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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Indledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Forhistorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forhistorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Forhistorie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forhistorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centralt_indhold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centralt_indhold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Centralt indhold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centralt_indhold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grundgesetz_og_genforeningen_1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grundgesetz_og_genforeningen_1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grundgesetz og genforeningen 1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grundgesetz_og_genforeningen_1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Betydning_og_kritik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betydning_og_kritik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Betydning og kritik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betydning_og_kritik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grundgesetz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 47 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القانون الأساسي لجمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القانون الأساسي لجمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_Fundamental_pa_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_d%27Alema%C3%B1a" title="Llei Fundamental pa la República Federal d'Alemaña – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llei Fundamental pa la República Federal d'Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya_Konstitusiyas%C4%B1" title="Almaniya Konstitusiyası – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya Konstitusiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%A0%D0%93" title="Асноўны закон ФРГ – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асноўны закон ФРГ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Основен закон на Федерална република Германия – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Основен закон на Федерална република Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_fonamental_per_a_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_d%27Alemanya" title="Llei fonamental per a la República Federal d'Alemanya – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llei fonamental per a la República Federal d'Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundgesetz" title="Grundgesetz – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grundgesetz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundgesetz_f%C3%BCr_die_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland" title="Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σύνταγμα της Ομοσπονδιακής Δημοκρατίας της Γερμανίας – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνταγμα της Ομοσπονδιακής Δημοκρατίας της Γερμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_konstitucio" title="Germana konstitucio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana konstitucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_Fundamental_para_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_Alemania" title="Ley Fundamental para la República Federal de Alemania – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley Fundamental para la República Federal de Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa_Liitvabariigi_p%C3%B5hiseadus" title="Saksamaa Liitvabariigi põhiseadus – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa Liitvabariigi põhiseadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniako_Errepublika_Federalerako_Oinarrizko_Legea" title="Alemaniako Errepublika Federalerako Oinarrizko Legea – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniako Errepublika Federalerako Oinarrizko Legea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قانون اساسی آلمان – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اساسی آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_liittotasavallan_peruslaki" title="Saksan liittotasavallan peruslaki – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan liittotasavallan peruslaki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_fondamentale_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_d%27Allemagne" title="Loi fondamentale de la République fédérale d'Allemagne – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi fondamentale de la République fédérale d'Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Fundamental_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_Alema%C3%B1a" title="Lei Fundamental da República Federal de Alemaña – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lei Fundamental da República Federal de Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="חוקת גרמניה – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקת גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जर्मनी का संविधान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मनी का संविधान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak%C5%82adny_zako%C5%84" title="Zakładny zakoń – øvresorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zakładny zakoń" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="øvresorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1gi_Sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9gi_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_alkotm%C3%A1nya" title="A Németországi Szövetségi Köztársaság alkotmánya – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Németországi Szövetségi Köztársaság alkotmánya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Գերմանիայի Ֆեդերատիվ Հանրապետության հիմնական օրենք – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիայի Ֆեդերատիվ Հանրապետության հիմնական օրենք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_Dasar_Republik_Federal_Jerman" title="Hukum Dasar Republik Federal Jerman – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum Dasar Republik Federal Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_fondamentale_della_Repubblica_Federale_di_Germania" title="Legge fondamentale della Repubblica Federale di Germania – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legge fondamentale della Repubblica Federale di Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95" title="ドイツ連邦共和国基本法 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ連邦共和国基本法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიის ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკის ძირითადი კანონი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკის ძირითადი კანონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B2%95" title="독일연방공화국 기본법 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일연방공화국 기본법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Fundamentalis_Germaniae" title="Lex Fundamentalis Germaniae – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lex Fundamentalis Germaniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesg_Fondamental_de_la_Germania" title="Lesg Fondamental de la Germania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lesg Fondamental de la Germania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_Konstitucija" title="Vokietijos Konstitucija – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos Konstitucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_Asas_Republik_Persekutuan_Jerman" title="Hukum Asas Republik Persekutuan Jerman – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hukum Asas Republik Persekutuan Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grondwet_voor_de_Bondsrepubliek_Duitsland" title="Grondwet voor de Bondsrepubliek Duitsland – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grondwet voor de Bondsrepubliek Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" 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title="Lei Fundamental da República Federal da Alemanha – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei Fundamental da República Federal da Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitu%C8%9Bia_Germaniei" title="Constituția Germaniei – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constituția Germaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%A0%D0%93" title="Основной закон ФРГ – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Основной закон ФРГ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushtetuta_e_Gjermanis%C3%AB" title="Kushtetuta e Gjermanisë – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kushtetuta e Gjermanisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysklands_grundlag" title="Tysklands grundlag – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tysklands grundlag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="กฎหมายพื้นฐานสำหรับสหพันธ์สาธารณรัฐเยอรมนี – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎหมายพื้นฐานสำหรับสหพันธ์สาธารณรัฐเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Preamble_Grundgesetz.jpg/330px-Preamble_Grundgesetz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Preamble_Grundgesetz.jpg/440px-Preamble_Grundgesetz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Præamblen til den tyske forfatning.</figcaption></figure> <table style="text-align: center; font-size:90%; border: 1px solid #CCC; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float:right; clear: right; background: white;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size:larger;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span><br /> <p><small>Denne artikel er en del af:</small><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Tysklands_politik" title="Tysklands politik">Politik og regering i<br />Tyskland</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:95%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" align="right"> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forfatning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbundsr%C3%A5det_(Tyskland)" title="Forbundsrådet (Tyskland)">Forbundsrådet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbundsdagen" title="Forbundsdagen">Forbundsdagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbundsforsamlingen_(Tyskland)" title="Forbundsforsamlingen (Tyskland)">Forbundsforsamlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tysklands_forfatningsdomstol" title="Tysklands forfatningsdomstol">Forfatningsdomstol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesgerichtshof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesgerichtshof">Højesteret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbundspr%C3%A6sident_(Tyskland)" title="Forbundspræsident (Tyskland)">Forbundspræsident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbundskansler_(Tyskland)" title="Forbundskansler (Tyskland)">Forbundskansler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geopolitiske_enheder_i_Tyskland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geopolitiske enheder i Tyskland (ikke skrevet endnu)">Geopolitiske enheder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tysklands_delstater" title="Tysklands delstater">Delstater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tysklands_distrikter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tysklands distrikter (ikke skrevet endnu)">Distrikter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politiske_valg_i_Tyskland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politiske valg i Tyskland (ikke skrevet endnu)">Valg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politiske_partier_i_Tyskland" title="Politiske partier i Tyskland">Politiske partier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tysklands_udenrigsrelationer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tysklands udenrigsrelationer (ikke skrevet endnu)">Udenrigsrelationer</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:95%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" align="right"> <hr /> <small><a href="/wiki/Politik_i_verdens_lande" title="Politik i verdens lande">Andre lande</a></small> • <b><a href="/wiki/Politik" title="Politik">Politik</a></b><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11759279">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11746895">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Tysklands_politik" title="Skabelon:Tysklands politik"><span title="Se denne skabelon">vis</span></a></li><li class="nv-diskussion"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skabelondiskussion:Tysklands_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skabelondiskussion:Tysklands politik (ikke skrevet endnu)"><span title="Diskuter denne skabelon">diskussion</span></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:Tysklands_politik" title="Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:Tysklands politik"><span title="Rediger denne skabelon">rediger</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Grundgesetz</b> (dansk <i>Grundlov</i>) forkortet "GG" hedder Tysklands <a href="/wiki/Forfatning" title="Forfatning">grundlov</a>, som blev vedtaget i 1949 af de <a href="/wiki/Vesttyskland" title="Vesttyskland">vesttyske</a> delstater i <a href="/wiki/Bes%C3%A6ttelseszoner_i_Tyskland_efter_2._verdenskrig" title="Besættelseszoner i Tyskland efter 2. verdenskrig">de allieredes besættelseszoner</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern">Bayern</a> stemte som eneste delstat imod, men vedtagelsen krævede blot 2/3 af delstaternes godkendelse for at den kunne træde i kraft. Med vedtagelsen af Grundgesetz blev etableret det forfatningsretlige grundlag for <a href="/wiki/Forbundsrepublikken_Tyskland" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland">Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland</a> (<i>Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i>). </p><p>Ved <a href="/wiki/Tysklands_genforening" title="Tysklands genforening">Tysklands genforening</a> i 1990 optog Forbundsrepublikken de delstater, der samlet havde udgjort <a href="/wiki/DDR" title="DDR">DDR</a> (Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Sachsen, Thüringen). </p><p>Grundgesetz giver tyske statsborgere uforanderlige grundlæggende rettigheder, hvilket er er en vigtig del af Tysklands Grundlov. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forhistorie">Forhistorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Forhistorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Forhistorie"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foranlediget af <a href="/wiki/Den_kolde_krig" title="Den kolde krig">den kolde krigs</a> begyndelse og den stigende antagonisme mellem øst og vest stod det i 1947 klart, at de vestallierede ikke ville kunne enes med <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a> om en løsningsmodel for det Tyskland, de havde delt i besættelseszoner imellem sig. Man besluttede derfor at lade den af de allierede besatte vestlige del af Tyskland, de franske, britiske og amerikanske besættelseszoner, oprette sig selv som stat. Denne statsform skulle bygge på demokratiske rettigheder og værdier. </p><p>I 1948 samledes repræsentanter fra de vesttyske delstater under ledelse af den senere <a href="/wiki/Forbundskansler_(Tyskland)" title="Forbundskansler (Tyskland)">forbundskansler</a> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> for at enes om en forfatning. Udgangspunktet for forhandlingerne skulle efter allieret krav være baseret på en række dokumenter, som de allierede lige havde vedtaget i Frankfurt. I dem blev der bl.a. stillet krav om, at en fremtidig vesttysk statsdannelse skulle bygge på demokratiske regler, og at den nye stat skulle have en føderalistisk struktur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centralt_indhold">Centralt indhold</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Centralt indhold" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Centralt indhold"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meget af diskussionen omkring Tysklands nye forfatning kom til at dreje sig om, hvad der havde fået den første demokratiske republik i tysk historie, <a href="/wiki/Weimarrepublikken" title="Weimarrepublikken">Weimarrepublikken</a>, til at gå under i 1933. Det var især læren fra den forfejlede republik, der kom til at præge den vesttyske forfatning. Vigtigste nye tiltag var: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Den nye republik fik en svag præsidentfunktion. Weimarrepublikkens dødsstød havde efter manges mening været præsidentens store mulighed for at ignorere parlamentet og på egen hånd udnævne en kansler. Endvidere kunne præsidenten ophæve parlamentet, når det passede ham. Overkommandoen over hæren gav præsidenten i Weimartiden øgenavnet ”Ersatzkaiser” . I den nye forfatning blev hæren underlagt regeringen og dermed parlamentarisk kontrol. I den nye forfatning havde præsidenten i det hele taget mest karakter af kransekagefigur uden reelle beføjelser.</li> <li>Konstruktivt mistillidsvotum. I Weimarrepublikken havde oppositionen vid mulighed for at vælte regeringer. Ikke færre end 15 forskellige kanslere nåede at regere i republikkens 14-årige levetid. Med det konstruktive mistillidsvotum kunne man kun vælte en regering, hvis man selv kunne stille med en kanslerkandidat med flertal i parlamentet. Denne ordning kunne forhindre radikale yderpartier i at vælte centrumregeringer, noget som nationalister og kommunister trods deres væsensforskellighed havde gjort flittigt brug af under Weimarrepublikken. Det skulle også bane vejen for et mere stabilt politisk klima.</li> <li>Forfatningsdomstolen (<a href="/wiki/Bundesverfassungsgericht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesverfassungsgericht">Bundesverfassungsgericht</a>) fik en meget vigtig rolle. Den skulle kunne forbyde partier og organisationer, der misbrugte de friheder Grundgesetz gav tyske borgere til at plædere for afskaffelsen af samme rettigheder.</li> <li>En spærregrænse på 5% skulle gøre det svært for små yderligtgående partier at opnå indflydelse. Derved håbede man at kunne holde radikale småpartier helt udenfor.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grundgesetz_og_genforeningen_1990">Grundgesetz og genforeningen 1990</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Grundgesetz og genforeningen 1990" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Grundgesetz og genforeningen 1990"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I forbindelse med <a href="/wiki/Berlinmuren" title="Berlinmuren">Berlinmurens</a> fald og <a href="/wiki/DDR" title="DDR">DDR's</a> sammenbrud i 1989/1990 blev det heftigt diskuteret, under hvilke forhold man skulle forene Tyskland. Det blev bl.a. foreslået, at man skulle lave en helt ny forfatning for det nye Tyskland. Den endelige fremgangsmåde blev dog at lade <a href="/wiki/DDR" title="DDR">DDR</a> opløse sig selv og derefter lade de forskellige delstater i DDR indlemme sig en for en. Det kunne man gøre ifølge forfatningens artikel 23, der muliggjorde tyske landes frivillige indtræden i <a href="/wiki/Vesttyskland" title="Vesttyskland">Vesttyskland</a>. Tyskland er derfor i dag en fortsættelse af den vesttyske stat, der med vedtagelsen af Grundgesetz den 23. maj 1949 blev dannet. Indlemmelsen af de østtyske delstater fandt sted den 3. oktober 1990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Betydning_og_kritik">Betydning og kritik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Betydning og kritik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Betydning og kritik"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Grundgesetz" er blevet symbolet på succesfuld statsdannelse. Med Grundgesetz fik Tyskland en god, stabil og klar forfatning, der indeholdt mange gode forordninger, der kunne sikre demokratiet. Forfatningsdomstolen har i tysk demokratisk historie været en vigtig del af udviklingen af demokratiet i Tyskland. </p><p>Det diskuteres dog, hvor meget en forfatning betyder i udviklingen af en stabil demokratisk stat, men Grundgesetz bruges alligevel i dag ofte som model for, hvordan en forfatning skal se ud for en ny stat, der ikke har tradition for demokrati. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Se også"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tidligere forfatninger for det tyske rige: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Det_tyske_riges_forfatning_af_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Det tyske riges forfatning af 1871">Det tyske riges forfatning af 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Det_tyske_riges_forfatning_af_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Det tyske riges forfatning af 1919">Det tyske riges forfatning af 1919</a> ("Weimarforfatningen")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_henvisninger">Eksterne henvisninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksterne henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundgesetz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne henvisninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/11px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> har flere filer relateret til <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grundgesetz" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grundgesetz">Grundgesetz</a></b> </div></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nordslesvig.dk/cms/dan/index.php?Kildetekster:Slesvig-Holstens_Grundlov_1848">Statsgrundlov for Slesvig-Holsten, 15. 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