CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <title>MICHAEL WITZEL</title> <meta name='robots' content='noindex, nofollow' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MICHAEL WITZEL » Feed" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/sites.harvard.edu\/witzel\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.5.5"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.5.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='coblocks-frontend-css' href='https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/dist/style-coblocks-1.css?ver=3.1.13' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='coblocks-extensions-css' href='https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/dist/style-coblocks-extensions.css?ver=3.1.13' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='coblocks-animation-css' href='https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/dist/style-coblocks-animation.css?ver=2677611078ee87eb3b1c' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: white;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--color-bg-alt: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--color-bg: #f5f5f5;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--larger: 48px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpa-style-css' href='https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/plugins/wp-accessibility/css/wpa-style.css?ver=1.7.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wpa-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wpa-hide-ltr#skiplinks a, .wpa-hide-ltr#skiplinks a:hover, .wpa-hide-ltr#skiplinks a:visited { } .wpa-hide-ltr#skiplinks a:active, .wpa-hide-ltr#skiplinks a:focus { } :root { --admin-bar-top : 7px; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cpschool-styles-css' href='https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/themes/cpschool/css/theme.min.css?ver=0.9.0.5.1733816539' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.5.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cpsc-styles-css' href='https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/themes/harvard-flex/css/theme.min.css?ver=0.9.0.5.1727869985' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/plugins/wp-accessibility/js/fingerprint.min.js?ver=1.7.0" id="wpa-fingerprintjs-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/49" /><meta name="generator" content="Harvard University Sites 6.5.5 - http://sites.harvard.edu/" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.harvard.edu%2Fwitzel%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.harvard.edu%2Fwitzel%2F&format=xml" /> <style> @media screen and (max-width: 782px) { #wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-log-in, #wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-register { display: block; } #wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-log-in a, #wpadminbar li#wp-admin-bar-register a { padding: 0 8px; } } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> var jQueryMigrateHelperHasSentDowngrade = false; window.onerror = function( msg, url, line, col, error ) { // Break out early, do not processing if a downgrade reqeust was already sent. if ( jQueryMigrateHelperHasSentDowngrade ) { return true; } var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); var nonce = '7131ec0c73'; var jQueryFunctions = [ 'andSelf', 'browser', 'live', 'boxModel', 'support.boxModel', 'size', 'swap', 'clean', 'sub', ]; var match_pattern = /\)\.(.+?) is not a function/; var erroredFunction = msg.match( match_pattern ); // If there was no matching functions, do not try to downgrade. if ( null === erroredFunction || typeof erroredFunction !== 'object' || typeof erroredFunction[1] === "undefined" || -1 === jQueryFunctions.indexOf( erroredFunction[1] ) ) { return true; } // Set that we've now attempted a downgrade request. jQueryMigrateHelperHasSentDowngrade = true; xhr.open( 'POST', 'https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php' ); xhr.setRequestHeader( 'Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' ); xhr.onload = function () { var response, reload = false; if ( 200 === xhr.status ) { try { response = JSON.parse( xhr.response ); reload = response.data.reload; } catch ( e ) { reload = false; } } // Automatically reload the page if a deprecation caused an automatic downgrade, ensure visitors get the best possible experience. if ( reload ) { location.reload(); } }; xhr.send( encodeURI( 'action=jquery-migrate-downgrade-version&_wpnonce=' + nonce ) ); // Suppress error alerts in older browsers return true; } </script> <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="MICHAEL WITZEL - ">  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-GMEVN96PYN&l=beehiveDataLayer"></script> <script> window.beehiveDataLayer = window.beehiveDataLayer || []; function gaplusu() {beehiveDataLayer.push(arguments);} gaplusu('js', new Date()) gaplusu('config', 'G-GMEVN96PYN', { 'anonymize_ip': false, 'allow_google_signals': false, }) </script> <style type="text/css"> /* <![CDATA[ */ img.latex { vertical-align: middle; border: none; } /* ]]> */ </style> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> @import url("https://harvard-web-publishing.github.io/flex-theme-flavors/gloabal-styles.css"); @import url("https://harvard-web-publishing.github.io/flex-theme-flavors/blue.css"); </style> <style type="text/css">#wp-admin-bar-abm-login{display:block!important}body .wp-video-shortcode video,body video.wp-video-shortcode{margin:0;padding:0;background:0 0;border:none;box-shadow:none;min-width:0;height:auto;min-height:0}.screen-reader-text:not(button){clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);position:absolute!important;height:1px;width:1px;overflow:hidden}</style><style id="kirki-inline-styles">.logo-font{font-family:inter;}.container{max-width:1170px;}:root{--site-width:1170px;--content-width:1170px;--body-font-size:100;--roundness:3px;--shadows:4px;--color-bg:#f5f5f5;--color-bg-alt:#ffffff;--color-bg-contrast:#000000;--color-bg-accent:#305e96;--color-bg-accent-a:rgba(48,94,150,0.5);--color-bg-accent-contrast:#ffffff;--color-bg-accent-hl:#305e96;--color-bg-accent-hl-a:rgba(48,94,150,0.5);--color-bg-accent-hl-contrast:#ffffff;--color-bg-alt-contrast:#000000;--color-bg-alt-accent:#34639c;--color-bg-alt-accent-a:rgba(52,99,156,0.5);--color-bg-alt-accent-contrast:#ffffff;--color-bg-alt-accent-hl:#34639c;--color-bg-alt-accent-hl-a:rgba(52,99,156,0.5);--color-bg-alt-accent-hl-contrast:#ffffff;--header-main-height:117.562px;--header-main-gap-height:0px;--header-main-padding-v:100;--header-main-logo-text-color:#4e84c4;--header-main-dropbox-logo-text-color:#4e84c4;--header-main-logo-font-size:100;--header-main-font-size:100;--header-secondary-font-size:100;--header-secondary-padding-v:0;--headers-font-size:100;}body{font-family:inter;}#navbar-main .nav{font-family:inherit;}.h1,.h2,.h3,.h4,.h5,.h6,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-family:inherit;}</style></head> <body class="home page-template-default page page-id-49 wp-embed-responsive h-style-separator-bottom sidebars-check-sticky navbar-hover-enabled singular main-wrapper-margin-top-disabled"> <div class="site" id="page"> <a class="skip-link sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div id="branding_header"> <div class="branding-container clearfix container"> <div class="branding-left"> <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/"> <img src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/themes/harvard-flex/img/harvard-logo.svg" alt="Harvard University homepage" width="235" height="32"> </a> </div> <div class="branding-right"> <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">HARVARD.EDU</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrapper-navbar-main-top" ></div> <div id="wrapper-navbar-main" class="wrapper-navbar" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebSite"> <nav id="navbar-main" class="navbar navbar-expand-md nav-styling-underline has-background has-header-main-bg-color-background-color" aria-label="main"> <div class="navbar-container container">  <div class="navbar-brand-holder"> <a class="navbar-brand logo-font custom-bg-disabled" rel="home" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/" title="MICHAEL WITZEL" itemprop="url"> <span class="navbar-brand-text">MICHAEL WITZEL</span> </a> <a rel="home" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/" title="MICHAEL WITZEL" class="navbar-brand-subtext"> </a> </div>  <div class="navbar-navs-container"> <div id="navbar-main-nav-desktop" class="navbar-nav-container"><ul id="menu-main-desktop" class="nav navbar-nav"><li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-menu-main-desktop-432" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home current-menu-item page_item page-item-49 current_page_item active menu-item-432 nav-item"><a class="nav-link" title="Home" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/"><span class="menu-item-text">Home</span></a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-menu-main-desktop-451" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-451 nav-item"><a class="nav-link" title="Curriculum Vitae" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/curriculum-vitae/"><span class="menu-item-text">Curriculum Vitae</span></a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-menu-main-desktop-434" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-434 nav-item"><a class="nav-link" title="Features" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/features/"><span class="menu-item-text">Features</span></a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-menu-main-desktop-435" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-435 nav-item"><a class="nav-link" title="Publications" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/publications/"><span class="menu-item-text">Publications</span></a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-menu-main-desktop-433" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-433 nav-item"><a class="nav-link" title="Editorial Work" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/editorial-work/"><span class="menu-item-text">Editorial Work</span></a></li> </ul></div> <div id="navbar-main-nav-buttons"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-button-nav-right"> <li id="navbar-main-btn-search" > <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary nav-link has-styling" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-search"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="cps-icon cps-icon-search"></i> <span aria-hidden="true" class="d-none">Search</span> <span class="sr-only">Toggle search interface</span> </button> </li> <li id="navbar-main-btn-slide-in-menu" class="btn-modal-slide-in-menu-holder has-mobile"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary nav-link has-styling" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-slide-in-menu"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="cps-icon cps-icon-menu"></i> <span aria-hidden="true" class="d-none">Menu</span> <span class="sr-only">Toggle extended navigation</span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="main-wrapper wrapper" id="page-wrapper"> <div class="container" id="content"> <div class="row">  <div class="col-md-12 col-xl-12 content-area" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article class="post-49 page type-page status-publish hentry" id="post-49"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="wp-block-coblocks-hero alignfull coblocks-hero-10291734251"><div class="wp-block-coblocks-hero__inner has-background-overlay bg-cover has-background-image bg-no-repeat bg-center-center hero-center-center-align has-padding has-huge-padding has-center-content" style="background-image:url(https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/files/2021/11/home-hero.jpg);min-height:500px"><div class="wp-block-coblocks-hero__content-wrapper"><div class="wp-block-coblocks-hero__content" style="max-width:1000px"> <h1 class="has-text-align-center has-color-bg-alt-color has-text-color wp-block-heading" style="font-size:49px"><strong>Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies</strong></h1> </div></div></div></div> <h2 class="has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading">Michael Witzel</h2> <div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p>Wales Professor of Sanskrit, Harvard University聽(1987)<br>Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2003)<br>Honorary member, German Oriental Society (2009)</p> <p>(<em>Ehrenmitglied</em>, Deutsche <a href="http://www.dmg-web.de/?page=0">Morgenl盲ndische</a> Gesellschaft, <a href="http://www.dmg-web.de/?page=10">elected</a> 2009; hon. <a href="http://www.dmg-web.de/?page=17">members</a>)</p> <p>President, <a href="http://www.aslip.org/">ASLIP</a><a href="https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/Documents/M/NEW%20PDFs%20made/aslip.org"></a> (1999-), & <a href="http://www.compmyth.org/">IACM</a> (2006-)<br><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Indo-Eurasian_research">Indo-Eurasian_research group</a>     http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Indo-Eurasian_research<br><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/compmyth">Comparative Mythology group</a>    http://groups.yahoo.com/group/compmyth<br><a href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/MTLR/">ASLIP’s MTLR discussion list</a>: MTLR@yahoogroups.com</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p>Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies<br>1 Bow Street,聽3rd fl., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA<br>phones (general) : x-1-617-495 3295,聽617-496 8570 — fax 496 8571– direct line 496 2990.聽</p> <p>PERSONAL home page (6/24/96),  and home page (1999-) for: </p> <p>Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory <a href="https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/Documents/mihira2000/mihira2000/mihira2000/M/NEW%20PDFs%20made/aslip.html">A</a><a href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/aslip.html">SLIP,</a> see now: <a href="http://www.aslip.org/">aslip.org</a></p> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </article> </main>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="wrapper has-background has-footer-main-bg-color-background-color" id="wrapper-footer"> <div id="footer-content">  <div id="footer-full"> <div class="container" id="footer-full-content" tabindex="-1"> <div class="row"> <div id="block-2" class="footer-widget widget widget_block widget-count-1 col-md-12"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="186" height="47" src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/files/2021/08/harvard-logo.png" alt="harvard university logo" class="wp-image-178"/></figure> <p>Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies<br><br>1 Bow Street,聽3rd floor<br>Cambridge, MA 02138, USA</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p class="has-text-align-right"><a href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel">Home</a><br><a href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/curriculum-vitae/">Curriculum Vitae</a><br><a href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/features/">Features</a><br><a href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/publications/">Publications</a><br><a href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/editorial-work/">Editorial Work</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="blog_templates_front-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var blog_templates_params = {"type":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/plugins/blogtemplates//blogtemplatesfiles/assets/js/front.js?ver=2.6.8.2" id="blog_templates_front-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/dist/js/coblocks-animation.js?ver=3.1.13" id="coblocks-animation-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/dist/js/vendors/tiny-swiper.js?ver=3.1.13" id="coblocks-tiny-swiper-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="coblocks-tinyswiper-initializer-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var coblocksTinyswiper = {"carouselPrevButtonAriaLabel":"Previous","carouselNextButtonAriaLabel":"Next","sliderImageAriaLabel":"Image"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/dist/js/coblocks-tinyswiper-initializer.js?ver=3.1.13" id="coblocks-tinyswiper-initializer-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="cpschool-scripts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var cpSchoolData = {"parallaxHeader":"","animations":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/themes/cpschool/js/theme.min.js?ver=0.9.0.5.1733816539" id="cpschool-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpa.longdesc-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpald = {"url":"https:\/\/sites.harvard.edu\/witzel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media","type":"jquery","text":"<span class=\"dashicons dashicons-media-text\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"screen-reader\">Long Description<\/span>"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/plugins/wp-accessibility/js/longdesc.min.js?ver=1.7.0" id="wpa.longdesc-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-accessibility-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpa = {"skiplinks":{"enabled":true,"output":""},"target":"1","tabindex":"1","underline":{"enabled":false,"target":"a"},"dir":"ltr","lang":"en-US","titles":"1","labels":"1","wpalabels":{"s":"Search","author":"Name","email":"Email","url":"Website","comment":"Comment"},"current":"","errors":"","tracking":"1","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/sites.harvard.edu\/witzel\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","security":"c0e423835b","action":"wpa_stats_action","url":"https:\/\/sites.harvard.edu\/witzel\/","post_id":"49"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-content/plugins/wp-accessibility/js/wp-accessibility.min.js?ver=1.7.0" id="wp-accessibility-js"></script> <div id="footer-site-info"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="site-footer" id="colophon"> <div class="site-info"> <div id="branding_footer"> <div class="branding-container container"> <div class="copyright"> <span class="harvard-copyright">Copyright © 2024 The President and Fellows of Harvard College</span> | <a href="https://accessibility.harvard.edu/">Accessibility</a> | <a href="https://accessibility.huit.harvard.edu/digital-accessibility-policy">Digital Accessibility</a> | <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/copyright-issue/">Report Copyright Infringement</a> </div> <div class="admin-login"> <a href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.harvard.edu%2Fwitzel%2F&action=shibboleth" alt="Login"> Log In </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="modal-slide-in-menu" class="modal fade modal-slide-in-right modal-full-height nav-styling-underline" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-label="slide-in menu" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content has-background has-header-main-bg-color-background-color"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="cps-icon cps-icon-close"></i> <span class="sr-only">close menu</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <nav class="menu-mobile" aria-label="Mobile" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-primary-menu-container"><ul id="menu-main-mobile" class="nav flex-column"><li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home current-menu-item page_item page-item-49 current_page_item active menu-item-432 nav-item"><a class="nav-link" title="Home" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/"><span class="menu-item-text">Home</span></a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-451 nav-item"><a class="nav-link" title="Curriculum Vitae" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/curriculum-vitae/"><span class="menu-item-text">Curriculum Vitae</span></a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-434 nav-item"><a class="nav-link" title="Features" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/features/"><span class="menu-item-text">Features</span></a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-435 nav-item"><a class="nav-link" title="Publications" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/publications/"><span class="menu-item-text">Publications</span></a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-433 nav-item"><a class="nav-link" title="Editorial Work" href="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/editorial-work/"><span class="menu-item-text">Editorial Work</span></a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="modal-search" class="modal fade modal-slide-in-top modal-close-inline modal-site-width modal-padding-lg" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-label="search" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog site-width-max" role="document"> <div class="modal-content has-background has-header-main-bg-color-background-color"> <div class="modal-header pb-0"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="cps-icon cps-icon-close"></i> <span class="sr-only">close search</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <form method="get" id="searchform" action="https://sites.harvard.edu/witzel/" role="search"> <label class="sr-only" for="searchform-s">Search</label> <div class="input-group"> <input class="field form-control form-control-lg" id="searchform-s" name="s" type="text" placeholder="Search..." value=""> <span class="input-group-append"> <button class="submit btn btn-primary btn-lg" id="searchform-submit" type="submit"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="cps-icon cps-icon-search"></i> <span class="sr-only">Search Site</span> </button> </span> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>