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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metadata standard</div> <p>The <b>MARC-8</b> charset is a <a href="/wiki/MARC_standards" title="MARC standards">MARC standard</a> used in <a href="/wiki/MARC_standards#MARC_21" title="MARC standards">MARC-21</a> library records.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MARC formats are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form, and they are frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Integrated_library_system" title="Integrated library system">library database systems</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> now known as MARC-8 was introduced in 1968 as part of the MARC format. Originally based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, from 1979 to 1983 the <a href="/wiki/JACKPHY" title="JACKPHY">JACKPHY</a> initiative expanded the repertoire to include Japanese, Arabic, Chinese, and Hebrew characters (among others), with the later addition of Cyrillic and Greek scripts. If a character is not representable in MARC-8 of a MARC-21 record, then <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> must be used instead. UTF-8 has support for many more characters than MARC-8, which is rarely used outside library data. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MARC-8&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MARC-8 uses a variant of the <a href="/wiki/ISO-2022" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-2022">ISO-2022</a> encoding. It uses escape characters to represent characters beyond the 7-bit <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> range of characters. </p><p>It generally uses the same logical <a href="/wiki/BiDi" class="mw-redirect" title="BiDi">BiDi</a> ordering as <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. </p><p>The combining characters and base characters are in a different order than used in Unicode. The following are some examples. The combining characters are not always stored in reverse order as <a href="/wiki/Unicode_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode normalization">Unicode normalization</a>. The MARC-21 standard describes the MARC-8 Unicode conversion issues in more detail. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Displayed <p>Character </p> </th> <th>Unicode <p><a href="/wiki/Unicode_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode normalization">NFD</a> </p> </th> <th>MARC-8 </th></tr> <tr> <td>á </td> <td>a  ́ </td> <td>  ́ a </td></tr> <tr> <td>ậ </td> <td>a   ̣   ̂ </td> <td>  ̂   ̣ a </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_structure">Code structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MARC-8&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Code structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ISO/IEC 2022</a> coding specifies a two-layer mapping between character codes and displayed characters. In MARC-8, character codes from the 7-bit ASCII graphic range (0x20–0x7F) are referred to as "G0" codes, while codes from the "high ASCII" range (0xA0–0xFF) are referred to as the "G1" codes. Graphic character sets are designated and invoked by means of a multiple byte escape sequence consisting of the escape character, an Intermediate character sequence, and a Final character in the form ESC <i>I</i> <i>F</i>. </p><p>The following table shows the intermediate byte after the ESC byte (hexadecimal 1B), and the corresponding ASCII characters. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Intermediate Bytes<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="4">G0 set </th> <th colspan="4">G1 set </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Multi-byte_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-byte character set">MBCS</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Multi-byte_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-byte character set">MBCS</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Normal ISO-2022 </th> <td>28 </td> <td>( </td> <td>24 </td> <td>$ </td> <td>29 </td> <td>) </td> <td>24 29 </td> <td>$) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alternate ISO-2022 (additional 63+16 sets) </th> <td>2C </td> <td>, </td> <td>24 2C </td> <td>$, </td> <td>2D </td> <td>- </td> <td>24 2D </td> <td>$- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following table shows the final bytes in hexadecimal and the corresponding ASCII characters after the intermediate bytes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Final Bytes<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Bytes </th> <th>Characters </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Chinese, Japanese, Korean (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Character_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange">EACC</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multi-byte_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-byte character set">MBCS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Basic Hebrew </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>Basic Arabic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>Extended Arabic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>42 </td> <td>B </td> <td>Basic Latin (<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 45 </td> <td>!E </td> <td>Extended Latin (<a href="/wiki/ANSEL" title="ANSEL">ANSEL</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td>The 21(hex) technically is a second byte of the Intermediate segment of this escape sequence. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4E </td> <td>N </td> <td>Basic Cyrillic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>51 </td> <td>Q </td> <td>Extended Cyrillic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>53 </td> <td>S </td> <td>Basic Greek (<a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">ISO 5428</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The EACC is the only multibyte encoding of MARC-8, it encodes each <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK character</a> in three ASCII bytes. </p><p>For example, to encode the U+4EBA CJK character (人) you will need the following bytes </p> <pre> \x1B\x24\x31\x21\x30\x64 </pre> <p>The \x1B\x24\x31 switches to EACC/CJK, and the \x21\x30\x64 corresponds to the U+4EBA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Custom_set_extension">Custom set extension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MARC-8&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Custom set extension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the ISO-2022 character sets, the following custom sets are available too. The byte designation follows the escape byte (hexadecimal 1B). There is no intermediate byte. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Final Bytes<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Bytes </th> <th>Characters </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td>62 </td> <td>b </td> <td>Subscript set </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>67 </td> <td>g </td> <td>Greek Symbol set </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td>The alpha, beta, gamma characters normally do not round trip map to Unicode. </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td>p </td> <td>Superscript set </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>73 </td> <td>s </td> <td>Basic Latin (<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SBCS" title="SBCS">SBCS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C0_control_codes">C0 control codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MARC-8&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: C0 control codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/MARC_21" class="mw-redirect" title="MARC 21">MARC 21</a> uses <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936282034">.mw-parser-output .control-code-link-internal{border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff}.mw-parser-output .control-code-link-internal a{color:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/Group_Separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Separator">GS</a> (0x1D) as a record terminator, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><a href="/wiki/Record_Separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Record Separator">RS</a> (0x1E) as a field terminator and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><a href="/wiki/Unit_Separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit Separator">US</a> (0x1F) as a subfield delimiter.<sup id="cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-c0c1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C1_control_codes">C1 control codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MARC-8&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: C1 control codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following alternative <a href="/wiki/C1_control_code" class="mw-redirect" title="C1 control code">C1 control code</a> set is defined for bibliographic applications such as <a href="/wiki/Integrated_library_system" title="Integrated library system">library systems</a>. It is mostly concerned with string collation, and with markup of bibliographic fields. Slightly different variants are defined in the German standard <b><a href="/wiki/DIN" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN">DIN</a> 31626</b><sup id="cite_ref-din31626_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-din31626-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (published in 1978 and since withdrawn)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> standard <b>ISO 6630</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-iso6630-old_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6630-old-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso6630-1985_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6630-1985-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter of which has also been adopted in Germany as <b>DIN ISO 6630</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where these differ is noted in the table below where applicable. MARC-8 uses the coding of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><span class="control-code-link-internal"><a href="#NSB">NSB</a></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><span class="control-code-link-internal"><a href="#NSE">NSE</a></span> from this set, and adds some additional format effectors in locations not used by the ISO version; however, MARC 21 uses this control set only in MARC-8 records, not in Unicode-format records.<sup id="cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-c0c1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If using the <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ISO/IEC 2022</a> extension mechanism, the DIN 31626 set is designated as the active C1 control character set with the sequence <code>0x1B 0x22 0x45</code> (<code>ESC " E</code>),<sup id="cite_ref-din31626_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-din31626-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ISO 6630 / DIN ISO 6630 set is designated with the sequence <code>0x1B 0x22 0x42</code> (<code>ESC " B</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-iso6630-old_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6630-old-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1985 expansion of the ISO 6630 set can also be explicitly specified by using the sequence <code>0x1B 0x26 0x40 0x1B 0x22 0x42</code> (<code>ESC & @ ESC " B</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-iso6630-1985_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6630-1985-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th title="Escape sequence">Esc+</th> <th title="decimal">Dec</th> <th title="hexadecimal">Hex</th> <th title="acronym">Acro</th> <th title="Character name">Name</th> <th>Description<sup id="cite_ref-din31626_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-din31626-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso6630-old_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6630-old-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso6630-1985_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6630-1985-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr id="CUS"> <td>G</td> <td>135</td> <td>87</td> <td>CUS</td> <td>Close-Up for Sorting</td> <td>(DIN 31626, ISO 6630) Declares that two successive character sequences separated by a space or separator should be treated as one word for collation purposes. </td></tr> <tr id="NSB"> <td>H</td> <td>136</td> <td>88</td> <td>NSB</td> <td>Non-Sorting Characters Begin</td> <td>(DIN 31626, ISO 6630, MARC 21) Marks the start of a sequence of characters to be ignored for collation purposes. <a href="/wiki/MARC_21" class="mw-redirect" title="MARC 21">MARC 21</a> uses this character in MARC-8 records, but uses 0x98 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes#SOS" title="C0 and C1 control codes">SOS</a>) in Unicode records for the same purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-c0c1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marc-ansel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-ansel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="NSE"> <td>I</td> <td>137</td> <td>89</td> <td>NSE</td> <td>Non-Sorting Characters End</td> <td>(DIN 31626, ISO 6630, MARC 21) Marks the end of a sequence of characters to be ignored for collation purposes. MARC 21 uses this character in MARC-8 records, but uses 0x9C (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes#ST" title="C0 and C1 control codes">ST</a>) in Unicode records for the same purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-c0c1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marc-ansel_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-ansel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="FIL"> <td>J</td> <td>138</td> <td>8A</td> <td>FIL</td> <td>Filler Character</td> <td>(DIN 31626) Substitutes for a mandatory alphanumeric character in a field. </td></tr> <tr id="TCI"> <td rowspan="2">K</td> <td rowspan="2">139</td> <td rowspan="2">8B</td> <td>TCI</td> <td>Tag in Context Indicator</td> <td>(DIN 31626) Within a bibliographic field, used to refer to data in another bibliographic field by its tag number. </td></tr> <tr id="PLD"> <td>PLD</td> <td>Partial Line Down</td> <td>(ISO 6630) Not in the original edition of ISO 6630.<sup id="cite_ref-iso6630-old_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6630-old-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1985 edition of ISO 6630,<sup id="cite_ref-iso6630-1985_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6630-1985-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for Partial Line Down (see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes#PLD" title="C0 and C1 control codes">PLD</a>). </td></tr> <tr id="ICI"> <td rowspan="2">L</td> <td rowspan="2">140</td> <td rowspan="2">8C</td> <td>ICI</td> <td>Identification Number in Context Indicator</td> <td>(DIN 31626) Within a bibliographic field, used to refer to data in another bibliographic record by its ID number. </td></tr> <tr id="PLU"> <td>PLU</td> <td>Partial Line Up</td> <td>(ISO 6630) Not in original edition of ISO 6630.<sup id="cite_ref-iso6630-old_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6630-old-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1985 edition of ISO 6630,<sup id="cite_ref-iso6630-1985_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso6630-1985-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for Partial Line Up (see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes#PLU" title="C0 and C1 control codes">PLU</a>). </td></tr> <tr id="DINOSC"> <td rowspan="2">M</td> <td rowspan="2">141</td> <td rowspan="2">8D</td> <td>OSC<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Optional Syllabification<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control</td> <td>(DIN 31626) Marks a syllable boundary in a long word. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><a href="/wiki/Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">soft hyphen</a>. </td></tr> <tr id="ZWJ"> <td>ZWJ</td> <td>Joiner</td> <td>(MARC 21) In MARC-8, used for the <a href="/wiki/Zero-Width_Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-Width Joiner">Zero-Width Joiner</a>, while U+200D is used in Unicode-format MARC records.<sup id="cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-c0c1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marc-ansel_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-ansel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="SS2"> <td rowspan="2">N</td> <td rowspan="2">142</td> <td rowspan="2">8E</td> <td>SS2</td> <td>Single-Shift 2</td> <td>(DIN 31626) Non-locking shift code, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022#Shift_functions" title="ISO/IEC 2022">SS2</a>. </td></tr> <tr id="ZWNJ"> <td>ZWNJ</td> <td>Non-Joiner</td> <td>(MARC 21) In MARC-8, used for the <a href="/wiki/Zero-Width_Non-Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-Width Non-Joiner">Zero-Width Non-Joiner</a>, while U+200C is used in Unicode-format MARC records.<sup id="cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-c0c1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marc-ansel_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-ansel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr id="SS3"> <td>O</td> <td>143</td> <td>8F</td> <td>SS3</td> <td>Single-Shift 3</td> <td>(DIN 31626) Non-locking shift code, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022#Shift_functions" title="ISO/IEC 2022">SS3</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>P</td> <td>144</td> <td>90</td> <td>-</td> <td><i>(reserved)</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr id="EAB"> <td>Q</td> <td>145</td> <td>91</td> <td>EAB</td> <td>Embedded Annotation Beginning</td> <td>(DIN 31626, ISO 6630) Marks the start of a variable-length annotation which is embedded within a bibliographic field, as opposed to separated using content designation. </td></tr> <tr id="EAE"> <td>R</td> <td>146</td> <td>92</td> <td>EAE</td> <td>Embedded Annotation End</td> <td>(DIN 31626, ISO 6630) Marks the end of a variable-length embedded annotation. </td></tr> <tr id="ISB"> <td>S</td> <td>147</td> <td>93</td> <td>ISB</td> <td>Item Specification Beginning</td> <td>(DIN 31626) Marks the start of a string of specific information of some description, other than a keyword or a permutation string. </td></tr> <tr id="ISE"> <td>T</td> <td>148</td> <td>94</td> <td>ISE</td> <td>Item Specification End</td> <td>(DIN 31626) Marks the end of a string of specific information. </td></tr> <tr id="SIB"> <td>U</td> <td>149</td> <td>95</td> <td>SIB</td> <td>Sorting Interpolation Beginning</td> <td>(ISO 6630) Marks the beginning of a sequence of characters used for collation purposes only. </td></tr> <tr id="SIE"> <td>V</td> <td>150</td> <td>96</td> <td>SIE</td> <td>Sorting Interpolation End</td> <td>(ISO 6630) Marks the end of a sequence of characters used for collation purposes only. </td></tr> <tr id="SSB"> <td>W</td> <td>151</td> <td>97</td> <td>SSB</td> <td>Secondary Sorting Value Beginning</td> <td>(ISO 6630) Marks the start of a string with subordinate collation value. </td></tr> <tr id="SSE"> <td>X</td> <td>152</td> <td>98</td> <td>SSE</td> <td>Secondary Sorting Value End</td> <td>(ISO 6630) Marks the end of a string with subordinate collation value. </td></tr> <tr id="INC"> <td>Y</td> <td>153</td> <td>99</td> <td>INC</td> <td>Indicator for Non-Standard Character</td> <td>(DIN 31626) Identifies a following non-standard character. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z</td> <td>154</td> <td>9A</td> <td>-</td> <td><i>(reserved)</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[</td> <td>155</td> <td>9B</td> <td>-</td> <td><i>(reserved)</i> </td></tr> <tr id="KWB"> <td>\</td> <td>156</td> <td>9C</td> <td>KWB</td> <td>Keyword Beginning</td> <td>(DIN 31626, ISO 6630) Marks the start of a keyword within a bibliographic field. </td></tr> <tr id="KWE"> <td>]</td> <td>157</td> <td>9D</td> <td>KWE</td> <td>Keyword End</td> <td>(DIN 31626, ISO 6630) Marks the end of a keyword within a bibliographic field. </td></tr> <tr id="PSB"> <td>^</td> <td>158</td> <td>9E</td> <td>PSB</td> <td>Permutation String Beginning</td> <td>(DIN 31626, ISO 6630) Marks the start of a string which is to be permuted to the front of the element when references or <a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">indices</a> are generated. Terminated by PSE or by the end of the element. </td></tr> <tr id="PSE"> <td>_</td> <td>159</td> <td>9F</td> <td>PSE</td> <td>Permutation String End</td> <td>(DIN 31626, ISO 6630) Marks the end of a string which is to be permuted to the front of the element. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MARC-8&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not the same as the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034" /><a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes#OSC" title="C0 and C1 control codes">Operating System Command (OSC)</a> in the ISO/IEC 6429 C1 code set.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spelled "Syllabication [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]" in the ISO-IR-040 document, along with "syllable" being spelled "syllabe [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]" in the description. These are presumably typographical errors.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MARC-8&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/speccharintro.html">"Character Sets: Introduction: MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure, Character Sets, and Exchange Media (Library of Congress)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Character+Sets%3A+Introduction%3A+MARC+21+Specifications+for+Record+Structure%2C+Character+Sets%2C+and+Exchange+Media+%28Library+of+Congress%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fmarc%2Fspecifications%2Fspeccharintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMARC-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc.gov-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc.gov_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc.gov_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc.gov_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/speccharmarc8.html">"Character Sets: MARC-8 Encoding Environment: MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure, Character Sets, and Exchange Media (Library of Congress)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Character+Sets%3A+MARC-8+Encoding+Environment%3A+MARC+21+Specifications+for+Record+Structure%2C+Character+Sets%2C+and+Exchange+Media+%28Library+of+Congress%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fmarc%2Fspecifications%2Fspeccharmarc8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMARC-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marc-c0c1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marc-c0c1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/specchargeneral.html#controlfunction">"Control function codes"</a>. <i>MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure, Character Sets, and Exchange Media</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 2007-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MARC+21+Specifications+for+Record+Structure%2C+Character+Sets%2C+and+Exchange+Media&rft.atitle=Control+function+codes&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fmarc%2Fspecifications%2Fspecchargeneral.html%23controlfunction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMARC-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-din31626-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-din31626_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-din31626_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-din31626_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFISO-IR-401979" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/DIN" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN">DIN</a> (1979-07-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ir/040.pdf"><i>Additional Control Codes for Bibliographic Use according to German Standard DIN 31626</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITSCJ/<a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Society_of_Japan" title="Information Processing Society of Japan">IPSJ</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISO-IR" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-IR">ISO-IR</a>-40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Additional+Control+Codes+for+Bibliographic+Use+according+to+German+Standard+DIN+31626&rft.pub=ITSCJ%2FIPSJ&rft.date=1979-07-15&rft.au=DIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitscj.ipsj.or.jp%2Fir%2F040.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMARC-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beuth.de/en/standard/din-31626/1766185">"Information processing; bibliographic control characters"</a>. Beuth: publishing DIN. DIN 31626:1978-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+processing%3B+bibliographic+control+characters&rft.pub=Beuth%3A+publishing+DIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beuth.de%2Fen%2Fstandard%2Fdin-31626%2F1766185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMARC-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso6630-old-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso6630-old_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso6630-old_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso6630-old_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso6630-old_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso6630-old_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFISO-IR-671983" class="citation cs1">ISO/TC 46 (1983-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ir/067.pdf"><i>Additional Control Codes for Bibliographic Use according to International Standard ISO 6630</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITSCJ/<a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Society_of_Japan" title="Information Processing Society of Japan">IPSJ</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISO-IR" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-IR">ISO-IR</a>-67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Additional+Control+Codes+for+Bibliographic+Use+according+to+International+Standard+ISO+6630&rft.pub=ITSCJ%2FIPSJ&rft.date=1983-06-01&rft.au=ISO%2FTC+46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitscj.ipsj.or.jp%2Fir%2F067.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMARC-8" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso6630-1985-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso6630-1985_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso6630-1985_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso6630-1985_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso6630-1985_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso6630-1985_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFISO-IR-1241986" class="citation cs1">ISO/TC 46 (1986-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ir/124.pdf"><i>Additional Control Codes for Bibliographic Use according to International Standard ISO 6630</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITSCJ/<a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Society_of_Japan" title="Information Processing Society of Japan">IPSJ</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISO-IR" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-IR">ISO-IR</a>-124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Additional+Control+Codes+for+Bibliographic+Use+according+to+International+Standard+ISO+6630&rft.pub=ITSCJ%2FIPSJ&rft.date=1986-02-01&rft.au=ISO%2FTC+46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitscj.ipsj.or.jp%2Fir%2F124.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMARC-8" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boutique.afnor.org/standard/din-iso-6630/information-and-documentation-bibliographic-control-characters-iso-66301986/article/650507/eu027670">"DIN ISO 6630 December 1997"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AFNOR" title="AFNOR">AFNOR</a> Editions Online Store</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFNOR+Editions+Online+Store&rft.atitle=DIN+ISO+6630+December+1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boutique.afnor.org%2Fstandard%2Fdin-iso-6630%2Finformation-and-documentation-bibliographic-control-characters-iso-66301986%2Farticle%2F650507%2Feu027670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMARC-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marc-ansel-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marc-ansel_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marc-ansel_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marc-ansel_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marc-ansel_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/codetables/45.html">"Code Table Extended Latin (ANSEL)"</a>. <i>MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure, Character Sets, and Exchange Media</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 2007-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MARC+21+Specifications+for+Record+Structure%2C+Character+Sets%2C+and+Exchange+Media&rft.atitle=Code+Table+Extended+Latin+%28ANSEL%29&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fdiglib%2Fcodetables%2F45.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMARC-8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MARC-8&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/speccharintro.html">MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure, Character Sets, and Exchange Media</a> - The official MARC-8 standard as maintained by the 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Character_encodings" title="Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Character_encodings" title="Template talk:Character encodings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Character_encodings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Character_encodings589" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encodings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph#Codes" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Non-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun/Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot and Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCD_(character_encoding)" title="BCD (character encoding)">BCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletex" title="Teletex">Teletex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">Videotex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T.51/ISO/IEC_6937" title="T.51/ISO/IEC 6937">T.51/ISO/IEC 6937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_T.61" title="ITU T.61">ITU T.61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotex_character_set" title="Videotex character set">ITU T.101</a></li> <li>World System Teletext <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_System_Teletext" title="World System Teletext">background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">sets</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcode_(character_encoding)" title="Transcode (character encoding)">Transcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Approved parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1 (Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2 (Central Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4 (North Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5 (Cyrillic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6 (Arabic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7 (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8 (Hebrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9 (Turkish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10 (Nordic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11 (Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13 (Baltic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14 (Celtic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15 (New Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16 (Romanian)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Abandoned parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12 (Devanagari)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Proposed but not approved <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-111" title="ISO-IR-111">KOI-8 Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-197" title="ISO-IR-197">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Adaptations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-182" title="ISO-IR-182">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">Ukrainian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliographic use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MARC-8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSEL" title="ANSEL">ANSEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Character_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange">CCCII/EACC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">ISO 5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6862" title="ISO 6862">6862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">ArmSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big5" title="Big5">Big5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BraSCII" title="BraSCII">BraSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSCII" class="mw-redirect" title="BSCII">BSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNS_11643" title="CNS 11643">CNS 11643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_66003" title="DIN 66003">DIN 66003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELOT_927" title="ELOT 927">ELOT 927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_10859" title="GOST 10859">GOST 10859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_2312" title="GB 2312">GB 2312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12345" title="GB 12345">GB 12345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12052" title="GB 12052">GB 12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Supplementary_Character_Set" title="Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set">HKSCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Indian Script Code for Information Interchange">ISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">JIS X 0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">JIS X 0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">JIS X 0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">JIS X 0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-7" title="KOI-7">KOI-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPS_9566" title="KPS 9566">KPS 9566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001" title="KS X 1001">KS X 1001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1002" title="KS X 1002">KS X 1002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1564" title="LST 1564">LST 1564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1590-4" title="LST 1590-4">LST 1590-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange">PASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Industrial_Standard_620-2533" title="Thai Industrial Standard 620-2533">TIS-620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange">TSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISCII" title="VISCII">VISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSCII" title="VSCII">VSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YUSCII" title="YUSCII">YUSCII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ISO/IEC 2022</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10367" title="ISO/IEC 10367">ISO/IEC 10367</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">Extended Unix Code / EUC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mac OS <a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">Code pages</a><br />("scripts")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Armenian" title="Mac OS Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Barents_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Barents Cyrillic">Barents Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Celtic" title="Mac OS Celtic">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Central_European_encoding" title="Mac OS Central European encoding">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Croatian_encoding" title="Mac OS Croatian encoding">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Cyrillic_encoding" title="Mac OS Cyrillic encoding">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Devanagari_encoding" title="Mac OS Devanagari encoding">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacFarsi_encoding" title="MacFarsi encoding">Farsi (Persian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Font_X_encoding" title="Macintosh Font X encoding">Font X (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gaelic" title="Mac OS Gaelic">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGreek_encoding" title="MacGreek encoding">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gujarati" title="Mac OS Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gurmukhi" title="Mac OS Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Hebrew" title="Mac OS Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Icelandic_encoding" title="Mac OS Icelandic encoding">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Inuit" title="Mac OS Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Keyboard_encoding" title="Mac OS Keyboard encoding">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Latin_encoding" title="Macintosh Latin encoding">Latin (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Maltese/Esperanto_encoding" title="Mac OS Maltese/Esperanto encoding">Maltese/Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ogham" title="Mac OS Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Roman" title="Mac OS Roman">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Romanian_encoding" title="Mac OS Romanian encoding">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_S%C3%A1mi" title="Mac OS Sámi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkish_encoding" title="Mac OS Turkish encoding">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkic_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Turkic Cyrillic">Turkic Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ukrainian_encoding" title="Mac OS Ukrainian encoding">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT100_encoding" title="VT100 encoding">VT100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DOS code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">437</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_737" title="Code page 737">737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_850" title="Code page 850">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_858" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 858">858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_861" title="Code page 861">861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_862" title="Code page 862">862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_863" title="Code page 863">863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_865" title="Code page 865">865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_866" title="Code page 866">866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_867" title="Code page 867">867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_868" title="Code page 868">868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_869" title="Code page 869">869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_899" title="Code page 899">899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_904" title="Code page 904">904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(IBM)" title="Code page 932 (IBM)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(IBM)" title="Code page 936 (IBM)">936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_942" title="Code page 942">942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_949_(IBM)" title="Code page 949 (IBM)">949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_951" title="Code page 951">951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1040" title="Code page 1040">1040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1043" title="Code page 1043">1043</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1046" title="Code page 1046">1046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1098" title="Code page 1098">1098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1115" title="Code page 1115">1115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1116" title="Code page 1116">1116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1117" title="Code page 1117">1117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1118" title="Code page 1118">1118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1127" title="Code page 1127">1127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_Indic_character_set" title="CS Indic character set">CS Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX_Indic_character_set" title="CSX Indic character set">CSX Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX%2B_Indic_character_set" title="CSX+ Indic character set">CSX+ Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CWI-2" title="CWI-2">CWI-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_System_encoding" title="Iran System encoding">Iran System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenick%C3%BD_encoding" title="Kamenický encoding">Kamenický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazovia_encoding" title="Mazovia encoding">Mazovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIK_(character_set)" title="MIK (character set)">MIK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_895" title="Code page 895">895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_896" title="Code page 896">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_912" title="Code page 912">912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_915" title="Code page 915">915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_921" title="Code page 921">921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1006" title="Code page 1006">1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1008" title="Code page 1008">1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1009" title="Code page 1009">1009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1010" title="Code page 1010">1010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1012" title="Code page 1012">1012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1013" title="Code page 1013">1013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1014" title="Code page 1014">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1015" title="Code page 1015">1015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1016" title="Code page 1016">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1017" title="Code page 1017">1017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1018" title="Code page 1018">1018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1019" title="Code page 1019">1019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1046" title="Code page 1046">1046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1133" title="Code page 1133">1133</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_code_page" title="Windows code page">Windows code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CER-GS" title="CER-GS">CER-GS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 932 (Microsoft Windows)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 936 (Microsoft Windows)">936</a> (<a href="/wiki/GBK_(character_encoding)" title="GBK (character encoding)">GBK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Latin-8" title="Extended Latin-8">Extended Latin-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1250" title="Windows-1250">1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1251" title="Windows-1251">1251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">1252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1253" title="Windows-1253">1253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1254" title="Windows-1254">1254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1255" title="Windows-1255">1255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">1256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1257" title="Windows-1257">1257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1258" title="Windows-1258">1258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1270" title="Windows-1270">1270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_French" title="Windows Cyrillic + French">Cyrillic + French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_German" title="Windows Cyrillic + German">Cyrillic + German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Polytonic_Greek" title="Windows Polytonic Greek">Polytonic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_in_EBCDIC" title="Japanese language in EBCDIC">Japanese language in EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DKOI" title="DKOI">DKOI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> terminals (<a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VTx</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">Multinational (MCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">National Replacement (NRCS)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1020" title="Code page 1020">French Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1021" title="Code page 1021">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1023" title="Code page 1023">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1101" title="Code page 1101">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1102" title="Code page 1102">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1103" title="Code page 1103">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1104" title="Code page 1104">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1105" title="Code page 1105">Norwegian and Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1106" title="Code page 1106">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1107" title="Code page 1107">Norwegian and Danish (alternative)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1287" title="Code page 1287">8-bit Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1288" title="Code page 1288">8-bit Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Hebrew" title="DEC Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Special_Graphics" title="DEC Special Graphics">Special Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Technical_Character_Set" title="DEC Technical Character Set">Technical (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1052" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1052">1052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1053" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1053">1053</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1054" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1054">1054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1055" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1055">1055</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1058" title="Code page 1058">1058</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC_OS_character_set" title="RISC OS character set">Acorn RISC OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_character_set" title="Amstrad CPC character set">Amstrad CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_II_character_set" title="Apple II character set">Apple II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATASCII" title="ATASCII">ATASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_ST_character_set" title="Atari ST character set">Atari ST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitstream_International_Character_Set" title="Bitstream International Character Set">BICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio_calculator_character_sets" title="Casio calculator character sets">Casio calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_display_code" title="CDC display code">CDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intecolor/Compucolor_8001_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Intecolor/Compucolor 8001 character set">Compucolor 8001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compucolor_II_character_set" title="Compucolor II character set">Compucolor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CP/M_Plus_character_set" title="Amstrad CP/M Plus character set">CP/M+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">DEC RADIX 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">DEC MCS</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">NRCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DG_International" title="DG International">DG International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksija_(computer)#Character_ROM" title="Galaksija (computer)">Galaksija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEM_character_set" title="GEM character set">GEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM_03.38" title="GSM 03.38">GSM 03.38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Roman" title="HP Roman">HP Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_character_set" title="FOCAL character set">HP FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPL_character_set" title="RPL character set">HP RPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQUOZE#Identifier_name_character_encoding" title="SQUOZE">SQUOZE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_International_Character_Set" title="Lotus International Character Set">LICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Multi-Byte_Character_Set" title="Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set">LMBCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX_character_set" title="MSX character set">MSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_APC_character_set" title="NEC APC character set">NEC APC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXT_character_set" title="NeXT character set">NeXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PETSCII" title="PETSCII">PETSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Standard_Encoding" title="PostScript Standard Encoding">PostScript Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Latin_1_Encoding" title="PostScript Latin 1 Encoding">PostScript Latin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM_Coup%C3%A9_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="SAM Coupé character set">SAM Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_SC-3000_character_set" title="Sega SC-3000 character set">Sega SC-3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_pocket_computer_character_sets" title="Sharp pocket computer character sets">Sharp calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_MZ_character_set" title="Sharp MZ character set">Sharp MZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QL_character_set" title="Sinclair QL character set">Sinclair QL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI_calculator_character_sets" title="TI calculator character sets">TI calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRS-80_character_set" title="TRS-80 character set">TRS-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura_International" title="Ventura International">Ventura International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_International_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Wang International Standard Code for Information Interchange">WISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Character_Code_Standard" title="Xerox Character Code Standard">XCCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX80_character_set" title="ZX80 character set">ZX80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX81_character_set" title="ZX81 character set">ZX81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_character_set" title="ZX Spectrum character set">ZX Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> / <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_All_Character_Encoding" title="Tamil All Character Encoding">TACE16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of Unicode encodings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> typesetting system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_encoding" title="Cork encoding">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY1_encoding" title="LY1 encoding">LY1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OML_encoding" title="OML encoding">OML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_encoding" title="OMS encoding">OMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OT1_encoding" title="OT1 encoding">OT1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">ASMO 449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_encoding_of_APL_symbols" title="Digital encoding of APL symbols">Digital encoding of APL symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-68" title="ISO-IR-68">ISO-IR-68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD-B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ_(character_encoding)" title="HZ (character encoding)">HZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC-P27-1" title="IEC-P27-1">IEC-P27-1</a></li> <li>INIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INIS_character_set" title="INIS character set">7-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INIS-8" title="INIS-8">8-bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-169" title="ISO-IR-169">ISO-IR-169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">ISO 2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI_character_encodings" title="KOI character encodings">KOI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-R" title="KOI8-R">KOI8-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-RU" title="KOI8-RU">KOI8-RU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-U" title="KOI8-U">KOI8-U</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mojiky%C5%8D" title="Mojikyō">Mojikyō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Extended_ASCII" title="Stanford Extended ASCII">SEASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford/ITS_character_set" title="Stanford/ITS character set">Stanford/ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol_(typeface)" title="Symbol (typeface)">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRON_(encoding)" title="TRON (encoding)">TRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Hangul_Code" title="Unified Hangul Code">Unified Hangul Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">Control character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Morse prosigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes" title="C0 and C1 control codes">C0 and C1 control codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ISO/IEC 6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">JIS X 0211</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_control_characters" title="Unicode control characters">Unicode control, format and separator characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCSID" title="CCSID">CCSID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings in HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charset_detection" title="Charset detection">Charset detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_code_page" title="Hardware code page">Hardware code page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">MICR code</a></li> <li><a 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Add languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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