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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Philo Farnsworth</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none;right:55px"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></div> <table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Philo Farnsworth</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philo_T_Farnsworth.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Philo T Farnsworth.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Philo_T_Farnsworth.jpg/220px-Philo_T_Farnsworth.jpg" width="220" height="298" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Philo_T_Farnsworth.jpg/330px-Philo_T_Farnsworth.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Philo_T_Farnsworth.jpg/440px-Philo_T_Farnsworth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="3233"/></a> <div>Philo Farnsworth in 1939</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Born</th> <td>(1906-08-19)August 19, 1906 near <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver,_Utah" title="Beaver, Utah">Beaver</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a><a href="#cite_note-db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Died</th> <td>March 11, 1971(1971-03-11) (aged 64) <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" title="Salt Lake City, Utah" class="mw-redirect">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Cause of death</div> </th> <td>Pneumonia</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Resting place</div> </th> <td class="label">Provo City Cemetery, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Nationality</th> <td class="category"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Other names</th> <td class="nickname">Philo T. Farnsworth</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Employer</th> <td class="org"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a>, Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telephone_and_Telegraph" title="International Telephone and Telegraph" class="mw-redirect">International Telephone and Telegraph</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Known for</th> <td>Inventor of the first fully electronic <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>; over 165 United States and foreign patents</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Religion</th> <td class="category"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter-day_Saint" title="Latter-day Saint" class="mw-redirect">Latter-day Saint</a> (<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon" title="Mormon" class="mw-redirect">Mormon</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Spouse(s)</th> <td><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elma_%22Pem%22_Gardner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elma "Pem" Gardner (page does not exist)">Elma "Pem" Gardner</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Parent(s)</th> <td>Lewis Edwin Farnsworth, Serena Amanda Bastian</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Relatives</th> <td>Agnes Farnsworth (sister)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Website</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://philotfarnsworth.com/">philotfarnsworth.com</a></td> </tr> </table> Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor" title="Inventor" class="mw-redirect">inventor</a> and <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> pioneer.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He made many contributions that were crucial to the early development of <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television#Electronic_television" title="History of television">all-electronic television</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> He is perhaps best known for inventing the first fully functional all-<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> image pickup device (<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">video camera tube</a>), the "<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_dissector" title="Image dissector">image dissector</a>", as well as the first fully functional and complete all-electronic television system. He was also the first person to demonstrate such a system to the public.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burns370-5">[5]</a> Farnsworth developed a television system complete with receiver and camera, which he produced commercially in the firm of the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation, from 1938 to 1951.<a href="#cite_note-Everson1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-7">[7]</a> In later life, Farnsworth invented a small <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> device, the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor</a>, or simply "fusor", employing <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_electrostatic_confinement" title="Inertial electrostatic confinement">inertial electrostatic confinement</a> (IEC). Although not a practical device for generating <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a>, the fusor serves as a viable source of <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fusor3-8">[8]</a> The design of this device has been the acknowledged inspiration for other fusion approaches including the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polywell" title="Polywell">Polywell</a> reactor concept in terms of a general approach to fusion design.<a href="#cite_note-fusor4-9">[9]</a> Farnsworth held 165 <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>, mostly in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and television. <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Navy_career">2 Navy career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Family">3 Family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Career">4 Career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Inventions">5 Inventions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Electronic_television">5.1 Electronic television</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Fusor">5.2 Fusor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Other_inventions">5.3 Other inventions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#TV_appearance">6 TV appearance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Memorials_and_legacy">7 Memorials and legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Misquote">7.1 Misquote</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Farnsworth_television_factory_history">8 Farnsworth television factory history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Patents">9 Patents</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Early life</h2> Philo T. Farnsworth was born August 19, 1906, the eldest of five children<a href="#cite_note-videopt1p71-10">[10]</a> of Lewis Edwin Farnsworth and Serena Amanda Bastian, a <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon" title="Mormon" class="mw-redirect">Mormon</a> couple then living in a small log cabin built by Lewis's father in a place called Indian Creek[<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] near <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver,_Utah" title="Beaver, Utah">Beaver, Utah</a>. The family moved to a farm in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigby,_Idaho" title="Rigby, Idaho">Rigby, Idaho</a>, in 1918, where Lewis supplemented his farming income by hauling freight with his horse-drawn wagon. Philo was excited to find his new home was wired for <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, with a Delco <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generator" title="Electrical generator" class="mw-redirect">generator</a> providing power for lighting and farm machinery. He was a quick study in mechanical and electrical technology, repairing the troublesome generator, and upon finding a burned out <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> among some items discarded by the previous tenants, proceeding to rewind the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)" title="Armature (electrical engineering)">armature</a> and convert his mother's hand-powered washing machine into an electric-powered one.<a href="#cite_note-Schatzkin7-10-11">[11]</a> Philo developed an early interest in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> after his first <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> conversation with an out-of-state relative and the discovery of a large cache of technology magazines in the attic of the family’s new home,<a href="#cite_note-ElmaFarns1-12">[12]</a> and won a $25 first prize in a pulp-magazine contest for inventing a magnetized car lock.<a href="#cite_note-videopt1p71-10">[10]</a> Farnsworth excelled in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> at <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigby_High_School" title="Rigby High School">Rigby High School</a>. He asked his high school science teacher, Justin Tolman, for advice about an electronic television system he was contemplating. He provided the teacher with sketches and diagrams covering several blackboards to show how it might be accomplished electronically. He asked his teacher if he should go ahead with his ideas, and he was encouraged to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Barnouw1990-13">[13]</a> One of the drawings he did on a blackboard for his chemistry teacher was recalled and reproduced for a patent interference case between Farnsworth and <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">Radio Corporation of America (RCA)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In the fall of 1922 the Farnsworths moved to <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo, Utah</a>, but Philo stayed behind to work for the railroad in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenns_Ferry,_Idaho" title="Glenns Ferry, Idaho">Glenns Ferry, Idaho</a>, saving enough money to begin classes at <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> (BYU) when he rejoined his family in the fall of 1923. The family had moved into the first floor of a large two-story house, renting the top floor to BYU students. In early January of the following year, Lewis Farnsworth died of pneumonia, leaving fifteen-year-old Philo to care for his mother, two sisters and two brothers. <h2>Navy career</h2> In 1924 he applied to the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis" title="Annapolis" class="mw-redirect">Annapolis</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, where he was recruited after he earned the nation's second highest score on academy tests.<a href="#cite_note-ElmaFarns1-12">[12]</a> However, he was already thinking ahead to his television projects and, upon learning the government would own his patents if he stayed in the military, he sought and received an honorable discharge, returning to Utah to continue to help support his mother.<a href="#cite_note-ElmaFarns1-12">[12]</a> <h2>Family</h2> Philo worked while his sister Agnes, the older of the two sisters, took charge of the family home and the second-floor boarding house (with the help of a cousin then living with the family). The Farnsworths later moved into half of a <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">duplex</a>, with family friends the Gardners moving into the other side when it became vacant.<a href="#cite_note-Schatzkin20-1-15">[15]</a> Philo developed a close friendship with Cliff Gardner, who shared Farnsworth's interest in electronics. The two moved to <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> to start a radio repair business.<a href="#cite_note-ElmaFarns1-12">[12]</a> The business failed and Gardner returned to Provo. Farnsworth remained in Salt Lake City, and through enrollment in a <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> job-placement service became acquainted with Leslie Gorrell and George Everson, a pair of San Francisco <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropist" title="Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect">philanthropists</a> who were then conducting a Salt Lake City <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Chest_(organization)" title="Community Chest (organization)">Community Chest</a> fundraising campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Schatzkin-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFarnsworth6-17">[17]</a> They agreed to fund Farnsworth's early <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> research with an initial $6,000 in backing,<a href="#cite_note-videopt2p97-18">[18]</a> and set up a laboratory in Los Angeles for Farnsworth to carry out his experiments.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Before relocating to California, Farnsworth married Gardner's sister, Elma “Pem” Gardner Farnsworth (February 25, 1908 – April 27, 2006),<a href="#cite_note-nyt2006-20">[20]</a> in May 1926,<a href="#cite_note-videopt2p97-18">[18]</a> and the two traveled to the West Coast in a <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_(car_or_coach)" title="Pullman (car or coach)">Pullman coach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElmaFarns1-12">[12]</a> <h2>Career</h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farnsworth_cvc_500h_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Farnsworth_cvc_500h_1.jpg/170px-Farnsworth_cvc_500h_1.jpg" width="170" height="459" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Farnsworth_cvc_500h_1.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Farnsworth_cvc_500h_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="500"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farnsworth_cvc_500h_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Philo T. Farnsworth in the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a>, U.S. Capitol, Washington, D.C.</div> </div> </div> A few months after arriving in California, Farnsworth was prepared to show his models and drawings to a patent attorney who was nationally recognized as an authority on <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electrophysics</a>. Everson and Gorrell agreed that Farnsworth should apply for patents for his designs, a decision which proved crucial in later disputes with <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collier.27s-21">[21]</a> Most television systems in use at the time used image scanning devices ("<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterisation" title="Rasterisation">rasterizers</a>") employing rotating "<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disks</a>" comprising lenses arranged in spiral patterns such that they swept across an image in a succession of short arcs while focusing the light they captured on <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photosensitive</a> elements, thus producing a varying electrical signal corresponding to the variations in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity_(physics)" title="Intensity (physics)">light intensity</a>. Farnsworth recognized the limitations of the mechanical systems, and that an all-electronic scanning system could produce a superior image for transmission to a receiving device.<a href="#cite_note-Collier.27s-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schatzkin14-15-22">[22]</a> On September 7, 1927, Farnsworth's <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_dissector" title="Image dissector">image dissector</a> camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, to a receiver in another room of his laboratory at 202 Green Street in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-videopt2p97-18">[18]</a> Pem Farnsworth recalled in 1985 that her husband broke the stunned silence of his lab assistants by saying, "There you are — electronic television!"<a href="#cite_note-videopt2p97-18">[18]</a> The source of the image was a glass slide, backlit by an <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamp</a>. An extremely bright source was required because of the low light sensitivity of the design. By 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press.<a href="#cite_note-sfmuseum-23">[23]</a> His backers had demanded to know when they would see dollars from the invention,<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-24">[24]</a> so the first image shown was, appropriately, a dollar sign. In 1929, the design was further improved by elimination of a <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor-generator" title="Motor-generator" class="mw-redirect">motor-generator</a>, so the television system now had no mechanical parts. That year, Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images using his television system, including a three and a half-inch image of his wife Pem with her eyes closed because of the blinding light required. Many inventors had built <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television#Electromechanical_television" title="History of television">electromechanical television</a> systems before Farnsworth's seminal contribution, but Farnsworth designed and built the world's first working <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television#Electronic_television" title="History of television">all-electronic television</a> system, employing electronic scanning in both the pickup and display devices. He first demonstrated his system to the press on September 3, 1928,<a href="#cite_note-sfmuseum-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFarnsworth108-25">[25]</a> and to the public at the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on August 25, 1934.<a href="#cite_note-TheHistoryofTV2-26">[26]</a> In 1930, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin" class="mw-redirect">Vladimir Zworykin</a>, who had been developing his own all-electronic television system at <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse</a> in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> since 1923, but which he had never been able to make work or satisfactorily demonstrate to his superiors,<a href="#cite_note-TheHistoryofTV4-27">[27]</a> was recruited by <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> to lead its television development department. Before leaving his old employer, Zworykin visited Farnsworth's laboratory and was sufficiently impressed with the performance of the Image Dissector that he reportedly had his team at Westinghouse make several copies of the device for experimentation.<a href="#cite_note-TheHistoryofTV6-28">[28]</a> But Zworykin later abandoned research on the Image Dissector, which at the time required extremely bright illumination of its subjects to be effective, and turned his attention to what would become the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TheHistoryofTV5-29">[29]</a> In a 1970s series of videotaped interviews, Zworykin recalled that, "Farnsworth was closer to this thing you're using now [i.e., a video camera] than anybody, because he used the cathode-ray tube for transmission. But, Farnsworth didn't have the mosaic [of discrete light elements], he didn't have storage. Therefore, [picture] definition was very low.... But he was very proud, and he stuck to his method."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 1931, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> of RCA offered to buy Farnsworth's patents for <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>100,000, with the stipulation that he become an employee of RCA, but Farnsworth refused.<a href="#cite_note-Everson1-6">[6]</a> In June of that year, Farnsworth joined the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a> company and moved to <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> along with his wife and two children.<a href="#cite_note-EFarnsworth135-8-31">[31]</a> RCA would later file an interference suit against Farnsworth, claiming Zworykin's 1923 patent had priority over Farnsworth's design, despite the fact it could present no evidence that Zworykin had actually produced a functioning transmitter tube before 1931. Farnsworth had lost two interference claims to Zworykin in 1928, but this time he prevailed and the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Patent_Office" title="U.S. Patent Office" class="mw-redirect">U.S. Patent Office</a> rendered a decision in 1934 awarding priority of the invention of the image dissector to Farnsworth. RCA lost a subsequent appeal, but litigation over a variety of issues continued for several years with Sarnoff finally agreeing to pay Farnsworth royalties.<a href="#cite_note-Postman-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burns-33">[33]</a> Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application;<a href="#cite_note-US1691324-34">[34]</a> he also divided his original application in 1931, receiving a patent in 1935,<a href="#cite_note-US2022450-35">[35]</a> while a second one was eventually issued in 1938<a href="#cite_note-US2141059-36">[36]</a> by the Court of Appeals on a non-Farnsworth-related interference case,<a href="#cite_note-Times1938-37">[37]</a> and over the objection of the Patent Office.<a href="#cite_note-FarnWhoWhat-38">[38]</a> In 1932, while in England to raise money for his legal battles with RCA, Farnsworth met with <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a>, a Scottish inventor who had given the world's first public demonstration of a working television system in London in 1926, using an electro-mechanical imaging system, and who was seeking to develop electronic television receivers. Baird demonstrated his mechanical system for Farnsworth.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Baird's company directors pursued a merger with Farnsworth, paying $50,000 to supply electronic television equipment and provide access to Farnsworth patents. Baird and Farnsworth competed with <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> for the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">U.K.</a> standard television system, but EMI merged with the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a> in 1934, gaining access to the RCA <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a> patents. After trials of both systems, the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> committee chose the Marconi-EMI system, which was by then virtually identical to RCA's system. The image dissector scanned well but had poor light sensitivity compared to the Marconi-EMI Iconoscopes, dubbed "Emitrons". After sailing to Europe in 1934, Farnsworth secured an agreement with Goerz-Bosch-Fernseh in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Collier.27s-21">[21]</a> Some image dissector cameras were used to broadcast the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Olympic Games</a> in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TheHistoryofTV3-40">[40]</a> In March 1932, Philco denied Farnsworth time to travel to Utah to bury his young son Kenny, placing a strain on Farnsworth's marriage, and possibly marking the beginning of his struggle with <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu-1">[1]</a> In May 1933, the Philco Corporation severed their relationship with Farnsworth because, in George Everson's words, "it [had] become apparent that Philo's aim at establishing a broad patent structure through research [was] not identical with the production program of Philco."<a href="#cite_note-TheHistoryofTV1-41">[41]</a> Many sources[<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words" class="mw-redirect">which?</a>] paint this breakup as Philco's idea, but in Everson's view the decision was mutual and amicable.<a href="#cite_note-Everson7-42">[42]</a> Farnsworth returned to his laboratory, and by 1936 his company was regularly transmitting entertainment programs on an experimental basis.<a href="#cite_note-Everson2-43">[43]</a> That same year, while working with <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biologists</a>, Farnsworth developed a process to sterilize milk using radio waves.<a href="#cite_note-db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu-1">[1]</a> He also invented a fog-penetrating beam for ships and airplanes.<a href="#cite_note-Collier.27s-21">[21]</a> In 1936 he attracted the attention of <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Weekly" title="Collier's Weekly" class="mw-redirect">Collier's Weekly</a>, which described his work in glowing terms. "One of those amazing facts of modern life that just don't seem possible – namely, electrically scanned television that seems destined to reach your home next year, was largely given to the world by a nineteen-year-old boy from Utah ... Today, barely thirty years old he is setting the specialized world of science on its ears." In 1938, Farnsworth established the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>, with E. A. Nicholas as president and himself as director of research.<a href="#cite_note-Everson1-6">[6]</a> In September 1939, after a more than decade-long legal battle, RCA finally conceded to a multi-year licensing agreement concerning Farnsworth's 1927 patent for television totaling $1 million. RCA was then free, after showcasing electronic television at <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">New York World's Fair</a> on April 20, 1939, to sell electronic television cameras to the public.<a href="#cite_note-Everson1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheHistoryofTV2-26">[26]</a> Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation was purchased by <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telephone_and_Telegraph" title="International Telephone and Telegraph" class="mw-redirect">International Telephone and Telegraph</a> (ITT) in 1951. During his time at ITT, Farnsworth worked in a basement laboratory known as "the cave" on Pontiac Street in Fort Wayne. From there he introduced a number of breakthrough concepts, including a defense early warning signal, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> detection devices, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> calibration equipment and an <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">infrared telescope</a>. "Philo was a very deep person – tough to engage in conversation, because he was always thinking about what he could do next," said Art Resler, an ITT photographer who documented Farnsworth’s work in pictures.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-7">[7]</a> One of Farnsworth's most significant contributions at ITT was the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Position_Indicator" title="Plan Position Indicator" class="mw-redirect">PPI Projector</a>, an enhancement on the iconic "circular sweep" <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_display" title="Radar display">radar display</a>, which allowed safe air traffic control from the ground. This system developed in the 1950s was the forerunner of today’s <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu-1">[1]</a> In addition to his electronics research, ITT management agreed to nominally fund Farnsworth's <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> research. He and staff members invented and refined a series of fusion reaction tubes called "<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">fusors</a>". For scientific reasons unknown to Farnsworth and his staff, the necessary reactions lasted no longer than thirty seconds. In December 1965, ITT came under pressure from its board of directors to terminate the expensive project and sell the Farnsworth subsidiary. It was only due to the urging of president <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Geneen" title="Harold Geneen">Harold Geneen</a> that the 1966 budget was accepted, extending ITT's fusion research for an additional year. The stress associated with this managerial ultimatum, however, caused Farnsworth to suffer a relapse. A year later he was terminated and eventually allowed medical retirement.<a href="#cite_note-Utah-bio-44">[44]</a> In the spring of 1967, Farnsworth and his family moved back to Utah to continue his fusion research at <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>, which presented him with an honorary doctorate. The university also offered him office space and an underground concrete bunker for the project. Realizing the fusion lab was to be dismantled at ITT, Farnsworth invited staff members to accompany him to <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" title="Salt Lake City, Utah" class="mw-redirect">Salt Lake City</a>, as team members in Philo T. Farnsworth Associates (PTFA). By late 1968, the associates began holding regular business meetings and PTFA was underway. Although a contract with the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</a> was promptly secured, and more possibilities were within reach, financing stalled for the $24,000 in monthly expenses required to cover salaries and equipment rental.<a href="#cite_note-Utah-bio-44">[44]</a> By <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> 1970, PTFA had failed to secure the necessary financing, and the Farnsworths had sold all their own ITT stock and cashed in Philo's <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">life insurance</a> policy to maintain organizational stability. The <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriter" title="Underwriter" class="mw-redirect">underwriter</a> had failed to provide the financial backing that was to have supported the organization during its critical first year. The banks called in all outstanding loans, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repossession" title="Repossession">repossession</a> notices were placed on anything not previously sold, and the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> put a lock on the laboratory door until delinquent taxes were paid. In January 1971, PTFA disbanded. Farnsworth had begun abusing alcohol in his later years,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and as a consequence he became seriously ill with <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, and died on March 11, 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Utah-bio-44">[44]</a> Farnsworth's wife Elma Gardner "Pem" Farnsworth fought for decades after his death to assure his place in history. Farnsworth always gave her equal credit for creating television, saying, "my wife and I started this TV." She died on April 27, 2006, at age 98.<a href="#cite_note-heraldextra.com-46">[46]</a> The inventor and wife were survived by two sons, Russell (then living in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>), and Kent (then living in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>).<a href="#cite_note-heraldextra.com-46">[46]</a> In 1999, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME_(magazine)" title="TIME (magazine)" class="mw-redirect">TIME</a> magazine included Farnsworth in the "<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Postman-32">[32]</a> <h2>Inventions</h2> <h3>Electronic television</h3> Farnsworth worked out the principle of the image dissector in the summer of 1921, not long before his fifteenth birthday, and demonstrated the first working version on September 7, 1927, having turned 21 the previous August. A farm boy, his inspiration for scanning an image as series of lines came from the back-and-forth motion used to plow a field.<a href="#cite_note-Schatzkin17-9-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schatzkin53-4-48">[48]</a> In the course of a patent interference <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">suit</a> brought by <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> in 1934 and decided in February 1935, his high school chemistry teacher, Justin Tolman, produced a sketch he had made of a blackboard drawing Farnsworth had shown him in spring 1922. Farnsworth won the suit; RCA appealed the decision in 1936 and lost.<a href="#cite_note-Schatzkin111-8-49">[49]</a> Although Farnsworth was paid royalties by RCA, he never became wealthy. The <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">video camera tube</a> that evolved from the combined work of Farnsworth, Zworykin and many others was used in all television cameras until the late 20th century, when alternate technologies such as <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled devices</a> started to appear.[<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Farnsworth also developed the "image oscillite", a cathode ray tube that displayed the images captured by the image dissector.<a href="#cite_note-Schatzkin50-50">[50]</a> Farnsworth called his device an image dissector because it converted individual elements of the image into electricity one at a time. He replaced the spinning disks with caesium, an element that emits electrons when exposed to light. <h3>Fusor</h3> The <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor</a> is an apparatus designed by Farnsworth to create <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>. Unlike most controlled fusion systems, which slowly heat a magnetically confined <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>, the fusor injects high temperature <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> directly into a reaction chamber, thereby avoiding a considerable amount of complexity. When the Farnsworth-Hirsch fusor was first introduced to the fusion research world in the late 1960s, the fusor was the first device that could clearly demonstrate it was producing fusion reactions at all. Hopes at the time were high that it could be quickly developed into a practical power source. However, as with other fusion experiments, development into a power source has proven difficult. Nevertheless, the fusor has since become a practical neutron source and is produced commercially for this role.<a href="#cite_note-fusor3-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fusor1-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-fusor2-52">[52]</a> <h3>Other inventions</h3> At the time he died, Farnsworth held 300 U.S. and foreign <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patents" title="Patents" class="mw-redirect">patents</a>. His inventions contributed to the development of <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra-red" title="Infra-red" class="mw-redirect">infra-red</a> night vision devices, the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscope</a>, the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit" title="Neonatal intensive care unit">baby incubator</a>, the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroscope" title="Gastroscope" class="mw-redirect">gastroscope</a>, and the astronomical <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Utah-bio-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <h2>TV appearance</h2> Although he was the man responsible for its technology, Farnsworth appeared only once on a television program. On July 3, 1957, he was a mystery guest ("Doctor X") on the CBS quiz show <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Got_A_Secret" title="I've Got A Secret" class="mw-redirect">I've Got A Secret</a>. He fielded questions from the panel as they unsuccessfully tried to guess his secret ("I invented electronic television."). For stumping the panel, he received $80 and a carton of Winston cigarettes.<a href="#cite_note-Schatzkin-16">[16]</a> Moore then spent a few minutes discussing with Farnsworth his research on such projects as <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_definition_television" title="High definition television" class="mw-redirect">high definition television</a>, flat-screen receivers, and fusion power.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Farnsworth said, "There had been attempts to devise a television system using mechanical disks and rotating mirrors and vibrating mirrors — all mechanical. My contribution was to take out the moving parts and make the thing entirely electronic, and that was the concept that I had when I was just a freshman in high school in the Spring of 1921 at age 14."<a href="#cite_note-EFarnsworth37-55">[55]</a> When Moore asked about others' contributions, Farnsworth agreed, "There are literally thousands of inventions important to television. I hold something in excess of 165 American patents." The host then asked about his current research, and the inventor replied, "In television, we're attempting first to make better utilization of the bandwidth, because we think we can eventually get in excess of 2000 lines instead of 525 ... and do it on an even narrower channel ... which will make for a much sharper picture. We believe in the picture-frame type of a picture, where the visual display will be just a screen. And we hope for a memory, so that the picture will be just as though it's pasted on there." A letter to the editor of the Idaho Falls Post Register disputed that Farnsworth had made only one television appearance. Roy Southwick claimed "... I interviewed Mr. [Philo] Farnsworth back in 1953 - the first day <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIDK-TV" title="KIDK-TV" class="mw-redirect">KID-TV</a> went on the air."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> KID-TV, which later became KIDK-TV, was then located near the Rigby area where Farnsworth grew up. <h2>Memorials and legacy</h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204"/></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philo_Farnsworth&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013)</td> </tr> </table> In a 1996 videotaped interview by the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences" title="Academy of Television Arts & Sciences">Academy of Television Arts & Sciences</a>, available on YouTube,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Elma Farnsworth recounts Philo's change of heart about the value of television, after seeing how it showed man walking on the moon, in real time, to millions of viewers: <dl> <dd>Interviewer: The image dissector was used to send shots back from the moon to earth.</dd> <dd>Elma Farnsworth: Right.</dd> <dd>Interviewer: What did Phil think of that?</dd> <dd>Elma Farnsworth: We were watching it, and, when Neil Armstrong landed on the moon, Phil turned to me and said, "Pem, this has made it all worthwhile." Before then, he wasn't too sure.</dd> </dl> In fiction, Farnsworth appeared in the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a> episode "<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_The_Presidents%27_Heads" title="All The Presidents' Heads" class="mw-redirect">All The Presidents' Heads</a>" as an ancestor of <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Farnsworth" title="Professor Farnsworth">Professor Farnsworth</a> and <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry_(Futurama)" title="Fry (Futurama)">Philip J. Fry</a>, and was referred to as having invented the television. Farnsworth and the introduction of television are significant characters in Carter Beats the Devil, a novel by Glen David Gold published in 2001 by Hyperion. A fictionalized representation of Farnsworth appears in Canadian writer Wayne Johnston's 1994 novel, Human Amusements. The main character in the novel appears as the protagonist in a television show that features Farnsworth as the main character. In the show, an adolescent Farnsworth invents many different devices (television among them) while being challenged at every turn by a rival inventor.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Francisco,_Farnsworth%27s_Green_Street_Lab_plaque.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/San_Francisco%2C_Farnsworth%27s_Green_Street_Lab_plaque.jpg/220px-San_Francisco%2C_Farnsworth%27s_Green_Street_Lab_plaque.jpg" width="220" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/San_Francisco%2C_Farnsworth%27s_Green_Street_Lab_plaque.jpg/330px-San_Francisco%2C_Farnsworth%27s_Green_Street_Lab_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/San_Francisco%2C_Farnsworth%27s_Green_Street_Lab_plaque.jpg/440px-San_Francisco%2C_Farnsworth%27s_Green_Street_Lab_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3487" data-file-height="3168"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Francisco,_Farnsworth%27s_Green_Street_Lab_plaque.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Plaque at the location of Farnsworth's San Francisco laboratory on Green Street.<a href="#cite_note-sfmuseum-23">[23]</a></div> </div> </div> <ul> <li>In 2006, Farnsworth was posthumously presented the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" title="Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)">Eagle Scout</a> award when it was discovered he had earned it but had never been presented with it. The award was presented to his wife, Pem, who died four months later.<a href="#cite_note-eagletter-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Farnsworth was posthumously inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.broadcastpioneers.com/">[1]</a> Hall of Fame in 2006.</li> <li>A bronze statue of Farnsworth represents Utah in the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a>, located in the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> building. Another statue sits inside the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Capitol" title="Utah State Capitol">Utah State Capitol</a>, in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Historical_and_Museum_Commission" title="Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission">Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission</a> marker located at 1260 E. Mermaid Lane, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndmoor,_Pennsylvania" title="Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania">Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania</a>, commemorates Farnsworth's television work there in the 1930s. The Plaque reads "Inventor of electronic television, he led some of the first experiments in live local TV broadcasting in the late 1930s from his station W3XPF located on this site. A pioneer in electronics, Farnsworth held many patents and was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame."</li> <li>On September 15, 1981 a plaque honoring Farnsworth as The Genius of Green Street was placed on the 202 Green Street location (37.80037N, 122.40251W) of his research laboratory in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" title="San Francisco, California" class="mw-redirect">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> by the State Department of Parks and recreation.<a href="#cite_note-sfmuseum-23">[23]</a></li> <li>The scenic "Farnsworth Steps" in San Francisco lead from Willard Street (just above Parnassus) up to Edgewood Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farnsworth_ldac.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Farnsworth_ldac.jpg/220px-Farnsworth_ldac.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Farnsworth_ldac.jpg/330px-Farnsworth_ldac.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Farnsworth_ldac.jpg/440px-Farnsworth_ldac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farnsworth_ldac.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Statue of Philo T. Farnsworth at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in San Francisco.</div> </div> </div> </li> <li>In March 2008, the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterman_Digital_Arts_Center" title="Letterman Digital Arts Center">Letterman Digital Arts Center</a> in San Francisco installed a statue of Farnsworth in front of its D building.</li> <li>A plaque honoring Farnsworth is located next to his former home in a historical district on the southwest corner of East State and St. Joseph boulevards in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Farnsworth's television-related work, including an original TV tube he developed, are on display at the Farnsworth TV & Pioneer Museum at 118 W. 1st S. Rigby, Idaho.</li> <li>A Farnsworth image dissector is on display at <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry%27s_Electronics" title="Fry's Electronics">Fry's Electronics</a> in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale, California</a>, along with other artifacts of the history of electronics in <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnsworth_Peak" title="Farnsworth Peak">Farnsworth Peak</a> on the northern end of the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oquirrh_Mountains" title="Oquirrh Mountains">Oquirrh Mountains</a>, approximately 18 miles (29 km) south west of Salt Lake City, Utah, is named after Philo Farnsworth. It is the location of many of the area's television and FM radio transmitters.</li> <li>The Philo Awards named after Philo Farnsworth is an annual <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-access_television" title="Public-access television">public-access television</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_TV" title="Cable TV" class="mw-redirect">cable TV</a> competition where the winners receive notice for their efforts in various categories in producing Community Media.</li> <li>Several buildings and streets around rural <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfield,_Maine" title="Brownfield, Maine">Brownfield, Maine</a> are named for Farnsworth as he lived there for some time.<a href="#cite_note-db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu-1">[1]</a></li> <li>A 1983 United States postage stamp honored Farnsworth.</li> <li>Farnsworth is one of the inventors honored with a plaque in the Walt Disney World's "Inventor's Circle" in Future World West in Epcot.<a href="#cite_note-The_shoulders_of_giants-64">[64]</a></li> <li>The eccentric broadcast engineer in the 1989 film <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF_(film)" title="UHF (film)">UHF</a> is named Philo in tribute to Farnsworth.</li> <li>On the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakman%27s_World" title="Beakman's World">Beakman's World</a> Season 1, Episode 10, aired Nov 14, 1992 "Levers, Beakmania, & Television" <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zaloom" title="Paul Zaloom">Paul Zaloom</a> appears as the "guest scientist" Philo T. Farnsworth explaining his own invention.</li> <li>Since 2003, the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences" title="Academy of Television Arts & Sciences">Academy of Television Arts & Sciences</a> (ATAS) has awarded the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_T._Farnsworth_Corporate_Achievement_Award" title="Philo T. Farnsworth Corporate Achievement Award" class="mw-redirect">Philo T. Farnsworth Corporate Achievement Award</a> on an irregular schedule, to companies who have significantly affected the state of television and broadcast engineering over a long period of time.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farnsworth_Invention" title="The Farnsworth Invention">The Farnsworth Invention</a>, a stage play by <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Sorkin" title="Aaron Sorkin">Aaron Sorkin</a> which debuted in 2007 after Sorkin adapted it from his unproduced screenplay, dramatized the conflict arising from Farnsworth's invention of TV and David Sarnoff of RCA's alleged stealing of the design.</li> <li>The 2009 <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SyFy" title="SyFy" class="mw-redirect">SyFy</a> television series <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse_13" title="Warehouse 13">Warehouse 13</a> features a video communicator affectionately called "The Farnsworth." In the show's universe, Philo Farnsworth built at least five of these communicators after creating television (including a very personalised one used by him) though it's possible he made more than that. He also has a "Farnsworth aisle" in the Warehouse which includes not just some parts and items created by him, but some of his nuclear fusion experiments that one character claims to still be "kicking." Farnsworth also makes an appearance in an episode in a flashback set in 1944 during Season 2.</li> <li>On January 10, 2011, Farnsworth was inducted by Mayor <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> into the newly established San Francisco Hall of Fame, in the science and technology category.</li> <li>In the video game <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenched" title="Trenched" class="mw-redirect">Trenched</a>, renamed as Iron Brigade, the main antagonist is a character named Vladamir Farnsworth, who created mechanical enemies known as "Tubes" which spread a deadly broadcast. This character name is alluding to Philo Farnsworth and <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a>, who invented the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">iconoscope</a>.</li> <li>He was inducted into the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Academy_Hall_of_Fame" title="Television Academy Hall of Fame" class="mw-redirect">Television Academy Hall of Fame</a> in 2013.</li> </ul> <h3>Misquote</h3> Farnsworth is sometimes quoted as telling his son Kent, with regard to television: "There's nothing on it worthwhile, and we're not going to watch it in this household, and I don't want it in your intellectual diet." Yet, his family's website makes it clear that this is Kent's summation of his father's view, rather than a direct quote.[<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <h2>Farnsworth television factory history</h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204"/></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text">This section does not <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references or sources</a>. Please help improve this section by <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (May 2013)</td> </tr> </table> In May and June 2010 the Farnsworth TV production factory in Fort Wayne, Indiana, was razed, eliminating the "cave" where many of Farnsworth's inventions were created, and mass-produced for sale to the public. It was located in the International Harvester Industrial Park on Pontiac Street. The Philo T. Farnsworth Television Museum and his residence, while living in Fort Wayne, still stands on the corner of State and St. Joseph Boulevards, in Fort Wayne. <h2>Patents</h2> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%;"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=HRd5AAAAEBAJ&dq=">U.S. Patent 1,773,980</a>: Television system (filed 7 January 1927, issued 26 August 1930)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US1773981">U.S. Patent 1,773,981</a>: Television receiving system (filed 7 January 1927, issued 26 August 1930)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US1758359">U.S. Patent 1,758,359</a>: Electric oscillator system (filed 7 January 1927, issued May 13, 1930)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US1806935">U.S. Patent 1,806,935</a>: Light valve (filed 7 January 1927, issued 26 May 1931)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2168768">U.S. Patent 2,168,768</a>: Television method (filed 9 January 1928, issued 8 August 1939)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US1970036">U.S. Patent 1,970,036</a>: Photoelectric apparatus (filed 9 January 1928, issued 14 August 1934)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2246625">U.S. Patent 2,246,625</a>: Television scanning and synchronization system (filed May 5, 1930, issued June 24, 1941)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US1941344">U.S. Patent 1,941,344</a>: Dissector target (filed 7 July 1930, issued 26 December 1933)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2140284">U.S. Patent 2,140,284</a>: Projecting oscillight (filed 14 July 1931, issued 13 December 1938)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2059683">U.S. Patent 2,059,683</a>: Scanning oscillator (filed 3 April 1933, issued 3 November 1936)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2087683">U.S. Patent 2,087,683</a>: Image dissector (filed 26 April 1933, issued 20 July 1937)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2071516">U.S. Patent 2,071,516</a>: Oscillation generator (filed 5 July 1934, issued 23 February 1937)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2143145">U.S. Patent 2,143,145</a>: Projection means (filed 6 November 1934, issued 10 January 1939)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2233887">U.S. Patent 2,233,887</a>: Image projector (filed 6 February 1935, issued 4 March 1941)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2143262">U.S. Patent 2,143,262</a>: Means of electron <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipaction" title="Multipaction" class="mw-redirect">multipaction</a> (filed 12 March 1935, issued 10 January 1939)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2174488">U.S. Patent 2,174,488</a>: Oscillator (filed 12 March 1935, issued 26 September 1939)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2221473">U.S. Patent 2,221,473</a>: Amplifier (filed 12 March 1935, issued 12 November 1940)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2155478">U.S. Patent 2,155,478</a>: Means for producing incandescent images (filed 7 May 1935, issued 25 April 1939)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2140695">U.S. Patent 2,140,695</a>: Charge storage dissector (filed 6 July 1935, issued 20 December 1938)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2228388">U.S. Patent 2,228,388</a>: Cathode ray amplifier (filed 6 July 1935, issued 14 January 1941)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2233888">U.S. Patent 2,233,888</a>: Charge storage amplifier (filed 6 July 1935, issued 4 March 1941)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2251124">U.S. Patent 2,251,124</a>: Cathode ray amplifying tube (filed 10 August 1935, issued 29 July 1941)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2100842">U.S. Patent 2,100,842</a>: Charge storage tube (filed 14 September 1935, issued 30 November 1937)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2137528">U.S. Patent 2,137,528</a>: Multipactor oscillator (filed 27 January 1936, issued 22 November 1938)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2214077">U.S. Patent 2,214,077</a>: Scanning current generator (filed 10 February 1936, issued 10 September 1940)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=AzNMAAAAEBAJ&dq=">U.S. Patent 2,089,054</a>: Incandescent light source (filed 9 March 1936, issued 3 August 1937)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2159521">U.S. Patent 2,159,521</a>: Absorption oscillator (filed 9 March 1936, issued 23 May 1939)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2139813">U.S. Patent 2,139,813</a>: Secondary emission electrode (filed 24 March 1936, issued 13 December 1938)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2204479">U.S. Patent 2,204,479</a>: Means and method for producing electronic multiplication (filed 16 May 1936, issued 11 June 1940)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2140832">U.S. Patent 2,140,832</a>: Means and method of controlling electron multipliers (filed 16 May 1936, issued 20 December 1938)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2260613">U.S. Patent 2,260,613</a>: Electron multiplier (filed 18 May 1936, issued 28 October 1941)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=v-YBAAAAEBAJ&dq=">U.S. Patent 2,141,837</a>: Multistage multipactor (filed 1 June 1936, issued 27 December 1938)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2216265">U.S. Patent 2,216,265</a>: Image dissector (filed 18 August 1936, issued 1 October 1940)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2128580">U.S. Patent 2,128,580</a>: Means and method of operating electron multipliers (filed 18 August 1936, issued 30 August 1938)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2143146">U.S. Patent 2,143,146</a>: Repeater (filed 31 October 1936, issued 10 January 1939)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2139814">U.S. Patent 2,139,814</a>: Cathode ray tube (filed 2 November 1936, issued 13 December 1938)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2109289">U.S. Patent 2,109,289</a>: High power projection oscillograph (filed 2 November 1936, issued 22 February 1938)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2184910">U.S. Patent 2,184,910</a>: <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a> electron discharge tube (filed 4 November 1936, issued 26 December 1939)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2179996">U.S. Patent 2,179,996</a>: Electron multiplier (filed 9 November 1936, issued 14 November 1939)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2221374">U.S. Patent 2,221,374</a>: <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> projection device</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US2263032">U.S. Patent 2,263,032</a>: Cold cathode electron discharge tube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US3258402">U.S. Patent 3,258,402</a>: Electric discharge device for producing interaction between nuclei</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US3386883">U.S. Patent 3,386,883</a>: Method and apparatus for producing <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> reactions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.google.com/patents/US3664920">U.S. Patent 3,664,920</a>: <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic" title="Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect">Electrostatic</a> containment in fusion reactors</li> </ul> </div> <h2>References</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu_1-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://web.archive.org/web/20080422211543/http://db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu/lucene/Manuscripts/null/Ms0648.xml/complete">"The Philo T. and Elma G. Farnsworth Papers (1924-1992)"</a>. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Willard_Marriott_Library" title="J. Willard Marriott Library">Marriott Library</a> Special Collections. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://db3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu/lucene/Manuscripts/null/Ms0648.xml/complete">the original</a> on April 22, 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.btitle=The+Philo+T.+and+Elma+G.+Farnsworth+Papers+%281924-1992%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb3-sql.staff.library.utah.edu%2Flucene%2FManuscripts%2Fnull%2FMs0648.xml%2Fcomplete&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Marriott+Library+Special+Collections&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Obituary <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_Obituaries" title="Variety Obituaries">Variety</a>, March 17, 1971, page 79.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.farnovision.com/chronicles/tfc-who_invented_what.html">"Who Invented What?"</a>. The Farnsworth Chronicles. Retrieved 12 May 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.btitle=Who+Invented+What%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farnovision.com%2Fchronicles%2Ftfc-who_invented_what.html&rft.pub=The+Farnsworth+Chronicles&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://books.google.com/books?id=yt8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA838">New Television System Uses 'Magnetic Lens'</a>". Popular Mechanics, Dec. 1934, p. 838–839. Retrieved 2010-03-13.</li> <li id="cite_note-Burns370-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Burns370_5-0">^</a> Burns, R. W. (1998), Television: An international history of the formative years. IEE History of Technology Series, 22. London: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.theiet.org/">The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IEE)</a>, p. 370. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852969147" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85296-914-7</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Everson1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Everson1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everson1_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everson1_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everson1_6-3">d</a> Everson, George (1949). The Story of Television: The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Co." title="W. W. Norton & Co." class="mw-redirect">W. W. Norton & Co.</a> p. page #?. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-06042-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-06042-4">0-405-06042-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.au=Everson%2C+George&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Television%3A+The+Life+of+Philo+T.+Farnsworth&rft.date=1949&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-405-06042-4&rft.pages=%27%27%27page+%23%3F%27%27%27&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2007-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2007_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2007_7-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://web.archive.org/web/20070220105339/http://www.itt.com/news/adv_prog/safer.html">"ITT, Advancing Human Progress"</a>. ITT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.itt.com/news/adv_prog/safer.html">the original</a> on 2007-02-20. Retrieved 2007-07-05.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.btitle=ITT%2C+Advancing+Human+Progress&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itt.com%2Fnews%2Fadv_prog%2Fsafer.html&rft.pub=ITT&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fusor3-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fusor3_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fusor3_8-1">b</a> Miley G. H. and J. Sved, "The IEC star-mode fusion neutron source for NAA--status and next-step designs". U.S. National Library of Medicine, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>, October 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11003520">PubMed</a> Retrieved 2010-03-13.</li> <li id="cite_note-fusor4-9"><a href="#cite_ref-fusor4_9-0">^</a> Bussard, Robert W.; Mark Duncan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://askmar.com/ConferenceNotes/Should%20Google%20Go%20Nuclear.pdf">"Should Google Go Nuclear"</a> (PDF). Askmar.com. p. 5. Retrieved 2012-07-05.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.au=Bussard%2C+Robert+W.&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.aulast=Bussard&rft.au=Mark+Duncan&rft.btitle=Should+Google+Go+Nuclear&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faskmar.com%2FConferenceNotes%2FShould%2520Google%2520Go%2520Nuclear.pdf&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Askmar.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-videopt1p71-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-videopt1p71_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-videopt1p71_10-1">b</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lovece" title="Frank Lovece">Lovece, Frank</a> (August 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.scribd.com/doc/146221929/Zworykin-v-Farnsworth-Part-1-The-Strange-Story-of-TV-s-Troubled-Origin">"Zworykin vs. Farnsworth, Part I: The Strange Story of TV's Troubled Origins"</a>. Video. p. 71. Retrieved May 20, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.atitle=Zworykin+vs.+Farnsworth%2C+Part+I%3A+The+Strange+Story+of+TV%27s+Troubled+Origins&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Lovece&rft.au=Lovece%2C+Frank&rft.date=August+1985&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F146221929%2FZworykin-v-Farnsworth-Part-1-The-Strange-Story-of-TV-s-Troubled-Origin&rft.jtitle=Video&rft.pages=71&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schatzkin7-10-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Schatzkin7-10_11-0">^</a> Schatzkin, Paul (2002), The Boy Who Invented Television. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, pp. 7-10. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1928791301" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-928791-30-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-ElmaFarns1-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ElmaFarns1_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElmaFarns1_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElmaFarns1_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElmaFarns1_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElmaFarns1_12-4">e</a> Farnsworth, Elma G. (1990). Distant Vision: Romance and Discovery of an Invisible Frontier. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>: PemberlyKent Publishers, Inc. p. page #?. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9623276-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9623276-0-5">978-0-9623276-0-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.au=Farnsworth%2C+Elma+G.&rft.aufirst=Elma+G.&rft.aulast=Farnsworth&rft.btitle=Distant+Vision%3A+Romance+and+Discovery+of+an+Invisible+Frontier&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-9623276-0-5&rft.pages=%27%27%27page+%23%3F%27%27%27&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=PemberlyKent+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnouw1990-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Barnouw1990_13-0">^</a> Barnouw, Erik (1990). Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television. New York: Oxford University Press.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.au=Barnouw%2C+Erik&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.aulast=Barnouw&rft.btitle=Tube+of+Plenty%3A+The+Evolution+of+American+Television&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Godfrey, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm">"Farnsworth, Philo: U.S. Inventor"</a>. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved 2007-07-05.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Godfrey%2C+Donald&rft.aulast=Godfrey&rft.btitle=Farnsworth%2C+Philo%3A+U.S.+Inventor&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.tv%2Farchives%2Fetv%2FF%2FhtmlF%2Ffarnsworthp%2Ffarnsworthp.htm&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Broadcast+Communications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schatzkin20-1-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Schatzkin20-1_15-0">^</a> Schatzkin, Paul (2002), The Boy Who Invented Television. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, pp. 20-1. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1928791301" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-928791-30-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Schatzkin-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schatzkin_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schatzkin_16-1">b</a> Schatzkin, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.farnovision.com/chronicles/tfc-secret.html">"The Farnsworth Chronicles"</a>. Farnovision.com. Retrieved 2006-09-08.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Schatzkin&rft.au=Schatzkin%2C+Paul&rft.btitle=The+Farnsworth+Chronicles&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farnovision.com%2Fchronicles%2Ftfc-secret.html&rft.pub=Farnovision.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFarnsworth6-17"><a href="#cite_ref-EFarnsworth6_17-0">^</a> Farnsworth, Elma G., p. 6.</li> <li id="cite_note-videopt2p97-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-videopt2p97_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-videopt2p97_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-videopt2p97_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-videopt2p97_18-3">d</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lovece" title="Frank Lovece">Lovece, Frank</a> (September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.scribd.com/doc/146222148/Zworykin-v-Farnsworth-Part-2-TV-s-Founding-Fathers-Finally-Meet-in-the-Lab">"Zworykin vs. Farnsworth, Part II: TV's Founding Father Finally Meet — In the Lab"</a>. Video. p. 97. Retrieved May 20, 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.atitle=Zworykin+vs.+Farnsworth%2C+Part+II%3A+TV%27s+Founding+Father+Finally+Meet+%E2%80%94+In+the+Lab&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Lovece&rft.au=Lovece%2C+Frank&rft.date=September+1985&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F146222148%2FZworykin-v-Farnsworth-Part-2-TV-s-Founding-Fathers-Finally-Meet-in-the-Lab&rft.jtitle=Video&rft.pages=97&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.earlytelevision.org/philo_farnsworth.html">"Early Electronic TV"</a>. Early Television Foundation. Retrieved 2008-09-21.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.btitle=Early+Electronic+TV&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlytelevision.org%2Fphilo_farnsworth.html&rft.pub=Early+Television+Foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt2006-20"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt2006_20-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/03/arts/television/03farnsworth.html?_r=1&scp=2&sq=philo+farnsworth&st=nyt&oref=slogin">"Elma Gardner Farnsworth, 98, Who Helped Husband Develop TV, Dies"</a>. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. May 3, 2006.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.atitle=Elma+Gardner+Farnsworth%2C+98%2C+Who+Helped+Husband+Develop+TV%2C+Dies&rft.date=May+3%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F03%2Farts%2Ftelevision%2F03farnsworth.html%3F_r%3D1%26scp%3D2%26sq%3Dphilo%2Bfarnsworth%26st%3Dnyt%26oref%3Dslogin&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collier.27s-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collier.27s_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier.27s_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier.27s_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collier.27s_21-3">d</a> Collier's Magazine, October 3, 1936.</li> <li id="cite_note-Schatzkin14-15-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Schatzkin14-15_22-0">^</a> Schatzkin, Paul (2002), The Boy Who Invented Television. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, pp. 14-15. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1928791301" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-928791-30-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-sfmuseum-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfmuseum_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfmuseum_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfmuseum_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfmuseum_23-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/philo.html">"Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906-1971)"</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Museum_of_the_City_of_San_Francisco" title="Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco" class="mw-redirect">Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco</a>, retrieved 2009-07-15.</li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_24-0">^</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Schwartz_(author)" title="Evan Schwartz (author)">Schwartz, Evan I.</a>, The Last Lone Inventor: A Tale of Genius, Deceit & the Birth of Television, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, 2002. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0066210690" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-06-621069-0</a></li> <li id="cite_note-EFarnsworth108-25"><a href="#cite_ref-EFarnsworth108_25-0">^</a> Farnsworth, Elma G., p. 108.</li> <li id="cite_note-TheHistoryofTV2-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV2_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV2_26-1">b</a> Abramson, Albert (1987). The History of Television, 1880 to 1941. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina" title="Jefferson, North Carolina">Jefferson, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Co." title="McFarland & Co." class="mw-redirect">McFarland & Co.</a> p. 209. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-284-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-284-9">0-89950-284-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.au=Abramson%2C+Albert&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Television%2C+1880+to+1941&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-89950-284-9&rft.pages=209&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheHistoryofTV4-27"><a href="#cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV4_27-0">^</a> Abramson, pp. 79-81.</li> <li id="cite_note-TheHistoryofTV6-28"><a href="#cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV6_28-0">^</a> Abramson, pp. 149-151.</li> <li id="cite_note-TheHistoryofTV5-29"><a href="#cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV5_29-0">^</a> Abramson, p. 173.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Lovece, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.scribd.com/doc/146222148/Zworykin-v-Farnsworth-Part-2-TV-s-Founding-Fathers-Finally-Meet-in-the-Lab">"Part II", p. 98</a></li> <li id="cite_note-EFarnsworth135-8-31"><a href="#cite_ref-EFarnsworth135-8_31-0">^</a> Farnsworth, Elma G., pp. 135-8.</li> <li id="cite_note-Postman-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Postman_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Postman_32-1">b</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman, Neil</a> (1999-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/farnsworth.html">"The Time 100: Scientists & Thinkers: Philo Farnsworth"</a>. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved 2009-07-28.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.atitle=The+Time+100%3A+Scientists+%26+Thinkers%3A+Philo+Farnsworth&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.aulast=Postman&rft.au=Postman%2C+Neil&rft.date=1999-03-29&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Ftime100%2Fscientist%2Fprofile%2Ffarnsworth.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Burns_33-0">^</a> Burns, R. W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://books.google.com/?id=gZcwhVyiMqsC&pg=PA366&dq=Dieckmann+Hell+image-dissector-tube+aperture+Farnsworth&q=Dieckmann%20Hell%20image-dissector-tube%20aperture%20Farnsworth">Television: an international history of the formative years</a>. IET. p. 366. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-914-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-914-4">978-0-85296-914-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.au=Burns%2C+R.+W.&rft.aulast=Burns%2C+R.+W.&rft.btitle=Television%3A+an+international+history+of+the+formative+years&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DgZcwhVyiMqsC%26pg%3DPA366%26dq%3DDieckmann%2BHell%2Bimage-dissector-tube%2Baperture%2BFarnsworth%26q%3DDieckmann%2520Hell%2520image-dissector-tube%2520aperture%2520Farnsworth&rft.isbn=978-0-85296-914-4&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=IET&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US1691324-34"><a href="#cite_ref-US1691324_34-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=mZ9KAAAAEBAJ">Zworykin, Vladimir K., Television System</a>. Patent No. 1691324, U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1925-07-13, issued 1928-11-13. Retrieved 2009-07-28</li> <li id="cite_note-US2022450-35"><a href="#cite_ref-US2022450_35-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.google.com/patents?id=tQt-AAAAEBAJ">Zworykin, Vladimir K., Television System</a>. Patent No. 2022450, U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1923-12-29, issued 1935-11-26. Retrieved 2010-05-10.</li> <li id="cite_note-US2141059-36"><a href="#cite_ref-US2141059_36-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=bdYBAAAAEBAJ&dq=Zworykin+1923">Zworykin, Vladimir K., Television System</a>. Patent No. 2141059, U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1923-12-29, issued 1938-12-20. Retrieved 2009-11-19.</li> <li id="cite_note-Times1938-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Times1938_37-0">^</a> "Wins Basic Patent in Television Field," <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, Dec. 22, 1938, p. 38:6. Retrieved 2010-03-04.</li> <li id="cite_note-FarnWhoWhat-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FarnWhoWhat_38-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.farnovision.com/chronicles/tfc-who_invented_what.html">Schatzkin, Paul (1977, 2001), "Who Invented What -- and When??"</a>, The Farnsworth Chronicles. Retrieved 2009-11-19.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Godfrey, D. G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.amazon.com/Philo-T-Farnsworth-Donald-Godfrey/dp/0874806755">"Philo T. Farnsworth: The Father of Television. University of Utah Press."</a>. Amazon.com. p. 69. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-6755" title="Special:BookSources/0-87480-6755">0-87480-6755</a>. Retrieved 2012-07-05.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rft.au=Godfrey%2C+D.+G.&rft.aulast=Godfrey&rft.btitle=Philo+T.+Farnsworth%3A+The+Father+of+Television.+University+of+Utah+Press.&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FPhilo-T-Farnsworth-Donald-Godfrey%2Fdp%2F0874806755&rft.isbn=0-87480-6755&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Amazon.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheHistoryofTV3-40"><a href="#cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV3_40-0">^</a> Abramson, pp. 232-233.</li> <li id="cite_note-TheHistoryofTV1-41"><a href="#cite_ref-TheHistoryofTV1_41-0">^</a> Abramson, p. 195.</li> <li id="cite_note-Everson7-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Everson7_42-0">^</a> Everson, pp.. 135-136.</li> <li id="cite_note-Everson2-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Everson2_43-0">^</a> Everson, pp. 199-211.</li> <li id="cite_note-Utah-bio-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Utah-bio_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utah-bio_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utah-bio_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utah-bio_44-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/UU_EAD,2160">"Biography of Philo Taylor Farnsworth"</a>. University of Utah Marriott Library Special Collections. Retrieved 2007-07-05.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Philo+Taylor+Farnsworth&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2FUU_EAD%2C2160&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Marriott+Library+Special+Collections&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Largo" title="Michael Largo">Michael Largo</a> (2006). Final Exits: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of How We Die (New York: <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Collins" title="Harper Collins" class="mw-redirect">Harper Collins</a>, <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060817411" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-06-081741-1</a>) p. 29.</li> <li id="cite_note-heraldextra.com-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heraldextra.com_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-heraldextra.com_46-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.heraldextra.com/content/view/177009/">Hummel, Debbie. "Elma Farnsworth, widow of TV pioneer, dies at 98"</a>, Daily Herald (Provo, Utah), April 28, 2006, p. D5.</li> <li id="cite_note-Schatzkin17-9-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Schatzkin17-9_47-0">^</a> Schatzkin, Paul (2002), The Boy Who Invented Television. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, pp. 17–9. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1928791301" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-928791-30-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Schatzkin53-4-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Schatzkin53-4_48-0">^</a> Schatzkin, Paul (2002), The Boy Who Invented Television. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, pp. 53–4. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1928791301" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-928791-30-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Schatzkin111-8-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Schatzkin111-8_49-0">^</a> Schatzkin, Paul (2002), The Boy Who Invented Television. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, pp. 111–8. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1928791301" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-928791-30-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Schatzkin50-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Schatzkin50_50-0">^</a> Schatzkin, Paul (2002), The Boy Who Invented Television. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, p. 50. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1928791301" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-928791-30-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Fusor1-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Fusor1_51-0">^</a> Cartlidge, Edwin. The Secret World of Amateur Fusion. Physics World, March 2007: IOP Publishing Ltd, pp. 10-11. ISSN: 0953-8585.</li> <li id="cite_note-fusor2-52"><a href="#cite_ref-fusor2_52-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://physicsworldarchive.iop.org/index.cfm?action=summary&doc=20/3/phwv20i3a18@pwa-xml&qt=the%20secret%20world%20of%20amateur%20fusion">"The Secret World of Amateur Fusion"</a>. Physics World. March 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.atitle=The+Secret+World+of+Amateur+Fusion&rft.date=March+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworldarchive.iop.org%2Findex.cfm%3Faction%3Dsummary%26doc%3D20%2F3%2Fphwv20i3a18%40pwa-xml%26qt%3Dthe%2520secret%2520world%2520of%2520amateur%2520fusion&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/farnsworth.cfm">"Philo T. Farnsworth"</a>, The Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved 2008-04-08.</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKM4MNrB25o">Philo Farnsworth on I've Got A Secret</a> on <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li id="cite_note-EFarnsworth37-55"><a href="#cite_ref-EFarnsworth37_55-0">^</a> Farnsworth, Elma G., p. 37.</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Idaho Falls Post Register, December 10, 2007, p. A4 (digital version requires subscription)</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDUU4bgyt8o#t=4m22s">Elma Farnsworth - Archive Interview Part 10 of 12</a> on <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Johnston, Wayne (July 1994). Human Amusements. McClelland and Stewart.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Wayne&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.btitle=Human+Amusements&rft.date=July+1994&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eagletter-59"><a href="#cite_ref-eagletter_59-0">^</a> "TV Pioneer Recognized as Eagle Scout". Eagletter 32 (2): 10. Fall 2006.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.atitle=TV+Pioneer+Recognized+as+Eagle+Scout&rft.date=Fall+2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Eagletter&rft.pages=10&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=32" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.roadsideamerica.com/tip/13177">"Visitor Tips and News About Statue of Philo Farnsworth, Inventor of TV"</a>. Roadsideamerica.com. Retrieved 2012-07-05.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.btitle=Visitor+Tips+and+News+About+Statue+of+Philo+Farnsworth%2C+Inventor+of+TV&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadsideamerica.com%2Ftip%2F13177&rft.pub=Roadsideamerica.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Weekes, G. (2010-09-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.aaatravelviews.com/post/2010/09/09/San-Franciscoe28099s-Hidden-Stairways.aspx">"San Francisco’s Hidden Stairways"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.aaatravelviews.com/default.aspx">AAA TravelViews</a>. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association" title="American Automobile Association">AAA</a>. Retrieved 2011-09-06.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.atitle=San+Francisco%E2%80%99s+Hidden+Stairways&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Weekes&rft.au=Weekes%2C+G.&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaatravelviews.com%2Fpost%2F2010%2F09%2F09%2FSan-Franciscoe28099s-Hidden-Stairways.aspx&rft.jtitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaatravelviews.com%2Fdefault.aspx+AAA+TravelViews%5D&rft.pub=AAA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Bakalinsky, A. (2010-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.google.com/books?id=9NxFDweuFtkC&pg=PT29">Stairway Walks in San Francisco</a> (7th ed.). <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Press" title="Wilderness Press">Wilderness Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89997-637-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89997-637-2">978-0-89997-637-2</a>. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/617591964">617591964</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.au=Bakalinsky%2C+A.&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Bakalinsky&rft.btitle=Stairway+Walks+in+San+Francisco&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft.edition=7th&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NxFDweuFtkC%26pg%3DPT29&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F617591964&rft.isbn=978-0-89997-637-2&rft.pub=Wilderness+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Rosa Salter Rodriguez (2009-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20090712/FEAT/307129939/1162">"Dwelling on accomplishments"</a>. The Journal Gazette. Retrieved 2012-07-05.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.aulast=Rosa+Salter+Rodriguez&rft.au=Rosa+Salter+Rodriguez&rft.btitle=Dwelling+on+accomplishments&rft.date=2009-07-12&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalgazette.net%2Farticle%2F20090712%2FFEAT%2F307129939%2F1162&rft.pub=The+Journal+Gazette&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_shoulders_of_giants-64"><a href="#cite_ref-The_shoulders_of_giants_64-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.mainstgazette.com/2009/07/shoulders-of-giants.html">"Main Street Gazette: The shoulders of giants"</a>. Mainstgazette.com. 2009-07-16. Retrieved 2012-07-05.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilo+Farnsworth&rft.btitle=Main+Street+Gazette%3A+The+shoulders+of+giants&rft.date=2009-07-16&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainstgazette.com%2F2009%2F07%2Fshoulders-of-giants.html&rft.pub=Mainstgazette.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> </div> <h2>Further reading</h2> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li>Abramson, Albert. The History of Television, 1942 to 2000. (2003). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786412208" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7864-1220-8</a>.</li> <li>Farnsworth, Russell. (2002). Philo T. Farnsworth: The Life of Television's Forgotten Inventor. Hockessin, Delaware: Mitchell Lane Publishers. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584151760" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58415-176-0</a> (cloth)</li> <li>Fisher, David E. and Marshall J., 1996. Tube, the Invention of Television. Washington D.C.: Counterpoint. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1887178171" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-887178-17-1</a></li> <li>Godfrey, D. G., 2001. Philo T. Farnsworth: The Father of Television. University of Utah Press. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874806755" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-87480-675-5</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Schwartz_(author)" title="Evan Schwartz (author)">Schwartz, Evan I.</a>, 2002. The Last Lone Inventor: A Tale of Genius, Deceit & the Birth of Television. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060935596" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-06-093559-6</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Stashower" title="Daniel Stashower">Stashower, Daniel</a>, 2002. The Boy Genius and the Mogul: The Untold Story of Television. New York: Broadway Books. <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0767907590" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7679-0759-0</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>External links</h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Philo_Taylor_Farnsworth" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Philo Taylor Farnsworth">Philo Taylor Farnsworth</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://philotfarnsworth.com/">Official Homepage: “Philo. T Farnsworth Archives” (managed by Farnsworth heirs)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/1_1_6_detail.asp?vInventorID=56">National Inventors Hall of Fame profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.lib.utah.edu/spc/photo/p437/p437.html">Philo Farnsworth photo archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://rigby.govoffice.com/">Rigby, Idaho: Birthplace of Television (Jefferson County Historical Society and Museum)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.farnovision.com/">The Boy Who Invented Television; by Paul Schatzkin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.timelines.ws/subjects/Television.HTML">Television Timeline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.earlytelevision.org/farnsworth_1939_article.html">1939 Farnsworth Article</a> (from the <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_News-Sentinel" title="Fort Wayne News-Sentinel" class="mw-redirect">Fort Wayne News-Sentinel</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=3661">Philo Farnsworth's Gravesite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.farnsworthonbroadway.com/">The Farnsworth Invention on Broadway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://thefarnsworthinvention.com/">The Farnsworth Invention (Broadway Play) Fact -v- Fiction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=%22elma+farnsworth%22">Archive of American Television oral history interview with Philo Farnsworth's widow, Elma "Pem" Farnsworth</a>\</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKM4MNrB25o">Video of Farnsworth on Television's "I've Got a Secret"</a> on <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/170335-1/Daniel+Stashower.aspx">Booknotes interview with Daniel Stashower on The Boy Genius and the Mogul: The Untold Story of Television, July 21, 2002.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/technology/bigdream/bigdreamts.html">PBS American Experience: Big Dreams Small Screen. Detailed website of a PBS documentary about the development of television that seems to give relatively more credit for the development of television to Farnsworth as opposed to the RCA team lead by Victor Zworykin but that seems fair</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://www.broadcastpioneers.com/">Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia website</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Telecommunications&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunications</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div class="floatright"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg" class="image" title="Telecommunications symbol"><img alt="Telecommunications symbol" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/50px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/75px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/100px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a></div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line#History" title="Semaphore line">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_prepaid_mobile_phone" title="History of the prepaid mobile phone">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_communication_technology" title="Timeline of communication technology">Timeline of communication technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing#History" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone#Early_history" title="Videophone">Videophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Pioneers</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li>Philo Farnsworth</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Papin_Tissot" title="Camille Papin Tissot">Camille Papin Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">Telephone lines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave#Communication" title="Microwave">Terrestrial microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">Molecules</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">Terminal node</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> (<a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO#SDMA" title="Multi-user MIMO">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" title="Code division multiple access">Code-division</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Networks</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network" title="Television network">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By continent</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Africa</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Angola" title="Telecommunications in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Benin" title="Telecommunications in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Botswana" title="Telecommunications in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Telecommunications in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burundi" title="Telecommunications in Burundi" class="mw-redirect">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cameroon" title="Telecommunications in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cape_Verde" title="Telecommunications in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Comoros" title="Telecommunications in Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Djibouti" title="Telecommunications in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Eritrea" title="Telecommunications in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gabon" title="Telecommunications in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Gambia" title="Telecommunications in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Telecommunications in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Telecommunications in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lesotho" title="Telecommunications in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liberia" title="Telecommunications in Liberia" class="mw-redirect">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Libya" title="Telecommunications in Libya" class="mw-redirect">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madagascar" title="Telecommunications in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malawi" title="Telecommunications in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritania" title="Telecommunications in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritius" title="Telecommunications in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Morocco" title="Telecommunications in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mozambique" title="Telecommunications in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Namibia" title="Telecommunications in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niger" title="Telecommunications in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Telecommunications in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Senegal" title="Telecommunications in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Seychelles" title="Telecommunications in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Telecommunications in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somalia" title="Telecommunications in Somalia" class="mw-redirect">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Swaziland" title="Telecommunications in Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tanzania" title="Telecommunications in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Togo" title="Telecommunications in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tunisia" title="Telecommunications in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uganda" title="Telecommunications in Uganda" class="mw-redirect">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zambia" title="Telecommunications in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telecommunications in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" class="mw-redirect">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somaliland" title="Telecommunications in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Canary Islands" class="mw-redirect">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ceuta" title="Telecommunications in Ceuta" class="mw-redirect">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Melilla" title="Telecommunications in Melilla" class="mw-redirect">Melilla</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Plazas de soberanía (page does not exist)">Plazas de soberanía</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madeira" title="Telecommunications in Madeira" class="mw-redirect">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mayotte" title="Telecommunications in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Telecommunications in Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Helena" title="Telecommunications in Saint Helena" class="mw-redirect">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ascension_Island" title="Telecommunications in Ascension Island" class="mw-redirect">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Telecommunications in Tristan da Cunha" class="mw-redirect">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Asia</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bahrain" title="Telecommunications in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bhutan" title="Telecommunications in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brunei" title="Telecommunications in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burma" title="Telecommunications in Burma">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_East_Timor" title="Telecommunications in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iran" title="Telecommunications in Iran" class="mw-redirect">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Israel" title="Telecommunications in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Japan" title="Telecommunications in Japan" class="mw-redirect">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jordan" title="Telecommunications in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kuwait" title="Telecommunications in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Telecommunications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Laos" title="Telecommunications in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Maldives" title="Telecommunications in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Oman" title="Telecommunications in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Qatar" title="Telecommunications in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tajikistan" title="Telecommunications in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkmenistan" title="Telecommunications in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Telecommunications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telecommunications in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vietnam" title="Telecommunications in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Yemen" title="Telecommunications in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="Telecommunications in the Palestinian territories" class="mw-redirect">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Telecommunications in Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Macau" title="Telecommunications in Macau">Macau</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Europe_topic&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Telecommunications in Europe" class="mw-redirect">Telecommunications in Europe</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Andorra" title="Telecommunications in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bulgaria" title="Telecommunications in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Denmark" title="Telecommunications in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Monaco" title="Telecommunications in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Poland" title="Telecommunications in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" title="Telecommunications in Romania" class="mw-redirect">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_San_Marino" title="Telecommunications in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kosovo" title="Telecommunications in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Transnistria" title="Telecommunications in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gibraltar" title="Telecommunications in Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Telecommunications in the Isle of Man" class="mw-redirect">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other entities</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union" class="mw-redirect">European Union</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in North America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sovereign states</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Bahamas" title="Telecommunications in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Barbados" title="Telecommunications in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belize" title="Telecommunications in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Costa_Rica" title="Telecommunications in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Dominica" title="Telecommunications in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Grenada" title="Telecommunications in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Honduras" title="Telecommunications in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Telecommunications in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Telecommunications in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Telecommunications in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States" title="Telecommunications in the United States" class="mw-redirect">United States</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Anguilla" title="Telecommunications in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Aruba" title="Telecommunications in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bermuda" title="Telecommunications in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Telecommunications in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greenland" title="Telecommunications in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guadeloupe" title="Telecommunications in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Martinique" title="Telecommunications in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montserrat" title="Telecommunications in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Navassa_Island" title="Telecommunications in Navassa Island" class="mw-redirect">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Telecommunications in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Telecommunications in Saint Barthélemy" class="mw-redirect">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Telecommunications in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Saba (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Oceania_topic&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Oceania</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_East_Timor" title="Telecommunications in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Fiji" title="Telecommunications in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kiribati" title="Telecommunications in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Marshall Islands" class="mw-redirect">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Telecommunications in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nauru" title="Telecommunications in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Palau" title="Telecommunications in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Papua New Guinea" class="mw-redirect">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tonga" title="Telecommunications in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tuvalu" title="Telecommunications in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vanuatu" title="Telecommunications in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Associated states of New Zealand</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niue" title="Telecommunications in Niue" class="mw-redirect">Niue</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_American_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Polynesia" title="Telecommunications in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guam" title="Telecommunications in Guam" class="mw-redirect">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Caledonia" title="Telecommunications in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="mw-redirect">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bolivia" title="Telecommunications in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chile" title="Telecommunications in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Colombia" title="Telecommunications in Colombia" class="mw-redirect">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guyana" title="Telecommunications in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a 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title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Guiana" title="Telecommunications in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Telecommunications in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" class="mw-redirect">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://d-nb.info/gnd/123308410">123308410</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table id="persondata" class="persondata noprint" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;"> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Persondata" title="Wikipedia:Persondata">Persondata</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Name</td> <td>Farnsworth, Philo T.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>American inventor</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>19 August 1906</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td>Beaver, Utah</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>11 March 1971</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td>Salt Lake City</td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320123510im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123510/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philo_Farnsworth&oldid=632310854">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philo_Farnsworth&oldid=632310854</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150320123510/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1906_births" title="Category:1906 births">1906 births</a></li><li><a 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