CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "guides.turnitin.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '9135b37c8912fe83',cH: 'Mo2ELbP_cUHTagziur9GA93WZg9tmZPxwWZ02V36aAo-1739794508-1.2.1.1-.ofZb8zhPUufX_kyCkuBF_ZehQv5WtGwFYZdXn3e3Oo677eGM6QBr8YjDmVFuq74',cUPMDTk: "\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/24008452116749?__cf_chl_tk=E3dnm_N1mmjqQMz0d15TioZM42RgQX7PsPzUrYFCja8-1739794508-1.0.1.1-6F888OT3mgHVvTDYTF1NJQYzrgfDIfeJh4bYzVR3MwU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739794508',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/24008452116749?__cf_chl_f_tk=E3dnm_N1mmjqQMz0d15TioZM42RgQX7PsPzUrYFCja8-1739794508-1.0.1.1-6F888OT3mgHVvTDYTF1NJQYzrgfDIfeJh4bYzVR3MwU",md: "7Cct1G6cLQcFeI1BnQLy2xYuVf3s6cbcAsM8.ZhfJXM-1739794508-1.2.1.1-VMiE9anj2mkpzgsqC1n10ctGApXi_MWuKETIvtsJvvUUHn89jTowyWHJdsr7dqCW_T.L0QvWhK3DLBP9.usL5fOxTeHAFFHV2oFykCW93jxdfDTQiJIau11ZBPC057umLEIW4zHFB1e9.gEQlVJAdl8i0v0.Cen0RGq0zAu8HVO5CyRDtKzNyjtVO4fUn_uhJ1v2BYhwYBWWJ6vssV20tNtydc.wlKD9i7GOOo2V7vH4SzmRBxG2GksUmTSo.bFQ5VANdgVEAcD6G_jWOmrAERUgdLm.XxCkvlmkR36_F5Fev1qeunU6.VkQSlFyd_4KceX48NmjKXE5WzwutyvdWtEmlGbspN1mQ3XUklyWAhmZ_Gg0c6o1BDHNTjZEHHZab5_LmDMe8.mf.dAtMSQpw.OHib4kEIdMmjv59xcMMDUzQ7Nyfkz0okDcrRaWPRi6vZ8_YWyfxhLs.TU0CJ93gK.yAlEfBN3RoGhsAX_fXOoHiVbEHEkIKzpQDP74pLxg0sUYYYK0EayG.dYpL2XUHCC601IFnS5Rb_wxjLnDEesiKP544LTSktu0KNnX89i5_p.Ns0UPADgR6ulJkQZzx_yZSI0r.bqE50lz4oPifX0Tgn1OEsaTbgnk9Oik27YIVIoCP08fgKdaDGvzGUPCvOMN7wZ1DK_kZmRfWR9Hh9.iJAr6uu3eNs0wxRO6ZPkFu.iL.Fzf1PJnO1eq4.DdmdcKwLFtrunTfTq598YYDMARlFuqPl4AUnVM_1e_aWBdjKohI9Fe4GF69UVJ3qPxKGBn_LBXR5z9UMgxbcrtIzBhP_vvOlRDVtdzwL71W1Uu_g0947PkfUQxTJwEpHx29W9H5yE0J4D3ha9VNtyeJ_ernHB3BZDm4kGvGIDRfo0DdhG5ryl2P5Q6tmZM5s56.639REHuMhx4C0K0SGouyDwgnlrnurCq8lmHaZVCfz.ErspUFICf.iqTrHefzxiIQPHGce3wIfcqPad3h5zzoh2YA47DrjZ3gOK5XBc_7uJw4oVAu9mFiluUEIEQI5KYm1nx_uXbLxPaD6FJGIlbKbTwILiWtJaNCeOZjgGBxq2aakADGcsdRARnj8r2aX7HFU3UggWZ4Ye67CeXKJ3JNSzMFQOWLPjKJI8XbiYKJDft_ElF2GVSGUUiY4VLud.qmD76qQGAYzO2fYwPxhVP_s.155n2TX6e7YM1C3_XmOwDQTaD60zVDwMOsXbWRGJL0t5NW_RFuwaSsLfUKD5bQTfj0qu_zR6f.uJw6ZbT43zLiWvuxCjtocQOklxJHAuvb8P0stDXG5gi5a4ujHOAbqYb7S6GZO_diowWj.k17Mqr2waumA8yFDGlm8HWBzKUub641TXuBpqltpUUrIIDR5JQAWnrIZ9Tnh0xpDz.edvbTYkgxx8LvsSAAD_sbuiBvPLedzzH.RE1iXnU53n.VZdnvtZ5.qkEmzI6wVkTWQsEmichs5uhyRw4r12ZffZaINWDFKUf5osGhH2kBVMnbqRVt0bvMpF_sILEn13H9sygV.GAf56DnfvdYa_7N2ExvgVpKDNkgF0BXIDtUe64a.eYBVg5giY9fs2AVXSBdz7WSHwakQpJw5UIzdvvmDmZVzzoFX5Y8K0nymJnj9PXQBQmhioJFp8T5uHwJkI8MGhtrKWrtRAPkGhvAQ.jAV_qUpPGLOGL17zDzL4vsyMKEt6OpBd5y7LABxYIUqBHXmHBykPUmNuR_noEgQYQn8yNJ875nc5UbCDwerqTDRI6Z.CcFvDfSJhTr7e3xuxKW8tQRYkaYPNPy8eATjaGKnosBYA1Ix0K3nSWq_VKLO9TyGJ9_KZvD3q4idS9mKElFiXmgJzoFN5RG6B_ZyptgHp2_MRVAMvWYnsc0NmaxQvcrmIT7H7UnU3OfjPtnxQP2lZZJJ994tg3rVYUozvLNZPWgj6Mpdr5kT1_HY2cRK8cTwwi9wQ9WUWEI2MagGi2sH2k5_aZgs8UHDuZyMXLMFPd2uSi0DJUY5qOveZWLr52aXi4CkW18pOGCWrsDHIgNZWLjTi2UGP48Q8JHVTjnrvnqucqZM5TOaDtkXMONmhHOAdokRuOJ8fWrZ1jup83amykCp3do4SNgZbZZUTauvPbx394PUNbn7GZjJHdwedZgEzWTob.Q2aJ1AqzaQk_k3NFVDd5ADUQkjz_E_G9z.gfrwNfSMd9bdf82vY7jSjlTtoE742FG5lubfn1Y_LltWK87NNTRGHBcDmNXcSa1eyjruQD5t3zX4qnqWIKDb06RH9Hzvobyiv5veZ2TRVgnkQv2XJ3u1i2AvSFXWW7Zz6.HkhTa_g5vToQp2zAtp1EFYSbb31PWLZMPvH3psz8ttU7Y0Bb02BNwLsx1gTI2I61JyMw4Mbf7byWc.V9ziH1pute83.VdlQi_cBmbhLXeUQkeKGKamnu4ftLx.SwYf2YgbUBc4AA0E.EPIipjKbxvzVFUD1t1X5G9tIBiGJ6NAHx03bQaGqy6mA9MCjvpkGY7OEDtGtQSRtz9QXlLGIq0pwU3D4Bwt9.v07xs4IcdQcyVLZyyjAslmOuQiBH4P2HtQ",mdrd: "YQUu9kiJmvp_1TAej9zLWr.lShyVSXmXlkq_EuNu7qs-1739794508-1.2.1.1-mwMa8p3aC5fZkR1ovJdFh33_MAeEfCjIh.UfJbNH_4V_zNXWrbQbkjl6ZKxs7xJSdTqR7wGpAY9uecv1gDeCBZjrj6DSvEbplq6.gwssk8FB.pIG47q5nsv5hSPbGSH2QBPkVYChfvb2rBdM30NDsFxfrBQmz42GdY6WV2ZQppkzhj0j1RioWTSL8LZEKhQEWN6I29gk58ip3O5Oq3NZr6T79XuxqQgfuOpgwV8eLSRtKKTMBeR1S8Ee0qMD6MoUDskdOMWiLlDOxMRdI1RYOL1LJS2D1VPZzdqPMSRf44VNaw_u1UpMLGFir6coo70au1p3KIuvaZJJNMphI1vtX.eW6vacvHK.ANsmgrJkVFxyE_cFZmEXrggp_PRV_lytdDVEPjJ6PUcHz7cb4bOCqr9hzwfRjARoLoDUAUsrqi1J2xYeb7bRz16QDoeRHIEyNVtQr63x3254X1yfEr_T698L8NnUW1s8PAeGI.DI5Y6Om6gDY1WHnuCehT_eT2AKT9uWteKyc9kTN2H7xmcSvzP.PS_zJRtw.lG48mDF6v4f_PyC41imBhVTayEOIQr0Z8S0A5Y3eNGh5T8WrJ8vVuYlSIXm6O79yLJLDOLAe3Hv0J6knGjJGOH7QoFH5Z19oLmoyTnv9s.MLU.e5vro6kcFPTYFv6M17fFPMDHhcOeLpsUol8chX5rk.u3YTVwdq5ccr44PkOcqPndrp3xP4PI7u9kEMIZtfJRctfmczjdX_1svwQvs.7ip_EYxupd6pOD3lxJnNxL.2X3pMKwtyFC3ArdszokxRVVSM0Yn_OSh3Md0RTIleLny..vAl7tEnK4W9Z93K1Ubkeb4dmWqn7FDCYUapgLQG8L7KA9ZPEA1bR.Tx56.jewFGYRUxQ1WL3kxUCJxDGJeF.MuJfTmpJxE8rRrePtKvPFmvoGgRvIxEqyfIfH0gaKBhCAUx7si5DYMVuMAfABhK2n98eXL2UUB0KMVA80yupZH6W6FiC7nOkl.KM1n3xfJ_5ikhAHX1Bhn615AiCXyfwF132Yy4DMnPBjeGLRaYWSBYwwaj_i65.iXLD2HG7EztGWIw9Yt32QjBXaoLjuKMrjxKjtbnHxWHku4a15MwLpkHM0ClRThmx8ni5JFPzRNpIhNsvyieFtVbzVA.aDDv8ZtZbA.uytSGAk3AkMKZtlfdq0nv4LoFkxRAXvXMRM1bdbh09dUp8.pZ0X5AmXzLWlfcbDtkvFnFtdTCCirNngHBAGPLeOxzfrS3KA4I5yob.K44HxqoEo88ts605vlQ7RRSLCUEGjaHfDYixBxyVMMhxTKh3wFcUVlR232tbXa3JXPyFrIDeg.WqSJdAOwGnrDPkN08.M.DKmOHZvniJGDDI8Sd59xDSOKo7D0LBxS6fnntsa4HBjj6d6w8rz1iJSeCEKE.iU2q7MlNKsxUBAIDUH8O9XDRIgckHkUZr8IoJ3jFZ9z5UdIicZgGARiq7s8_5ApV2Pnf7WqGl2troH836nEiw2nR0DUHQD_.MCUmbUvai.lrQPM_U7GYpLWf1xyj.IJ0cRDNpX16A5VeFg0S2bFgM30aFaJa9xFgiwNjN5vvbGP7PTMVPnCb8TOb_T2vVBeqcUTR7gcb44ax.W2WjW63J4Z5MXesqyxVLWOm9I9xyzjAVztEASNwBiwVuj8_W93TiyZm6piHnarKXnp_p35d2dlgZsbHlOiCgYg_9.u90SqFGqj9VaCNFthnFumDEDXLCgOxgVO_2MIYYlsBE2LiDSFaUxxVGm19CT0mLvGb9ODwbhSRTMCRdvJJ6SP1RnNsF7UT6.8zT.PBrikIOJ8tGnu8AIh0xW5tbjxDRHPe_PykBxWLFqxlBsFTaT0nozMwlyVX55VrxFvQypAh0P0keSv6ERmg0xbTNF.g8Syvt.qm07.LyEzby7198r6W8.4LyQTkGecUyTZWze3id3UNuluQLJ_YiT1oJtKg8B86.5PGrF0vGxm9fxnixF_QLk2vA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135b37c8912fe83';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/24008452116749?__cf_chl_rt_tk=E3dnm_N1mmjqQMz0d15TioZM42RgQX7PsPzUrYFCja8-1739794508-1.0.1.1-6F888OT3mgHVvTDYTF1NJQYzrgfDIfeJh4bYzVR3MwU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>