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id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cold_steppe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_steppe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cold steppe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_steppe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtropical_steppe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtropical_steppe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Subtropical steppe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtropical_steppe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Human impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Steppe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Ежьыгу – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ежьыгу" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Steppe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A8" title="سهب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سهب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepa_(bioma)" title="Estepa (bioma) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estepa (bioma)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepa" title="Estepa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estepa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6l" title="Çöl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çöl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A4%D9%84" title="چؤل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چؤل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA" title="স্তেপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্তেপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta-chh%C3%A1u-po%CD%98" title="Ta-chháu-po͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ta-chháu-po͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дала – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дала" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BF" title="Стэп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стэп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BF" title="Стэп – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стэп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA" title="स्टेप – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्टेप" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Степ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Степ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepa" title="Stepa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stepa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepa_(geografia)" title="Estepa (geografia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estepa (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B5%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Çеçенхир – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çеçенхир" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step" title="Step – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Step" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepdir" title="Stepdir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Stepdir" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Steppe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Steppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepp" title="Stepp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stepp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Στέπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στέπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepa" title="Estepa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estepa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepo" title="Stepo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stepo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepa" title="Estepa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estepa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%BE" title="استپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Steppe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Steppe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steip" title="Steip – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Steip" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepa_(bioma)" title="Estepa (bioma) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estepa (bioma)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Эрий аре – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эрий аре" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%BE" title="استپ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="استپ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9D_(%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC)" title="스텝 (지리) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스텝 (지리)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Տափաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տափաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="स्तॅपी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्तॅपी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepa" title="Stepa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stepa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepo" title="Stepo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stepo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepa" title="Stepa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stepa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppa" title="Steppa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Steppa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Быдыр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Быдыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresja" title="Gresja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gresja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppa" title="Steppa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Steppa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ველი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ველი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дала – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дала" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuga_baridi" title="Mbuga baridi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mbuga baridi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%87%D3%A9%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Жарым чөл зоналары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарым чөл зоналары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesqua" title="Tesqua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tesqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepe" title="Stepe – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stepe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step%C4%97" title="Stepė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stepė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepe" title="Stepe – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Stepe" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztyepp" title="Sztyepp – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztyepp" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Степа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Степа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatrana" title="Fatrana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fatrana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്റ്റെപ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റെപ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Steppe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%80_(%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9)" title="Хээр (Газар зүй) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хээр (Газар зүй)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စတက်မြက်ခင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စတက်မြက်ခင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steppe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%83%E3%83%97_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%94%9F)" title="ステップ (植生) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ステップ (植生)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Steppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Steppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A8pa" title="Estèpa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estèpa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Пролык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пролык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasht" title="Dasht – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dasht" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA" title="ਸਟੈੱਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਟੈੱਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گیاہستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گیاہستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step" title="Step – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Step" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepe" title="Estepe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estepe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6l" title="Çöl – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çöl" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step%C4%83" title="Stepă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stepă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C" title="Степь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Степь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepa" title="Stepa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stepa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppa" title="Steppa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Steppa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Steppe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_(krajina)" title="Step (krajina) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Step (krajina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepa" title="Stepa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stepa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Степа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Степа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepa" title="Stepa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stepa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro" title="Aro – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aro" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4pp" title="Stäpp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stäpp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepa" title="Estepa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estepa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஸ்டெப்பி புல்வெளிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்டெப்பி புல்வெளிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дала – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дала" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C" title="สเตปป์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สเตปป์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozk%C4%B1r" title="Bozkır – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bozkır" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC)" title="Степ (біом) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Степ (біом)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A3o_nguy%C3%AAn_%C3%81-%C3%82u" title="Thảo nguyên Á-Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thảo nguyên Á-Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Steppe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="干草原 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="干草原" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="乾草原 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乾草原" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ecoregion of plain grasslands without trees</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ecological zone type. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Steppe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Steppe (disambiguation)">Steppe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BS_climate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BS_climate.png/200px-BS_climate.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BS_climate.png/300px-BS_climate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BS_climate.png/400px-BS_climate.png 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two types of steppes, classified by climate:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFDB63; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/BSk" class="mw-redirect" title="BSk">Cold steppe climate</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5A301; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/BSh" class="mw-redirect" title="BSh">Hot steppe climate</a></div></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg/200px-Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg/300px-Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg/400px-Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1529" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Eurasian_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Eurasian Steppe">Great Eurasian Steppe</a> (highlighted in <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#aaeeff"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#AAEEFF;color:inherit;"> </span></span> on the map), acted as a passageway for cultures across the vast <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> landmass.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a>, a <b>steppe</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> characterized by <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> without closed <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> except near rivers and lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steppe <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> may include: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">montane grasslands and shrublands</a> biome</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a> biome</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a> biome</li></ul> <p>A steppe is usually covered with <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">season</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. The term <i>steppe climate</i> denotes a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a>, which is encountered in regions too dry to support a <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a>, but not dry enough to be a <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steppes are usually characterized by a semi-arid or <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> climate. Temperature extremes can be recorded in the summer of up to 45 °C (115 °F) and in winter of down to −55 °C (−65 °F). Besides this major seasonal difference, fluctuations between day and night are also significant: in both the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, 30 °C (85 °F) can be reached during the day with sub-freezing readings at night. </p><p>Steppes average 250–500 mm (10–20 in) of annual <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)"> precipitation</a> and feature hot summers and cold winters when located in mid-latitudes. In addition to the precipitation level, its combination with <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration#Potential_evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">potential evapotranspiration</a> defines a steppe climate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steppe can be classified by climate:<sup id="cite_ref-ecoregions_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoregions-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Temperate steppe: the <i>true</i> steppe, found in <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate#Vegetation" title="Humid continental climate">continental climates</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> can be further subdivided, as in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> Steppes<sup id="cite_ref-ecoregions_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoregions-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Subtropical steppe: a similar association of plants occurring in the driest areas with a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> it usually has a short wet period</li></ul> <p>It can also be classified by vegetation type, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Shrub-steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrub-steppe">shrub-steppe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpine-steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine-steppe">alpine-steppe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_steppe">Cold steppe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cold steppe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world's largest steppe region, often referred to as "the <a href="/wiki/Great_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Steppe">Great Steppe</a>", is found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and neighbouring countries stretching from <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in the west through <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Altay_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay Mountains">Altai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koppet_Dag" class="mw-redirect" title="Koppet Dag">Koppet Dag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> ranges in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The Eurasian Steppe had a significant role in the spread of the horse, the wheel and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Eurasian steppe, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> often consist of <a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">chernozem</a>. </p><p>The inner parts of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia">Central Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="East Anatolia">East Anatolia</a> in particular and also some parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Anatolia">Southeast Anatolia</a>, as well as much of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> are largely dominated by cold steppe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> is another steppe region in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, centered in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> but also including portions of <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Another large steppe area (<a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a>) is located in the central <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">western Canada</a> and the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie" title="Shortgrass prairie">shortgrass prairie</a> steppe is the westernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> region. The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau_(ecoregion)" title="Columbia Plateau (ecoregion)">Columbia Plateau</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a>, is an example of a steppe region in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> outside of the Great Plains. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, cold steppe can be found in <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> and much of the high elevation regions east of the southern <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>. </p><p>Relatively small steppe areas can be found in the interior of the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, a moderately sized temperate steppe region exists in the northern and northwest regions of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, extending to the southern and mid regions of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. This area borders the semi-arid and arid Australian <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">Outback</a> which is found farther inland on the continent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtropical_steppe">Subtropical steppe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subtropical steppe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> areas have a steppe-like vegetation, such as central <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> area,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and central-eastern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, especially the southeastern coast (around <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>), and places cut off from adequate moisture due to <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> effects such as <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>. </p><p>In northern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> area also hosts the same steppe-like vegetation, such as the Algerian-Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Hautes_Plaines" title="Hautes Plaines">Hautes Plaines</a> and by extension the <a href="/wiki/North_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands" title="North Saharan steppe and woodlands">North Saharan steppe and woodlands</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, a subtropical steppe can be found in semi-arid lands that fringe the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> as well as much of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> in the rain shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Badia_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Badia (region)">Badia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, subtropical steppe can be found in a belt surrounding the most severe deserts of the continent and around the <a href="/wiki/Musgrave_Ranges" title="Musgrave Ranges">Musgrave Ranges</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> this environment is typical of transition areas between zones with a Mediterranean climate and true deserts, such as <a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a>, the inner part of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, and much of <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">western Texas</a> and adjacent areas in Mexico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_impact">Human impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Human impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humans have severe impacts on their environments. Among many examples the following two give only an impression. </p> <ul><li>The formation of the forest steppe of Eastern Europe in the fourth millennium BC appeared in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Tripolje culture</a> and very probably, the economy of this culture with its large settlements contributed to the process.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The formation of the <a href="/wiki/B%C5%82%C4%99d%C3%B3w_Desert" title="Błędów Desert">Błędów Desert</a> in Poland in the Middle Ages was certainly man-made.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naadam_rider_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steppe in Mongolia"><img alt="Steppe in Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Naadam_rider_2.jpg/120px-Naadam_rider_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Naadam_rider_2.jpg/180px-Naadam_rider_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Naadam_rider_2.jpg/240px-Naadam_rider_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="1203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Steppe in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steppe in Kazakhstan"><img alt="Steppe in Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg/120px-Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg/180px-Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg/240px-Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Steppe in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Steppe in Russia"><img alt="Steppe in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C.JPG/120px-%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C.JPG/180px-%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C.JPG/240px-%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Steppe in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steppe in Hungary"><img alt="Steppe in Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg/120px-Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg/180px-Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg/240px-Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Steppe in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patagonian_plains_argentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cold Patagonian steppe near Fitz Roy, Argentina"><img alt="Cold Patagonian steppe near Fitz Roy, Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Patagonian_plains_argentina.jpg/120px-Patagonian_plains_argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Patagonian_plains_argentina.jpg/180px-Patagonian_plains_argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Patagonian_plains_argentina.jpg/240px-Patagonian_plains_argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cold <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonian</a> steppe near <a href="/wiki/Fitz_Roy" title="Fitz Roy">Fitz Roy</a>, Argentina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prairie_Alberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prairie in Alberta, Canada"><img alt="Prairie in Alberta, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prairie_Alberta.jpg/120px-Prairie_Alberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prairie_Alberta.jpg/180px-Prairie_Alberta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prairie_Alberta.jpg/240px-Prairie_Alberta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prairie in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-07-04_15_37_14_Sagebrush-steppe_along_U.S._Route_93_in_central_Elko_County_in_Nevada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sagebrush steppe in northeastern Nevada (U.S. Route 93)"><img alt="Sagebrush steppe in northeastern Nevada (U.S. Route 93)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/2013-07-04_15_37_14_Sagebrush-steppe_along_U.S._Route_93_in_central_Elko_County_in_Nevada.jpg/120px-2013-07-04_15_37_14_Sagebrush-steppe_along_U.S._Route_93_in_central_Elko_County_in_Nevada.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/2013-07-04_15_37_14_Sagebrush-steppe_along_U.S._Route_93_in_central_Elko_County_in_Nevada.jpg/180px-2013-07-04_15_37_14_Sagebrush-steppe_along_U.S._Route_93_in_central_Elko_County_in_Nevada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/2013-07-04_15_37_14_Sagebrush-steppe_along_U.S._Route_93_in_central_Elko_County_in_Nevada.jpg/240px-2013-07-04_15_37_14_Sagebrush-steppe_along_U.S._Route_93_in_central_Elko_County_in_Nevada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sagebrush_steppe" title="Sagebrush steppe">Sagebrush steppe</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_93_in_Nevada" title="U.S. Route 93 in Nevada">U.S. Route 93</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Texas_Hwy_302_west_of_NoTrees.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steppe in West Texas"><img alt="Steppe in West Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/West_Texas_Hwy_302_west_of_NoTrees.jpg/120px-West_Texas_Hwy_302_west_of_NoTrees.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/West_Texas_Hwy_302_west_of_NoTrees.jpg/180px-West_Texas_Hwy_302_west_of_NoTrees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/West_Texas_Hwy_302_west_of_NoTrees.jpg/240px-West_Texas_Hwy_302_west_of_NoTrees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Steppe in <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugay" title="Tugay">Tugay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChibilyov2002" class="citation book cs1">Chibilyov, Alexander (2002). "Steppe and Forest-steppe". In Shahgedanova, Maria (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VznhD-4A_IC"><i>The Physical Geography of Northern Eurasia</i></a>. Oxford regional environments. Vol. 3 (reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2003). p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823384-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823384-8"><bdi>978-0-19-823384-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>There are many definitions of steppes. For example, Allan (1946) provides fifty-four definitions of this term. Stamp and Clark (1979) define steppes as 'mid-latitude areas dominated by herbaceous vegetation and termed locally steppes, prairies, pampas, high veldts, downland, etc.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Steppe+and+Forest-steppe&rft.btitle=The+Physical+Geography+of+Northern+Eurasia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+regional+environments&rft.pages=248&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823384-8&rft.aulast=Chibilyov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3VznhD-4A_IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteppe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta2024" class="citation web cs1">Costa, Daniel (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/steppe-grassland">"Steppe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steppe&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fsteppe-grassland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteppe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/steppe/">"Steppe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fsteppe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteppe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecoregions-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ecoregions_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecoregions_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/land/pubs/ecoregions/ecoregions.html">"Ecoregions of the United States-Ecological Subregions of the United States"</a>. <i>fs.usda.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fs.usda.gov&rft.atitle=Ecoregions+of+the+United+States-Ecological+Subregions+of+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fland%2Fpubs%2Fecoregions%2Fecoregions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteppe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">Anthony, David W.</a> (15 August 2010) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLIufwC4szwC"><i>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i></a> (reprint ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 2010). p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14818-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14818-2"><bdi>978-0-691-14818-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>[...] the critical era when innovative Proto-Indo-European dialects began to spread across the steppes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=240&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14818-2&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnLIufwC4szwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteppe" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312064300/http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Athens_Hellinikon&dr_region=ClimAttiki">"Hellinikon"</a>. <i>HNMS.gr</i>. Greece: Hellenic National Meteorological Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Athens_Hellinikon&dr_region=ClimAttiki">the original</a> on 2007-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HNMS.gr&rft.atitle=Hellinikon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnms.gr%2Fhnms%2Fenglish%2Fclimatology%2Fclimatology_region_diagrams_html%3Fdr_city%3DAthens_Hellinikon%26dr_region%3DClimAttiki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteppe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirleisCorsoPashkevychSchlütz2024" class="citation journal cs1">Kirleis, Wiebke; Corso, Marta Dal; Pashkevych, Galyna; Schlütz, Frank; Hofmann, Robert; Terna, Andreea; Dreibrodt, Stefan; Rud, Vitalii; Videiko, Mykhailo Y.; Müller, Johannes (2024-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00334-023-00936-y">"A complex subsistence regime revealed for Cucuteni–Trypillia sites in Chalcolithic eastern Europe based on new and old macrobotanical data"</a>. <i>Vegetation History and Archaeobotany</i>. <b>33</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00334-023-00936-y">10.1007/s00334-023-00936-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1617-6278">1617-6278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetation+History+and+Archaeobotany&rft.atitle=A+complex+subsistence+regime+revealed+for+Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia+sites+in+Chalcolithic+eastern+Europe+based+on+new+and+old+macrobotanical+data&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00334-023-00936-y&rft.issn=1617-6278&rft.aulast=Kirleis&rft.aufirst=Wiebke&rft.au=Corso%2C+Marta+Dal&rft.au=Pashkevych%2C+Galyna&rft.au=Schl%C3%BCtz%2C+Frank&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Robert&rft.au=Terna%2C+Andreea&rft.au=Dreibrodt%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Rud%2C+Vitalii&rft.au=Videiko%2C+Mykhailo+Y.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00334-023-00936-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteppe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roots-compass.org/welcome?project=23">"Ecology of a Mining Town: Evolution of Environment, Society and Economy from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period"</a>. <i>www.roots-compass.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.roots-compass.org&rft.atitle=Ecology+of+a+Mining+Town%3A+Evolution+of+Environment%2C+Society+and+Economy+from+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roots-compass.org%2Fwelcome%3Fproject%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteppe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbw.com/lynx/en/lynx-edicions/monografias-naturaleza/MON0009-ecology-conservation-steppe-land-birds.html"><i>Ecology and Conservation of Steppe-land Birds</i></a> by Manuel B.Morales, Santi Mañosa, Jordi Camprodón, Gerard Bota. International Symposium on Ecology and Conservation of steppe-land birds. Lleida, Spain. December 2004.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-99-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-99-3">978-84-87334-99-3</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/steppe" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:steppe"> steppe</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Steppes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Steppes">Steppes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrameda.com.ar/ecology/the-steppes.htm">"The Steppes"</a>. barramedasoft.com.ar. 1998–2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Steppes&rft.pub=barramedasoft.com.ar&rft.date=1998%2F2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrameda.com.ar%2Fecology%2Fthe-steppes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteppe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phytogeography:_Vegetation_classification117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vegetation" title="Template:Vegetation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vegetation" title="Template talk:Vegetation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vegetation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vegetation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phytogeography:_Vegetation_classification117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiognomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">arboretum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">Shrublands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">heath</a>, scrubs, <a href="/wiki/Thicket" title="Thicket">thickets</a>, <i>fruticetum</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf-shrub" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf-shrub">Dwarf-shrubland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">subshrublands</a>, dwarf-scrubs, <i>suffruticetum</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">Herbaceous communities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">steppes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a>, <i>herbetum</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savannas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">parklands</a></li> <li>Scarcely vegetated areas, <a href="/wiki/Desert_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert vegetation">desert vegetation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barren_vegetation" title="Barren vegetation">Barren vegetation</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latitude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">Subtropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">Temperate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Climatic<br />regime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pluvial" title="Pluvial">Pluvial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainy</a>, ombrophilous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">Cloudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal">Seasonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Altitude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">Montane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submontane" class="mw-redirect" title="Submontane">Submontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland">Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal">Coastal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Loss of leaves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">Deciduous</a>, caducifolious</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-deciduous" title="Semi-deciduous">Semi-deciduous</a>, semicaducifolious</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">Evergreen</a>, perennifolious</li></ul></li> <li>Leaf hardness <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">Sclerophyll</a>, stiff leaves</li> <li>Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves</li></ul></li> <li>Leaf form <ul><li>Aciculifolious, needle-leaved</li> <li>Latifolious, <a href="/wiki/Broad-leaved" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad-leaved">broad-leaved</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substrate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial vegetation">Terrestrial vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic vegetation">Aquatic vegetation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">Riparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swampy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_region" title="Natural region">Natural region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_region" title="Physiographic region">Physiographic region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant habit">Plant habits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_life-form" title="Plant life-form">Plant life-forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_landforms409" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth%27s_landforms" title="Template:Earth's landforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth%27s_landforms" title="Template talk:Earth's landforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth%27s_landforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth's landforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_landforms409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms" title="Glossary of landforms">List of landforms</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountainous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butte" title="Butte">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(landform)" title="Flat (landform)">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">Mountain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableland" title="Tableland">Tableland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental plain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">Plain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_sediment_processes" title="Fluvial sediment processes">Fluvial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">Lake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_island" title="Lake island">island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">mouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glacial_landform" title="Glacial landform">Glacial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%AAte" title="Arête">Arête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">Cirque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esker" title="Esker">Esker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">Ice field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_valley" title="Tunnel valley">Tunnel valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Oceanic and<br /> coastal landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">Volcanic island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volcanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_field" title="Lava field">Lava field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">Volcanic crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">Volcanic crater lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_dam" title="Volcanic dam">Volcanic dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">Volcanic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plateau" title="Volcanic plateau">Volcanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plug" title="Volcanic plug">Volcanic plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_rock" title="Wall rock">Wall rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">Aeolian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">Dry lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhill" title="Sandhill">Sandhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">Artificial island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">Artificial reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">Polder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geographical_feature" title="Geographical feature">Geographical feature</a></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123991#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1494" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123991#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1494" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123991#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4057302-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127984">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Steppes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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