a particular focus on risk transfer. The examination of risk transfer in this paper is carried out with reference to the following key PPP risk categories: construction risk, revenue risk, operating risk and availability risk. The main difference between both countries is that in Canada the demand risk remains usually within the public sector whereas in the United States this risk is usually transferred to the private concessionaire. The aim is to explore which lessons can be learnt from both models than might be useful for other countries. On the other hand, the paper also analyzes why the Spanish companies have been so successful in winning PPP contracts in North America during the past decade. Contrary to the Latin American PPP market, the Spanish companies do not have any cultural advantage in the case of the United States and Canada. Arguably, some relevant reasons for the success of the Spanish groups are their extensive experience in PPP projects (that dates back to the late 1960s in some cases), their high technical level (that allows them to be aggressive in their bids), and their good position and track-record in the financial markets. The article’s empirical base consists of data provided by official sources of both countries as well as information collected through face-to-face interviews with public and private representatives of the stakeholders participating in some of the PPP schemes. Interviewees include private project managers of the concessionaires, representatives of banks involved as financiers in the projects, and experts in the PPP industry with close knowledge of the North American market. Unstructured in-depth interviews have been adopted as a means of investigation for this study because of its powers to achieve honest and robust responses and to ensure realism in the collection of an overall impression of stakeholders’ perspectives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PPP" title="PPP">PPP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concession" title=" concession"> concession</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title=" infrastructure"> infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title=" construction"> construction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25267/public-private-partnership-projects-in-canada-a-case-study-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25267.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Generation and Migration of Carbone Dioxide in the Lower Cretaceous Bahi Sandstone Reservoir Within the En Naga Sub-Basin, Sirte Basin, Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moaawia%20Abdulgader%20Gdara">Moaawia Abdulgader Gdara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> En Naga sub - basin considered the most southern of the concessions in the Sirte Basin operated by HOO. En Naga Sub-basin has likely been point-sourced of CO₂ accumulations during the last 7 million years from local satellite intrusives associated with the Haruj Al Aswad igneous complex. CO₂ occurs in the En Naga Sub-basin as a result of the igneous activity of the Al Harouge Al Aswad complex. Igneous extrusives have been pierced in the subsurface and are exposed to the surface. The lower cretaceous Bahi Sandstone facies are recognized in the En Naga Sub-basin. In the Lower Cretaceous Bahi Sandstones, the presence of trapped carbon dioxide is proven within the En Naga Sub-basin. This makes it unique in providing an abundance of CO₂ gas reservoirs with almost pure magmatic CO₂, which can be easily sampled. Huge amounts of CO₂ exist in the Lower Cretaceous Bahi Sandstones in the En Naga sub-basin, where the economic value of CO₂ is related to its use for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Based on the production tests for the drilled wells that make Lower Cretaceous Bahi sandstones the principal reservoir rocks for CO₂ where large volumes of CO₂ gas have been discovered in the Bahi Formation on and near Concession 72 (En Naga sub-basin). The Bahi sandstones are generally described as a good reservoir rock. Intergranular porosities and permeabilities are highly variable and can exceed 25% and 100 MD. In the (En Naga sub-basin), three main developed structures (Barrut I, En Naga A, and En Naga O) are thought to be prospective for the lower Cretaceous Bahi sandstone reservoir. These structures represent a good example of the deep over-pressure potential in (the En Naga sub-basin). The very high pressures assumed to be associated with local igneous intrusives may account for the abnormally high Bahi (and Lidam) reservoir pressures. The best gas tests from these facies are at F1-72 on the (Barrut I structure) from part of a 458 feet+ section having an estimated high value of CO₂ as 98% overpressured. Bahi CO₂ prospectivity is thought to be excellent in the central to western areas where At U1-72 (En Naga O structure). A significant CO₂ gas kick occurred at 11,971 feet and quickly led to blowout conditions due to uncontrollable leaks in the surface equipment, which reflects better reservoir quality sandstones associated with Paleostructural highs. Condensate and gas prospectivity increases to the east as the CO₂ prospectivity decreases with distance away from the Al Haruj Al Aswad igneous complex. To date, it has not been possible to accurately determine the volume of these strategically valuable reserves, although there are positive indications that they are very large. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=En%20Naga%20Sub%20Basin" title="En Naga Sub Basin">En Naga Sub Basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al%20Harouge%20Al%20Aswad" title=" Al Harouge Al Aswad"> Al Harouge Al Aswad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO%E2%82%82%20generation%20%20and%20migration%20in%20the%20Bahi%20sandstone%20reservoir" title=" CO₂ generation and migration in the Bahi sandstone reservoir"> CO₂ generation and migration in the Bahi sandstone reservoir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lower%20cretaceous%20Bahi%20sandstone" title=" lower cretaceous Bahi sandstone"> lower cretaceous Bahi sandstone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/195418/generation-and-migration-of-carbone-dioxide-in-the-lower-cretaceous-bahi-sandstone-reservoir-within-the-en-naga-sub-basin-sirte-basin-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/195418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">18</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Public-Private Partnership for Critical Infrastructure Resilience</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjula%20Negi">Anjula Negi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20T.%20V.%20Raghu%20Ramaswamy"> D. T. V. Raghu Ramaswamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajneesh%20Sareen"> Rajneesh Sareen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Road infrastructure is emphatically one of the top most critical infrastructure to the Indian economy. Road network in the country of around 3.3 million km is the second largest in the world. Nationwide statistics released by Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways reveal that every minute an accident happens and one death every 3.7 minutes. This reported scale in terms of safety is a matter of grave concern, and economically represents a national loss of 3% to the GDP. Union Budget 2016-17 has allocated USD 12 billion annually for development and strengthening of roads, an increase of 56% from last year. Thus, highlighting the importance of roads as critical infrastructure. National highway alone represent only 1.7% of the total road linkages, however, carry over 40% of traffic. Further, trends analysed from 2002 -2011 on national highways, indicate that in less than a decade, a 22 % increase in accidents have been reported, but, 68% increase in death fatalities. Paramount inference is that accident severity has increased with time. Over these years many measures to increase road safety, lessening damage to physical assets, reducing vulnerabilities leading to a build-up for resilient road infrastructure have been taken. In the context of national highway development program, policy makers proposed implementation of around 20 % of such road length on PPP mode. These roads were taken up on high-density traffic considerations and for qualitative implementation. In order to understand resilience impacts and safety parameters, enshrined in various PPP concession agreements executed with the private sector partners, such highway specific projects would be appraised. This research paper would attempt to assess such safety measures taken and the possible reasons behind an increase in accident severity through these PPP case study projects. Delving further on safety features to understand policy measures adopted in these cases and an introspection on reasons of severity, whether an outcome of increased speeds, faulty road design and geometrics, driver negligence, or due to lack of discipline in following lane traffic with increased speed. Assessment exercise would study these aspects hitherto to PPP and post PPP project structures, based on literature review and opinion surveys with sectoral experts. On the way forward, it is understood that the Ministry of Road, Transport and Highway’s estimate for strengthening the national highway network is USD 77 billion within next five years. The outcome of this paper would provide an understanding of resilience measures adopted, possible options for accessible and safe road network and its expansion to policy makers for possible policy initiatives and funding allocation in securing critical infrastructure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20highways" title="national highways">national highways</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy" title=" policy"> policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PPP" title=" PPP"> PPP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48925/public-private-partnership-for-critical-infrastructure-resilience" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> A Cloud-Based Federated Identity Management in Europe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jesus%20Carretero">Jesus Carretero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mario%20Vasile"> Mario Vasile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guillermo%20Izquierdo"> Guillermo Izquierdo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javier%20Garcia-Blas"> Javier Garcia-Blas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, there is a so called ‘identity crisis’ in cybersecurity caused by the substantial security, privacy and usability shortcomings encountered in existing systems for identity management. Federated Identity Management (FIM) could be solution for this crisis, as it is a method that facilitates management of identity processes and policies among collaborating entities without enforcing a global consistency, that is difficult to achieve when there are ID legacy systems. To cope with this problem, the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) initiative proposed in 2014 a federated solution in anticipation of the adoption of the Regulation (EU) N°910/2014, the so-called eIDAS Regulation. At present, a network of eIDAS Nodes is being deployed at European level to allow that every citizen recognized by a member state is to be recognized within the trust network at European level, enabling the consumption of services in other member states that, until now were not allowed, or whose concession was tedious. This is a very ambitious approach, since it tends to enable cross-border authentication of Member States citizens without the need to unify the authentication method (eID Scheme) of the member state in question. However, this federation is currently managed by member states and it is initially applied only to citizens and public organizations. The goal of this paper is to present the results of a European Project, named eID@Cloud, that focuses on the integration of eID in 5 cloud platforms belonging to authentication service providers of different EU Member States to act as Service Providers (SP) for private entities. We propose an initiative based on a private eID Scheme both for natural and legal persons. The methodology followed in the eID@Cloud project is that each Identity Provider (IdP) is subscribed to an eIDAS Node Connector, requesting for authentication, that is subscribed to an eIDAS Node Proxy Service, issuing authentication assertions. To cope with high loads, load balancing is supported in the eIDAS Node. The eID@Cloud project is still going on, but we already have some important outcomes. First, we have deployed the federation identity nodes and tested it from the security and performance point of view. The pilot prototype has shown the feasibility of deploying this kind of systems, ensuring good performance due to the replication of the eIDAS nodes and the load balance mechanism. Second, our solution avoids the propagation of identity data out of the native domain of the user or entity being identified, which avoids problems well known in cybersecurity due to network interception, man in the middle attack, etc. Last, but not least, this system allows to connect any country or collectivity easily, providing incremental development of the network and avoiding difficult political negotiations to agree on a single authentication format (which would be a major stopper). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cybersecurity" title="cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identity%20federation" title=" identity federation"> identity federation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trust" title=" trust"> trust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user%20authentication" title=" user authentication"> user authentication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93744/a-cloud-based-federated-identity-management-in-europe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93744.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Treatment and Diagnostic Imaging Methods of Fetal Heart Function in Radiology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Farajzadeh%20Ajirlou">Mahdi Farajzadeh Ajirlou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Prior evidence of normal cardiac anatomy is desirable to relieve the anxiety of cases with a family history of congenital heart disease or to offer the option of early gestation termination or close follow-up should a cardiac anomaly be proved. Fetal heart discovery plays an important part in the opinion of the fetus, and it can reflect the fetal heart function of the fetus, which is regulated by the central nervous system. Acquisition of ventricular volume and inflow data would be useful to quantify more valve regurgitation and ventricular function to determine the degree of cardiovascular concession in fetal conditions at threat for hydrops fetalis. This study discusses imaging the fetal heart with transvaginal ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) and four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound, spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC), glamorous resonance imaging and cardiac catheterization. Doppler ultrasound (DUS) image is a kind of real- time image with a better imaging effect on blood vessels and soft tissues. DUS imaging can observe the shape of the fetus, but it cannot show whether the fetus is hypoxic or distressed. Spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) enables the acquisition of a volume of data concomitant with the beating heart. The automated volume accession is made possible by the array in the transducer performing a slow single reach, recording a single 3D data set conforming to numerous 2D frames one behind the other. The volume accession can be done in a stationary 3D, either online 4D (direct volume scan, live 3D ultrasound or a so-called 4D (3D/ 4D)), or either spatiotemporal image correlation-STIC (off-line 4D, which is a circular volume check-up). Fetal cardiovascular MRI would appear to be an ideal approach to the noninvasive disquisition of the impact of abnormal cardiovascular hemodynamics on antenatal brain growth and development. Still, there are practical limitations to the use of conventional MRI for fetal cardiovascular assessment, including the small size and high heart rate of the mortal fetus, the lack of conventional cardiac gating styles to attend data accession, and the implicit corruption of MRI data due to motherly respiration and unpredictable fetal movements. Fetal cardiac MRI has the implicit to complement ultrasound in detecting cardiovascular deformations and extracardiac lesions. Fetal cardiac intervention (FCI), minimally invasive catheter interventions, is a new and evolving fashion that allows for in-utero treatment of a subset of severe forms of congenital heart deficiency. In special cases, it may be possible to modify the natural history of congenital heart disorders. It's entirely possible that future generations will ‘repair’ congenital heart deficiency in utero using nanotechnologies or remote computer-guided micro-robots that work in the cellular layer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fetal" title="fetal">fetal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardiac%20MRI" title=" cardiac MRI"> cardiac MRI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasound" title=" ultrasound"> ultrasound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D" title=" 3D"> 3D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=4D" title=" 4D"> 4D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heart%20disease" title=" heart disease"> heart disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=invasive" title=" invasive"> invasive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noninvasive" title=" noninvasive"> noninvasive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catheter" title=" catheter"> catheter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187696/treatment-and-diagnostic-imaging-methods-of-fetal-heart-function-in-radiology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187696.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">47</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Attracting Tourists: Architecture for Tourism during the Period of Korean Empire, 1897–1910</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lina%20Shinhwa%20Koo">Lina Shinhwa Koo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Korean Empire, or Daehanjeguk, was proclaimed by King Gojong (1852–1919) in 1897 with the aim of promoting its sovereignty as a nation-state amid the political situation with threats from neighbouring countries, such as Japan and Russia. The Korean Empire period (1897–1910), which lasted until 1910, when Japan annexed Korea, is a pivotal time in the modern history of Korea. It was also during the period when many infrastructures for tourism, including transportation and lodging systems, were established. Throughout the Korean Empire period, tourists from Japan and Euro-American countries popularly visited Korea after it opened its doors relatively recently. The government of the Korean Empire also actively engaged with foreign officials and professionals. Train stations were built to connect Busan, where foreigners first arrived through the port of Jemulpo, with Seoul, the capital of Korea. In addition, hotels were built to accommodate the increasing number of tourists. Shedding new light on the modern architectural history of Korea, this paper discusses buildings that were made for tourism during the Korean Empire period to examine the historical background behind the tourism development in Korea and the concept of travelling related to architecture history. Foreigners came to Korea for varying reasons, from ethnographic research and diplomacy to business and missionary. They also played a key role in the transportation and hotel businesses. For instance, American entrepreneur James R. Morse received a concession to construct a railway between Busan and Seoul in 1896, which was later granted to a Japanese firm. Japanese entrepreneurs came to Korea and built hotels, such as Daebul Hotel in Incheon and Paseonggwan in Seoul. Sontag Hotel, Station Hotel and Hotel du Palais, all located in central areas of Seoul, were owned by German, British and French entrepreneurs, respectively. Each building showed distinctive architectural elements. For example, Sontag Hotel was built in Russian architectural style, whereas Paseonggwan was created with a combination of Japanese and European styles. Such various architectural designs indicated the multicultural urban scenes of the Korean Empire at the time. The existing scholarship has paid more attention to the royal buildings built during the Korean Empire period, such as Seokjojeon of the Duksu Palace. However, it is important to study the tourism-related architecture that reflected the societal situation of the Korean Empire when contrasting ideologies, landscapes, historical narratives and political tensions intertwined and co-existed. Examining both textual and visual resources, such as news articles and photographs, this paper surveys architectural styles and the trajectories of selective examples of hotels and train stations within the discussion of temporality and spatiality in the discipline of social science. In doing so, one can re-assess the history of the Korean Empire as the intersection of modern and traditional, intrinsic and extrinsic and national and international. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Korean%20empire" title="Korean empire">Korean empire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modern%20Korean%20architecture" title=" modern Korean architecture"> modern Korean architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tourism" title=" tourism"> tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hotel" title=" hotel"> hotel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=train%20station" title=" train station"> train station</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153390/attracting-tourists-architecture-for-tourism-during-the-period-of-korean-empire-1897-1910" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153390.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2025 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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