CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>糖类 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"029b288e-c9e3-4982-9e36-ed48394b4b55","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"糖类","wgTitle":"糖类","wgCurRevisionId":83759760,"wgRevisionId":83759760,"wgArticleId":30909,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["含有过时参数的引用的页面","引文格式1维护：冗余文本","CS1英国英语来源 (en-gb)","使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","使用PMID魔术链接的页面","含有英語的條目","维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项","包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目", "包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目","糖类","营养学"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"糖类","wgRelevantArticleId":30909,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11358","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Zucker.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1258"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Zucker.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="839"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="671"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="糖类 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-糖类 rootpage-糖类 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-單醣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#單醣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>單醣</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-單醣-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关單醣子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-單醣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-單醣的分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#單醣的分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>單醣的分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-單醣的分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-半缩醛异构化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#半缩醛异构化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>半缩醛异构化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-半缩醛异构化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在生物中的角色" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在生物中的角色"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>在生物中的角色</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在生物中的角色-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-双糖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#双糖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>双糖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-双糖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-寡糖和多醣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#寡糖和多醣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>寡糖和多醣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-寡糖和多醣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-營養學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#營養學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>營養學</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-營養學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关營養學子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-營養學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分類法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>分類法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分解代谢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分解代谢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>分解代谢</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分解代谢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-糖化學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#糖化學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>糖化學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-糖化學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>註解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">糖类</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。134种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">134种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolhidraat" title="Koolhidraat – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolhidraat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenhydrate" title="Kohlenhydrate – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kohlenhydrate" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrato_de_carbonio" title="Hidrato de carbonio – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hidrato de carbonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سكريات – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="শৰ্কৰা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শৰ্কৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcidu" title="Glúcidu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Glúcidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidratlar" title="Karbohidratlar – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbohidratlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کاربوهیدرات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاربوهیدرات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Углеводтар – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Углеводтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%C4%97ond%C4%97n%C4%93" title="Onglėondėnē – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglėondėnē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Вугляводы – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вугляводы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Вугляводы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вугляводы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглехидрат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="শর্করা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শর্করা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljikohidrati" title="Ugljikohidrati – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugljikohidrati" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нүүрһэн уһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нүүрһэн уһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcid" title="Glúcid – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Glúcid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کاربۆھیدرات – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاربۆھیدرات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacharidy" title="Sacharidy – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sacharidy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrad" title="Carbohydrad – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbohydrad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulhydrat" title="Kulhydrat – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kulhydrat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenhydrate" title="Kohlenhydrate – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlenhydrate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AF%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AD%DE%93%DE%B0" title="ކާބޯހައިޑްރޭޓް – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކާބޯހައިޑްރޭޓް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Υδατάνθρακες – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδατάνθρακες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonhidrato" title="Karbonhidrato – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbonhidrato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcido" title="Glúcido – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glúcido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahhariidid" title="Sahhariidid – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sahhariidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono_hidrato" title="Karbono hidrato – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbono hidrato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcidu" title="Glúcidu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Glúcidu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کربوهیدرات – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربوهیدرات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiilihydraatti" title="Hiilihydraatti – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiilihydraatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucide" title="Glucide – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glucide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6lh%C3%BCdraaten" title="Köölhüdraaten – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Köölhüdraaten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalhydraat" title="Koalhydraat – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koalhydraat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbaihiodr%C3%A1it" title="Carbaihiodráit – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carbaihiodráit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualuisg" title="Gualuisg – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gualuisg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohidrato" title="Carbohidrato – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="פחמימה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחמימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljikohidrati" title="Ugljikohidrati – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljikohidrati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabonidrat" title="Kabonidrat – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kabonidrat" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9nhidr%C3%A1t" title="Szénhidrát – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szénhidrát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Ածխաջուր – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխաջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrato" title="Carbohydrato – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carbohydrato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohidrate" title="Carbohidrate – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Carbohidrate" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykra" title="Sykra – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sykra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucidi" title="Glucidi – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glucidi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="炭水化物 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭水化物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნახშირწყლები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირწყლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Көмірсулар – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көмірсулар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಾರ್ಬೋಹೈಡ್ರೇಟುಗಳು – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಬೋಹೈಡ್ರೇಟುಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="탄수화물 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄수화물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کاربوہایڈریٹ – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کاربوہایڈریٹ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboh%C3%AEdrat" title="Karbohîdrat – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karbohîdrat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83" title="Көмүрсуу – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көмүрсуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratum" title="Carbohydratum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbohydratum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuelenhydrat" title="Kuelenhydrat – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuelenhydrat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuidraa" title="Carbuidraa – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carbuidraa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ກະລູຊິດ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກະລູຊິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliavandeniai" title="Angliavandeniai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Angliavandeniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og%C4%BChidr%C4%81ti" title="Ogļhidrāti – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ogļhidrāti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliosida" title="Gliosida – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gliosida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Јаглехидрат – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглехидрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="കാർബോഹൈഡ്രേറ്റ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബോഹൈഡ്രേറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%83%D1%81" title="Нүүрс ус – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүрс ус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဘိုဟိုက်ဒရိတ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဘိုဟိုက်ဒရိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lenhydrate" title="Kölenhydrate – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kölenhydrate" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="शर्करा – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शर्करा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolhydraten" title="Koolhydraten – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolhydraten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohydrat" title="Karbohydrat – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbohydrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohydrat" title="Karbohydrat – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbohydrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucid" title="Glucid – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Glucid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboohayidireeti" title="Kaarboohayidireeti – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarboohayidireeti" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ଶ୍ୱେତସାର – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶ୍ୱେତସାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B4%C3%A6%D1%82%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æвзалыдæттæ – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзалыдæттæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F" title="ਕਾਰਬੋਹਾਈਡਰੇਟ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬੋਹਾਈਡਰੇਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99glowodany" title="Węglowodany – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węglowodany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کاربوہائیڈریٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربوہائیڈریٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%89%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%BC" title="کاربوهایډرېټ – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاربوهایډرېټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboidrato" title="Carboidrato – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carboidrato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illimsayaku" title="K'illimsayaku – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'illimsayaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucid%C4%83" title="Glucidă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Glucidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Углеводы – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Углеводы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Угльоводы – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Угльоводы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углевод – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Углевод" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuidrati" title="Carbuidrati – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carbuidrati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="ڪاربوهائيڊريٽ – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاربوهائيڊريٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljeni_hidrati" title="Ugljeni hidrati – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljeni hidrati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%A7" title="කාබෝහයිඩ්‍රේට – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාබෝහයිඩ්‍රේට" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacharid" title="Sacharid – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sacharid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljikov_hidrat" title="Ogljikov hidrat – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljikov hidrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrates" title="Carbohydrates – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Carbohydrates" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidratet" title="Karbohidratet – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karbohidratet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Угљени хидрат – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угљени хидрат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhydrat" title="Kolhydrat – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolhydrat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrati_kabonia" title="Hidrati kabonia – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hidrati kabonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கார்போவைதரேட்டு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்போவைதரேட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పిండి పదార్థాలు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పిండి పదార్థాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Карбогидратҳо – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карбогидратҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95" title="คาร์โบไฮเดรต – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์โบไฮเดรต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrata" title="Karbohidrata – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbohidrata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonhidrat" title="Karbonhidrat – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbonhidrat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Күмерсулар – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күмерсулар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Углеводтар – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Углеводтар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Вуглеводи – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вуглеводи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کاربو ہائیڈریٹ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربو ہائیڈریٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglevodlar" title="Uglevodlar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uglevodlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboidrati" title="Carboidrati – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carboidrati" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrat" title="Carbohydrat – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbohydrat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="糖类" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ნოშქერწყარეფი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნოშქერწყარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="קארבאהידראט – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארבאהידראט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danqsuijvaqhozvuz" title="Danqsuijvaqhozvuz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Danqsuijvaqhozvuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%A3%E9%A1%9E" title="醣類 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="醣類" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tho%C3%A0%E2%81%BF-ch%C3%BAi-ho%C3%A0-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Thoàⁿ-chúi-hoà-bu̍t – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thoàⁿ-chúi-hoà-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%A3" title="醣 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="醣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11358#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&oldid=83759760" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&id=83759760&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25B3%2596%25E7%25B1%25BB"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25B3%2596%25E7%25B1%25BB"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carbohydrates" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11358" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-591b78a1" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-591b78a1" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Lifesciences"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Chemistry"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hant:澱粉; zh-hans:淀粉"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hant:醣類; zh-hans:糖类"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hant:單醣; zh-hans:单糖"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hant:雙醣; zh-hans:双糖"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hant:寡醣; zh-hans:寡糖"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hant:多醣; zh-hans:多糖"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hant:醣苷; zh-hans:糖苷"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lactose.svg/310px-Lactose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lactose.svg/465px-Lactose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lactose.svg/620px-Lactose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a>是在牛奶中發現的双糖。它由一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="半乳糖">D-半乳糖</a>分子和一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">D-葡萄糖</a>分子通过β-1-4<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7%E9%94%AE" title="糖苷键">糖苷鍵</a>鍵合构成。它有分子式C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zucker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Zucker.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>糖的結晶</figcaption></figure> <p><b>醣類</b>，指的是一系列多<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B" title="醛">醛</a>或多羟基<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE" title="酮">酮</a>及其<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%A9%E5%90%88%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="缩合聚合物">缩聚物</a>，或者其<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="衍生物">衍生物</a>的总称，一般由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>三種元素所組成，廣布于<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="自然界">自然界</a>。 </p><p>醣類又稱“<b>碳水化合物</b>”（英語：<span lang="en">carbohydrate</span>），其由來是生物化学家先前發現醣类物质均可写成经验分子式：C<sub>n</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>，其氢与氧元素的比例始终为2:1，故以为所有醣類是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>。但后来的发现证明了许多醣类并不符合上述分子式，如：<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%A0%E6%9D%8E%E7%B3%96" title="鼠李糖">鼠李糖</a>（C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>5</sub>）；而同时有些物質符合上述分子式却不是醣类，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%86%9B" title="甲醛">甲醛</a>（CH<sub>2</sub>O）等。醣類為人體最重要的營養素之一，主要分成三大類：<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%86%A3" title="單醣">單醣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%86%A3" title="雙醣">雙醣</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%86%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="多醣">多醣</a>。在一般情況下，單醣和雙醣是較小的（低分子量）的碳水化合物，通常稱為糖<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>是單醣，<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a>是雙醣。 </p><p>醣类在生物体上扮演著众多的角色，像<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%86%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="多醣">多醣</a>可作为儲存養分的物質，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B1%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="澱粉">澱粉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F" title="糖原">糖原</a>；或作为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="動物">動物</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC" title="外骨骼">外骨骼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞">細胞</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a>，如：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E6%AE%BC%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="甲殼素">甲殼素</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="纖維素">纖維素</a>；另如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%A2%B3%E9%86%9B%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="五碳醛糖">五碳醛醣</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96" title="核糖">核糖</a>是構成各種<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="辅因子">輔因子</a>的不可或缺之物質（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7" title="三磷酸腺苷">ATP</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E7%B4%A0%E8%85%BA%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4%E4%BA%8C%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸">FAD</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA%E8%85%BA%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4%E4%BA%8C%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸">NAD</a>）和遺傳物質分子的骨幹（如 <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">DNA</a>和 <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">RNA</a>）。醣類的眾多衍生物同時也與<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="免疫系统">免疫系統</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="受精">受精</a>、預防疾病、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="凝固作用">血液凝固</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="发育生物学">生長</a>等有極大的關聯<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="食品科學">食品科學</a>和其他非正式的場合中，碳水化合物则通常是指富有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="淀粉">澱粉</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="粮食">粮食五穀</a>、甜點；或者簡單醣類的食物，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="食糖">食糖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="水果">水果</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96#字源" class="mw-redirect" title="食糖">食糖 § 字源</a></div> <p>在先秦古籍中出现了飴字<sup id="cite_ref-j_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。到了汉代，陆续出现了<span class="inline-unihan" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; font-variant: normal;cursor: help; font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, 'Plangothic P1', 'Plangothic P2';" title="字符描述：⿰飠易 
※如果您看到空白、方塊或問號，代表您的系統無法顯示此字元。">𩛿</span>、餳、餹等字<sup id="cite_ref-j_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。飴、𩛿指软糖，餳、餹指硬糖。飴读为yí，𩛿、餳讀xíng，餹读为táng（餳多音字亦有táng的读音）<sup id="cite_ref-j_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。在六朝時才出現“糖”字。<sup id="cite_ref-j_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中国蔗糖的制造始于三国魏晋南北朝到唐代之间的一个时代<sup id="cite_ref-j_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%97%B6%E7%8F%8D" title="李时珍">李時珍</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%BA%B2%E7%9B%AE" title="本草纲目">本草綱目</a>》載：“糖法出<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97" title="唐太宗">唐太宗</a>始遣人傳其法入中國，以蔗準過樟木槽取而分成清者，為蔗餳。凝結有沙者為<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="食糖">沙糖</a>，漆甕造成如石如霜如冰者為<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%9C%9C" title="石蜜">石蜜</a>、為糖霜、為<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E7%B3%96" title="冰糖">冰糖</a>。” </p><p><b>醣</b>字始见于民国，为化学翻译而造，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="中国大陆">中国大陆</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%E7%AE%80%E5%8C%96" title="汉字简化">汉字简化</a>过程中被归并简化为糖。 </p><p>醣類里面的「醣」與一般所稱的“糖”不同，日常所称“糖”是指<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="食糖">食糖</a>，泛指具有甜味的可溶于水的有机化合物晶体，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E8%8A%BD%E7%B3%96" title="麥芽糖">麥芽糖</a>及最主要的<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>，而醣類包括所有單醣、雙醣及多醣，並不僅指含有甜味的物質。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="結構"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>結構</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：結構"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以前所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%8F" title="化学式">分子式</a>可寫成C<sub><i>m</i></sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub><i>n</i></sub>的化學物質皆被稱為「碳水化合物」，根據這個定義，有些科學家認為<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%86%9B" title="甲醛">甲醛</a>（CH<sub>2</sub>O）為最簡單的醣，<sup id="cite_ref-coulter_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coulter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但是也有其他人認為糖类中最简单的分子是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87%E9%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="乙醇醛">乙醇醛</a>（C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>）。<sup id="cite_ref-tietz_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tietz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但是現在，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化學</a>理解上的醣類是指除了碳數不為一和二的「碳水化合物」。 </p><p>自然界的醣類通常都由一種簡單的碳水化合物：<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%86%A3" title="單醣">單醣</a>所構成，通式為(CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub><i>n</i></sub>，（<i>n</i>≥3）。一個典型的單醣具有H-(CHOH)<sub><i>x</i></sub>(C=O)-(CHOH)<sub><i>y</i></sub>-H結構，也就是多<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B" title="醛">醛</a>或多<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE" title="酮">酮</a>，如：<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96" title="果糖">果糖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9%E9%86%9B" title="甘油醛">甘油醛</a>皆是單醣。然而有些生物物質像<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%86%9B%E9%85%B8" title="糖醛酸">醣醛酸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E7%B3%96" title="脱氧糖">脫氧糖</a>就不符合此通式，此外还有許多物質的分子式符合這個通式却並不属于醣類，如：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%86%9B" title="甲醛">甲醛</a>（CH<sub>2</sub>O）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E9%86%87" title="肌醇">肌醇</a>（CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>）<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>直链形式的单糖通常与<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E7%8E%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="杂环化合物">关环形式</a>的单糖同时存在，这种环状分子是由<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B" title="醛">醛</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE" title="酮">酮</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="羰基">羰基</a>（C=O）与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a>（-OH）反应形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%BC%A9%E9%86%9B" title="半缩醛">半缩醛</a>，并形成一个新的C-O-C键桥。单糖可以各种方式互相连接在一起形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖">多糖</a>（或<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E9%86%A3" title="寡醣">寡醣</a>，又称低聚糖）。许多糖类含有一个或多个修饰的单糖单元，这种修饰方法可以是一个或多个基团被取代或移除。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">DNA</a>的一个组分<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96" title="脱氧核糖">脱氧核糖</a>，就是被<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96" title="核糖">核糖</a>所修饰的糖；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%B8%81%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="幾丁質">几丁质</a>是一种由重复的<a href="/wiki/N-%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B0%E8%91%A1%E7%B3%96%E8%83%BA" title="N-乙酰葡糖胺">N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖</a>（一种含<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>原子的葡萄糖）片段所组成的糖类。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="單醣"><span id=".E5.96.AE.E9.86.A3"></span>單醣</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：單醣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%86%A3" title="單醣">單醣</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D-glucose_color_coded.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/D-glucose_color_coded.png/130px-D-glucose_color_coded.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/D-glucose_color_coded.png/195px-D-glucose_color_coded.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/D-glucose_color_coded.png/260px-D-glucose_color_coded.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">D-葡萄糖</a>是一種己醛醣，分子式為：(C·H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>。圖中紅色的部分是<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B" title="醛">醛基</a>，藍色的部分是距離醛基最遠的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%80%A7" title="手性">非對稱中心</a>；因為最下面那個羥基是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%BC%8F" title="费歇尔投影式">費歇爾投影式</a>的右方所以這是D-葡萄糖</figcaption></figure> <p>单糖因无法<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3" title="水解">水解</a>为更小的碳水化合物，因此是糖类中最小的分子。它们是一些具有两个或者更多<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B" title="醛">醛</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE" title="酮">酮</a>类化合物。未修饰过的单糖<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%8F" title="化学式">化学式</a>可表达为：(C·H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>，因其都是碳和水分子的倍数而称为：“<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%A3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="醣類">碳水化合物</a>”。单糖是一种重要的燃料分子，也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a>的结构片段。最小的单糖中的n＝3，即<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BE%9F%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE" title="二羟丙酮">二羟基丙酮</a>或D-和L-<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9%E9%86%9B" title="甘油醛">甘油醛</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="單醣的分類"><span id=".E5.96.AE.E9.86.A3.E7.9A.84.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>單醣的分類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：單醣的分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:187px;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/185px-Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/278px-Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/370px-Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="747" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/185px-Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/278px-Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/370px-Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="603" /></a></span> </p> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>葡萄糖的<a href="/wiki/%CE%91" title="Α">α</a>-与<a href="/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β">β</a>-（后者）<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%B7%AE%E5%90%91%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84" title="端基差向异构">异头物</a>。需注意结合在碳<b>5</b>上的CH<sub>2</sub>OH基团与异头碳上的羟基（红色或绿色）之间的空间关系：两者异面为（α）型，同面则为（β）型。 </p> </div> </div> </div> <p>单糖可由三种不同的结构片段来分类：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="羰基">羰基</a>的位置、分子内的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳原子</a>数、及其<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%80%A7" title="手性">手性</a>构型。如果羰基在碳链末端，则分子属<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B" title="醛">醛</a>类，而单糖称<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="醛糖">醛糖</a>；若羰基位处碳链中间，则属<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE" title="酮">酮</a>类而单糖称为<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="酮糖">酮糖</a>。含有三个碳原子的单糖称为：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="丙糖">丙糖</a>；四个碳原子的称为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E7%B3%96" title="丁糖">丁糖</a>；五个称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E7%B3%96" title="戊糖">戊糖</a>；六个称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E7%B3%96" title="己糖">己糖</a>，以此类推。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>除糖分子碳链的首尾两个碳原子，每个碳原子都带有一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a>（-OH）并具有<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%80%A7" title="手性">不对称性</a>，使每个<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%80%A7" title="手性">手性中心</a>可以是R或S两种构型。因为这种不对称性，一个特定的糖分子式存在着多种<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%88%86%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B" title="同分異構">异构体</a>。如：D-葡萄糖（醛糖）具有分子式 (C·H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>，其中有四个碳原子具有手性，因此D-葡萄糖是2<sup>4</sup> = 16个可能的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84" title="立体异构">立体异构体</a>中的一个。又如：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9%E9%86%9B" title="甘油醛">甘油醛</a>是一种丙醛糖，有一种可能的立体异构体，同时也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%98%A0%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84" title="对映异构">对映体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AE%E5%90%91%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84%E4%BD%93" title="差向异构体">差向异构体</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BE%9F%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE" title="二羟丙酮">1,3-二羟基丙酮</a>，丙醛糖（醛糖）所对应的酮糖分子，是一种没有手性中心的对称分子。D或L构型由离羰基最远的不对称碳原子的取向所决定：标准的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%BC%8F" title="费歇尔投影式">費歇爾投影式</a>中，若羟基在右侧则为D型糖，左侧则为L型糖。这里要注意：“D-”和“L-”前缀不可与“d-”和“l-”相混淆，后者指的是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="极化">偏振光</a>在糖分子平面下的旋转。“d-”和“l-”在糖化学中现已不太使用。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="半缩醛异构化"><span id=".E5.8D.8A.E7.BC.A9.E9.86.9B.E5.BC.82.E6.9E.84.E5.8C.96"></span>半缩醛异构化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：半缩醛异构化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif/200px-Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>可以以鏈狀或環狀的形式存在。</figcaption></figure> <p>直链单糖的醛基或酮基会不可逆的与另外一个碳原子作用形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%BC%A9%E9%86%9B" title="半缩醛">半缩醛</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%BC%A9%E9%85%AE" title="半缩酮">半缩酮</a>，得到一个带有氧桥连接双碳原子的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E7%8E%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="杂环化合物">杂环</a>。由五个或六个原子组成环的分别称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%8B%E5%96%83%E7%B3%96" title="呋喃糖">呋喃糖</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A1%E5%96%83%E7%B3%96" title="吡喃糖">吡喃糖</a>，这些环状糖与直链形式的糖存在化学平衡。<sup id="cite_ref-pigman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 由直链糖形成环状糖的过程中，含有羰基氧原子的碳原子称为：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%82%E5%A4%B4%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="异头碳（页面不存在）">异头碳</a>。这个碳原子在成环后便成为分子内的手性中心，具有两种可能的构型：若氧原子可在平面的上方或下方，这样得到的一对手性异构体称之为：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%B7%AE%E5%90%91%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84" title="端基差向异构">异头物</a>。若在异头碳上的-OH取代基与环外CH<sub>2</sub>OH基团成<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E5%8F%8D%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84" title="顺反异构">反式</a>构型（即不在环一侧）时称为<i>α异头物</i>；另外一种情况两者在环的同一侧，呈现<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E5%8F%8D%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84" title="顺反异构">顺式</a>构型，则称为<i>β异头物</i>。由于环状糖与直链糖本身会互相转化，因此两种异头物存在着<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="化学平衡">平衡</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-pigman_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%BC%8F" title="费歇尔投影式">費歇爾投影式</a>中，α异头物被表达为：异头羟基与CH<sub>2</sub>OH呈现<i>反式</i>，而β异头物则为<i>顺式</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="在生物中的角色"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.92.E8.89.B2"></span>在生物中的角色</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：在生物中的角色"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>單醣是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="代谢">新陳代謝</a>中的主要燃料，能提供能量（當中以葡萄糖最主）及用於<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="生物合成">生物合成</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>單醣未需即時使用的話，細胞會先將其轉換成較省空間的形式，通常為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖">多醣</a>。在包括人类的許多動物中，這種儲存方式是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F" title="糖原">糖原</a>，特別在肝臟及肌肉細胞。在植物中，則儲存成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="淀粉">澱粉</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="双糖"><span id=".E5.8F.8C.E7.B3.96"></span>双糖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：双糖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sucrose_3Dprojection.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sucrose_3Dprojection.png/250px-Sucrose_3Dprojection.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sucrose_3Dprojection.png/375px-Sucrose_3Dprojection.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sucrose_3Dprojection.png/500px-Sucrose_3Dprojection.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>是一种常用的双糖，它由两种单糖组成：<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">D-葡萄糖</a>（左侧）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96" title="果糖">D-果糖</a>（右侧）</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="双糖">双糖</a></div> <p>由两个连接成一起的单糖组成的糖类，称为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%86%A3" title="雙醣">双糖</a>。它们是最简单的多糖，如：<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a>。双糖是由两个单糖单元通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%B4" title="脱水">脱水反应</a>，形成一种称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7%E9%94%AE" title="糖苷键">糖苷键</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E9%94%AE" title="共价键">共价键</a>连接而成。在脱水过程中，一分子单糖脱除<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氢</a>原子，而另一分子单糖脱除<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a>。未经修饰的双糖化学式可表达为：C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>。虽然双糖种类繁多，但大多数并不常见。右侧图片展示的为<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>，是存量最为丰富的双糖，它们是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>体内存在最主要的糖类。蔗糖由一个<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">D-葡萄糖</a>分子与一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96" title="果糖">D-果糖</a>分子所组成，其<a href="/wiki/IUPAC%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="IUPAC命名法">系统命名</a>为：<i>O</i>-α-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1→2)-D-果糖呋喃糖苷，其中蕴含了四种信息： </p> <ul><li>它由两种单糖组成：葡萄糖与果糖。</li> <li>两种单糖的类型：葡萄糖为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A1%E5%96%83%E7%B3%96" title="吡喃糖">吡喃糖</a>；果糖为<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%8B%E5%96%83%E7%B3%96" title="呋喃糖">呋喃糖</a>。</li> <li>两种单糖的连接方式：在D-葡萄糖的一号碳（C1）上的氧原子连接D-呋喃糖的二号碳（C2）。</li> <li>后缀-“糖苷”表明了：两个单糖异头碳参与了糖苷键的形成。</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a>，是一种由一分子<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="半乳糖">D-半乳糖</a>与一分子<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">D-葡萄糖</a>形成的双糖，广泛的存在于天然产物中，如：哺乳动物的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3" title="乳">乳</a>。另外一个常见的双糖为<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E8%8A%BD%E7%B3%96" title="麥芽糖">麦芽糖</a>（两个D-葡萄糖通过1，4碳原子连接为α糖）与纤维糖（两个D-葡萄糖通过1，4碳原子连接为β糖）。双糖还可分类为还原性双糖与非还原性双糖，通过两个单糖分子的半缩醛（酮）羟基脱去一分子水而相互连接。这样的双糖，分子中已没有半缩醛（酮）羟基存在，因此其中任何一个单糖部分都不能再由环式转变成醛（酮）式。这种双糖就没有变旋现象和还原性，也不能生成糖脎，因此称为非还原性双糖<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="寡糖和多醣"><span id=".E5.AF.A1.E7.B3.96.E5.92.8C.E5.A4.9A.E9.86.A3"></span>寡糖和多醣</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：寡糖和多醣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amylose_3Dprojection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amylose_3Dprojection.svg/350px-Amylose_3Dprojection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amylose_3Dprojection.svg/525px-Amylose_3Dprojection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amylose_3Dprojection.svg/700px-Amylose_3Dprojection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%93%BE%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="直链淀粉">直链淀粉</a>是一种主要由葡萄糖通过α（1→4）键连接而成的链状<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="聚合物">聚合物</a>。它可由几千个葡萄糖单元组成。它是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="淀粉">淀粉</a>的两种组成之一，另外一种是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="支链淀粉">支链淀粉</a>。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E9%86%A3" title="寡醣">寡醣</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%86%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="多醣">多醣</a></div> <p>寡醣和多醣都是由单醣单元通过醣苷键组成的长链分子。两者的区别在于其链上单糖单元的数量：寡醣通常含有3至10个单醣单元，而多醣则具有超过10个单醣单元。在实际应用中，醣的分类更倾向于个人的判断，如通常上述的双醣也可以算作寡醣，而寡醣也包括了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%86%A3" title="三醣">三醣</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%89%E5%AD%90%E7%B3%96" title="棉子糖">棉子糖</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%86%A3" title="四醣">四醣</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%8B%8F%E7%B3%96" title="水苏糖">水苏糖</a>）等。 </p><p>低聚醣是經<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a>的常見<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>形式。翻译后修饰包括Lewis及負責ABO<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E5%9E%8B" title="血型">血型</a>分類的寡醣，因此也與組織出現不相容、alpha-Gal異種移植超急性排斥及O-GlcNAc醣基化有關。 </p><p>多醣是生物<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="聚合物">聚合物</a>的一個重要分類，其<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功能 (生物)（页面不存在）">功能</a>通常與生物結構及儲存方面有關。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="淀粉">澱粉</a>（一種單醣聚合物）是植物中的多醣儲存方式，而它的形式包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%8F%88%E6%BE%B1%E7%B2%89" title="直鏈澱粉">直鏈澱粉</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="支链淀粉">分枝澱粉</a>。在動物中，結構上相似的葡萄糖聚合物是相對較多分枝的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F" title="糖原">肝醣</a>，有時稱作「動物澱粉」。肝醣的特性在於它能迅速被分解，因此較適合於經常活動的動物。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="纖維素">纖維素</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E6%AE%BC%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="甲殼素">甲殼素</a>屬於结构寡醣。植物及某些生物的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a>用纖維素製造，因而被說是世上最多的有機分子<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它的用途非常廣泛，主要用於製紙及纺织品工業，亦是製作<a href="/wiki/%E5%AB%98%E7%B8%88" title="嫘縈">嫘縈</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%8F%E6%B6%B2%E5%AB%98%E7%B8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黏液嫘縈（页面不存在）">黏液嫘縈</a>過程）、乙酸嫘縈、賽璐珞及氮嫘縈的原料。 </p><p>甲殼素的化學結構與纖維素相似，並有含<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>的取代基，因此比纖維素更堅韌。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E8%82%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="节肢动物">節肢動物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC" title="外骨骼">外骨骼</a>及某些<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>的細胞壁皆以甲殼素組成。甲殼素有多種用途，包括手术缝合线。 </p><p>除了以上兩種，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%9D%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胝質（页面不存在）">胝質</a>（或作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%86%E5%B8%83%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="昆布糖（页面不存在）">昆布糖</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E8%97%BB%E6%98%86%E5%B8%83%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金藻昆布多糖（页面不存在）">金藻昆布多糖</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%9A%E6%9C%A8%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聚木糖（页面不存在）">聚木糖</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%9C%A8%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拉伯木聚糖（页面不存在）">阿拉伯木聚糖</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甘露聚糖（页面不存在）">甘露聚糖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%97%BB%E7%B4%A0" title="褐藻素">褐藻素</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E8%81%9A%E9%86%A3" title="半乳甘露聚醣">半乳甘露聚糖</a>均屬於多醣<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="營養學"><span id=".E7.87.9F.E9.A4.8A.E5.AD.B8"></span>營養學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：營養學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_products.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wheat_products.jpg/220px-Wheat_products.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wheat_products.jpg/330px-Wheat_products.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wheat_products.jpg/440px-Wheat_products.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="粮食">穀类</a>食品含有豐富的醣類。</figcaption></figure> <p>多種食物皆含有豐富的醣類，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="水果">水果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-disambig" title="汽水">汽水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%B5%E5%8C%85" title="麵包">麵包</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%BC%8F%E9%BA%B5%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="意式麵食">意式面食</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E7%B1%BB" title="豆类">豆類</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%93%83%E8%96%AF" title="马铃薯">馬鈴薯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%A0" title="米糠">米糠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%BB" title="稻">稻米</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="粮食">麥類</a>。<b>醣類是生物中的常見能量來源，卻不是人類的必須營養。</b>醣類也不是任何其他份子的必須組成部份，而人體也可以從<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="蛋白">蛋白</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" title="脂肪">脂肪</a>獲取能量<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。腦部及腦神經一般不能燃燒脂肪以獲取能量，但可以使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="酮糖">酮糖</a>代替。人體能從<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%BC%82%E7%94%9F" title="糖异生">糖異生</a>過程中，利用特定的胺基酸、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%85%B8%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9%E9%85%AF" title="三酸甘油酯">甘油三酸酯</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9" title="甘油">甘油</a>骨架，或是<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a>中的合成某些葡萄糖。醣類每<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">克</a>含有15.8<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83_(%E5%89%8D%E7%B6%B4)" title="千 (前綴)">千</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">焦耳</a>（即3.75<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%B7%AF%E9%87%8C" title="卡路里">千卡路里</a>）而每克蛋白質則能提供16.8千焦耳（4千卡路里），而每克脂肪則能提供37.8千焦耳（9千卡路里）<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>生物一般不能利用所有醣類轉換成能量，而葡萄糖是最普遍的能量來源。許多生物都有能力把其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%86%A3" title="單醣">單醣</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%86%A3" title="雙醣">雙醣</a>代謝成能量，但以葡萄糖為首選。例如，在大腸桿菌中，當遇到乳糖，乳糖操縱子會釋出酶，以消化乳糖，但如果乳糖和葡萄糖都存在乳糖操縱子會受到壓抑的，葡萄糖會首先被消化。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖">多醣</a>也是常見的能量來源，許多生物皆能分解澱粉成葡萄糖，但大部份生物都不能消化<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="纖維素">纖維素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E6%AE%BC%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="甲殼素">甲殼素</a>等其他多醣。這些醣只能由某些細菌及原生生物消化。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%88%8D%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%AE" title="反刍亚目">反芻動物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%9F%BB" title="白蟻">白蟻</a>會利用微生物來處理纖維素。雖然這些複雜的醣不能輕易消化，但它們卻是人類營養的重要部份，稱為食用纖維。食用纖維對人類的最大益處，在於它能促進消化。美國藥物組織建議，每名美國及加拿大人的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="食物熱量">食物熱量</a>需有45–65%來自醣類，以減低心臟病及肥胖症的風險<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F%E5%8F%8A%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="联合国粮食及农业组织">聯合國糧食及農業組織</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界衛生組織</a>也聯合建議每個國家制定營養指引，訂立每人的總食物能量中的55至75%來自醣類，最多10%直接來自<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="糖分">糖份</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。发表在《柳叶刀公共健康》（The Lancet Public Health）杂志上的研究结果指出，那些从碳水化合物中获得50%-55%能量的人，与其他摄入碳水化合物偏低和偏高的人相比，死亡风险略有降低。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>人体压力的增加会产生皮质醇，这种激素能促进饥饿感，并促使人们渴望高脂肪、高能量的食物，如加工过的碳水化合物。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分類法"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E.E6.B3.95"></span>分類法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：分類法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>歷史上，營養學家曾經只把醣類分為簡單與複雜，但這種分類法難免存在歧義問題。現今的「簡單醣類」一般指<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%86%A3" title="單醣">單醣</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%86%A3" title="雙醣">雙醣</a>，而「複雜醣類」指<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖">多醣</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="低聚糖">低聚醣</a>）。可是，「複雜醣類」最先見於美國參議院人類營養需求委員會出版物《美國營養目標》（1977），該詞語的意思卻不相同，指的是「水果、蔬菜及全穀物」<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。部份營養學者以「複雜醣類」一詞指任何在含有纖維、維他命及礦物質的食物中，可消化的醣類，以相對於提供較少其他營養的已消化醣類。 </p><p>許多人（甚至有營養學家）相信，複雜的醣類（多醣，例如澱粉）比簡單的醣類（例如單醣）消化得較慢，因此較健康<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>實際上，簡單醣類與複雜醣類對血糖水平的影響大同小異<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一些簡單的碳水化合物消化得非常緩慢（例如果糖），而一些複雜的醣類，特別經過處理後的，卻能迅速提高血糖水平（如澱粉）。從此可知，消化的速度取決於多種因素，包括連帶進食的其他營養物、食物準備方法、在個人代謝的速度差異，以及該碳水化合物的化學結構。 </p><p>營養學上，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E7%B3%96%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="升糖指数">升糖指數 (GI)</a>及血糖負荷（GL）的概念，來反映食物於消化後對人體的影響。升糖指數衡量人體吸收該食物中葡萄糖的速度，而血糖負荷則衡量食物中可吸收葡萄糖的總量。兩種指數中，最高則代表醣類含量最高、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%B3%96" title="血糖">血糖</a>水平最大影響的食物。胰島素指數是一個類似的、更新式的計算法，衡量食品對<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0" title="胰岛素">血腋胰島素</a>水平的影響，主要考量食物中的葡萄糖（或澱粉）和某些氨基酸的份量。 </p><p>膳食指南一般建議食用複雜醣類（澱粉）和營養豐富的簡單醣類，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AE%9E" title="果实">水果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%AC%E8%8F%9C" title="蔬菜">蔬菜</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%93%81" title="奶制品">奶製品</a>，以彌補大量醣類的消耗。過量食用高度加工的醣類來源，如玉米或土豆片，糖果，含糖飲料，糕點和白米，一般認為是不健康的。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E9%83%A8" title="美国农业部">美國農業部</a>的《2005年美國膳食指南》不再使用簡單/複雜的分類法，改為推薦含豐富纖維素的食物和全穀物<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分解代谢"><span id=".E5.88.86.E8.A7.A3.E4.BB.A3.E8.B0.A2"></span>分解代谢</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：分解代谢"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="三羧酸循环">三羧酸循环</a></div> <p>細胞會透過<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="异化作用">分解代谢</a>獲取能量。單醣分解代谢的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%80%94%E5%BE%91" title="代謝途徑">途徑</a>有兩種：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="三羧酸循环">三羧酸循环</a>，或称作<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A0%E6%AA%AC%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="柠檬酸循环">檸檬酸循環</a>、克雷伯氏循環<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_1937_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize_1937-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_1953_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize_1953-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a>過程中，低聚醣或多醣會先裂解成較小的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%86%A3" title="單醣">單醣</a>，過程會由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3%E9%85%B6" title="糖苷水解酶">糖苷水解酶</a>催化，單醣才能進入單醣分解的程序。在人體中，並非所有碳水化合物都能提供能量，因為人體內並沒有所需的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6" title="消化酶">消化酶</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代谢酶（页面不存在）">代谢酶</a>以催化其分解作用<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glycolysis_animation_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glycolysis_animation-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="糖化學"><span id=".E7.B3.96.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8"></span>糖化學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：糖化學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>糖化學是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机化学">有機化學</a>的一個重要分支，它是以研究糖的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8" title="化学性质">化学性质</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="化学反应">化学反应</a>为主的一门<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a>。由于糖的结构是多羟基醛酮化合物或其半缩醛结构，因此糖化学主要研究了糖分子内部的这些相关性质。部份<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="醛糖">醛糖</a>能<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="氧化">氧化</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8" title="羧酸">羧酸</a>。以下是主要其牵涉的化學反應： </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%A3%E9%A1%9E%E7%B8%AE%E9%86%9B%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醣類縮醛化（页面不存在）">醣類縮醛化</a>：指醣類形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%A9%E9%86%9B" title="缩醛">縮醛</a>的作用。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B0%E9%86%87%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氰醇反應（页面不存在）">氰醇反應</a>：指<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="醛糖">醛糖</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="酮糖">酮糖</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氰化物">氰</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%88" title="腈">腈</a>發生反應，形成氰醇。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%BE%8B%EF%BC%8D%E5%9F%83%E8%82%AF%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E8%BD%AC%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="洛布雷·德·布律－埃肯施泰因转变">Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein转化</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="醛糖">醛糖</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="酮糖">酮糖</a>兩者間轉換的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="异构化反应">異構化</a>作用。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%A9%AC%E9%81%93%E9%87%8C%E9%87%8D%E6%8E%92" title="阿马道里重排">阿馬道里重排</a>：指被氮取代的醛糖胺轉變成1-氨基-1-去氧-2-酮糖的同分異構重排反應。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%A4%AB%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="内夫反应">内夫反应</a>：指一級或二級<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="硝基化合物">硝基化合物</a>負離子在酸中水解，生成<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="醛糖">醛糖</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="酮糖">酮糖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AE" title="一氧化二氮">一氧化二氮</a>的反應。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%B0%94%E9%80%92%E9%99%8D%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="佛尔递降反应">佛尔递降反应</a>：使<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="醛糖">醛糖</a>碳鏈縮短的常用反應之一。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%8C%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="柯尼希斯－克诺尔反应">柯尼希斯－克诺尔反应</a>：用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%9F%BA" title="糖基">糖基</a>鹵化物和<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%87" title="醇">醇</a>生成<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7" title="糖苷">糖苷</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="取代反应">取代反應</a>。</li></ul> <p>有些醣類因帶有醛基（如單醣中的葡萄糖）或其含有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%BC%A9%E9%86%9B" title="半缩醛">半縮醛</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A5%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="羥基">羥基</a>（如部份雙醣中的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a>），使這些醣帶有<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="還原劑">還原性質</a>，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F%E7%B3%96" title="還原糖">還原糖</a>，可以<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%95%E5%89%82" title="斐林试剂">斐林試劑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%BE%B7%E8%A9%A6%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="本立德試劑">本立德試劑</a>偵察，还原糖的出現會產生红褐色的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%9A%E9%93%9C" title="氧化亚铜">氧化亞銅</a>沉澱物。此外還原糖與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>等物種在加熱的情況下能進行<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="美拉德反应">美拉德反應</a>，即令食物出現棕褐色並出現誘人香氣的主要化學作用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註解"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.A7.A3"></span>註解</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：註解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">此处读音据《现代汉语字典》、《汉语大字典》等，季羡林《糖史》原文：“𩛿、餳音yi……餳、餹音tang”，与字典不合。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%AF%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E5%A1%91%E8%86%A0" title="生物可分解塑膠">生物可分解塑膠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%BC%82%E7%94%9F" title="糖异生">糖异生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%84%82" title="糖脂">糖脂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="糖蛋白">糖蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="糖生物学">糖生物学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="糖信息學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glycoinformatics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="糖信息學（页面不存在）">糖信息學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoinformatics" class="extiw" title="en:Glycoinformatics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glycoinformatics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="低碳水化合物飲食">低糖飲食</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E7%B3%96%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無糖飲食（页面不存在）">無糖飲食</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="高分子">高分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="营养学">营养学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E6%88%8A%E7%B3%96%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84" title="磷酸戊糖途径">磷酸戊糖途径</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5" title="发酵">发酵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="食糖">食糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E7%B3%96" title="游離糖">游離糖</a>（添加糖）</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Flitsch, Sabine L.; Ulijn, Rein V. Sugars tied to the spot. Nature. 2003, <b>421</b> (6920): 219–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12529622"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 12529622</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F421219a"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/421219a</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=Sugars+tied+to+the+spot&rft.au=Ulijn%2C+Rein+V&rft.aufirst=Sabine+L.&rft.aulast=Flitsch&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6920&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=219-20&rft.volume=421&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F421219a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12529622&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho">Human Biology and Health</a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. 1993: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho/page/52">52</a>–59. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-981176-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-981176-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-13-981176-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rft.aulast=Maton&rft.btitle=Human+Biology+and+Health&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-981176-1&rft.pages=52-59&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanbiologyheal00scho&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1953-04-01, <b>1</b> (1): 109–111. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf60001a611"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1021/jf60001a611</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=Advances+in+Carbohydrate+Chemistry&rft.date=1953-04-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=109-111&rft.volume=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf60001a611&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carbohydrate Synthons in Natural Products Chemistry:  Synthesis, Functionalization, and Applications Edited by Zbigniew J. Witczak (Wilkes University) and Kuniaki Tatsuta (Waseda University). American Chemical Society (Distributed by Oxford University Press):  Washington, DC. 2003. xiv + 210 pp. $135.00. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780841237407" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8412-3740-7</a>.. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2003-06-01, <b>125</b> (25): 7748–7748. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja033524i"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1021/ja033524i</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=Carbohydrate+Synthons+in+Natural+Products+Chemistry%3A+Synthesis%2C+Functionalization%2C+and+Applications+Edited+by+Zbigniew+J.+Witczak+%28Wilkes+University%29+and+Kuniaki+Tatsuta+%28Waseda+University%29.+American+Chemical+Society+%28Distributed+by+Oxford+University+Press%29%3A+Washington%2C+DC.+2003.+xiv+%2B+210+pp.+%24135.00.+ISBN+978-0-8412-3740-7.&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=25&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=7748-7748&rft.volume=125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja033524i&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_5-2"><sup><b>5.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_5-3"><sup><b>5.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_5-4"><sup><b>5.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PDF 季羡林文集第九卷：糖史（一）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coulter-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coulter_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Merle Coulter, Charler Reid Barnes, Henry Chandler Cowles (1930), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.br/books?id=WyZnVpCiTHIC&pg=PA375&dq=simplest+carbohydrate">A Textbook of Botany for Colleges and Universities</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110706152633/http://books.google.com.br/books?id=WyZnVpCiTHIC&pg=PA375&dq=simplest+carbohydrate">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tietz-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tietz_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl A. Burtis, Edward R. Ashwood, Norbert W. Tietz (2000), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=l5hqAAAAMAAJ&q=simplest+carbohydrate">Tietz fundamentals of clinical chemistry</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121112195601/http://books.google.com/books?id=l5hqAAAAMAAJ&q=simplest+carbohydrate">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ahern, Christopher K. Mathews, Kensal E. Van Holde, Kevin. Biochemistry 3rd ed. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8053-3066-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-8053-3066-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8053-3066-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.aufirst=Christopher+K.+Mathews%2C+Kensal+E.+Van+Holde%2C+Kevin&rft.aulast=Ahern&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=3rd+ed.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8053-3066-6&rft.place=Menlo+Park%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html">Biology: Exploring Life</a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-05-15</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-250882-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-250882-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-13-250882-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html">存档</a>于2014-11-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Exploring+Life&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-250882-6&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pigman, Ward; Horton, D. Chapter 1: Stereochemistry of the Monosaccharides. Pigman and Horton (编). The Carbohydrates: Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol 1A 2nd. San Diego: Academic Press. 1972: 1–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Stereochemistry+of+the+Monosaccharides&rft.aufirst=Ward&rft.aulast=Pigman&rft.btitle=The+Carbohydrates%3A+Chemistry+and+Biochemistry+Vol+1A&rft.date=1972&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=1-67&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pigman-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pigman_12-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pigman_12-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book_last%3DPigman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Cite book last=Pigman（页面不存在）">Template:Cite book last=Pigman</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shallenberger, Robert S.; Wienen, Wanda J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1989-01_66_1/page/67">Carbohydrate stereochemistry</a>. Journal of Chemical Education. 1989-01-01, <b>66</b> (1): 67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed066p67"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1021/ed066p67</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=Carbohydrate+stereochemistry&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.aulast=Shallenberger&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.pages=67&rft.volume=66&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_1989-01_66_1%2Fpage%2F67&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed066p67&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Boiteux A, Hess B. Design of glycolysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1981, <b>293</b> (1063): 5–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6115423"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 6115423</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=Design+of+glycolysis&rft.au=Boiteux+A%2C+Hess+B&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1063&rft.jtitle=Philos+Trans+R+Soc+Lond+B+Biol+Sci&rft.pages=5-22&rft.volume=293&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6115423&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Pilkis S, el-Maghrabi M, Claus T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_1990-06_13_6/page/582">Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in control of hepatic gluconeogenesis. From metabolites to molecular genetics</a>. Diabetes Care. 1990, <b>13</b> (6): 582–99. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2162755"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 2162755</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=Fructose-2%2C6-bisphosphate+in+control+of+hepatic+gluconeogenesis.+From+metabolites+to+molecular+genetics&rft.au=Pilkis+S%2C+el-Maghrabi+M%2C+Claus+T&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Diabetes+Care&rft.pages=582-99&rft.volume=13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_diabetes-care_1990-06_13_6%2Fpage%2F582&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2162755&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rademacher T, Parekh R, Dwek R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1988_57/page/785">Glycobiology</a>. Annu Rev Biochem. 1988, <b>57</b>: 785–838. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3052290"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 3052290</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=Glycobiology&rft.au=Rademacher+T%2C+Parekh+R%2C+Dwek+R&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.pages=785-838&rft.volume=57&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1988_57%2Fpage%2F785&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3052290&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Irvine, James Colquhourn. Progress in the Structural Study of Carbohydrates.. Chemical Reviews. 1927-07-01, <b>4</b> (2): 203–229. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60014a003"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1021/cr60014a003</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=Progress+in+the+Structural+Study+of+Carbohydrates.&rft.aufirst=James+Colquhourn&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.date=1927-07-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.pages=203-229&rft.volume=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr60014a003&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Irvine, James Colquhoun. The Constitution of Polysaccharides.. Chemical Reviews. 1924-04-01, <b>1</b> (1): 41–71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60001a002"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1021/cr60001a002</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+Polysaccharides.&rft.aufirst=James+Colquhoun&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.date=1924-04-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.pages=41-71&rft.volume=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr60001a002&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Neil A. Biology 4th ed. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8053-1957-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-8053-1957-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8053-1957-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.date=1998&rft.edition=4th+ed.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8053-1957-3&rft.place=Menlo+Park%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings+Pub.+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mancera, M.; Zamora, F., Roffé, I., Bermúdez, M., Alla, A., Muñoz-Guerra, S., Galbis, J. A. Synthesis and Properties of Poly(d-mannaramide)s and Poly(galactaramide)s. Macromolecules. 2004-04-01, <b>37</b> (8): 2779–2783. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fma0354851"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1021/ma0354851</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+Properties+of+Poly%28d-mannaramide%29s+and+Poly%28galactaramide%29s&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Mancera&rft.date=2004-04-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Macromolecules&rft.pages=2779-2783&rft.volume=37&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fma0354851&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/75/5/951-a">Is dietary carbohydrate essential for human nutrition? - Westman 75 (5): 951 - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100921095857/http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/75/5/951-a">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm">Calculation of the energy content of foods - energy conversion factors - Agriculture and Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-08-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625173924/http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm">存档</a>于2018-06-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.btitle=Calculation+of+the+energy+content+of+foods+-+energy+conversion+factors+-+Agriculture+and+Consumer+Protection%2C+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2FDOCREP%2F006%2FY5022E%2Fy5022e04.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Academies, Panel on Macronutrients, Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber, Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients, Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-309-08537-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-309-08537-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-309-08537-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.aufirst=Panel+on+Macronutrients%2C+Panel+on+the+Definition+of+Dietary+Fiber%2C+Subcommittee+on+Upper+Reference+Levels+of+Nutrients%2C+Subcommittee+on+Interpretation+and+Uses+of+Dietary+Reference+Intakes%2C+and+the+Standing+Committee+on+the+Scientific+Evaluation+of+Dietary+Reference+Intakes%2C+Food+and+Nutrition+Board%2C+Institute+of+Medicine+of+the+National&rft.aulast=Academies&rft.btitle=Dietary+reference+intakes+for+energy%2C+carbohydrate%2C+fiber%2C+fat%2C+fatty+acids%2C+cholesterol%2C+protein%2C+and+amino+acids&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-309-08537-3&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Consultation, report of a joint WHO/FAO Expert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_924120916x">Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases : report of a WHO-FAO Expert Consultation ; [Joint WHO-FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, 2002, Geneva, Switzerland].</a>. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/92-4-120916-X" title="Special:网络书源/92-4-120916-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 92-4-120916-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.aufirst=report+of+a+joint+WHO%2FFAO+Expert&rft.aulast=Consultation&rft.btitle=Diet%2C+nutrition%2C+and+the+prevention+of+chronic+diseases+%3A+report+of+a+WHO-FAO+Expert+Consultation+%3B+%5BJoint+WHO-FAO+Expert+Consultation+on+Diet%2C+Nutrition%2C+and+the+Prevention+of+Chronic+Diseases%2C+2002%2C+Geneva%2C+Switzerland%5D.&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=92-4-120916-X&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_924120916x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/simp/science-45247839">碳水化合物：摄取不足或缩短寿命4年</a>. BBC News 中文. 2018-08-21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-08-30</span>]</span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英国英语网页">（英国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%9A%E6%91%84%E5%8F%96%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E6%88%96%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD4%E5%B9%B4&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fscience-45247839&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webmd.cn/2019/01/carbs-in-the-evening/">不吃碳水化合物能减肥吗，减肥期间怎样避免摄入碳水化合物？42天不吃碳水化合物</a>. WebMD. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-01-27</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030431/https://webmd.cn/2019/01/carbs-in-the-evening/">存档</a>于2019-01-28） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%83%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E8%83%BD%E5%87%8F%E8%82%A5%E5%90%97%EF%BC%8C%E5%87%8F%E8%82%A5%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E6%80%8E%E6%A0%B7%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E6%91%84%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%9F42%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%83%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebmd.cn%2F2019%2F01%2Fcarbs-in-the-evening%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Mf3lxvWfA9oC">Carbohydrates in human nutrition : report of a joint FAO WHO consultation, Rome, 14-18 April 1997.</a> Repr. Rome: World Health Organization. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/92-5-104114-8" title="Special:网络书源/92-5-104114-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 92-5-104114-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.btitle=Carbohydrates+in+human+nutrition+%3A+report+of+a+joint+FAO+WHO+consultation%2C+Rome%2C+14-18+April+1997.&rft.date=1998&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=92-5-104114-8&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Mf3lxvWfA9oC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Diet Channel <i>Good Carbs vs. Bad Carbs: How To Pick The Best Carbs For Your Diet</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thedietchannel.com/Good-Carbs-Vs-Bad-Carbs-How-To-Pick-The-Best-Carbs-For-Your-Diet.htm">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110716231613/http://www.thedietchannel.com/Good-Carbs-Vs-Bad-Carbs-How-To-Pick-The-Best-Carbs-For-Your-Diet.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Nutrition Source, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/carbohydrates/index.html">Carbohydrates</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110707013735/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/carbohydrates/index.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E9%83%A8" title="美国卫生及公共服务部">DHHS</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E9%83%A8" title="美国农业部">USDA</a>, <i>Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/chapter7.htm">Chapter 7 Carbohydrates</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110304015410/http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/chapter7.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_Prize_1937-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_1937_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937</a>. The Nobel Foundation. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-10-26</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219032112/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/">存档</a>于2007-02-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1937&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1937%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_Prize_1953-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_1953_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953</a>. The Nobel Foundation. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-10-26</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222145756/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/">存档</a>于2007-02-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1953&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1953%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romano AH, Conway T. (1996) Evolution of carbohydrate metabolic pathways. <i>Res Microbiol.</i> 147(6-7):448-55 <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9084754?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9084754</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glycolysis_animation-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glycolysis_animation_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pharmaxchange.info/press/2011/09/glycolysis-animation-and-notes/">Glycolysis - Animation and Notes</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-03-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325151810/http://pharmaxchange.info/press/2011/09/glycolysis-animation-and-notes/">存档</a>于2012-03-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.btitle=Glycolysis+-+Animation+and+Notes&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpharmaxchange.info%2Fpress%2F2011%2F09%2Fglycolysis-animation-and-notes%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>书籍</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">余瑜. 医用化学. 人民卫生出版社. 2006-12. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787117063555" title="Special:网络书源/9787117063555"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787117063555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.au=%E4%BD%99%E7%91%9C&rft.btitle=%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&rft.date=2006-12&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787117063555&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">郭振楚. 糖类化学. 化学工业出版社. 2005-08. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787502571498" title="Special:网络书源/9787502571498"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787502571498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&rft.au=%E9%83%AD%E6%8C%AF%E6%A5%9A&rft.btitle=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&rft.date=2005-08&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787502571498&rft.pub=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carbohydrates" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carbohydrates"><span style="font-weight:bold;">糖类</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050124032405/http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/2carb/">醣類的命名規則</a> - 由<a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際生物化學與分子生物學聯合會（页面不存在）">國際生物化學與分子生物學聯合會</a>（IUBMB）聯合製作</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516074319/http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/carbhyd.htm">醣類的介紹</a> - 密歇根州立大學</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050301072700/http://www.biochemweb.org/carbohydrates.shtml">醣類及醣基化</a> - BioChemWeb.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnbzy.com/html/44/l">醣類及醣基化</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210725011330/http://www.tnbzy.com/html/44/l">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - BioChemWeb.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.functionalglycomics.org/">功能性醣質體綜合門戶</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110602164548/http://www.functionalglycomics.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），一個由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E9%86%A3%E8%B3%AA%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功能性醣質體學協會（页面不存在）">功能性醣質體學協會</a>（Consortium for Functional Glycomics）及<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="自然出版集团">自然出版集團</a>合作的數據庫</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wineclubwizard.com/wine-carbohydrates.html">酒精飲品內的醣含量</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110417070138/http://www.wineclubwizard.com/wine-carbohydrates.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="醣類" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖类"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="Template talk:糖类"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:糖类"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="醣類" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">醣類</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">总览</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B%E9%86%A3" title="醛醣">醛醣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E9%86%A3" title="酮醣">酮醣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A1%E5%96%83%E7%B3%96" title="吡喃糖">吡喃糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%8B%E5%96%83%E7%B3%96" title="呋喃糖">呋喃糖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">几何</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%B7%B1%E7%83%B7%E6%9E%84%E8%B1%A1" title="环己烷构象">环己烷构象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%B7%AE%E5%90%91%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84" title="端基差向异构">端基差向异构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E6%97%8B" title="变旋">变旋现象</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%86%A3" title="單醣">單醣</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%A3" title="乙醣">乙醣</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>乙醛糖 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87%E9%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="乙醇醛">乙醇醛</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E9%86%A3" title="丙醣">丙醣</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>丙酮糖 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BE%9F%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE" title="二羟丙酮">二羟丙酮</a></li></ul></li> <li>丙醛糖 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9%E9%86%9B" title="甘油醛">甘油醛</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E7%B3%96" title="丁糖">丁糖</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>丁酮糖 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E8%97%93%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" title="赤藓酮糖">赤藓酮糖</a></li></ul></li> <li>丁醛糖 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E8%97%93%E7%B3%96" title="赤藓糖">赤藓糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%B3%96" title="苏糖">苏糖</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E7%B3%96" title="戊糖">戊糖</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>戊酮糖 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" title="核酮糖">核酮糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" title="木酮糖">木酮糖</a></li></ul></li> <li>戊醛糖 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96" title="核糖">核糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%B3%96" title="阿拉伯糖">阿拉伯糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%B3%96" title="木糖">木糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A5%E8%8B%8F%E7%B3%96" title="来苏糖">来苏糖</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E7%B3%96" title="脱氧糖">脱氧糖</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96" title="脱氧核糖">脱氧核糖</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E7%B3%96" title="己糖">己糖</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="己酮糖">己酮糖</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B4%9B%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" title="阿洛酮糖">阿洛酮糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96" title="果糖">果糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%A2%A8%E7%B3%96" title="山梨糖">山梨糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%A0%BC%E7%B3%96" title="塔格糖">塔格糖</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E9%86%9B%E7%B3%96" title="己醛糖">己醛糖</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B4%9B%E7%B3%96" title="阿洛糖">阿洛糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%93%E7%B3%96" title="阿卓糖">阿卓糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E7%B3%96" title="甘露糖">甘露糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%9B%E7%B3%96" title="古洛糖">古洛糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%9D%9C%E7%B3%96" title="艾杜糖">艾杜糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="半乳糖">半乳糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%BD%97%E7%B3%96" title="塔罗糖">塔罗糖</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E7%B3%96" title="脱氧糖">脱氧糖</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E8%97%BB%E7%B3%96" title="岩藻糖">岩藻糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A7%92%E8%97%BB%E7%B3%96" title="墨角藻糖">墨角藻糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%A0%E6%9D%8E%E7%B3%96" title="鼠李糖">鼠李糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E8%AF%BA%E7%B3%96" title="奎诺糖">奎诺糖</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="双脱氧糖">双脱氧糖</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%96" title="可立糖">可立糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94%E5%8F%AF%E7%B3%96" title="阿比可糖">阿比可糖</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E9%86%A3" title="庚醣">庚醣</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>庚酮糖 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9A%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" title="景天庚酮糖">景天庚酮糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E5%BA%9A%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" title="甘露庚酮糖">甘露庚酮糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%A1%91%E7%B3%96" title="馬桑糖">馬桑糖</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">八碳以上</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E9%86%A3" title="辛醣">辛醣</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,3,4,5,6,7,8-%E4%B8%83%E7%BE%A5%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%9B%E9%86%9B" title="2,3,4,5,6,7,8-七羥基辛醛">辛醛醣</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-%E8%B5%A4%E8%98%9A-L-%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E8%BE%9B%E7%B3%96" title="D-赤蘚-L-半乳辛糖">D-赤蘚-L-半乳辛糖</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3,4,5,6,7,8-%E4%B8%83%E7%BE%A5%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%9B-2-%E9%85%AE" title="1,3,4,5,6,7,8-七羥基辛-2-酮">辛酮醣</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9-D-%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E8%BE%9B%E7%B3%96" title="D-甘油-D-甘露辛糖">D-甘油-D-甘露辛糖</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AC%E9%86%A3" title="壬醣">壬醣</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-%E5%85%AB%E7%BE%A5%E5%9F%BA%E5%A3%AC%E9%86%9B" title="2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-八羥基壬醛">壬醛醣</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-%E6%A0%B8-D-%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E5%A3%AC%E7%B3%96" title="L-核-D-甘露壬糖">L-核-D-甘露壬糖</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖">多醣</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%86%A3" title="雙醣">雙醣</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1 → 1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%97%BB%E7%B3%96" title="海藻糖">海藻糖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="麴二糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kojibiose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%B4%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麴二糖（页面不存在）">麴二糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojibiose" class="extiw" title="en:Kojibiose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kojibiose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海藻酮糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trehalulose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E8%97%BB%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海藻酮糖（页面不存在）">海藻酮糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalulose" class="extiw" title="en:Trehalulose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trehalulose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>1 → 2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%90%E7%B3%96" title="槐糖">槐糖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2α-甘露二糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2α-Mannobiose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2%CE%B1-%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2α-甘露二糖（页面不存在）">2α-甘露二糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%CE%B1-Mannobiose" class="extiw" title="en:2α-Mannobiose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2α-Mannobiose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E9%AA%A8%E6%9C%A8%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96" title="接骨木二糖">接骨木二糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%A9%99%E7%9A%AE%E7%B3%96" title="新橙皮糖">新橙皮糖</a></li></ul></li> <li>1 → 3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96" title="松二糖">松二糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96" title="昆布二糖">昆布二糖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黑麴黴糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nigerose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E9%BA%B4%E9%BB%B4%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑麴黴糖（页面不存在）">黑麴黴糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerose" class="extiw" title="en:Nigerose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nigerose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="3α-甘露二糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="3α-Mannobiose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B1-%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3α-甘露二糖（页面不存在）">3α-甘露二糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%CE%B1-Mannobiose" class="extiw" title="en:3α-Mannobiose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">3α-Mannobiose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>1 → 4 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E8%8A%BD%E7%B3%96" title="麥芽糖">麥芽糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96" title="纤维二糖">纤维二糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96" title="木二糖">木二糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96" title="乳果糖">乳果糖</a></li></ul></li> <li>1 → 6 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E9%BA%A6%E8%8A%BD%E7%B3%96" title="异麦芽糖">异麦芽糖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="龙胆二糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gentiobiose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%99%E8%83%86%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龙胆二糖（页面不存在）">龙胆二糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiobiose" class="extiw" title="en:Gentiobiose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gentiobiose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="異麥芽酮糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Isomaltulose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E9%BA%A5%E8%8A%BD%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異麥芽酮糖（页面不存在）">異麥芽酮糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomaltulose" class="extiw" title="en:Isomaltulose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Isomaltulose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="異乳糖">異乳糖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蜜二糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Melibiose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9C%9C%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蜜二糖（页面不存在）">蜜二糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melibiose" class="extiw" title="en:Melibiose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Melibiose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="车前二糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Melibiulose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A6%E5%89%8D%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="车前二糖（页面不存在）">车前二糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melibiulose" class="extiw" title="en:Melibiulose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Melibiulose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%9A%E8%B1%86%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96" title="荚豆二糖">荚豆二糖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="芸香糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rutinose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B8%E9%A6%99%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芸香糖（页面不存在）">芸香糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutinose" class="extiw" title="en:Rutinose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rutinose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>2 → 1 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菊粉二糖" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Inulobiose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%8A%E7%B2%89%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菊粉二糖（页面不存在）">菊粉二糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inulobiose" class="extiw" title="fr:Inulobiose"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Inulobiose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%86%A3" title="三醣">三醣</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%89%E5%AD%90%E7%B3%96" title="棉子糖">棉子糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E4%B8%89%E7%B3%96" title="松三糖">松三糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E8%8A%BD%E4%B8%89%E7%B3%96" title="麦芽三糖">麦芽三糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9E%E5%BD%A2%E7%B3%96" title="伞形糖">伞形糖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%86%A3" title="四醣">四醣</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿卡波糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Acarbose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E6%B3%A2%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿卡波糖（页面不存在）">阿卡波糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acarbose" class="extiw" title="en:Acarbose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Acarbose</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%8B%8F%E7%B3%96" title="水苏糖">水苏糖</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A6%E8%8A%BD%E5%9B%9B%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麦芽四糖（页面不存在）">麦芽四糖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E9%86%A3" title="寡醣">寡醣</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AF%A1%E7%B3%96" title="果寡糖">低聚果糖</a>（FOS）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E8%81%9A%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="低聚半乳糖">低聚半乳糖</a>（GOS）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E8%81%9A%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低聚甘露糖（页面不存在）">低聚甘露糖</a>（MOS）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E8%81%9A%E5%BC%82%E9%BA%A6%E8%8A%BD%E7%B3%96" title="低聚异麦芽糖">低聚异麦芽糖</a>（IMO）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E8%81%9A%E6%9C%A8%E7%B3%96" title="低聚木糖">低聚木糖</a>（XOS）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-%E7%8E%AF%E7%B3%8A%E7%B2%BE" title="Α-环糊精">α-环糊精</a></li> <li>低聚<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E8%8A%BD%E7%B3%8A%E7%B2%BE" title="麥芽糊精">麥芽糊精</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="聚糖">聚醣</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><u><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="葡聚糖">葡聚糖</a></u>：<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-%E8%91%A1%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="Α-葡聚糖">α-葡聚糖</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F" title="糖原">糖原</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="淀粉">淀粉</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%8F%88%E6%BE%B1%E7%B2%89" title="直鏈澱粉">直鏈澱粉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="支链淀粉">支链淀粉</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%8A%E7%B2%BE" title="糊精">糊精</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%97%8B%E7%B3%96%E9%85%90" title="右旋糖酐">右旋糖酐</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E8%8A%BD%E7%B3%8A%E7%B2%BE" title="麥芽糊精">麥芽糊精</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-%E8%91%A1%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="Β-葡聚糖">β-葡聚糖</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素">纤维素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="酵母聚糖">酵母聚糖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%8F%87%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="香菇多糖">香菇多糖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%87%9D%E8%83%B6%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="热凝胶多糖">熱凝膠多糖</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="半纤维素">半纤维素</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B3%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="壳聚糖">壳聚糖</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E6%AE%BC%E8%B3%AA" title="甲殼質">甲殼質</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%A8%E7%B4%A0" title="木质素">木质素</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%8E%9F%E8%83%B6" title="黄原胶">黄原胶</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E8%83%B6" title="果胶">果胶</a> <p><u><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甘露聚糖（页面不存在）">甘露聚糖</a></u>： </p><p><u><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="半乳聚糖（页面不存在）">半乳聚糖</a></u>： </p><p><u><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="果聚糖">果聚糖</a></u>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8A%E7%B2%89" title="菊粉">菊粉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%9C%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96%CE%B22%E2%86%926&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="果聚糖β2→6（页面不存在）">果聚糖β2→6</a> </p> <u><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戊聚糖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pentosan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%8A%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戊聚糖（页面不存在）">戊聚糖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentosan" class="extiw" title="en:Pentosan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pentosan</span></a></span>）</span></span></u>：</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Template talk:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物化學物質種類索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化學物質</a><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Template:代谢">種類</a>索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖类">糖类</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%86%87" title="Template:醇">醇類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E9%86%87" title="Template:多元醇">糖醇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖蛋白类">醣蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7" title="Template:糖苷">苷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:脂类">酯質</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B1%BB%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%85%B8%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:类花生酸类">类花生酸类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="Template:脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:脂肪酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycerides" title="Template:Glycerides">甘油酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="Template:磷脂">磷脂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82" title="Template:鞘脂">鞘脂類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:胆固醇与甾体中间产物">胆固醇与甾体中间产物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="Template:核酸">核酸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA%E3%80%81%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="Template:碱基、核苷和核苷酸">成分</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:核苷酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:蛋白质">蛋白質</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="Template:氨基酸">胺基酸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:氨基酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%A1%E5%92%AF" title="Template:四吡咯">四吡咯</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:血红素代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="食品化学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:食品化学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:食品化学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:食品化学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="食品化学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">食品化学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%89%82" title="食品添加剂">添加剂</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">糖类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="食用色素">食用色素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E9%9C%80%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="必需脂肪酸">必需脂肪酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%91%B3%E6%96%99" title="调味料">调味料</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E9%A1%9E" title="脂類">脂類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="礦物質">膳食矿物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素">维生素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="代谢（分解代谢和合成代谢）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Template:代谢"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:代谢（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:代谢"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="代谢（分解代谢和合成代谢）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="代谢">代谢</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="异化作用">分解代谢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="同化作用">合成代谢</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">主要概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%80%94%E5%BE%91" title="代謝途徑">代謝途徑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="代谢网络">代谢网络</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="基本營養類型">基本營養類型</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="生物能量学">產能代謝</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用">呼吸作用</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a> → <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE%E9%85%B8%E8%84%B1%E7%BE%A7" title="丙酮酸脱羧">丙酮酸脱羧</a> → <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="三羧酸循环">三羧酸循环</a> → <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="氧化磷酸化">氧化磷酸化</a>（<small><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E9%8F%88" title="電子傳遞鏈">電子傳遞鏈</a> + <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="三磷酸腺苷合酶">三磷酸腺苷合酶</a></small>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E6%B0%A7%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="缺氧呼吸">無氧呼吸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>非氧电子受体</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5" title="发酵">發酵作用</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a> → <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E7%89%A9%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="底物水平磷酸化">底物水平磷酸化</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丙酮-丁醇-乙醇发酵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE-%E4%B8%81%E9%86%87-%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丙酮-丁醇-乙醇发酵（页面不存在）">丙酮-丁醇-乙醇发酵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone%E2%80%93butanol%E2%80%93ethanol_fermentation" class="extiw" title="en:Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE%E7%99%BC%E9%85%B5" title="酒精發酵">酒精發酵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用">乳酸發酵</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">特殊途径</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="蛋白质代谢">蛋白质代谢</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="蛋白質生物合成">蛋白質生物合成</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蛋白质分解代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Protein catabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质分解代谢（页面不存在）">蛋白质分解代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_catabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Protein catabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Protein catabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醣代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carbohydrate metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%A3%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醣代谢（页面不存在）">醣代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Carbohydrate metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carbohydrate metabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醣分解代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carbohydrate catabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%A3%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醣分解代谢（页面不存在）">醣分解代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_catabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Carbohydrate catabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carbohydrate catabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="同化作用">糖合成代谢</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">人类</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%BC%82%E7%94%9F" title="糖异生">糖异生</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3" title="糖原分解">糖原分解</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90" title="糖原生成">糖原生成</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E6%88%8A%E7%B3%96%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84" title="磷酸戊糖途径">磷酸戊糖途径</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="果糖分解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fructolysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="果糖分解（页面不存在）">果糖分解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructolysis" class="extiw" title="en:Fructolysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fructolysis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="半乳糖分解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Galactolysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="半乳糖分解（页面不存在）">半乳糖分解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactolysis" class="extiw" title="en:Galactolysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Galactolysis</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leloir%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84" title="Leloir途径">Leloir途径</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%A3%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="醣基化">醣基化</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="N-连接糖基化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="N-linked glycosylation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E7%B3%96%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-连接糖基化（页面不存在）">N-连接糖基化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-linked_glycosylation" class="extiw" title="en:N-linked glycosylation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">N-linked glycosylation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="O-连接糖基化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="O-linked glycosylation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=O-%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E7%B3%96%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O-连接糖基化（页面不存在）">O-连接糖基化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-linked_glycosylation" class="extiw" title="en:O-linked glycosylation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">O-linked glycosylation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">非人類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%94%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="不產氧光合作用">不產氧光合作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%83%BD%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="化能合成">化能合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="碳固定">碳固定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%B0%AE%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="固氮作用">固氮作用</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%B3%96%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="木糖代谢">木糖代谢</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="放射性真菌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radiotrophic fungus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="放射性真菌（页面不存在）">辐射营养</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" class="extiw" title="en:Radiotrophic fungus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radiotrophic fungus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脂类代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lipid metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂类代谢（页面不存在）">脂类代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Lipid metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lipid metabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span> <br />（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脂类分解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lipolysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂类分解（页面不存在）">脂类分解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipolysis" class="extiw" title="en:Lipolysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lipolysis</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脂类合成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lipogenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB%E5%90%88%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂类合成（页面不存在）">脂类合成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Lipogenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lipogenesis</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="脂肪酸代謝">脂肪酸代謝</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="脂肪酸合成">脂肪酸合成</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脂肪酸降解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fatty acid degradation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E9%99%8D%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂肪酸降解（页面不存在）">脂肪酸降解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" class="extiw" title="en:Fatty acid degradation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fatty acid degradation</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="Α-氧化">α-氧化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="Β-氧化">β-氧化</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93" title="甾体">甾體代謝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82" title="鞘脂">鞘脂类代谢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%85%B8" title="类花生酸">類花生酸代謝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E7%97%87" title="酮症">酮症</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胆固醇逆转运" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reverse cholesterol transport"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E8%BF%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胆固醇逆转运（页面不存在）">胆固醇逆转运</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" class="extiw" title="en:Reverse cholesterol transport"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reverse cholesterol transport</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="氨基酸合成">氨基酸合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="尿素循环">尿素循环</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核酸代謝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nucleic acid metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核酸代謝（页面不存在）">核酸代謝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Nucleic acid metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nucleic acid metabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="嘌呤代谢">嘌呤代谢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A5%E6%95%91%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84" title="补救途径">补救途径</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="嘧啶代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pyrimidine metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="嘧啶代謝">嘧啶代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Pyrimidine metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pyrimidine metabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物无机化学">金属代谢</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E9%90%B5%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="人類鐵代謝">铁代谢</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乙醇代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethanol metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乙醇代谢（页面不存在）">乙醇代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Ethanol metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethanol metabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef; font-size:100%;;;text-align:center;background:#ccf;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template:医学导航">医学导航</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%BC%BA%E9%99%B7" title="遗传性代谢缺陷">遗传代谢缺陷</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef; font-size:100%;;;text-align:center;background:white;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Template:代谢">代谢</a>、<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%89%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92%E9%93%BE" title="Template:三羧酸循环酶类与电子传递链">k</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖酵解酶类">c</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖原代谢酶类">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:血红素代谢中间产物">r</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%88%8A%E7%B3%96%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:戊糖磷酸途径酶类">p</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%86%A3%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%B6" title="Template:醣蛋白代謝酶">y</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%B6" title="Template:蛋白聚糖代謝酶">i</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:脂代谢酶类">f</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="Template:磷脂代謝">h</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%86%BD%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E8%88%87%E9%A1%9E%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%B6" title="Template:膽固醇與類固醇代謝酶">s</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Template:脂蛋白代谢">l</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%84%82%E8%88%87%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%B6" title="Template:糖脂與鞘脂代謝酶">o</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%A1%9E%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%B6" title="Template:類花生酸代謝酶">e</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:氨基酸代谢酶类">a</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:尿素循环酶类">u</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:核苷酸代谢酶类">n</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8D%9F%E5%95%89%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:卟啉代谢酶类">m</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef; font-size:100%;;;text-align:center;background:silver;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_TCA_and_ETC" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Disorders of TCA and ETC">k</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%BC%BA%E9%99%B7" title="Template:先天性糖类代谢缺陷">cgrp</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:Glycoprotein_disorders" title="Template:Glycoprotein disorders">y</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Proteoglycan_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Proteoglycan disorders（页面不存在）">i</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:Fatty-acid_metabolism_disorders" title="Template:Fatty-acid metabolism disorders">f</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Phospholipid_metabolism_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Phospholipid metabolism disorders（页面不存在）">h</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Defects_of_cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Defects of cholesterol and steroid metabolism（页面不存在）">s</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:Lipid_metabolism_disorders" title="Template:Lipid metabolism disorders">l</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:Lipid_storage_disorders" title="Template:Lipid storage disorders">o</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:Eicosanoid_metabolism_disorders" title="Template:Eicosanoid metabolism disorders">e</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:Amino_acid_metabolic_pathology" title="Template:Amino acid metabolic pathology">au</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Inborn_errors_of_purine-pyrimidine_metabolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Inborn errors of purine-pyrimidine metabolism（页面不存在）">n</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Heme_metabolism_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Heme metabolism disorders（页面不存在）">m</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_endocrinology,_nutrition,_and_metabolism" title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for endocrinology, nutrition, and metabolism">人名体征</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef; font-size:100%;;;text-align:center;background:#ccf;;width:10em;"><div> <p>药物(<a href="/wiki/ATC%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81_(A16)" title="ATC代码 (A16)">A16</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A1%80%E8%84%82%E8%B0%83%E8%8A%82%E5%89%82" title="Template:血脂调节剂">C10</a>)、中间产物(<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%89%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="Template:三羧酸循環">k</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="Template:糖酵解">c</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:糖原生成与糖原分解代谢中间产物">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96%E4%B8%8E%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:果糖与半乳糖代谢中间产物">r</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%88%8A%E7%B3%96%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:戊糖磷酸途径中间产物">p</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖蛋白类">y</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%83%BA%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="Template:糖胺聚糖">i</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:脂肪酸代谢中间产物">f</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="Template:磷脂">h</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:胆固醇与甾体中间产物">s</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82" title="Template:鞘脂">o</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Eicosanoids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Eicosanoids（页面不存在）">e</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:氨基酸代谢中间产物">a</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="Template:尿素循环">u</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:核苷酸代谢中间产物">n</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:血红素代谢中间产物">m</a>) </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11358#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11358#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11358#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hidratos de carbono"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX530029">西班牙</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Glucides"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961088k">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Glucides"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961088k">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4164517-0">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283489605171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85020080">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572696">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sacharidy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125399&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300264233">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=糖类&oldid=83759760">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=糖类&oldid=83759760</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="Category:糖类">糖类</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:营养学">营养学</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%BF%87%E6%97%B6%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有过时参数的引用的页面">含有过时参数的引用的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">引文格式1维护：冗余文本</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en-gb)" title="Category:CS1英国英语来源 (en-gb)">CS1英国英语来源 (en-gb)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8PMID%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用PMID魔术链接的页面">使用PMID魔术链接的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D%E9%A1%B9" title="Category:维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项">维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNE%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年8月10日 (星期六) 18:46。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-p8j2w","wgBackendResponseTime":212,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.922","walltime":"1.134","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4624,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":398252,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7659,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":79947,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 864.660 1 -total"," 33.58% 290.386 10 Template:Navbox"," 19.83% 171.438 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.81% 128.033 1 Template:Commons_category"," 14.65% 126.678 1 Template:Sister_project"," 14.62% 126.406 1 Template:Lang-en"," 14.44% 124.850 1 Template:Side_box"," 13.47% 116.474 1 Template:糖类"," 8.51% 73.557 1 Template:NoteTA"," 8.28% 71.597 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.504","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14702233,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6bcd787d7f-mvcdh","timestamp":"20241126071448","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u7cd6\u7c7b","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11358","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11358","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-21T18:57:46Z","dateModified":"2024-08-10T18:46:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5c\/Zucker.jpg","headline":"\u78b3\u6c34\u5316\u5408\u7269"}</script> </body> </html>