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aria-controls="toc-Political_rise-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political rise subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activism_in_Shanghai_and_Wuhan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism_in_Shanghai_and_Wuhan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Activism in Shanghai and Wuhan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism_in_Shanghai_and_Wuhan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_campaign_in_Guangxi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_campaign_in_Guangxi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Military campaign in Guangxi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_campaign_in_Guangxi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_the_Jiangxi_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_the_Jiangxi_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>At the Jiangxi Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_the_Jiangxi_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Long March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Japanese invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resumed_war_against_the_Nationalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resumed_war_against_the_Nationalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Resumed war against the Nationalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resumed_war_against_the_Nationalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career_under_Mao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career_under_Mao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political career under Mao</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career_under_Mao-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career under Mao subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career_under_Mao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Local leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_rise_in_Beijing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_rise_in_Beijing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Political rise in Beijing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_rise_in_Beijing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purged_twice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purged_twice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Purged twice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purged_twice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Cultural Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Criticize_Deng"_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Criticize_Deng"_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>"Criticize Deng" campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Criticize_Deng"_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_of_China_(1978-1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_of_China_(1978-1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leadership of China (1978-1989)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership_of_China_(1978-1989)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership of China (1978-1989) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership_of_China_(1978-1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paramount_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paramount_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Paramount leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paramount_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boluan_Fanzheng" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boluan_Fanzheng"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Boluan Fanzheng</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boluan_Fanzheng-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>International affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_and_Opening-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_and_Opening-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Reform and Opening-up</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_and_Opening-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four_modernizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_modernizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Four modernizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_modernizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_steps_to_economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_steps_to_economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Three steps to economic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_steps_to_economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Further reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Export_focus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Export_focus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Export focus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Export_focus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_of_Hong_Kong_and_Macau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_Hong_Kong_and_Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Return of Hong Kong and Macau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_Hong_Kong_and_Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_control_and_crime_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_control_and_crime_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Population control and crime control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_control_and_crime_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crackdown_of_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crackdown_of_Tiananmen_Square_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Crackdown of Tiananmen Square protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crackdown_of_Tiananmen_Square_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_and_1992_southern_tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_and_1992_southern_tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Resignation and 1992 southern tour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_and_1992_southern_tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Deng Xiaoping</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="دينج شياو بينج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دينج شياو بينج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Syaopin" title="Den Syaopin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Den Syaopin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="তেং শিয়াওফিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তেং শিয়াওফিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93ng_Si%C3%A1u-p%C3%AAng" title="Tēng Siáu-pêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tēng Siáu-pêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяапін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэн Сяапін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дън Сяопин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дън Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9E%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8D" title="དེང་ཞ་ཕིང། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དེང་ཞ་ཕིང།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teng_Siao-pching" title="Teng Siao-pching – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teng Siao-pching" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Ντενγκ Σιαοπίνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντενγκ Σιαοπίνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دنگ شیائوپینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دنگ شیائوپینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="鄧小平 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鄧小平" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Then_S%C3%A9u-ph%C3%ACn" title="Then Séu-phìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Then Séu-phìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%A9%EC%83%A4%EC%98%A4%ED%95%91" title="덩샤오핑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="덩샤오핑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Դեն Սյաոպին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեն Սյաոպին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="देंग शियाओ पिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देंग शियाओ पिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="דנג שיאופינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דנג שיאופינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დენ სიაოპინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დენ სიაოპინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dens_Sjaopins" title="Dens Sjaopins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dens Sjaopins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teng_Hsziao-ping" title="Teng Hsziao-ping – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teng Hsziao-ping" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="देङ सियाओपिङ्ग – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="देङ सियाओपिङ्ग" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡെങ് സിയാഒപിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡെങ് സിയാഒപിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="तंग श्यावफिंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तंग श्यावफिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დენ სიაოპინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დენ სიაოპინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="دينج شياو بينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دينج شياو بينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دنگ ژیائوپینگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دنگ ژیائوپینگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaopeng" title="Deng Xiaopeng – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Deng Xiaopeng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2ing_Si%C4%93u-b%C3%ACng" title="Dâing Siēu-bìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâing Siēu-bìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="တိန့်ရှောင်ဖိန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိန့်ရှောင်ဖိန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="देङ सियाओपिङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="देङ सियाओपिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="鄧小平 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鄧小平" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Syaopin" title="Den Syaopin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Den Syaopin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%99_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%99" title="ਤਙ ਸ਼ਿਆਉਫਿਙ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਙ ਸ਼ਿਆਉਫਿਙ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%84_%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%84" title="តេង សៀវពីង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តេង សៀវពីង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teng_Siao-pching" title="Teng Siao-pching – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teng Siao-pching" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_%C5%A0jaoping" title="Deng Šjaoping – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deng Šjaoping" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دێنگ شیاوپینگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دێنگ شیاوپینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Денг Сјаопинг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Денг Сјаопинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="டங் சியாவுபிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டங் சியாவுபிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="డెంగ్ జియావో పింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డెంగ్ జియావో పింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="เติ้ง เสี่ยวผิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เติ้ง เสี่ยวผิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дэн Сяопин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дэн Сяопин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_%C5%9Eiaoping" title="Deng Şiaoping – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deng Şiaoping" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Ден Сяопін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ден Сяопін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دینگ شیاوپنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دینگ شیاوپنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B%D9%BE%D9%89%DA%AD" title="دىڭ شياۋپىڭ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دىڭ شياۋپىڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwng_Siujbingz" title="Dwng Siujbingz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dwng Siujbingz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Ti%E1%BB%83u_B%C3%ACnh" title="Đặng Tiểu Bình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đặng Tiểu Bình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="鄧小平 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鄧小平" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="邓小平" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Deng Xiaoping" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="鄧小平 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鄧小平" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese communist leader (1904–1997)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Deng Xiaoping</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">邓小平</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="1078" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Deng during <a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Deng_Xiaoping_to_the_United_States" title="Visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States">a visit to the United States</a> in 1979</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Advisory_Commission" title="Central Advisory Commission">Central Advisory Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 September 1982 – 2 November 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">General Secretary</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li>Zhao Ziyang (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Party Commission</b>: <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><span class="nowrap">28 June 1981</span> – <span class="nowrap">9 November 1989</span></span></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li>Zhao Ziyang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">General Secretary</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Hu Yaobang</li> <li>Zhao Ziyang</li> <li>Jiang Zemin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>State Commission</b>: <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><span class="nowrap">6 June 1983</span> – <span class="nowrap">19 March 1990</span></span></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 March 1978 – 17 June 1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (until 1976)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Deng Xiansheng</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1904-08-22</span>)</span>22 August 1904<br /><a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a>, Sichuan, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 February 1997<span style="display:none">(1997-02-19)</span> (aged 92)<br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party of China</a> (from 1924)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Zhang Xiyuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">张锡瑗</span></span>)</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1928; died 1929)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_Weiying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin Weiying (page does not exist)">Jin Weiying</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%BB%B4%E6%98%A0" class="extiw" title="zh:金维映">zh</a>]</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金维映</span></span>)</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1931⁠–⁠1939)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhuo_Lin" title="Zhuo Lin">Zhuo Lin</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1939)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Pufang" title="Deng Pufang">Deng Pufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Nan" title="Deng Nan">Deng Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Rong" title="Deng Rong">Deng Rong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhuodi" title="Deng Zhuodi">Deng Zhuodi</a> (grandson)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Moscow Sun Yat-sen University">Moscow Sun Yat-sen University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deng Xiaoping's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg/124px-Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg/186px-Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg/248px-Signature_of_Deng_Xiaoping_19840126.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/">cpc.people.com.cn</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1929–1952, 1975–1980</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_Commissar" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Commissar">Political Commissar</a> <span class="nowrap">(1929–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff" title="Chief of the General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a> <span class="nowrap">(1975–1976, 1977–1980)</span></li> <li>Chairman, Central Military Commission of China</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Chinese Red Army</li> <li>Eighth Route Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Field_Army" title="Second Field Army">Second Field Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_General_Staff_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army General Staff Department">People's Liberation Army General Staff Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:邓">邓</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:小">小</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:平">平</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:鄧">鄧</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:小">小</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:平">平</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dèng Xiǎopíng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div style="text-align: center"><b><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a> of China</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>←</b></span> <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> <span style="font-size:120%"><b>→</b></span></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Deng Xiaoping</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">邓小平</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese statesman, revolutionary, and political theorist who served as the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> from 1978 to 1989. In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong's</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">death</a> in 1976, Deng succeeded in consolidating power to lead China through a period of <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up">Reform and Opening Up</a> that transformed its economy into a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a>. He is widely regarded as the "Architect of Modern China" for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, Deng first became interested in <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> while studying abroad in France in the 1920s. In 1924, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) and continued his studies in Moscow. Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) and CCP, Deng worked in the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a>, where he developed good relations with Mao. He served as a <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and later helped to lead the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA) to victory in the civil war, participating in the PLA's capture of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. After the proclamation of the PRC in 1949, Deng held several key regional roles, eventually rising to <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">vice premier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP secretary-general</a> in the 1950s. He presided over economic reconstruction efforts and played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> from 1966, Deng was condemned as the party's "number two capitalist roader" after <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, and was purged twice by Mao. After Mao's death in 1976, Deng outmaneuvered his rivals to become the country's leader in 1978. </p><p>Upon coming to power, Deng began a massive overhaul of China's infrastructure and political system. Due to the institutional disorder and political turmoil from the Mao era, he and his allies launched the <i><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></i> program which sought to restore order by rehabilitating those who were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. He also initiated a <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and opening up">reform and opening up</a> program that introduced elements of market capitalism to the Chinese economy by designating <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">special economic zones</a> within the country. In 1980, Deng embarked on a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Political_reforms" title="History of the People's Republic of China">series of political reforms</a> including the setting constitutional term limits for state officials and other systematic revisions which were incorporated in <a href="/wiki/1982_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">the country's fourth constitution</a>. He later championed a <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a> to deal with China's perceived <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation crisis</a>, helped establish China's <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education#China" title="Compulsory education">nine-year compulsory education</a>, and oversaw the launch of the <a href="/wiki/863_Program" title="863 Program">863 Program</a> to promote science and technology. The reforms carried out by Deng and his allies gradually led China away from a <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist dogma</a>, opened it up to foreign investments and technology, and introduced its vast labor force to the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_China" title="Globalization in China">global market</a>—thereby transforming China into one of the world's fastest-growing economies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the course of his leadership, Deng was named the <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Person of the Year</a> for 1978 and 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his contributions to China's modernization, Deng's legacy is also marked by controversy. He ordered the military crackdown on the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>, which ended his political reforms and remains a subject of global criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a> introduced in Deng's era also drew criticism. Nonetheless, his policies laid the foundation for China's emergence as a major global power.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg/220px-Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg/330px-Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg/440px-Student_Deng_Xiaoping_in_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="2035" /></a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping at age 16, studying in France (1921)</figcaption></figure> <p>Deng's ancestors can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Meixian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Meixian District">Jiaying County</a> (now renamed as Meixian), <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Asiawind.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asiawind.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a prominent ancestral area for the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka people</a>, and had settled in Sichuan for several generations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng's daughter <a href="/wiki/Deng_Rong" title="Deng Rong">Deng Rong</a> wrote in the book <i>My Father Deng Xiaoping</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">我的父亲邓小平</span></span>) that his ancestry was probably, but not definitely, Hakka. Sichuan was originally the origin of the Deng lineage until one of them was hired as an official in Guangdong during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, but when the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> planned to increase the population in 1671, they moved back to Sichuan. Deng was born in <a href="/wiki/Guang%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Guang'an District">Guang'an District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a> on 22 August 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-Dai2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dai2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deng's father, Deng Wenming, was a mid-level landowner who had studied at the University of Law and Political Science in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, Sichuan. He was locally prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang199711–12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199711–12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, surnamed Dan, died early in Deng's life, leaving Deng, his three brothers, and three sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of five, Deng was sent to a traditional Chinese-style private primary school, followed by a more modern primary school at the age of seven. </p><p>Deng's first wife, one of his schoolmates from Moscow, died aged 24 a few days after giving birth to their first child, a baby girl who also died. His second wife, Jin Weiying, left him after Deng came under political attack in 1933. His third wife, <a href="/wiki/Zhuo_Lin" title="Zhuo Lin">Zhuo Lin</a>, was the daughter of an industrialist in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. She became a member of the Communist Party in 1938, and married Deng a year later in front of Mao's cave dwelling in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>. They had five children: three daughters (Deng Lin, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Nan" title="Deng Nan">Deng Nan</a> and Deng Rong) and two sons (<a href="/wiki/Deng_Pufang" title="Deng Pufang">Deng Pufang</a> and Deng Zhifang). Deng quit smoking when he was 86.<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_1991_e838_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI_1991_e838-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_early_career">Education and early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_xxixian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deng_xxixian.jpg/170px-Deng_xxixian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deng_xxixian.jpg/255px-Deng_xxixian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Deng_xxixian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Deng's name is spelled "Teng Xi Xien" on this employment card from the <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_SA" title="Hutchinson SA">Hutchinson</a> shoe factory in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lette-sur-Loing" title="Châlette-sur-Loing">Châlette-sur-Loing</a>, France, where he worked for eight months in 1922, and for another stint in 1923 where he was fired after one month, with the bottom note reading 'refused to work, do not take him back'</figcaption></figure> <p>Deng's given name was Xiansheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">先圣</span></span>). When Deng first attended school, his tutor objected to his having the given name Xiansheng calling him "Xixian" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">希贤</span></span>), which includes the characters "to aspire to" and "goodness", with overtones of wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1919, Deng graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> School. He and 80 schoolmates travelled by ship to France (travelling <a href="/wiki/Steerage_(deck)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steerage (deck)">steerage</a>) to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Diligent_Work-Frugal_Study_Movement" title="Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement">Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement</a>, a work-study program<sup id="cite_ref-:10_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> in which 4,001 Chinese would participate by 1927. Deng, the youngest of all the Chinese students in the group, had just turned 15.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wu Yuzhang, the local leader of the Movement in Chongqing, enrolled Deng and his paternal uncle, Deng Shaosheng, in the program. Deng's father strongly supported his son's participation in the work-study abroad program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel201118–20_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel201118–20-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The night before his departure, Deng's father took his son aside and asked him what he hoped to learn in France. He repeated the words he had learned from his teachers: "To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China." Deng was aware that China was suffering greatly, and that the Chinese people must have a modern education to save their country.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 October 1920, a French <a href="/wiki/Packet_trade" title="Packet trade">packet ship</a>, the <i>André Lebon</i>, sailed into <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> with 210 Chinese students aboard including Deng. The sixteen-year-old Deng briefly attended middle schools in <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tillon,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine">Châtillon</a>, but he spent most of his time in France working, including at a <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> factory and as a fitter at the <a href="/wiki/Le_Creusot" title="Le Creusot">Le Creusot</a> Iron and Steel Plant in <a href="/wiki/La_Garenne-Colombes" title="La Garenne-Colombes">La Garenne-Colombes</a>, a north-western suburb of Paris where he moved in April 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coincidentally, when Deng's later political fortunes were down and he was sent to work in a tractor factory in 1969 during the Cultural Revolution, he found himself a fitter again and proved to still be a master of the skill.<sup id="cite_ref-sacu.org_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacu.org-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In La Garenne-Colombes Deng met future CCP leaders <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1923 he joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsov2015450_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsov2015450-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of 1924, he joined the Chinese Communist Party and became one of the leading members of the General Branch of the Youth League in Europe. In 1926 Deng traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> and studied at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Moscow Sun Yat-sen University">Moscow Sun Yat-sen University</a>, where one of his classmates was <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_China">Return to China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Return to China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 1927, Deng left Moscow to return to China, where he joined the army of <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a>, a military leader in northwest China, who had requested assistance from the Soviet Union in his struggle with other local leaders in the region. At that time, the Soviet Union, through the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>, an international organization supporting the Communist movements, supported the Communists' alliance with the Nationalists of the Kuomintang (KMT) party founded by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>. </p><p>He arrived in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, the stronghold of Feng Yuxiang, in March 1927. He was part of the <a href="/wiki/Fengtian_clique" title="Fengtian clique">Fengtian clique</a>'s attempt to prevent the break of the alliance between the KMT and the Communists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This split resulted in part from Chiang Kai-shek's forcing them to flee areas controlled by the KMT. After the breakup of the alliance between Communists and Nationalists, Feng Yuxiang stood on the side of Chiang Kai-shek, and the Communists who participated in their army, such as Deng Xiaoping, were forced to flee.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_rise">Political rise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Special:EditPage/Deng Xiaoping">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although Deng got involved in the Marxist revolutionary movement in China, the historian Mobo Gao has argued that "Deng Xiaoping and many like him [in the Chinese Communist Party] were not really Marxists, but basically <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary nationalist">revolutionary nationalists</a> who wanted to see China standing on equal terms with the great global powers. They were primarily nationalists and they participated in the Communist revolution because that was the only viable route they could find to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activism_in_Shanghai_and_Wuhan">Activism in Shanghai and Wuhan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Activism in Shanghai and Wuhan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving the army of Feng Yuxiang in the northwest, Deng ended up in the city of <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, where the Communists at that time had their headquarters. At that time, he began using the nickname "Xiaoping" and occupied prominent positions in the party apparatus. He participated in the historic emergency session on 7 August 1927 in which, by Soviet instruction, the Party dismissed its founder <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qu_Qiubai" title="Qu Qiubai">Qu Qiubai</a> became the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a>. In Wuhan, Deng first established contact with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, who was then little valued by militant pro-Soviet leaders of the party. </p><p>Between 1927 and 1929, Deng lived in Shanghai, where he helped organize protests that would be harshly persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> authorities. The death of many Communist militants in those years led to a decrease in the number of members of the Communist Party, which enabled Deng to quickly move up the ranks. </p><p>Deng married Zhang Xiyuan, who died in 1930 during childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> The couple's daughter also died during her birth.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_campaign_in_Guangxi">Military campaign in Guangxi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military campaign in Guangxi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1929 to 1931, Deng served as the chief representative of the Central Committee in Guangxi, where he helped lead the <a href="/wiki/Baise_Uprising" title="Baise Uprising">Baise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longzhou_Uprising" title="Longzhou Uprising">Longzhou Uprisings</a>. Both at the time and later, Deng Xiaoping's leadership during the rebellion has come under serious criticism. He followed the "Li Lisan Line" that called for aggressive attacks on cities. In practice, this meant that the rural soviet in Guangxi was abandoned and that the Seventh Red Army under Deng's political leadership fought and lost several bloody battles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198883–84_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198883–84-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang199766–67_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199766–67-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Deng and the other Communist leaders in Guangxi decided to retreat to Jiangxi to join Mao Zedong. However, after a costly march across rough terrain, Deng left the army leaderless without prior authorization to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198886–87_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198886–87-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Central Committee post-mortem in 1931 singled out Deng's behavior as an example of "rightist opportunism and a rich peasant line".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang199766–67_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199766–67-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, several former commanders of the Seventh Red Army spoke out against Deng for his actions during the uprising, although Mao Zedong protected Deng from any serious repercussions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman199434_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman199434-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> learned about the events of the Baise Uprising and accused Deng of desertion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198887_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198887-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng admitted that leaving the army was one of the "worst mistakes of [his] life" and that "although this action was allowed by the party, it was politically horribly wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeng1968_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeng1968-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians and biographers tend to agree. Uli Franz calls leaving the army a "serious error".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198887_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198887-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin Yang calls it a "tragic failure and dark period in [Deng's] political life."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang199770_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199770-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Diana Lary places blame for the disaster more broadly on the "ineptitude" of both the local leaders and the CCP Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELary1974107_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELary1974107-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_the_Jiangxi_Soviet">At the Jiangxi Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: At the Jiangxi Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The campaigns against the Communists in the cities represented a setback for the party and in particular to the Comintern Soviet advisers, who saw the mobilization of the urban proletariat as the force for the advancement of communism. Contrary to the urban vision of the revolution, based on the Soviet experience, the Communist leader Mao Zedong saw the rural peasants as the revolutionary force in China. In a mountainous area of Jiangxi province, where Mao went to establish a communist system, there developed the embryo of a future state of China under communism, which adopted the official name of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> (CSR) and which included the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a>. </p><p>In August 1931, Deng went to <a href="/wiki/Ruijin" title="Ruijin">Ruijin</a>, which became the capital of the CSR,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 94">: 94 </span></sup> and became secretary of its Party Committee in the summer of 1931. In the winter of 1932, Deng went on to play the same position in the nearby district of <a href="/wiki/Huichang_County" title="Huichang County">Huichang</a>. In 1933 he became director of the propaganda department of the Provincial Party Committee in Jiangxi. </p><p>As a supporter of Mao, Deng was criticized by elements of the Party which opposed Mao and was removed from his position in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 94">: 94 </span></sup> During Deng's 1933 political setbacks, his wife Jin Weiying deserted him for one of his political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>The CSR reached its peak in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> The CSR had a central government as well as local and regional governments.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> It operated institutions including an education system and court system.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> The CSR also issued currency.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> It governed a population which exceeded 3.4 million in an area of approximately 70,000 square kilometers (although the isolated soviets were never connected into one contiguous piece of territory).<sup id="cite_ref-:06_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> The CSR was defeated by Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists, leading to the Long March. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_March">Long March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Long March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Special:EditPage/Deng Xiaoping">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg/170px-1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg/255px-1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/1937_Deng_Xiaoping_in_NRA_uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping in NRA uniform, 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>Surrounded by the more powerful nationalist army, the Communists fled Jiangxi in October 1934. Thus began the epic movement that would mark a turning point in the development of Chinese communism. The evacuation was difficult because the Army of the nationalists had taken positions in all areas occupied by the Communists. Advancing through remote and mountainous terrain, some 100,000 men managed to escape Jiangxi, starting a long strategic retreat through the interior of China, which ended one year later when between 8,000 and 9,000 survivors reached the northern province of <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a> at the beginning of the Long March, the so-called 28 Bolsheviks, led by <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a>, were ousted from power and Mao Zedong, to the dismay of the Soviet Union, became the new leader of the Chinese Communist Party. The pro-Soviet Chinese Communist Party had ended and a new rural-inspired party emerged under the leadership of Mao. Deng had once again become a leading figure in the party. </p><p>The confrontation between the two parties was temporarily interrupted, however, by the Japanese invasion, forcing the Kuomintang to form an alliance for the second time with the Communists to defend the nation against external aggression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_invasion">Japanese invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japanese invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The invasion of Japanese troops in 1937 marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. During the invasion, Deng remained in the area controlled by the Communists in the north, where he assumed the role of deputy political director of the three divisions of the restructured Communist army. From September 1937 until January 1938, he lived in Buddhist monasteries and temples in the <a href="/wiki/Wutai_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Wutai Mountains">Wutai Mountains</a>. In January 1938, he was appointed as Political Commissar of the 129th division of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a>, starting a long-lasting partnership with Liu. </p><p>Deng stayed for most of the conflict with the Japanese in the war front in the area bordering the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, Henan and <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, then traveled several times to the city of <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, where Mao had established the basis for Communist Party leadership. While in Henan, he delivered the famous report, "The Victorious Situation of Leaping into the Central Plains and Future Policies and Strategies", at a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel Hall">Gospel Hall</a> where he lived for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of his trips to Yan'an in 1939, he married, for the third and last time in his life, Zhuo Lin, a young native of <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, who, like other young idealists of the time, had traveled to Yan'an to join the Communists. </p><p>Deng was considered a "revolutionary veteran" because of his participation in the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a> which boosted his standing among his comrades.<sup id="cite_ref-jac_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jac-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resumed_war_against_the_Nationalists">Resumed war against the Nationalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Resumed war against the Nationalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liudeng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Liudeng.jpg/220px-Liudeng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Liudeng.jpg/330px-Liudeng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Liudeng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Deng with <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>After Japan's defeat in World War II, Deng traveled to Chongqing, the city in which Chiang Kai-shek established his government during the Japanese invasion, to participate in peace talks between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. The results of those negotiations were not positive and military confrontation between the two antagonistic parties resumed shortly after the meeting in Chongqing. </p><p>While Chiang Kai-shek re-established the government in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, the Communists were fighting for control in the field. Following up with guerrilla tactics from their positions in rural areas against cities under the control of the government of Chiang and their supply lines, the Communists were increasing the territory under their control, and incorporating more and more soldiers who had deserted the Nationalist army. </p><p>Deng played a major part in the <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaihai Campaign">Huaihai Campaign</a> against the nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-jac_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jac-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the final phase of the war, Deng again exercised a key role as political leader and propaganda master as Political Commissar of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Field_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Field Army">2nd Field Army</a> commanded by Liu Bocheng where he was instrumental in the PLA's march into Tibet. He also participated in disseminating the ideas of Mao Zedong, which turned into the ideological foundation of the Communist Party. His political and ideological work, along with his status as a veteran of the Long March, placed him in a privileged position within the party to occupy positions of power after the Communist Party managed to defeat Chiang Kai-shek and founded the People's Republic of China. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping,_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg/220px-Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg/330px-Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg/440px-Deng_Xiaoping%2C_He_Long_and_Zhu_De.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping with <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> (middle) and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (right) (1949)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career_under_Mao">Political career under Mao</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political career under Mao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_leadership">Local leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 October 1949, Deng attended the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a> in Beijing. At that time, the Communist Party controlled the entire north, but there were still parts of the south held by the Kuomintang regime. He became responsible for leading the pacification of southwest China, in his capacity as the first secretary of the Department of the Southwest. This organization had the task of managing the final takeover of that part of the country still held by the Kuomintang; <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> remained independent for another year. </p><p>The Kuomintang government was being forced to leave <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton), and established Chongqing (Chungking) as a new provisional capital. There, Chiang Kai-shek and his son <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>, a former classmate of Deng in Moscow, wanted to stop the advance of the Communist Party forces. </p><p>Under the political control of Deng, the Communist army took over Chongqing in late November 1949 and entered Chengdu, the last bastion of power of Chiang Kai-shek, a few days later. At that time Deng became mayor of Chongqing, while he simultaneously was the leader of the Communist Party in the southwest, where the Communist army, now proclaiming itself the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>, suppressed resistance loyal to the old Kuomintang regime. In 1950, the Communist Party-ruled state also seized control over Tibet. </p><p>In a 1951 speech to <a href="/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party">cadres</a> preparing to supervise campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Reform Movement (China)">land reform movement</a>, Deng instructed that while cadres should help peasants carry out nonviolent "speak reason struggle", they also had to remember that as a mass movement, land reform was not a time to be "refined and gentle".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expressing his view as a rhetorical question, Deng stated that while ideally no landlords would die in the process, "If some tightfisted landlords hang themselves, does that mean our policies are wrong? Are we responsible?"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deng Xiaoping would spend three years in Chongqing, the city where he had studied in his teenage years before going to France. In 1952 he moved to Beijing, where he occupied different positions in the central government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_rise_in_Beijing">Political rise in Beijing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political rise in Beijing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Rightist Movement">Anti-Rightist Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg/220px-Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg/330px-Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg/440px-Dalai-dengxiaoping1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping (left) met with the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> (right) in 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1952, Deng came to Beijing to assume the posts of Vice Premier and Deputy Chair of the Committee on Finance. Soon after, he took the posts of Minister of Finance and Director of the Office of Communications. In 1954, he was removed from all these positions, holding only the post of Vice Premier. In 1956, he became Head of the Communist Party's Organization Department and member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a>. </p><p>After officially supporting Mao Zedong in his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Rightist Movement">Anti-Rightist Movement</a> of 1957, Deng acted as <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretary-General of the Secretariat</a> and ran the country's daily affairs with President <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> and Premier Zhou Enlai. Deng and Liu's policies emphasized economics over ideological dogma, an implicit departure from the mass fervor of the Great Leap Forward. Both Liu and Deng supported Mao in the mass campaigns of the 1950s, in which they attacked the bourgeois and capitalists, and promoted Mao's ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> was seen as an indictment on Mao's ability to manage the economy. <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a> began openly criticizing Mao, while Liu and Deng maintained a more cautious tone, ultimately taking charge of economic policy as Mao ceased to be involved in the day-to-day affairs of the party and state. Mao agreed to cede the presidency (the de jure <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> position) to Liu, while retaining his leadership positions in the party and army. </p><p>In 1955, he was considered as a candidate for the PLA rank of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the People's Republic of China">Marshal of the People's Republic of China</a> but he was ultimately not awarded the rank. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in 1956, Deng supported removing all references to "Mao Zedong Thought" from the party statutes.<sup id="cite_ref-jac_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jac-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, Deng traveled to Moscow to lead a meeting of the Chinese delegation with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>'s successor, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>. Relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union had worsened since the death of Stalin. After this meeting, no agreement was reached and the <a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93Soviet_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–Soviet split">Sino–Soviet split</a> was consummated; there was an almost total suspension of relations between the two major communist powers of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the "<a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a>" in 1962, Liu and Deng's economic reforms of the early 1960s were generally popular and restored many of the economic institutions previously dismantled during the Great Leap Forward.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao, sensing his loss of prestige, took action to regain control of the state. Appealing to his revolutionary spirit, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution, which encouraged the masses to root out the right-wing capitalists who had "infiltrated the party". Deng was ridiculed as the "number two <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">capitalist roader</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deng was one of the primary drafters of the <a href="/wiki/Third_five-year_plan_(China)" title="Third five-year plan (China)">Third Five Year Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 29">: 29 </span></sup> In draft form, it emphasized a consumer focus and further development in China's more industrialized coastal cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> When Mao argued for a massive campaign to develop basic and national security industry in China's interior as a <a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a> in case of invasion by the United States or Soviet Union, Deng was among the key leadership that did not support the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Following increased concerns of attack from the United States after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a>, Deng and other key leadership ultimately supported the Third Front construction, and the focus of the Third Year Plan changed to industrialization of the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purged_twice">Purged twice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Purged twice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_Revolution">Cultural Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg/220px-Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg/330px-Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Zhou_Li_Deng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping (left) with future president <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a> (center) and Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> in 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>Mao feared that the <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> economic policies of Deng and Liu could lead to restoration of capitalism and end the Chinese Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this and other reasons, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966, during which Deng fell out of favor and was forced to retire from all his positions. </p><p>During the Cultural Revolution, he and his family were targeted by <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guards (China)">Red Guards</a>, who imprisoned Deng's eldest son, Deng Pufang. Deng Pufang was tortured and jumped out, or was thrown out, of the window of a four-story building in 1968, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Paraplegic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraplegic">paraplegic</a>. In October 1969 Deng Xiaoping was sent to the Xinjian County Tractor Factory in rural Jiangxi province to work as a regular worker.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 466">: 466 </span></sup> He operated a lathe.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 94">: 94 </span></sup> In his four years there,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng spent his spare time writing. He was purged nationally, but to a lesser scale than President <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>. </p><p>In 1971, Mao's second official successor and the sole Vice Chairman of the party, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">was killed in an air crash</a>. According to official reports, Lin was trying to flee from China after a failed coup against Mao. Mao purged all of Lin's allies, who made up nearly all of the senior ranks of the PLA, leaving Deng (who had been political commissar of the 2nd Field Army during the civil war) the most influential of the remaining army leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the time that followed, Deng wrote to Mao twice to say that he had learned a lesson from the Lin Biao incident, admitted that he had "capitalist trends" and did not "hold high the great banner of Mao Zedong Thought", and expressed the hope that he could work for the Party to make up for his mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Yan1996_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yan1996-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 454">: 454 </span></sup> </p><p>Mao sought Deng to take over for Zhou Enlai, who was seriously ill.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 95">: 95 </span></sup> On 14 August 1972, Mao wrote that Deng had made serious mistakes, but noted that Deng had been politically attacked for supporting Mao in 1933 and had been loyal.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 95">: 95 </span></sup> In February 1973, Deng returned to Beijing, after Zhou brought him back from exile in order for Deng to focus on reconstructing the Chinese economy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yan1996_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yan1996-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 455">: 455 </span></sup> Zhou was also able to convince Mao to bring Deng back into politics in October 1974 as <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">First Vice-Premier</a>, in practice running daily affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained careful, however, to avoid contradicting Maoist ideology on paper. In January 1975, he was additionally elected Vice Chairman of the party by the <a href="/wiki/10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Central Committee</a> for the first time in his party career; <a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> had to resign in his favour. Deng was one of five Vice Chairmen, with Zhou being the First Vice Chairman. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping,_1975_A7598-20A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg/220px-Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg/330px-Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg/440px-Gerald_and_Betty_Ford_meet_with_Deng_Xiaoping%2C_1975_A7598-20A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3844" /></a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping (centre) with US president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (left), 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>During his brief ascendency in 1973, Deng established the Political Research Office, headed by intellectuals <a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yu_Guangyuan" title="Yu Guangyuan">Yu Guangyuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Sheng" title="Hu Sheng">Hu Sheng</a>, delegated to explore approaches to political and economic reforms. He led the group himself and managed the project within the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>, in order to avoid rousing the suspicions of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>. </p><p>In 1975, Deng sought to re-orient <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> towards more theoretical research, which had not been a focus during the Cultural Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 74">: 74 </span></sup> Deng described scientific research in China as lagging behind the needs of socialist construction and the state of the advanced countries, and stated that to catch up, China should emphasize <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic science</a> in order to develop a sound theoretical foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 74">: 74 </span></sup> Although this approach fell out of political favor when Deng was purged, Deng's approach to balancing <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied</a> and basic research was adopted as CAS's official policy in June 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 75">: 75 </span></sup> </p><p>The Cultural Revolution was not yet over, and a radical leftist political group known as the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>, led by Mao's wife <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>, competed for power within the Party. The Gang saw Deng as their greatest challenge to power.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao, too, was suspicious that Deng would destroy the positive reputation of the Cultural Revolution, which Mao considered one of his greatest policy initiatives. Beginning in late 1975, Deng was asked to draw up a series of <a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism-Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism-Leninism)">self-criticisms</a>. Although he admitted to having taken an "inappropriate ideological perspective" while dealing with state and party affairs, he was reluctant to admit that his policies were wrong in essence. His antagonism with the Gang of Four became increasingly clear, and Mao seemed to lean in the Gang's favour. Mao refused to accept Deng's self-criticisms and asked the party's Central Committee to "discuss Deng's mistakes thoroughly". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Criticize_Deng"_campaign"><span id=".22Criticize_Deng.22_campaign"></span>"Criticize Deng" campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: "Criticize Deng" campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Counterattack_the_Right-Deviationist_Reversal-of-Verdicts_Trend" title="Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend">Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend</a></div> <p>Zhou Enlai died in January 1976, to an outpouring of national grief.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 96">: 96 </span></sup> Zhou was a very important figure in Deng's political life, and his death eroded his remaining support within the Party's Central Committee. After Deng delivered Zhou's official eulogy at the state funeral,<sup id="cite_ref-jac_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jac-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Gang of Four, with Mao's permission, began the "Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend" campaign. Hua Guofeng, not Deng, was selected to become Zhou's successor as Premier on 4 February 1976. </p><p>On 2 February 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> issued a Top-Priority Directive, officially transferring Deng to work on "external affairs" and thus removing him from the party's power apparatus. Deng stayed at home for several months, awaiting his fate. The Political Research Office was promptly dissolved, and Deng's advisers such as Yu Guangyuan suspended. As a result, the political turmoil halted the economic progress Deng had labored for in the past year.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 March, Mao issued a directive reaffirming the legitimacy of the Cultural Revolution and specifically pointed to Deng as an internal, rather than external, problem. This was followed by a Central Committee directive issued to all local party organs to study Mao's directive and criticize Deng. </p><p>Deng's reputation as a reformer suffered a severe blow when the <a href="/wiki/Qingming_Festival" title="Qingming Festival">Qingming Festival</a>, after the mass public mourning of Zhou on a traditional Chinese holiday, culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">Tiananmen Incident</a> on 5 April 1976, an event the Gang of Four deemed counter-revolutionary and threatening to their power.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 96">: 96 </span></sup> Furthermore, the Gang deemed Deng the mastermind behind the incident, and Mao himself wrote that "the nature of things has changed".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng was removed from all party roles and moved to a house east to Tiananmen Square.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 97">: 97 </span></sup> </p><p>As a result, On 6 April 1976 Premier Hua Guofeng was also appointed to Deng's position as Vice Chairman and at the same time received the vacant position of First Vice Chairman, which Zhou had held, making him Mao's fourth official successor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_of_China_(1978-1989)"><span id="Leadership_of_China_.281978-1989.29"></span>Leadership of China (1978-1989)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Leadership of China (1978-1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paramount_leader">Paramount leader</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Paramount leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg/220px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg/330px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg/440px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> at the arrival ceremony of <a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Deng_Xiaoping_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States">Deng's visit to the US</a> (1979)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Mao's death on 9 September 1976 and the purge of the Gang of Four in October 1976, Premier <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> succeeded as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and gradually emerged as the <i>de facto</i> leader of China. Prior to Mao's death, the only governmental position Deng held was that of First Vice Premier of the State Council,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Hua Guofeng wanted to rid the Party of extremists and successfully marginalised the Gang of Four. On 22 July 1977, Deng was restored to the posts of vice-chairman of the Central Committee, Vice-chairman of the Military Commission and Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By carefully mobilizing his supporters within the party, Deng outmaneuvered Hua, who had pardoned him, then ousted Hua from his top leadership positions by 1980. In contrast to previous leadership changes, Deng allowed Hua to retain membership in the Central Committee and quietly retire, helping to set the precedent that losing a high-level leadership struggle would not result in physical harm. </p><p>During his paramount leadership, his official state positions were <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> from 1978 to 1983 and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a> (an <i>ad hoc</i> body comprising the most senior members of the party elite) of the People's Republic of China from 1983 to 1990, while his official party positions were <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a> from 1977 to 1982, Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party from 1981 to 1989 and Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Advisory_Commission" title="Central Advisory Commission">Central Advisory Commission</a> from 1982 to 1987. He was offered the rank of General First Class in 1988 when the PLA restored military ranks, but as in 1955, he once again declined. Even after retiring from the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in 1987 and the Central Military Commission in 1989, Deng continued to exert influence over China's policies until his death in 1997. </p><p>Important decisions were always taken in Deng's home at No. 11 Miliangku Hutong with a caucus of eight senior party cadres, called "<a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a>", especially with <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> and Li Xiannian.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Deng's recognition as paramount leader, in practice these elders governed China as a small collective leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 78">: 78 </span></sup> Deng ruled as "paramount leader" although he never held the top title of the party, and was able to successively remove three party leaders, including Hu Yaobang.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp20120420xiang_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp20120420xiang-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng stepped down from the Central Committee and its Politburo Standing Committee. However, he remained as the chairman of the State and Party's Central Military Commission and was still seen as the paramount leader of China rather than General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> and Presidents Li Xiannian and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boluan_Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Boluan Fanzheng"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></div> <p>Deng repudiated the Cultural Revolution and, in 1977, launched the "<a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a>", which allowed open criticism of the excesses and suffering that had occurred during the period, and restored the <a href="/wiki/National_College_Entrance_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="National College Entrance Examination">National College Entrance Examination</a> (Gao Kao) which was cancelled for ten years during the Cultural Revolution. Meanwhile, he was the impetus for the abolition of the class background system. Under this system, the CCP removed employment barriers to Chinese deemed to be associated with the former landlord class; its removal allowed a faction favoring the restoration of the private market to enter the Communist Party. </p><p>Deng gradually outmaneuvered his political opponents. By encouraging public criticism of the Cultural Revolution, he weakened the position of those who owed their political positions to that event, while strengthening the position of those like himself who had been purged during that time. Deng also received a great deal of popular support. As Deng gradually consolidated control over the CCP, Hua was replaced by Zhao Ziyang as premier in 1980, and by <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> as party chairman in 1981, despite the fact that Hua was Mao Zedong's designated successor as the "paramount leader" of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Republic of China. During the Boluan Fanzheng period, the Cultural Revolution was invalidated, and victims of more than 3 million "unjust, false, wrongful cases" by 1976 were officially rehabilitated.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deng's elevation to China's new number-one figure meant that the historical and ideological questions around Mao Zedong had to be addressed properly. Because Deng wished to pursue deep reforms, it was not possible for him to continue Mao's hard-line "class struggle" policies and mass public campaigns. In 1982 the Central Committee of the Communist Party released a document entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_Certain_Questions_in_the_History_of_Our_Party_since_the_Founding_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China">Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China</a></i>. Mao retained his status as a "great Marxist, proletarian revolutionary, militarist, and general", and the undisputed founder and pioneer of the country and the People's Liberation Army. "His accomplishments must be considered before his mistakes", the document declared. Deng personally commented that Mao was "seven parts good, three parts bad". The document also steered the prime responsibility of the Cultural Revolution away from Mao (although it did state that "Mao mistakenly began the Cultural Revolution") to the "counter-revolutionary cliques" of the Gang of Four and Lin Biao. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_affairs">International affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: International affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg/220px-Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg/330px-Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg/440px-Visit_of_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping_to_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping (left) and his wife Zhuo Lin (right) are briefed by <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> director <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher C. Kraft">Christopher C. Kraft</a> (extreme right)</figcaption></figure><p>Deng prioritized China's modernization and opening up to the outside world, stating that China's "strategy in foreign affairs is to seek a peaceful environment" for the <a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Deng's leadership, China opened up to the outside world, to learn from more advanced countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng developed the principle that in foreign affairs, China should keep a low-profile and bide its time.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to seek an independent position between the United States and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Deng retained control over key national security decisions, he also delegated power to bureaucrats in routine matters, ratifying consensus decisions and stepping in if a bureaucratic consensus could not be reached.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the Mao-era, Deng involved more parties in foreign policy decision-making, decentralizing the foreign policy bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decentralized approach led to consideration of a number of interests and views, but also fragmentation of policy institutions and extensive bargaining between different bureaucratic units during the policy-making process.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1978, after the country had stabilized following political turmoil, Deng visited <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore and met with Singapore's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>. Deng was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, advice that according to Lee, Deng later followed.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1978, the aerospace company <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> announced the sale of <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">747 aircraft</a> to various airlines in the PRC, and the beverage company <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola</a> made public their intention to open a production plant in Shanghai.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 1 January 1979, the United States recognized the People's Republic of China, leaving the (Taiwan) Republic of China's nationalist government to one side, and business contacts between China and the West began to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1979, Deng undertook an <a href="/wiki/1979_visit_by_Deng_Xiaoping_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States">official visit to the United States</a>, meeting President Jimmy Carter in Washington as well as several Congressmen. The Chinese insisted that former President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> be invited to the formal White House reception, a symbolic indication of their assertiveness on the one hand, and their desire to continue with the Nixon initiatives on the other. As part of the discussions with Carter, Deng sought United States approval for China's contemplated invasion of Vietnam in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to United States National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, Carter reserved judgment, an action which Chinese diplomats interpreted as tacit approval, and China launched the invasion shortly after Deng's return.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the visit, Deng visited the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, as well as the headquarters of Coca-Cola and Boeing in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, respectively. With these visits so significant, Deng made it clear that the new Chinese regime's priorities were economic and technological development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Deng took personal charge of the final negotiations with the United States on normalizing foreign relations between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to criticism from within the Party regarding his United States policy, Deng wrote, "I am presiding over the work on the United States. If there are problems, I take full responsibility."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China–Japan relations">Sino-Japanese relations</a> improved significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng used Japan as an example of a rapidly progressing power that set a good example for China economically.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deng initially continued to adhere to the Maoist line of the <a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93Soviet_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–Soviet split">Sino–Soviet split</a> era that the Soviet Union was a superpower as "hegemonic" as the United States, but even more threatening to China because of its close proximity.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations with the Soviet Union improved after <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> took over the Kremlin in 1985, and formal relations between the two countries were finally restored at the <a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">1989 Sino-Soviet Summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deng responded to the Western sanctions following the Tiananmen Square protests by adopting the "twenty-four character guidelines" for China's international affairs: observe carefully (冷静观察), secure China's positions (稳住阵脚), calmly cope with the challenges (沉着应付), hide China's capacities and bide its time (韬光养晦), be good at maintaining a low profile (善于守拙), and never claim leadership (绝不当头).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the Cold War and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> removed the original motives underlying rapprochement between China and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng was motivated by concerns that the United States might curtail support for China's modernization, and adopted a low-profile foreign policy to live with the fact of United States hegemony and focus primarily on domestic development.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this period of its foreign policy, China focused on building good relations with its neighbors and actively participating in multi-lateral institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As academic <a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Suisheng Zhao</a> writes in evaluating Deng's foreign policy legacy, "Deng's developmental diplomacy helped create a favorable external environment for China's rise in the twenty-first century. His hand-picked successors, Jiang Zemin and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, faithfully followed his course."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990 when he met Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> he stated "The key principle governing the new international order should be noninterference in other countries’ internal affairs and social systems. It won't work to require all the countries in the world to copy the patterns set by the United States, Britain and France."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng championed the <a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a> stating that they should be used as the "guiding norms of international relations".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_and_Opening-up">Reform and Opening-up</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reform and Opening-up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></div><p>At the outset of China's reform and opening up, Deng set out the <a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a> that had to be maintained in the process: (1) the leadership of the Communist Party, (2) the socialist road, (3) Marxism, and (4) the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, reform proceeded gradually, with Deng delegating specific issues to proteges such as Hu Yaobang or Zhao Ziyang, who in turn addressed them under the guiding principle of "seeking truth from facts" - meaning that the correctness of an approach had to be gauged by its economic results.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng described reform and opening up as a "large scale experiment" requiring thorough "experimentation in practice" instead of textbook knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 65">: 65 </span></sup> </p><p>In Deng's view, socialism could not be considered superior to capitalism unless it improved the lives of the people in material ways.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: xiv">: xiv </span></sup> During Reform and Opening-up, he criticized those he deemed as the ideologues of the Cultural Revolution for seeking "poor socialism" and "poor communism" and believing that communism was a "spiritual thing".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: xiv">: xiv </span></sup> In 1979, Deng stated, "Socialism cannot endure if it remains poor. If we want to uphold Marxism and socialism in the international class struggle, we have to demonstrate that the Marxist system of thought is superior to all others, and that the socialist system is superior to capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: xvi">: xvi </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Four_modernizations">Four modernizations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Four modernizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></div> <p>Deng quoted the old proverb "it doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white, if it catches mice it is a good cat", which summarizes his pragmatic "<a href="/wiki/Cat_theory_(Deng_Xiaoping)" title="Cat theory (Deng Xiaoping)">cat theory</a>". The point was that capitalistic methods worked.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng worked with his team, especially as Zhao Ziyang, who in 1980 replaced Hua Guofeng as premier, and Hu Yaobang, who in 1981 did the same with the post of party chairman. Deng thus took the reins of power and began to emphasize the goals of "four modernizations" (economy, agriculture, scientific and technological development and national defense). He announced an ambitious plan of opening and liberalizing the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last position of power retained by Hua Guofeng, chairman of the Central Military Commission, was taken by Deng in 1981. However, progress toward military modernization went slowly. A <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">border war</a> with Vietnam in 1977–1979 made major changes unwise. The war puzzled outside observers, but Xiaoming Zhang argues that Deng had multiple goals: stopping Soviet expansion in the region, obtain American support for his four modernizations, and mobilizing China for reform and integration into the world economy. Deng also sought to strengthen his control of the PLA, and demonstrate to the world that China was capable of fighting a real war. Zhang thinks punishment of Vietnam for its invasion of Cambodia was a minor factor.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event, the Chinese forces did poorly, in terms of equipment, strategy, leadership, and battlefield performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2011526–535_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011526–535-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng subsequently used the PLA's poor performance to overcome resistance by military leaders to his military reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 230">: 230 </span></sup> </p><p>China's primary military threat came from the Soviet Union, which was much more powerful despite having fewer soldiers, owing to its more advanced weapons technology. In March 1981, Deng deemed a <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercise</a> necessary for the PLA, and in September, the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Military_Exercise" title="North China Military Exercise">North China Military Exercise</a> took place, becoming the largest exercise conducted by the PLA since the founding of the People's Republic. Moreover, Deng initiated the <a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">modernization of the PLA</a> and decided that China first had to develop an advanced civilian scientific infrastructure before it could hope to build modern weapons. He therefore concentrated on downsizing the military, cutting 1 million troops in 1985 (百万大裁军),<sup id="cite_ref-:02_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retiring the elderly and corrupt senior officers and their cronies. He emphasized the recruitment of much better educated young men who would be able to handle the advanced technology when it finally arrived. Instead of patronage and corruption in the officer corps, he imposed strict discipline in all ranks. In 1982 he established a new Commission for Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense to plan for using technology developed in the civilian sector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2011535–552_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011535–552-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three_steps_to_economic_development">Three steps to economic development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Three steps to economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1986, Deng explained to <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace" title="Mike Wallace">Mike Wallace</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i> that some people and regions could become prosperous first in order to bring about common prosperity faster.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1987, at the Plenary Session of the National People's Congress, Deng was re-elected as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)">Central Military Commission</a>, but he resigned as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Advisory_Commission" title="Central Advisory Commission">Central Advisory Commission</a> and was succeeded by Chen Yun. Deng continued to chair and develop the reform and opening up as the main policy, and he advanced the three steps suitable for China's economic development strategy within seventy years: the first step, to double the 1980 GNP and ensure that the people have enough food and clothing, was attained by the end of the 1980s; the second step, to quadruple the 1980 GNP by the end of the 20th century, was achieved in 1995 ahead of schedule; the third step, to increase per capita GNP to the level of the medium-developed countries by 2050, at which point, the Chinese people will be fairly well-off and modernization will be basically realized.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Further_reforms">Further reforms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Political_reforms" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China § Political reforms</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Special:EditPage/Deng Xiaoping">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Improving relations with the outside world was the second of two important philosophical shifts outlined in Deng's program of reform termed <i>Gaige Kaifang</i> (<i>lit.</i> Reforms and Openness). China's domestic social, political, and most notably, economic systems would undergo significant changes during Deng's time. The goals of Deng's reforms were summed up by the <a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a>, those of agriculture, industry, science and technology, and the military. </p><p>The strategy for achieving these aims of becoming a modern, industrial nation was the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a>. Deng argued that China was in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">primary stage of socialism</a> and that the duty of the party was to perfect so-called "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jac_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jac-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Seek_truth_from_facts" title="Seek truth from facts">seek truth from facts</a>". (This somewhat resembles the Leninist theoretical justification of the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (NEP) in the 1920s, which argued that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had not gone deeply enough into the capitalist phase and therefore needed limited capitalism in order to fully evolve its means of production.) The "socialism with Chinese characteristics" settles a benign structure for the implementation of ethnic policy and forming a unique method of ethnic theory.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deng's economic policy prioritized developing China's <a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Deng's view, this development "is the most fundamental revolution from the viewpoint of historical development[,]" and "[p]oor socialism" is not socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theoretical justification for allowing market forces was: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The proportion of planning to market forces is not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism. A planned economy is not equivalent to socialism, because there is planning under capitalism too; a market economy is not capitalism, because there are markets under socialism too. Planning and market forces are both means of controlling economic activity. The essence of socialism is liberation and development of the productive forces, elimination of exploitation and polarisation, and the ultimate achievement of prosperity for all. This concept must be made clear to the people.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Unlike Hua Guofeng, Deng believed that no policy should be rejected outright simply because it was not associated with Mao. Unlike more conservative leaders such as Chen Yun, Deng did not object to policies on the grounds that they were similar to ones that were found in capitalist nations. </p><p>This political flexibility towards the foundations of socialism is strongly supported by quotes such as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We mustn't fear to adopt the advanced management methods applied in capitalist countries ... The very essence of socialism is the liberation and development of the productive systems ... Socialism and market economy are not incompatible ... We should be concerned about right-wing deviations, but most of all, we must be concerned about left-wing deviations.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although Deng provided the theoretical background and the political support to allow economic reform to occur, the general consensus amongst historians is that few of the economic reforms that Deng introduced were originated by Deng himself. Premier Zhou Enlai, for example, pioneered the Four Modernizations years before Deng. In addition, many reforms would be introduced by local leaders, often not sanctioned by central government directives. If successful and promising, these reforms would be adopted by larger and larger areas and ultimately introduced nationally. An often cited example is the <a href="/wiki/Household_responsibility_system" title="Household responsibility system">household responsibility system</a>, which was first secretly implemented by a poor rural village at the risk of being convicted as "counter-revolutionary". This experiment proved very successful.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Deng openly supported it and it was later adopted nationally. Many other reforms were influenced by the experiences of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">East Asian Tigers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This was in sharp contrast to the pattern of <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, in which most major reforms originated with Gorbachev himself. The bottom-up approach of Deng's reforms, in contrast to the top-down approach of <i>perestroika</i>, was likely a key factor in the success of the former.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Deng's reforms actually included the introduction of planned, centralized management of the macro-economy by technically proficient bureaucrats, abandoning Mao's mass campaign style of economic construction. However, unlike the Soviet model, management was indirect through market mechanisms. Deng sustained Mao's legacy to the extent that he stressed the primacy of agricultural output and encouraged a significant decentralization of decision making in the rural economy teams and individual peasant households. At the local level, material incentives, rather than political appeals, were to be used to motivate the labor force, including allowing peasants to earn extra income by selling the produce of their private plots at free market value. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Export_focus">Export focus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Export focus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the move toward market allocation, local municipalities and provinces were allowed to invest in industries that they considered most profitable, which encouraged investment in light manufacturing. Thus, Deng's reforms shifted China's development strategy to an emphasis on light industry and <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">export-led growth</a>. Light industrial output was vital for a developing country coming from a low capital base. With the short gestation period, low capital requirements, and high foreign-exchange export earnings, revenues generated by light manufacturing were able to be reinvested in technologically more advanced production and further capital expenditures and investments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, in sharp contrast to the similar, but much less successful reforms in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">People's Republic of Hungary</a>, these investments were not government mandated. The capital invested in heavy industry largely came from the banking system, and most of that capital came from consumer deposits. One of the first items of the Deng reforms was to prevent reallocation of profits except through taxation or through the banking system; hence, the reallocation in state-owned industries was somewhat indirect, thus making them more or less independent from government interference. In short, Deng's reforms sparked an industrial revolution in China.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These reforms were a reversal of the Maoist policy of economic self-reliance. China decided to accelerate the modernization process by stepping up the volume of foreign trade, especially the purchase of machinery from Japan and the West. In October 1978, to exchange the instruments of ratification for the "Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China", Deng Xiaoping visited Japan for the first time and was warmly received by Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda and others. Deng Xiaoping was only Vice Premier during the time of his meetings with Japanese officials, but the Japanese government received Deng as the effective paramount leader of China due to his long history with the CCP, nonetheless. Deng was deemed the first Chinese leader to receive an audience in addition to Japanese Emperor Showa. A news article from NHK Japan in 1978 reported that Deng diplomatically stated "we talked about our past, but His Majesty's focus on building a better future is something I noticed." Deng’s statement suggests the new era of China’s political reform through foreign economic diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China is an ongoing pact between the two nations to this day. Article 1 of the treaty describes mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, and mutual non-interference in internal affairs. Article 2 proclaims anti-hegemony. Article 3 discusses the further development of economic and cultural relations between the two countries, and Article 4 addresses the relationship of this treaty with third countries. Although it took six years from the restoration of diplomatic relations for the peace treaty negotiations to be concluded as the "anti-hegemony" clause and the "third country" clause were considered the most contentious, the agreement still informs much of contemporary Sino-Japanese relations.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By participating in such export-led growth, China was able to step up the Four Modernizations by attaining certain foreign funds, market, advanced technologies and management experiences, thus accelerating its economic development. From 1980, Deng attracted foreign companies to a series of <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China">Special Economic Zones</a>, where foreign investment and market liberalization were encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reforms sought to improve labor productivity. New material incentives and bonus systems were introduced. Rural markets selling peasants' homegrown products and the surplus products of communes were revived. Not only did rural markets increase agricultural output, they stimulated industrial development as well. With peasants able to sell surplus agricultural yields on the open market, domestic consumption stimulated industrialization as well and also created political support for more difficult economic reforms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are some parallels between Deng's <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a> especially in the early stages, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s NEP as well as those of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>'s economic policies, in that both foresaw a role for private entrepreneurs and markets based on trade and pricing rather than central planning. As academics <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Christopher Marquis</a> and Kunyuan Qiao observe, Deng had been present in the Soviet Union when Lenin implemented the NEP, and it is reasonable to infer that it may have impacted Deng's view that markets could exist within socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 254">: 254 </span></sup> In first meeting between Deng and <a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a>, Deng pressed the industrialist and former investor in Lenin's Soviet Union for as much information on the <a href="/wiki/New_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="New economic policy">new economic policy</a> as possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_of_Hong_Kong_and_Macau">Return of Hong Kong and Macau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Return of Hong Kong and Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG/220px-Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG/330px-Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG/440px-Deng_Thatcher_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A model reconstruction of Deng Xiaoping's 1984 meeting with UK Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, Shenzhen</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1980 onwards, Deng led the expansion of the economy, and in political terms took over negotiations with the United Kingdom to <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">return Hong Kong</a>, meeting personally with then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>. Thatcher had participated in the meetings with the hopes of keeping British rule over Hong Kong Island and Kowloon—two of the three constituent territories of the colony—but this was firmly rejected by Deng.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of these negotiations was the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>, signed on 19 December 1984, which formally outlined the United Kingdom's return of the whole Hong Kong colony to China by 1997. The Chinese government pledged to respect the economic system and civil liberties of the British colony for fifty years after the handover.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deng's theory of <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a> applied to Hong Kong and Macau and Deng intended to also present it as an attractive option to the people of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> for eventual incorporation of that island, where sovereignty over the territory is still disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, Deng first explained the concept of one country, two systems in relation to Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 231">: 231 </span></sup> </p><p>Deng's statements during the 1987 drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Hong Kong">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a> showed his view of the principle in the Hong Kong context.<sup id="cite_ref-:042_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:042-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 176">: 176 </span></sup> At that time, Deng stated that the central government would not intervene in the daily business of Hong Kong, but predicted Hong Kong would sometimes have issues affecting national interests that would require the central government's involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-:042_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:042-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 178–179">: 178–179 </span></sup> Deng said, "after 1997, we shall still allow people in Hong Kong to attack the Communist Party of China and China verbally, but what if the words were turned into action, trying to convert Hong Kong into a base of opposition to the Chinese mainland under the pretext of 'democracy'? Then there’s no choice but intervention."<sup id="cite_ref-china.org.cn_1987_i438_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china.org.cn_1987_i438-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-香港01_2022_z800_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-香港01_2022_z800-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1988, Deng stated that "Hong Kong's political system today is neither the British system nor the American system, and it should not transplant the Western ways in the future."<sup id="cite_ref-:042_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:042-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 179">: 179 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_control_and_crime_control">Population control and crime control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Population control and crime control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Family_planning_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Family planning policy">Family planning policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/1983_%22Strike_Hard%22_Anti-crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign">1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign</a></div> <p>China's rapid economic growth presented several problems. The 1982 census revealed the extraordinary growth of the population, which already exceeded a billion people. Deng continued the plans initiated by Hua Guofeng to <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">restrict birth to only one child</a>, limiting women to one child under pain of administrative penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy applied to urban areas, and included forced abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1983, Deng launched the <a href="/wiki/1983_%22Strike_Hard%22_Anti-crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign">"Strike hard" Anti-crime Campaign</a> due to the worsening public safety after the Cultural Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that the government set quotas for 5,000 executions by mid-November, and sources in Taiwan claimed that as many as 60,000 people were executed in that time,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although more recent estimates have placed the number at 24,000 who were <a href="/wiki/Sentenced_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentenced to death">sentenced to death</a> (mostly in the first "battle" of the campaign).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of people arrested (some even received <a href="/wiki/Death-penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-penalty">death penalty</a>) were children or relatives of government officials at various levels, including the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>, demonstrating the principle of "<a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">all are equal before the law</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign had an immediate positive effect on public safety, while controversies also arose such as whether some of the legal punishments were too harsh and whether the campaign had long-term positive effect on public safety.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasing economic freedom was being translated into a greater freedom of opinion, and critics began to arise within the system, including the famous dissident <a href="/wiki/Wei_Jingsheng" title="Wei Jingsheng">Wei Jingsheng</a>, who coined the term "fifth modernization" in reference to democracy as a missing element in the renewal plans of Deng Xiaoping. In the late 1980s, dissatisfaction with the authoritarian regime and growing inequalities caused the biggest crisis to Deng's leadership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crackdown_of_Tiananmen_Square_protests">Crackdown of Tiananmen Square protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Crackdown of Tiananmen Square protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/June_9_Deng_speech" title="June 9 Deng speech">June 9 Deng speech</a></div> <p>The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, culminating in the June Fourth Massacre, were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in the People's Republic of China (PRC) between 15 April and 5 June 1989, a year in which many other <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">communist governments collapsed</a>. </p><p>The protests were sparked by the death of <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a>, a reformist official backed by Deng but ousted by the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a> and the conservative wing of the politburo. Many people were dissatisfied with the party's slow response and relatively subdued funeral arrangements. Public mourning began on the streets of Beijing and universities in the surrounding areas. In Beijing, this was centered on the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_People%27s_Heroes" title="Monument to the People's Heroes">Monument to the People's Heroes</a> in Tiananmen Square. The mourning became a public conduit for anger against perceived nepotism in the government, the unfair dismissal and early death of Hu, and the behind-the-scenes role of the "old men". By the eve of Hu's funeral, the demonstration had reached 100,000 people on Tiananmen Square. While the protests lacked a unified cause or leadership, participants raised the issue of corruption within the government and some voiced calls for economic liberalization<sup id="cite_ref-nathan_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nathan-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and democratic reform<sup id="cite_ref-nathan_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nathan-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the structure of the government while others called for a less authoritarian and less centralized form of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the demonstrations, Deng's pro-market ally General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> supported the demonstrators and distanced himself from the Politburo. Martial law was declared on 20 May by the socialist hardliner, Chinese premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests#Attempt_to_enforce_martial_law_on_May_20–23" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests">initial military advance on the city</a> was blocked by residents. The movement lasted seven weeks. On 3–4 June, over two hundred thousand soldiers in tanks and helicopters were <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests">sent into the city to quell the protests by force</a>, resulting in hundreds to thousands of casualties. Many ordinary people in Beijing believed that Deng had ordered the intervention, but political analysts do not know who was actually behind the order.<sup id="cite_ref-macfarquhar_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macfarquhar-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, Deng's daughter defends the actions that occurred as a collective decision by the party leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators, the Communist Party initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long program similar to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Rightist Movement">Anti-Rightist Movement</a>. Old-timers like Deng Fei aimed to deal "strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization", and more than 30,000 communist officers were deployed to the task.<sup id="cite_ref-miles_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miles-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zhao was placed under house arrest by hardliners and Deng himself was forced to make concessions to them.<sup id="cite_ref-macfarquhar_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macfarquhar-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He soon declared that "the entire imperialist Western world plans to make all socialist countries discard the socialist road and then bring them under the monopoly of international capital and onto the capitalist road". A few months later he said that the "United States was too deeply involved" in the student movement, referring to foreign reporters who had given financial aid to the student leaders and later <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">helped them escape to various Western countries</a>, primarily the United States through Hong Kong and Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-macfarquhar_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macfarquhar-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although Deng initially made concessions to the socialist hardliners, he soon resumed his reforms after his 1992 southern tour. After his tour, he was able to stop the attacks of the socialist hardliners on the reforms through their "named capitalist or socialist?" campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Deng privately told former Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> that factions of the Communist Party could have grabbed army units and the country had risked a civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-miles_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miles-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two years later, Deng endorsed <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a>, a Shanghai Mayor, as a vice-premier candidate. Zhu Rongji had refused to declare <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in Shanghai during the demonstrations even though socialist hardliners had pressured him.<sup id="cite_ref-macfarquhar_128-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macfarquhar-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resignation_and_1992_southern_tour">Resignation and 1992 southern tour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Resignation and 1992 southern tour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg/220px-DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg/330px-DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg/440px-DengXiaoPingNanXunJunJian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A patrol boat that was used on Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</figcaption></figure> <p>Officially, Deng decided to retire from top positions when he stepped down as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> in November 1989 and his successor Jiang Zemin became the new <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China, however, was still in the <i>era of Deng Xiaoping</i>. He continued to be widely regarded as the <i>de facto</i> leader of the country, believed to have backroom control despite no official position apart from being chairman of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">Contract Bridge</a> Association,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> as Jiang's successor at the <a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">14th Party Congress</a> in 1992.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2020)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Deng was recognized officially as "the chief architect of China's economic reforms and China's socialist modernization". To the Communist Party, he was believed to have set a good example for communist cadres who refused to retire at old age. He broke earlier conventions of holding offices for life. He was often referred to as simply <i>Comrade Xiaoping</i>, with no title attached. </p><p>Because of the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>, Deng's power had been significantly weakened and there was a growing formalist faction opposed to Deng's reforms within the Communist Party. To reassert his economic agenda, in the spring of 1992, Deng made a tour of southern China, visiting <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a> and spending the New Year in Shanghai, using his travels as a method of reasserting his economic policy after his retirement from office.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SuishengZhao_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuishengZhao-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said,'Some people slander our socialist system as the Qin system, which is vexatious! Our system is not totalitarian, but democratic centralism. During the period of Chairman Mao, it was not the Qin system, but also democratic centralism. I would say that it is more like the system of France.'<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The 1992 Southern Tour is widely regarded as a critical point in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">modern history of China</a>, as it saved the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> and preserved the stability of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deng's health deteriorated drastically after 1994. In January 1995, Deng's daughter told the press that "A year ago, he could walk for 30 minutes twice a day, but now he cannot walk … He needs two people to support him."<sup id="cite_ref-Tampa_Bay_Times_1995_k697_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tampa_Bay_Times_1995_k697-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also reported that Parkinson's experts were sent to Beijing to help him in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-South_China_Morning_Post_1995_b711_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_China_Morning_Post_1995_b711-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng generally preferred not to directly speak of dying, instead describing himself as "going to see the Premier", meaning Zhou Enlai.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 118">: 118 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Deng_Xiaoping" title="Death and state funeral of Deng Xiaoping">Death and state funeral of Deng Xiaoping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Deng_Funeral.jpg/220px-Deng_Funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2c/Deng_Funeral.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping's ashes lie in state in Beijing whose banner reads "Memorial Service of Comrade Deng Xiaoping", February 1997</figcaption></figure> <p>Deng died on 19 February 1997 at 9:08 p.m. Beijing time, aged 92 from a lung infection and <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public was largely prepared for his death, as there had been rumors that his health was deteriorating. At 10:00 on the morning of 24 February, people were asked by Premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a> to pause in silence for three minutes. The nation's flags flew at <a href="/wiki/Half-mast" title="Half-mast">half-mast</a> for over a week. </p><p>Deng's official obituary instructed Chinese people to study Deng Xiaoping's method of building <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 119">: 119 </span></sup> It praised his "scientific attitude and creative spirit in applying a Marxist stand" and his "viewpoints and methods to studying new problems and solving new problems".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 119">: 119 </span></sup> It also praised his 1992 southern tour.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 119">: 119 </span></sup> </p><p>The nationally televised funeral, which was a simple and relatively private affair attended by the country's leaders and Deng's family, was broadcast on all cable channels. After the funeral, his organs were donated to medical research. The remains were cremated at <a href="/wiki/Babaoshan_Revolutionary_Cemetery" title="Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery">Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery</a> and his ashes were subsequently scattered at sea from an airplane by his wife, Zhuo Lin.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 120">: 120 </span></sup> For the next two weeks, Chinese state media ran news stories and documentaries related to Deng's life and death, with the regular 19:00 <i><a href="/wiki/Xinwen_Lianbo" title="Xinwen Lianbo">National News</a></i> program in the evening lasting almost two hours over the regular broadcast time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Deng's successor, Jiang Zemin, maintained Deng's <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">political and economic philosophies</a>. Deng was eulogized as a "great Marxist, great Proletarian Revolutionary, statesman, military strategist, and diplomat; one of the main leaders of the Chinese Communist Party, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> of China, and the People's Republic of China; the great architect of China's socialist opening-up and modernized construction; the founder of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some elements, notably modern Maoists and radical reformers (the far left and the far right), had negative views, however. </p><p>Deng's death drew international reaction. UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> said Deng was to be remembered "in the international community at large as a primary architect of China's modernization and dramatic economic development". French President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> said "In the course of this century, few men have, as much as Deng, led a vast human community through such profound and determining changes"; British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> commented about Deng's key role in the return of Hong Kong to Chinese control; Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> called Deng a "pivotal figure" in Chinese history. The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> chair in Taiwan also sent its condolences, saying it longed for peace, cooperation, and prosperity. The <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> voiced regret that Deng died without resolving questions over Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The song <a href="/wiki/Story_of_Spring" title="Story of Spring">Story of Spring</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Dong_Wenhua" title="Dong Wenhua">Dong Wenhua</a>, celebrates Deng's achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 112">: 112 </span></sup> It was first performed during a television gala in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_32-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 112">: 112 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG/220px-Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG/330px-Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG/440px-Deng_Xiaoping_statue_in_Shenzhen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="2579" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Deng Xiaoping in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></figcaption></figure><p>Deng's view that "development is the absolute principle" continues to shape the Chinese approach to governance.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 49">: 49 </span></sup> At the Fourth Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th Central Committee</a>, Jiang Zemin and the <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">third generation</a> of leaders stated, "Development is the Party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country."<sup id="cite_ref-:052_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 49">: 49 </span></sup> Likewise, Deng's emphasis on development as the absolute principle also shaped Hu Jintao's <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a>, which emphasizes development as China's core task.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Memorials to Deng have been low profile compared to other leaders, in keeping with Deng's image of pragmatism. Rather than being embalmed, as was Mao, he was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea. There are some public displays, however. A bronze statue was erected on 14 November 2000, at the grand plaza of <a href="/wiki/Lianhuashan_Park" title="Lianhuashan Park">Lianhua Mountain Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>. This statue is dedicated to Deng's role as a planner and contributor to the development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. The statue is 6 metres (20 ft) high, with an additional 3.68-meter base, and shows Deng striding forward confidently. Many CCP high level leaders visit the statue. In addition, in coastal areas and on the island province of <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, Deng appeared on roadside billboards with messages emphasizing economic reform or his policy of <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>. </p><p>A bronze statue to commemorate Deng's 100th birthday was dedicated 13 August 2004 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a>, Deng's hometown, in southwest China's <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. Deng is dressed casually, sitting on a chair and smiling. The Chinese characters on the pedestal were written by Jiang Zemin, then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_Former_Residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Deng Xiaoping's Former Residence">Deng Xiaoping's Former Residence</a> in his hometown of Paifang Village in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> has been preserved as an historical museum. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, there is a six-lane boulevard, 25 metres (82 ft) wide and 3.5 kilometres (2 mi) long, the Deng Xiaoping Prospekt, which was dedicated on 18 June 1997. A two-meter high red granite monument stands at the east end of this route. The epigraph is written in Chinese, Russian and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kirghiz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The documentary, <i>Deng Xiaoping</i>, released by <a href="/wiki/CCTV_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV (China)">CCTV</a> in January 1997, presents his life from his days as a student in France to his "Southern Tour" of 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, CCTV released a <a href="/wiki/TV_series_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV series (China)">TV series</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_at_History%27s_Crossroads" title="Deng Xiaoping at History's Crossroads">Deng Xiaoping at History's Crossroads</a></i>, in anticipation of the 110th anniversary of his birth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment">Assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deng has been called the "architect of contemporary China"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is widely considered to have been one of the most influential figures of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy-JapanTimes_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-JapanTimes-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Person of the Year</a> in 1978 and 1985, the third Chinese leader (after <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a>) and the fourth time for a communist leader (after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, picked twice; and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>) to be selected.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deng is remembered primarily for the economic reforms he initiated while <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> of the People's Republic of China, which pivoted China towards a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, led to high economic growth, increased <a href="/wiki/Standards_of_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards of living">standards of living</a> of hundreds of millions,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expanded personal and cultural freedoms, and substantially integrated the country into the world economy.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More people were lifted out of poverty during his leadership than during any other time in human history, attributed largely to his reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy-JapanTimes_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-JapanTimes-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, some have suggested that Deng should have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng is also credited with reducing the cult of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and with bringing an end to the chaotic era of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist-Great-Stabiliser_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-Great-Stabiliser-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, his strong-handed tactics have been credited with keeping the People's Republic of China unified, in contrast to the other major <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> power of the time, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which collapsed in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Deng is also remembered for human rights violations and for numerous instances of political violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Wizard_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Wizard-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As paramount leader, he oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square massacre">Tiananmen Square massacre</a>; afterwards, he was influential in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party's</a> domestic cover-up of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon2014_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon2014-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, he is associated with some of the worst purges during <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s rule; for instance, he ordered an <a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">army crackdown on a Muslim village</a> in Yunnan which resulted in the deaths of 1,600 people, including 300 children.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist-Great-Stabiliser_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-Great-Stabiliser-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As paramount leader, Deng also negotiated an end to the British colonial rule of Hong Kong and normalized relations with the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Wizard_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Wizard-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1980, he started <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Political_reforms" title="History of the People's Republic of China">China's political reforms</a> by setting <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a> for officials and proposing a systematic revision of <a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">China's third Constitution</a> which was made during the Cultural Revolution; the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">new Constitution</a> embodied Chinese-style <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> and was passed by the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> in December 1982, with most of its content still being effective as of today.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped establish China's <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education#China" title="Compulsory education">nine-year compulsory education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and revived China's political reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeng1995" class="citation book cs1">Deng Xiaoping (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225132629/http://book.theorychina.org/upload/7cd4c5b7-18a8-4058-bec6-f6994a51bf84/"><i>Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping: 1938–1965</i></a>. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-119-01456-0" title="Special:BookSources/7-119-01456-0"><bdi>7-119-01456-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.theorychina.org/upload/7cd4c5b7-18a8-4058-bec6-f6994a51bf84/">the original</a> on 25 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Deng+Xiaoping%3A+1938%E2%80%931965&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=7-119-01456-0&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.theorychina.org%2Fupload%2F7cd4c5b7-18a8-4058-bec6-f6994a51bf84%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng1995" class="citation book cs1">— (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225132758/http://book.theorychina.org/upload/70d42536-0801-4fb6-9fcc-af15777f9434/"><i>Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping: 1975–1982</i></a>. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-119-00167-1" title="Special:BookSources/7-119-00167-1"><bdi>7-119-00167-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.theorychina.org/upload/70d42536-0801-4fb6-9fcc-af15777f9434/">the original</a> on 25 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Deng+Xiaoping%3A+1975%E2%80%931982&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=7-119-00167-1&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.theorychina.org%2Fupload%2F70d42536-0801-4fb6-9fcc-af15777f9434%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng1994" class="citation book cs1">— (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225092153/http://book.theorychina.org/upload/835b93ad-37d3-4c9c-8ba3-ca59badb506c/"><i>Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping: 1982–1992</i></a>. Vol. III (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-119-01689-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-119-01689-X"><bdi>7-119-01689-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.theorychina.org/upload/835b93ad-37d3-4c9c-8ba3-ca59badb506c/">the original</a> on 25 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Deng+Xiaoping%3A+1982%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=7-119-01689-X&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.theorychina.org%2Fupload%2F835b93ad-37d3-4c9c-8ba3-ca59badb506c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng2014" class="citation book cs1">— (2014). <i>Deng Xiaoping Wenji (1949-1974) 邓小平文集(一九四九——一九七四年)</i>. Beijing: People's Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-01-013823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-01-013823-7"><bdi>978-7-01-013823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+Wenji+%281949-1974%29+%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86%28%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%B9%9D%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%83%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%29&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-7-01-013823-7&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderately_prosperous_society" title="Moderately prosperous society">Moderately prosperous society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_French-Chinese_Friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Museum of French-Chinese Friendship">Historical Museum of French-Chinese Friendship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">also <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">邓小平</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dèng Xiǎopíng</span></i> also <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanised</a> as <b>Teng Hsiao-p'ing</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born <b>Xiansheng</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">先圣</span></span>). In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Deng_(Chinese_surname)" title="Deng (Chinese surname)">Deng</a></i>. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping">"Deng Xiaoping"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. HarperCollins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031142/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Famp%2Fenglish%2Fdeng-xiaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031146/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping">"Deng Xiaoping"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping">the original</a> on 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fus%2Fdeng_xiaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Deng+Xiaoping">"Deng Xiaoping"</a>. <i>Oxford UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Deng+Xiaoping">the original</a> on 8 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping&rft.btitle=Oxford+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FDeng%2BXiaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Teng%20Hsiao-p%27ing">"Teng Hsiao-p'ing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Teng+Hsiao-p%27ing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FTeng%2520Hsiao-p%2527ing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413100236/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00889A000800030001-8.pdf">"Mao's last hurrah: the campaign against Teng Hsiao-Ping"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. August 1976. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping+is+Dead+at+92%3B+Architect+of+Modern+China&rft.date=1997-02-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Faison&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F02%2F20%2Fworld%2Fdeng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/dengxiaoping.html">"Deng Xiaoping: Architect of modern China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i>. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240623152008/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/dengxiaoping.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+Architect+of+modern+China&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fopinion%2Fdengxiaoping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2011_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogel2011">Vogel 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenmark" class="citation news cs1">Denmark, Abraham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/">"40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Man+of+the+Year%3A+Teng+Hsiao-p%27ing%3A+Visions+of+a+New+China&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fcovers%2F0%2C16641%2C19790101%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html">"Man of the Year: Deng Xiaoping"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 6 January 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209202013/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Why+China%27s+Political+Reforms+Failed&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2015%2F06%2Fwhy-chinas-political-reforms-failed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenmark" class="citation news cs1">Denmark, Abraham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/">"40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=40+years+ago%2C+Deng+Xiaoping+changed+China+%E2%80%94+and+the+world&rft.aulast=Denmark&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2018%2F12%2F19%2F40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asiawind.com-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asiawind.com_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiawind.com/pub/forum/fhakka/mhonarc/msg00475.html">"The arrival of the Hakkas in Sichuan Province"</a>. Asiawind.com. 29 December 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101104074554/http://www.asiawind.com/pub/forum/fhakka/mhonarc/msg00475.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+arrival+of+the+Hakkas+in+Sichuan+Province&rft.pub=Asiawind.com&rft.date=1997-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiawind.com%2Fpub%2Fforum%2Ffhakka%2Fmhonarc%2Fmsg00475.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/english/2008-01/14/content_857292.htm">"Luodai, a Hakkanese town in Sichuan Province"</a>. GOV.cn. 14 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215533/http://www.gov.cn/english/2008-01/14/content_857292.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luodai%2C+a+Hakkanese+town+in+Sichuan+Province&rft.pub=GOV.cn&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2F2008-01%2F14%2Fcontent_857292.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dai2009-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dai2009_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYingcong_Dai2009" class="citation book cs1">Yingcong Dai (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA25"><i>The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing</i></a>. University of Washington Press. pp. 25–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98952-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98952-5"><bdi>978-0-295-98952-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128154047/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sichuan+Frontier+and+Tibet%3A+Imperial+Strategy+in+the+Early+Qing&rft.pages=25-&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98952-5&rft.au=Yingcong+Dai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYHfVVAAf_kC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199711–12-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang199711–12_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang1997">Yang 1997</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/dengxiaoping/103417.htm">"Deng Xiaoping – Childhood"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+%E2%80%93+Childhood&rft.pub=China.org.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2Fdengxiaoping%2F103417.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPI_1991_e838-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UPI_1991_e838_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/amp/Archives/1991/04/01/Deng-Xiaoping-quits-smoking/6011670482000/">"Deng Xiaoping quits smoking"</a>. <i>UPI</i>. 1 April 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">哲學卷</span></span>. Shanghai: Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787532612369" title="Special:BookSources/9787532612369"><bdi>9787532612369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E6%B5%B7&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Shanghai+Dictionary+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9787532612369&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Zhengnong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisQiao2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Marquis, Christopher</a>; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). <i>Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise</i>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k">10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6"><bdi>978-0-300-26883-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3006z6k">j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348572572">1348572572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253067190">253067190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+Markets%3A+The+Communist+Roots+of+Chinese+Enterprise&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3006z6k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348572572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253067190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26883-6&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Kunyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, Jonathan (1999), "In Search of Modern China", 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel201118–20-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel201118–20_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogel2011">Vogel (2011)</a>, p. 18–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2001" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Whitney (2001). <i>Deng Xiaoping: Leader in a Changing China</i>. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822549628" title="Special:BookSources/9780822549628"><bdi>9780822549628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+Leader+in+a+Changing+China&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780822549628&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mair, Victor H. (2013). <i>Chinese Lives: The people who made a civilization</i>. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500251928" title="Special:BookSources/9780500251928"><bdi>9780500251928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Lives%3A+The+people+who+made+a+civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780500251928&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacu.org-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sacu.org_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sacu.org/dengfrance.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127081058/http://sacu.org/dengfrance.html">Archived</a> 27 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wang Song. "Chinese Revolutionaries in France".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1988" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Paul (1988). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/654865">"The Chinese Work-Study Movement in France"</a></span>. <i>The China Quarterly</i>. <b>115</b> (115): 441–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS030574100002751X">10.1017/S030574100002751X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/654865">654865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154375449">154375449</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413085436/https://www.jstor.org/stable/654865">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Work-Study+Movement+in+France&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=115&rft.pages=441-461&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154375449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F654865%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS030574100002751X&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F654865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsov2015450-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsov2015450_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPantsov2015">Pantsov (2015)</a>, p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=167965&sectioncode=22">"Exiled son who saved the state"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a></i>. 22 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201132001/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=167965&sectioncode=22">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Exiled+son+who+saved+the+state&rft.date=2002-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryCode%3D167965%26sectioncode%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gao08">Gao 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_32-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2024" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Jonathan (2024). <i>The Southern Tour: Deng Xiaoping and the Fight for China's Future</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350435711" title="Special:BookSources/9781350435711"><bdi>9781350435711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Tour%3A+Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Fight+for+China%27s+Future&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781350435711&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198883–84-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198883–84_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranz1988">Franz 1988</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199766–67-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang199766–67_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang199766–67_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang1997">Yang 1997</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198886–87-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198886–87_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranz1988">Franz 1988</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman199434-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman199434_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman1994">Goodman 1994</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz198887-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198887_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz198887_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranz1988">Franz 1988</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeng1968-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeng1968_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeng1968">Deng 1968</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang199770-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang199770_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang1997">Yang 1997</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELary1974107-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELary1974107_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLary1974">Lary 1974</a>, pp. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:06-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:06_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpper2020" class="citation book cs1">Opper, Marc (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/23824"><i>People's Wars in China, Malaya, and Vietnam</i></a>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.11413902">10.3998/mpub.11413902</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F23824">20.500.12657/23824</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90125-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90125-8"><bdi>978-0-472-90125-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.11413902">10.3998/mpub.11413902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211359950">211359950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%27s+Wars+in+China%2C+Malaya%2C+and+Vietnam&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F23824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.11413902%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.11413902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211359950%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-472-90125-8&rft.aulast=Opper&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F23824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-04/25/content_954586.htm">"豫西革命纪念馆和鲁山邓小平旧居扩建工程竣工"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711211823/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-04/25/content_954586.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B1%AB%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E9%A6%86%E5%92%8C%E9%B2%81%E5%B1%B1%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E6%97%A7%E5%B1%85%E6%89%A9%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E7%AB%A3%E5%B7%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fjrzg%2F2008-04%2F25%2Fcontent_954586.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pds.gov.cn/contents/5380/181.html">"西关大街，从历史中走来"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711211824/https://www.pds.gov.cn/contents/5380/181.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B3%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%97%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%8E%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%AD%E8%B5%B0%E6%9D%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pds.gov.cn%2Fcontents%2F5380%2F181.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng_Li2001" class="citation book cs1">Cheng Li (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasleadersnew00lich"><i>China's leaders</i></a></span>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasleadersnew00lich/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847694976" title="Special:BookSources/9780847694976"><bdi>9780847694976</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+leaders&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780847694976&rft.au=Cheng+Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinasleadersnew00lich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jac-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jac_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jac_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jac_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jac_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jac_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGREGOR_BENTON" class="citation web cs1">GREGOR BENTON. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/01/deng-xiaoping-china-mao-communist-party">"Assessing Deng Xiaoping"</a>. <i>jacobinmag.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129064154/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/01/deng-xiaoping-china-mao-communist-party">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jacobinmag.com&rft.atitle=Assessing+Deng+Xiaoping&rft.au=GREGOR+BENTON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobinmag.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fdeng-xiaoping-china-mao-communist-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMare2019" class="citation book cs1">DeMare, Brian James (2019). <i>Land wars : the story of China's agrarian revolution</i>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0849-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0849-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-0849-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048940018">1048940018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+wars+%3A+the+story+of+China%27s+agrarian+revolution&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048940018&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0849-8&rft.aulast=DeMare&rft.aufirst=Brian+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMare2019" class="citation book cs1">DeMare, Brian James (2019). <i>Land wars : the story of China's agrarian revolution</i>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0849-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0849-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-0849-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048940018">1048940018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+wars+%3A+the+story+of+China%27s+agrarian+revolution&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048940018&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0849-8&rft.aulast=DeMare&rft.aufirst=Brian+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://origins.osu.edu/review/man-who-re-invented-china">"The Man Who Re-Invented China"</a>. <i>origins.osu.edu</i>. 17 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725131635/https://origins.osu.edu/review/man-who-re-invented-china">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=origins.osu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Re-Invented+China&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forigins.osu.edu%2Freview%2Fman-who-re-invented-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Guillermaz, <i>The Chinese Communist Party in Power, 1949–1976</i> (1976) pp. 320–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_He2016" class="citation book cs1">Henry He (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCm3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT713"><i>Dictionary of the Political Thought of the People's Republic of China</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 713. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315500430" title="Special:BookSources/9781315500430"><bdi>9781315500430</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308070316/https://books.google.com/books?id=YCm3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT713">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Political+Thought+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=713&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315500430&rft.au=Henry+He&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCm3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyskens2020" class="citation book cs1">Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). <i>Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108784788">10.1017/9781108784788</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78478-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78478-8"><bdi>978-1-108-78478-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145096137">1145096137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218936313">218936313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Third+Front%3A+The+Militarization+of+Cold+War+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145096137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218936313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108784788&rft.isbn=978-1-108-78478-8&rft.aulast=Meyskens&rft.aufirst=Covell+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinqi_Li2008" class="citation news cs1">Minqi Li (December 2008). "Socialism, capitalism, and class struggle: The Political economy of Modern china". <i>Economic & Political Weekly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+%26+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Socialism%2C+capitalism%2C+and+class+struggle%3A+The+Political+economy+of+Modern+china&rft.date=2008-12&rft.au=Minqi+Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShambaugh1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shambaugh, David (1993). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/654098">"Deng Xiaoping: The Politician"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a></i>. <b>135</b> (135): 457–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000013874">10.1017/S0305741000013874</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7410">0305-7410</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/654098">654098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154440131">154440131</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223193853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/654098">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+The+Politician&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=135&rft.pages=457-490&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0305-7410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154440131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F654098%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741000013874&rft.aulast=Shambaugh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F654098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsgd.com/specials/deng100thbirthanniversary/newspictures/200407280046.htm">"Film makers flock to tractor factory to shoot Deng's stories"</a>. News Guandong. 26 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215515/http://www.newsgd.com/specials/deng100thbirthanniversary/newspictures/200407280046.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Film+makers+flock+to+tractor+factory+to+shoot+Deng%27s+stories&rft.date=2004-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsgd.com%2Fspecials%2Fdeng100thbirthanniversary%2Fnewspictures%2F200407280046.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yan1996-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yan1996_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yan1996_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan, Jiaqi</a> (1996). Kwok, Daniel W. Y. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824865313/html"><i>Turbulent decade : a history of the cultural revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780824865313">10.1515/9780824865313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824865313" title="Special:BookSources/9780824865313"><bdi>9780824865313</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turbulent+decade+%3A+a+history+of+the+cultural+revolution&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824865313&rft.isbn=9780824865313&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Jiaqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824865313%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2020" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (3 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT341"><i>The Story of China: A portrait of a civilisation and its people</i></a>. Simon & Schuster UK. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-7600-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-7600-5"><bdi>978-1-4711-7600-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118180611/https://books.google.com/books?id=wrueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT341">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>In 1973, Premier Zhou Enlai had brought Deng back to Beijing from exile to focus on reconstructing the Chinese economy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+China%3A+A+portrait+of+a+civilisation+and+its+people&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+UK&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-7600-5&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrueDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2014" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (27 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201"><i>Deng Xiaoping: The Man who Made Modern China</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-467-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-467-0"><bdi>978-0-85772-467-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118180612/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>A major confrontation erupted on 4 October 1974 when Mao agreed, on the advice of Zhou Enlai, that Deng should be appointed first deputy premier of the State Council.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+The+Man+who+Made+Modern+China&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-467-0&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBGMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinami2024" class="citation book cs1">Minami, Kazushi (2024). <i>People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War</i>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501774157" title="Special:BookSources/9781501774157"><bdi>9781501774157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%27s+Diplomacy%3A+How+Americans+and+Chinese+Transformed+US-China+Relations+during+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781501774157&rft.aulast=Minami&rft.aufirst=Kazushi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227130702/http://www.ls11.com/Article/jglx/gjjz/200408/4910.html">"Deng Rong's Memoirs: Chpt 49"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ls11.com/Article/jglx/gjjz/200408/4910.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deng+Rong%27s+Memoirs%3A+Chpt+49&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ls11.com%2FArticle%2Fjglx%2Fgjjz%2F200408%2F4910.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantsovLevine2015" class="citation book cs1">Pantsov, Alexander; Levine, Steven I. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w__VBgAAQBAJ"><i>Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939203-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939203-2"><bdi>978-0-19-939203-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806192838/https://books.google.com/books?id=w__VBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+A+Revolutionary+Life&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939203-2&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Levine%2C+Steven+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw__VBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227130647/http://www.ls11.com/Article/jglx/gjjz/200408/4916.html">"Deng Rong's Memoirs: Chapter 53"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ls11.com/Article/jglx/gjjz/200408/4916.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deng+Rong%27s+Memoirs%3A+Chapter+53&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ls11.com%2FArticle%2Fjglx%2Fgjjz%2F200408%2F4916.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1975–1976 and 1977–1980, Europa Publications (2002) "The People's Republic of Chine: Introductory Survey" <i>The Europa World Year Book 2003</i> volume 1, (44th edition) Europa Publications, London, p. 1075, col. 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-227-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-227-4">1-85743-227-4</a>; and Bo, Zhiyue (2007) <i>China's Elite Politics: Political Transition and Power Balancing</i> World Scientific, Hackensack, New Jersey, p. 59, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-270-041-2" title="Special:BookSources/981-270-041-2">981-270-041-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/22/newsid_2516000/2516339.stm">"1977: Deng Xiaoping back in power"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 July 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728025020/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/22/newsid_2516000/2516339.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1977%3A+Deng+Xiaoping+back+in+power&rft.date=1977-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjuly%2F22%2Fnewsid_2516000%2F2516339.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitbeijing.com.cn/article/47QrNuQyRVf">"百年老胡同米粮库中的那些名人"住客"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>visitbeijing.com</i>. Beijing Tourism Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430003858/https://www.visitbeijing.com.cn/article/47QrNuQyRVf">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitbeijing.com&rft.atitle=%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%80%81%E8%83%A1%E5%90%8C%E7%B1%B3%E7%B2%AE%E5%BA%93%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9B%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%22%E4%BD%8F%E5%AE%A2%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitbeijing.com.cn%2Farticle%2F47QrNuQyRVf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0907/c69113-30278378.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"家庭园艺师"邓小平"</a>. <i>people.com</i>. People's Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240830004907/http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0907/c69113-30278378.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=people.com&rft.atitle=%22%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA%E5%B8%88%22%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2018%2F0907%2Fc69113-30278378.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAng2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Yuen_Ang" title="Yuen Yuen Ang">Ang, Yuen Yuen</a> (2016). <i>How China Escaped the Poverty Trap</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0020-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0020-0"><bdi>978-1-5017-0020-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j">10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+China+Escaped+the+Poverty+Trap&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1zgwm1j%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0020-0&rft.aulast=Ang&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Yuen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scmp20120420xiang-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scmp20120420xiang_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiang, Lanxin (20 April 2012). "Bo Xilai probe shows up China's outdated system of government". <i>South China Morning Post</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybsl.cn/zonghe/xinwen/2008-01-23/7141.html">"1989年6月1日吴林泉、彭飞：胡耀邦同志领导平反"六十一人案"追记-胡耀邦史料信息网"</a>. <i>www.hybsl.cn</i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103094052/http://www.hybsl.cn/zonghe/xinwen/2008-01-23/7141.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hybsl.cn&rft.atitle=1989%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5+%E5%90%B4%E6%9E%97%E6%B3%89%E3%80%81%E5%BD%AD%E9%A3%9E%EF%BC%9A%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%97%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%8D%22%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E6%A1%88%22%E8%BF%BD%E8%AE%B0-%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybsl.cn%2Fzonghe%2Fxinwen%2F2008-01-23%2F7141.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951"><i>The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">1332788951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332788951&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1332788951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429"><i>The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 175–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-3088-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">1331741429</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306101710/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=175-176&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1331741429&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1331741429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302193654/http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/press/view_press_print.asp?post_id=1538">"MFA, Singapore Press Release"</a>. App.mfa.gov.sg. 29 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/press/view_press_print.asp?post_id=1538">the original</a> on 2 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MFA%2C+Singapore+Press+Release&rft.pub=App.mfa.gov.sg&rft.date=2005-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapp.mfa.gov.sg%2F2006%2Fpress%2Fview_press_print.asp%3Fpost_id%3D1538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee Kuan Yew, <i>From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000, Volume 2</i>, (HarperCollins: 2000), pp. 595–603</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205211107/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-announces-that-it-will-recognize-communist-china">"United States announces that it will recognize communist China | December 15, 1978 | HISTORY"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-announces-that-it-will-recognize-communist-china">the original</a> on 5 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=United+States+announces+that+it+will+recognize+communist+China+%7C+December+15%2C+1978+%7C+HISTORY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Funited-states-announces-that-it-will-recognize-communist-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1346366969"><i>The Dragon Roars Back Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy</i></a>. Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1346366969">1346366969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy.&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1346366969&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1346366969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951"><i>The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">1332788951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332788951&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1332788951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Article 2) "The Contracting Parties declare that neither of them should seek <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> in the Asia-Pacific region or in any other region and that each is opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/china/treaty78.html">MOFA: Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609105736/http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/china/treaty78.html">Archived</a> 9 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Perkins, D in Barnett, A Doak and Ralph N Clough, Modernizing China : Post-Mao Reform and Development (Westgview Press, 1986), p 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael E. Marti in <i>China and the Legacy of Deng Xiaoping</i>, (Brassy's, 2002) p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks1989" class="citation news cs1">Parks, Michael (15 May 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-05-15-mn-141-story.html">"Gorbachev in China: The Communist Summit: Deng and Gorbachev: Great Reformers Battling Socialist Crises"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729224552/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-05-15-mn-141-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Gorbachev+in+China%3A+The+Communist+Summit%3A+Deng+and+Gorbachev%3A+Great+Reformers+Battling+Socialist+Crises&rft.date=1989-05-15&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-05-15-mn-141-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951"><i>The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">1332788951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332788951&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1332788951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2022" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781503634152"><i>The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503634152">10.1515/9781503634152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413153307/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503634152/html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back%3A+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi</i>. Taylor & Francis. 2017. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Foreign+Policy+Under+Xi&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Comparative Development of India & China Economic, Technological, Sectoral & Socio-cultural Insights</i>. SAGE Publications. 2020. p. 372.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Development+of+India+%26+China+Economic%2C+Technological%2C+Sectoral+%26+Socio-cultural+Insights&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429"><i>The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-3088-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">1331741429</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306101710/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1331741429&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1331741429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmann2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Heilmann" title="Sebastian Heilmann">Heilmann, Sebastian</a> (2018). <i>Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press">The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-996-827-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-996-827-4"><bdi>978-962-996-827-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Swan%3A+How+Unorthodox+Policy-Making+Facilitated+China%27s+Rise&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-962-996-827-4&rft.aulast=Heilmann&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_NaisbittDoris_Naisbitt2010" class="citation book cs1">John Naisbitt; Doris Naisbitt (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasmegatrends00nais_0"><i>China's Megatrends: The 8 Pillars of a New Society</i></a></span>. HarperBusiness. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasmegatrends00nais_0/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061963445" title="Special:BookSources/9780061963445"><bdi>9780061963445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Megatrends%3A+The+8+Pillars+of+a+New+Society&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=HarperBusiness&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780061963445&rft.au=John+Naisbitt&rft.au=Doris+Naisbitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinasmegatrends00nais_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1984" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, David (1984). "China's Four Modernizations: Blueprint for Development or Prelude to Turmoil?". <i>Asian Affairs</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 47–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00927678.1984.10553699">10.1080/00927678.1984.10553699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=China%27s+Four+Modernizations%3A+Blueprint+for+Development+or+Prelude+to+Turmoil%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=47-70&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00927678.1984.10553699&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Xiaoming (2010). "Deng Xiaoping and China's Decision to go to War with Vietnam". <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 3–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJCWS_a_00001">10.1162/JCWS_a_00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57559703">57559703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+China%27s+Decision+to+go+to+War+with+Vietnam&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FJCWS_a_00001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57559703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011526–535-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2011526–535_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogel2011">Vogel (2011)</a>, p. 526–535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-06-mn-4457-story.html">"Troop Cut to Save Money, Deng Says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 6 May 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622133140/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-06-mn-4457-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Troop+Cut+to+Save+Money%2C+Deng+Says&rft.date=1985-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-05-06-mn-4457-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011535–552-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2011535–552_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogel2011">Vogel (2011)</a>, p. 535–552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer1988" class="citation journal cs1">Dreyer, June Teufel (1988). "Deng Xiaoping and Modernization of the Chinese Military". <i>Armed Forces & Society</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 215–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X8801400203">10.1177/0095327X8801400203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144391672">144391672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+Modernization+of+the+Chinese+Military&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-231&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X8801400203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144391672%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=June+Teufel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulson2015" class="citation book cs1">Paulson, Henry M. (2015). <i>Dealing with China : an insider unmasks the new economic superpower</i> (First ed.). New York. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781455504213" title="Special:BookSources/9781455504213"><bdi>9781455504213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dealing+with+China+%3A+an+insider+unmasks+the+new+economic+superpower&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781455504213&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Henry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/38199.htm">"The Three-Step Development Strategy"</a>. china.org.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215520/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/38199.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Three-Step+Development+Strategy&rft.pub=china.org.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2F38199.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.html">"Deng Xiaoping Is Dead at 92; Architect of Modern China"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 20 February 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123203613/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping+Is+Dead+at+92%3B+Architect+of+Modern+China&rft.date=1997-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F02%2F20%2Fworld%2Fdeng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/ghlc201105008">"万方数据知识服务平台"</a>. <i>d.wanfangdata.com.cn</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3969%2Fj.issn.1004-1494.2011.05.008">10.3969/j.issn.1004-1494.2011.05.008</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217055507/http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/ghlc201105008">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=d.wanfangdata.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%87%E6%96%B9%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3969%2Fj.issn.1004-1494.2011.05.008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2Fperiodical%2Fghlc201105008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Boer" title="Roland Boer">Boer, Roland</a> (1 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fworlrevipoliecon.12.3.0296">"From Belgrade to Beijing : Comparing Socialist Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and China"</a>. <i>World Review of Political Economy</i>. <b>12</b>: 309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fworlrevipoliecon.12.3.0296">10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.3.0296</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2042-8928">2042-8928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247967541">247967541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Review+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=From+Belgrade+to+Beijing+%3A+Comparing+Socialist+Economic+Reforms+in+Eastern+Europe+and+China&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=309&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247967541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2042-8928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Fworlrevipoliecon.12.3.0296&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13169%252Fworlrevipoliecon.12.3.0296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited by John Gittings in <i><a href="//archive.org/details/changingfaceofch00gitt" class="extiw" title="iarchive:changingfaceofch00gitt">The Changing Face of China</a></i>, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280612-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280612-2">0-19-280612-2</a>. Page 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited by António Caeiro in <i>Pela China Dentro</i> (translated), Dom Quixote, Lisboa, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-20-2696-8" title="Special:BookSources/972-20-2696-8">972-20-2696-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dali Yang, Calamity and Reform in China, Stanford University Press, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited by David Shambaugh in <i>Deng Xiaoping: portrait of a Chinese statesman</i>, Oxford University, Oxford, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-828933-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-828933-2">0-19-828933-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited by Susan L. Shirk in <i>The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China</i>, University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07706-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07706-7">0-520-07706-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FlorCruz, Jaime (19 December 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/18/china.reform.florcruz/index.html">"Looking back over China's last 30 years"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230717/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/18/china.reform.florcruz/index.html">Archived</a> 20 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>CNN</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNHK_JAPAN" class="citation web cs1">NHK JAPAN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.nhk.or.jp/archives/movies/?id=D0009170072_00000">"鄧小平副首相天皇皇后両陛下と会見"</a>. <i>NHK JAPAN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314235114/https://www2.nhk.or.jp/archives/movies/?id=D0009170072_00000">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHK+JAPAN&rft.atitle=%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%89%AF%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8+%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%A1%E9%99%9B%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%A8%E4%BC%9A%E8%A6%8B&rft.au=NHK+JAPAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.nhk.or.jp%2Farchives%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3DD0009170072_00000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1979" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Chae-Jin (1979). "The Making of the Sino-Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty". <i>Pacific Affairs</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 420–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2757656">10.2307/2757656</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2757656">2757656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+the+Sino-Japanese+Peace+and+Friendship+Treaty&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=420-445&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2757656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2757656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Chae-Jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoltenberg1984" class="citation journal cs1">Stoltenberg, Clyde D. 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"China's Special Economic Zones: Their Development and Prospects". <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>24</b> (6): 637–654. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644396">10.2307/2644396</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644396">2644396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=China%27s+Special+Economic+Zones%3A+Their+Development+and+Prospects&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=637-654&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644396%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644396&rft.aulast=Stoltenberg&rft.aufirst=Clyde+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2017" class="citation web cs1">Holmes, Frank (21 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2017/04/21/chinas-new-special-economic-zone-evokes-memories-of-shenzhen/">"China's New Special Economic Zone Evokes Memories Of Shenzhen"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322005508/https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2017/04/21/chinas-new-special-economic-zone-evokes-memories-of-shenzhen/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=China%27s+New+Special+Economic+Zone+Evokes+Memories+Of+Shenzhen&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fgreatspeculations%2F2017%2F04%2F21%2Fchinas-new-special-economic-zone-evokes-memories-of-shenzhen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hurst, Matthew (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2021.2024588">"Britain's Approach to the Negotiations over the Future of Hong Kong, 1979–1982"</a>. <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>44</b> (6): 1386–1401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2021.2024588">10.1080/07075332.2021.2024588</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257431054">257431054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Approach+to+the+Negotiations+over+the+Future+of+Hong+Kong%2C+1979%E2%80%931982&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1386-1401&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2021.2024588&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257431054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F07075332.2021.2024588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogel, <i>Deng Xiaoping</i>, pp. 487–511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy C. Jackson, "The Legal Regime of Hong Kong After 1997: An Examination of the Joint Declaration of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China". <i>International Tax & Business Lawyer</i> (1987): 377–423. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1072&context=bjil">Online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogel, <i>Deng Xiaoping</i>, pp. 477–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuDing2020" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Guoyou; Ding, Xuemai (2020). Zheng, Qian (ed.). <i>An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China</i>. Vol. 3. Translated by Sun, Li; Bryant, Shelly. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=china.org.cn&rft.atitle=Speech+at+a+Meeting+with+the+Members+of+The+Committee+for+Drafting+the+Basic+Law+of+the+Hong+Kong+Special+Administrative+Region&rft.date=1987-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2Fdengxiaoping%2F103351.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-香港01_2022_z800-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-香港01_2022_z800_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hk01.com/article/788065">"回歸25周年｜重溫鄧小平與香港的那些事"</a>. <i>香港01</i> (in Chinese). 2 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+40+years+ago%2C+Deng+Xiaoping+changed+China%E2%80%94and+the+world&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.aulast=Denmark&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2018%2F12%2F19%2F40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/02/china_party_congress/china_ruling_party/how_china_is_ruled/html/party_elders.stm">How China is ruled</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911112006/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/02/china_party_congress/china_ruling_party/how_china_is_ruled/html/party_elders.stm">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2014" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Max (2 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2014/6/2/5772016/this-1989-speech-is-one-of-the-most-important-in-chinas-history-and">"This 1989 speech is one of China's most important"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727204832/https://www.vox.com/2014/6/2/5772016/this-1989-speech-is-one-of-the-most-important-in-chinas-history-and">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=This+1989+speech+is+one+of+China%27s+most+important&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2014%2F6%2F2%2F5772016%2Fthis-1989-speech-is-one-of-the-most-important-in-chinas-history-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SuishengZhao-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SuishengZhao_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Zhao, Suisheng</a> (1993). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berkshire+Publishing+Group+LLC&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping%27s+Southern+Tour&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinaconnectu.com%2Fwp-content%2Fpdf%2FDengXiaopingsSouthernTour.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa2012" class="citation web cs1">Ma, Damien (23 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/after-20-years-of-peaceful-evolution-china-faces-another-historic-moment/251764/">"After 20 Years of 'Peaceful Evolution,' China Faces Another Historic Moment"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816112722/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/after-20-years-of-peaceful-evolution-china-faces-another-historic-moment/251764/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=After+20+Years+of+%27Peaceful+Evolution%2C%27+China+Faces+Another+Historic+Moment&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2012%2F01%2Fafter-20-years-of-peaceful-evolution-china-faces-another-historic-moment%2F251764%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1578453/how-my-fathers-speeches-saved-chinese-economic-reform-deng-xiaopings">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'How my father's speeches saved Chinese economic reform': Deng Xiaoping's daughter pays tribute"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 21 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803081210/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1578453/how-my-fathers-speeches-saved-chinese-economic-reform-deng-xiaopings">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=%27How+my+father%27s+speeches+saved+Chinese+economic+reform%27%3A+Deng+Xiaoping%27s+daughter+pays+tribute&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Farticle%2F1578453%2Fhow-my-fathers-speeches-saved-chinese-economic-reform-deng-xiaopings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/dec/18/globaleconomy-economics">"The great pragmatist: Deng Xiaoping"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 18 December 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502094413/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/dec/18/globaleconomy-economics">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+great+pragmatist%3A+Deng+Xiaoping&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2008%2Fdec%2F18%2Fglobaleconomy-economics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao1993" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (1993). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Health+of+China%27s+Deng+worsens&rft.date=1995-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Farchive%2F1995%2F01%2F14%2Fhealth-of-china-s-deng-worsens%2F%3FoutputType%3Damp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_China_Morning_Post_1995_b711-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-South_China_Morning_Post_1995_b711_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/article/104772/parkinsons-experts-sent-help-deng">"Parkinson's experts sent to help Deng"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 26 January 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130174822/https://www.scmp.com/article/104772/parkinsons-experts-sent-help-deng">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Parkinson%27s+experts+sent+to+help+Deng&rft.date=1995-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Farticle%2F104772%2Fparkinsons-experts-sent-help-deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsü2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_C._Y._Hsu" title="Immanuel C. Y. Hsu">Hsü, Immanuel C.Y.</a> (2000). <i>The Rise of Modern China</i> (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 974. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195125047" title="Special:BookSources/9780195125047"><bdi>9780195125047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Modern+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=974&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780195125047&rft.aulast=Hs%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Immanuel+C.Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutzler1997" class="citation web cs1">Hutzler, Charles (19 February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026221211/https://apnews.com/c47e171cfed30e65e724dd709474c8fa">"Deng Xiaoping, leader of China's economic reforms, dies"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping%2C+leader+of+China%27s+economic+reforms%2C+dies&rft.date=1997-02-19&rft.aulast=Hutzler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fc47e171cfed30e65e724dd709474c8fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/24/china.deng/">CNN: China officially mourns Deng Xiaoping</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021119122614/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/24/china.deng/">Archived</a> 19 November 2002 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 24 February 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/19/deng.world.reax/index.html">CNN:World leaders praise Deng's economic legacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070816133436/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/19/deng.world.reax/index.html">Archived</a> 16 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 24 February 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:052-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:052_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_149-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeng2024" class="citation book cs1">Meng, Wenting (2024). <i>Developmental Piece: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=China+Daily+article+%22Deng+Xiaoping+statue+unveiled%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fenglish%2Fdoc%2F2004-08%2F14%2Fcontent_365434.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004062636/http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/TN97113.htm">"Turkistan-Newsletter Volume: 97-1:13, 20 June 1997"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkistan-Newsletter+Volume%3A+97-1%3A13%2C+20+June+1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronet.nl%2Fusers%2Fsota%2FTN97113.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomfret2001" class="citation web cs1">Pomfret, John (18 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020126221126/http://taiwansecurity.org/WP/2001/WP-101801-1.htm">"In Its Own Neighborhood, China Emerges as a Leader"</a>. <i>Taiwan Security Research</i>. Washington Post. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+Security+Research&rft.atitle=In+Its+Own+Neighborhood%2C+China+Emerges+as+a+Leader&rft.date=2001-10-18&rft.aulast=Pomfret&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaiwansecurity.org%2FWP%2F2001%2FWP-101801-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="123" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150815050311/http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2008-02/28/content_7686329.htm"><bdi lang="zh">文献纪录片《邓小平》</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). CCTV. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E7%BA%AA%E5%BD%95%E7%89%87%E3%80%8A%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E3%80%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fvideo%2F2008-02%2F28%2Fcontent_7686329.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/china/2018/12/08/forty-years-after-deng-opened-china-reformists-are-cowed">"Forty years after Deng opened China, reformists are cowed"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 8 December 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727200903/https://www.economist.com/china/2018/12/08/forty-years-after-deng-opened-china-reformists-are-cowed">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Forty+years+after+Deng+opened+China%2C+reformists+are+cowed&rft.date=2018-12-08&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2018%2F12%2F08%2Fforty-years-after-deng-opened-china-reformists-are-cowed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2018" class="citation web cs1">Huang, Dan Kopf, Echo (21 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1365629/happy-birthday-deng-xiaoping-these-charts-show-how-he-changed-china/">"Happy birthday Deng Xiaoping: Here are 10 charts showing how he changed China"</a>. <i>Quartz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727200902/https://qz.com/1365629/happy-birthday-deng-xiaoping-these-charts-show-how-he-changed-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Happy+birthday+Deng+Xiaoping%3A+Here+are+10+charts+showing+how+he+changed+China&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Dan+Kopf%2C+Echo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1365629%2Fhappy-birthday-deng-xiaoping-these-charts-show-how-he-changed-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legacy-JapanTimes-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Legacy-JapanTimes_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Legacy-JapanTimes_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/08/27/editorials/deng-xiaopings-lasting-legacy/">"Deng Xiaoping's lasting legacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. 27 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607215305/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/08/27/editorials/deng-xiaopings-lasting-legacy/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping%27s+lasting+legacy&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fopinion%2F2014%2F08%2F27%2Feditorials%2Fdeng-xiaopings-lasting-legacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/times-man-of-the-year-list-1779824">"A Complete Look at Time's Person of the Year List, from 1927–2017"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727204832/https://www.thoughtco.com/times-man-of-the-year-list-1779824">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=A+Complete+Look+at+Time%27s+Person+of+the+Year+List%2C+from+1927%E2%80%932017&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Ftimes-man-of-the-year-list-1779824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Dernberger1993" class="citation book cs1">Robert Dernberger (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDS0GW7FH_0C&pg=PA179"><i>China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping</i></a>. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563242786" title="Special:BookSources/9781563242786"><bdi>9781563242786</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014443/https://books.google.com/books?id=mDS0GW7FH_0C&pg=PA179">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Origins&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Transformation+of+China&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forigins.osu.edu%2Freview%2Fman-who-re-invented-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica2019" class="citation web cs1">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (1 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Deng-Xiaoping#ref343482">"Deng Xiaoping"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=How+To+Fix+Western-Chinese+Relations&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft.aulast=Rein&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F14%2Fnobel-peace-prize-china-deng-gandhi-leadership-managing-rein.html%234e243ab562f3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnes2010" class="citation news cs1">Byrnes, Sholto (12 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2010/10/nobel-peace-china-singapore">"Ignoble reactions to the Nobel Peace Prize"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ignoble+reactions+to+the+Nobel+Peace+Prize&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.aufirst=Sholto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-staggers%2F2010%2F10%2Fnobel-peace-china-singapore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist-Great-Stabiliser-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist-Great-Stabiliser_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist-Great-Stabiliser_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2011/10/22/the-great-stabiliser">"Deng Xiaoping's legacy: The Great Stabiliser"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping%27s+legacy%3A+The+Great+Stabiliser&rft.date=2011-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbooks-and-arts%2F2011%2F10%2F22%2Fthe-great-stabiliser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/20/opinion/the-legacy-of-deng-xiaoping.html">"The Legacy of Deng Xiaoping"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 20 January 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012113225/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/20/opinion/the-legacy-of-deng-xiaoping.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+Deng+Xiaoping&rft.date=1997-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F01%2F20%2Fopinion%2Fthe-legacy-of-deng-xiaoping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-Wizard-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Wizard_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Wizard_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler1997" class="citation news cs1">Tyler, Patrick E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+A+Political+Wizard+Who+Put+China+on+the+Capitalist+Road&rft.date=1997-02-20&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Patrick+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F02%2F20%2Fworld%2Fdeng-xiaoping-a-political-wizard-who-put-china-on-the-capitalist-road.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon2014-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon2014_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon2014" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Deng Xiaoping: The Man who Made Modern China</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tiananmen+Square+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F09%2F15%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Ftiananmen-square-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/opinions/global-opinions/tiananmen-square-a-massacre-erased/">"A Massacre Erased"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107014411/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/opinions/global-opinions/tiananmen-square-a-massacre-erased/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Massacre+Erased&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgraphics%2F2019%2Fopinions%2Fglobal-opinions%2Ftiananmen-square-a-massacre-erased%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstromCunningham2018" class="citation book cs1">Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N.; Cunningham, Maura Elizabeth (2018). <i>China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know</i> (3 ed.). 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A great leap forward or a symbolic gesture?"</a>. <i>China Perspectives</i> (in French). <b>2004</b> (53). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.2922">10.4000/chinaperspectives.2922</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-3449">2070-3449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Revision+of+the+Constitution+in+the+PRC.+A+great+leap+forward+or+a+symbolic+gesture%3F&rft.volume=2004&rft.issue=53&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.2922&rft.issn=2070-3449&rft.aulast=Jianfu&rft.aufirst=Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fchinaperspectives.2922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJone" class="citation web cs1">Jone, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2203&context=law_lawreview">"The Constitution of the People's Republic of China"</a>. <i>Washington University in St. Louis</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428201429/https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2203&context=law_lawreview">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+in+St.+Louis&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.aulast=Jone&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenscholarship.wustl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2203%26context%3Dlaw_lawreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2012" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, Ernest (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3935&context=cklawreview">"Horizontal Rights and Chinese Constitutionalism: Judicialization through Labor Disputes"</a>. <i>Chicago-Kent Law Review</i>. <b>88</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014421/https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3935&context=cklawreview">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago-Kent+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Horizontal+Rights+and+Chinese+Constitutionalism%3A+Judicialization+through+Labor+Disputes&rft.volume=88&rft.date=2012-12&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3935%26context%3Dcklawreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShigong2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shigong, Jiang (2014). "Chinese-Style Constitutionalism: On Backer's Chinese Party-State Constitutionalism". <i>Modern China</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 133–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700413511313">10.1177/0097700413511313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-7004">0097-7004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24575589">24575589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144236160">144236160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Chinese-Style+Constitutionalism%3A+On+Backer%27s+Chinese+Party-State+Constitutionalism&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-167&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0097-7004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144236160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24575589%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700413511313&rft.aulast=Shigong&rft.aufirst=Jiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPEPPER" class="citation web cs1">PEPPER, SUZANNE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/CRM_36.pdf">"China's Education Reform in the 1980s: Policies, Issues, and Historical Perspectives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UC Berkeley</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055657/https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/CRM_36.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Berkeley&rft.atitle=China%27s+Education+Reform+in+the+1980s%3A+Policies%2C+Issues%2C+and+Historical+Perspectives&rft.aulast=PEPPER&rft.aufirst=SUZANNE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu%2Fieas%2FCRM_36.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong" class="citation web cs1">Song, Wei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/24/WS5b7fb080a310add14f387a5b.html">"China's education reforms and strive for innovation"</a>. <i>Chinadaily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055658/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/24/WS5b7fb080a310add14f387a5b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinadaily&rft.atitle=China%27s+education+reforms+and+strive+for+innovation&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F201808%2F24%2FWS5b7fb080a310add14f387a5b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg-Quinn1982" class="citation journal cs1">Ng-Quinn, Michael (1982). "Deng Xiaoping's Political Reform and Political Order". <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>22</b> (12): 1187–1205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644047">10.2307/2644047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644047">2644047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Deng+Xiaoping%27s+Political+Reform+and+Political+Order&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1187-1205&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644047&rft.aulast=Ng-Quinn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cla08" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Paul (2008). <i>The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History</i>. Cambridge, England; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87515-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87515-8"><bdi>978-0-521-87515-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Cultural+Revolution%3A+A+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87515-8&rft.au=Clark%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLary1974" class="citation book cs1">Lary, Diana (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regionnationkwan0000lary/mode/2up"><i>Region and Nation: the Kwangsi Clique in Chinese Politics, 1925-1937</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521202046" title="Special:BookSources/9780521202046"><bdi>9780521202046</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Region+and+Nation%3A+the+Kwangsi+Clique+in+Chinese+Politics%2C+1925-1937&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780521202046&rft.aulast=Lary&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fregionnationkwan0000lary%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng1968" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Deng, Xiaoping (1968). "My Self-Criticism". Letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Self-Criticism&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Evans" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dengxiaopingmak00evan"><i>Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China</i></a> (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013945-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013945-7"><bdi>978-0-14-013945-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Making+of+Modern+China&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013945-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdengxiaopingmak00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranz1988" class="citation book cs1">Franz, Uli (1988). Artin, Tom (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dengxiaoping00fran/mode/2up"><i>Deng Xiaoping</i></a>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780151251773" title="Special:BookSources/9780151251773"><bdi>9780151251773</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780151251773&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=Uli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdengxiaoping00fran%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gao08" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Mobo (2008). <i>The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution</i>. London, England: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2780-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2780-8"><bdi>978-0-7453-2780-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+China%27s+Past%3A+Mao+and+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2780-8&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Mobo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1994" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, David (1994). <i>Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution: A Political Biography</i>. New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Chinese+Revolution%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Har08" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacFarquhar" title="Roderick MacFarquhar">MacFarquhar, Roderick</a>; Schoenhals, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maoslastrevoluti00macf"><i>Mao's Last Revolution</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02332-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02332-1"><bdi>978-0-674-02332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Last+Revolution&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02332-1&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft.au=Schoenhals%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaoslastrevoluti00macf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantsov2015" class="citation book cs1">Pantsov, Alexander (2015). <i>Deng Xiaoping: a revolutionary life</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199392032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199392032"><bdi>978-0199392032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+a+revolutionary+life&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0199392032&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Spence, Jonathan D.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>, 1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4">0-393-97351-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_F._Vogel" title="Ezra F. Vogel">Vogel, Ezra F.</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_and_the_Transformation_of_China" title="Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China">Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China</a></i>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a> of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05544-5"><bdi>978-0-674-05544-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Transformation+of+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05544-5&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Ezra+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang1997" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Benjamin (1997). <i>Deng: A Political Biography</i>. New York: M. E. Sharpe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span>; focus on rise to power, with brief coverage of actions in power.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2014" class="citation book cs1">Han, Xiaorong (2014). <i>Red God: Wei Baqun and His Peasant Revolution in Southern China</i>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+God%3A+Wei+Baqun+and+His+Peasant+Revolution+in+Southern+China&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Xiaorong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Deng Xiaoping</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Deng+Xiaoping">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Deng+Xiaoping&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Baum, Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buryingmao00rich"><i>Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping</i></a> (Updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03637-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03637-3"><bdi>978-0-691-03637-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burying+Mao%3A+Chinese+Politics+in+the+Age+of+Deng+Xiaoping&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03637-3&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburyingmao00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dillon, Michael. <i>Deng Xiaoping: The Man Who Made Modern China</i> (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014).</li> <li>Hayford, Charles W. "Where's the Omelet? Bad King Deng and the Challenges of Biography and History". <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i> (2016) 75#1 pp 19–30; historiography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24738509">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423001221/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24738509">Archived</a> 23 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kau, Michael Y. M. <i>China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping: A Decade of Reform</i> (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaomao1995" class="citation book cs1">Maomao (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dengxiaopingmyfa00maom"><i>Deng Xiaoping: My Father</i></a>. New York: BasicBooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01625-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01625-9"><bdi>978-0-465-01625-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+My+Father&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=BasicBooks&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01625-9&rft.au=Maomao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdengxiaopingmyfa00maom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Meisner, Maurice J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dengxiaopingeraa00meis"><i>The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socialism, 1978–1994</i></a>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-7815-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-7815-8"><bdi>978-0-8090-7815-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deng+Xiaoping+Era%3A+An+Inquiry+into+the+Fate+of+Chinese+Socialism%2C+1978%E2%80%931994&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-7815-8&rft.aulast=Meisner&rft.aufirst=Maurice+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdengxiaopingeraa00meis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Xiaoping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pantsov, Alexander V., and Steven I. Levine. <i>Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life</i> (Oxford UP, 2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199392032" title="Special:BookSources/9780199392032">9780199392032</a>.</li> <li>Vogel, Ezra F. <i><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_and_the_Transformation_of_China" title="Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China">Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China</a></i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Deng-Xiaoping-Transformation-China-Vogel/dp/0674725867/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201226134843/https://www.amazon.com/Deng-Xiaoping-Transformation-China-Vogel/dp/0674725867">Archived</a> 26 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Zhang, Xiaoming. "Deng Xiaoping and China's Decision to go to War with Vietnam". <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i> <b>12</b>.3 (Summer 2010): 3–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/jcws/article-pdf/12/3/3/697598/jcws_a_00001.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012005326/https://direct.mit.edu/jcws/article-abstract/12/3/3/13157/Deng-Xiaoping-and-China-s-Decision-to-Go-to-War?redirectedFrom=PDF">Archived</a> 12 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Zhang, Xiaoming. <i>Deng Xiaoping's Long War: The Military Conflict Between China and Vietnam, 1979–1991</i>] (U North Carolina Press, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Deng-Xiaopings-Long-War-1979-1991/dp/1469642344/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602122048/https://www.amazon.com/Deng-Xiaopings-Long-War-1979-1991/dp/1469642344">Archived</a> 2 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469642345" title="Special:BookSources/9781469642345">9781469642345</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deng_Xiaoping" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Deng_Xiaoping" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0822.html"><i>The New York Times</i> obituary on Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/185/reform-and-opening-in-china-1978">"Reform and opening in China, 1978–"</a>—Online documents in English from the Wilson Center in Washington</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DengBuildSocialism"><i>Build Socialism with Chinese Characteristics</i></a>, speeches by Deng Xiaoping from 1982 to 1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations Series">Foreign Relations Series</a>. Includes US State Department reports: <ul><li><i>Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980</i>, Volume XIII <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1977-80v13/pdf/frus1977-80v13.pdf">1977–1980, China</a></i>, US State Dept, published 2013</li> <li><i>Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976</i>, Volume XVIII <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76v18/pdf/frus1969-76v18.pdf">1969–1976, China 1973–1976</a></i>, US State Dept, published 2008</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0219031/">Xiaoping Deng</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deng_Xiaoping" title="Template:Deng Xiaoping"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Deng_Xiaoping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Deng Xiaoping (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this 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<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bourgeois_liberalization" title="Anti-bourgeois liberalization">Anti-bourgeois liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_theory_(Deng_Xiaoping)" title="Cat theory (Deng Xiaoping)">Cat theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_river_by_touching_the_stones" title="Crossing the river by touching the stones">Crossing the river by touching the stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderately_prosperous_society" title="Moderately prosperous society">Moderately prosperous society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="1078" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack_the_Right-Deviationist_Reversal-of-Verdicts_Trend" title="Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend">Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">China under Deng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_plenary_session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_Rural_Reform" title="China's Rural Reform">Rural reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_9_Deng_speech" title="June 9 Deng speech">June 9 Deng speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Deng_Xiaoping_to_the_United_States" title="Visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States">1979 United States visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">1989 Sino-Soviet Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuo_Lin" title="Zhuo Lin">Zhuo Lin</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Nan" title="Deng Nan">Deng Nan</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Rong" title="Deng Rong">Deng Rong</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhuodi" title="Deng Zhuodi">Deng Zhuodi</a> (grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_(2003_film)" title="Deng Xiaoping (2003 film)">Deng Xiaoping</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_and_the_Making_of_Modern_China" title="Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China">Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_and_the_Transformation_of_China" title="Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China">Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_at_History%27s_Crossroads" title="Deng Xiaoping at History's Crossroads">Deng Xiaoping at History's Crossroads</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Residence_of_Deng_Xiaoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Residence of Deng Xiaoping">Former Residence of Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Deng_Goes_to_Washington" title="Mr. Deng Goes to Washington">Mr. Deng Goes to Washington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Story_of_Spring" title="Story of Spring">Story of Spring</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Deng_Xiaoping" title="Category:Deng Xiaoping">Category:Deng Xiaoping</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions_of_Deng_Xiaoping" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions_of_Deng_Xiaoping" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions of Deng Xiaoping</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rao_Shushi" title="Rao Shushi">Rao Shushi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Head of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department of the CCP Central Committee</a> </b><br />1954–1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/An_Ziwen" title="An Ziwen">An Ziwen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></div><i><b>as Chairman of the Central Secretariat </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Central Secretariat</a> </b><br />1956–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Post abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a> </b><br />1975–1976 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, Hua Guofeng, <a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a> </b><br />1977–1982 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a>, Chen Yun, <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Post abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission</a> </b><br />1981–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Central_Advisory_Commission" title="Central Advisory Commission">Chairman of the CCP Central Advisory Commission</a> </b><br />1982–1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(China)" title="Minister of Finance (China)">Minister of Finance</a> </b><br />1953–1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First-ranked <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice-Premier of the State Council</a> </b><br />1975–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First-ranked <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice-Premier of the State Council</a> </b><br />1977–1980 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)">Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission</a> </b><br />1983–1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> </b><br />1978–1983 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yongsheng" title="Huang Yongsheng">Huang Yongsheng</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Head of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_General_Staff_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army General Staff Department">People's Liberation Army General Staff Department</a> </b><br />1975–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Head of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_General_Staff_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army General Staff Department">People's Liberation Army General Staff Department</a> </b><br />1977–1980 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Dezhi" title="Yang Dezhi">Yang Dezhi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;">Order of precedence </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></div><i><b>as General Secretary of the Party (1st ranked) </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China">Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China</a><br />Chairman of the Central Military Commission (2nd-ranked) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></div><i><b>as President of China (3rd ranked) </b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China">Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China</a><br />Chairman of the Central Military Commission (2nd-ranked) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></div><i><b>as President of China (3rd ranked) </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></div><i><b>as General Secretary of the Party (1st-ranked) </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China">Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></div><i><b>as Premier of the State Council (3rd-ranked) </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></div><i><b>as Chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (2nd-ranked) </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China">Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China</a><br />Chairman of the Central Military Commission (3rd-ranked) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></div><i><b>as Premier of the State Council (4th-ranked) </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Navigation_templates_for_offices_held_by_Deng_Xiaoping" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Navigation_templates_for_offices_held_by_Deng_Xiaoping" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation templates for offices held by Deng Xiaoping</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1st_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_State_Council_of_China" title="Template:1st State Council of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:1st_State_Council_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:1st State Council of China (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_State_Council_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st State Council of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1st_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1st <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Zhou Enlai Cabinet (1954–1959)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a><sup>PSC</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">12 <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a><sup>PSC</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a><sup>PSC</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zihui" title="Deng Zihui">Deng Zihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> <sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> (added)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">1</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Minister of Civil Affairs">Internal Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Xie_Juezai" title="Xie Juezai">Xie Juezai</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">2</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a><sup>PSC</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">3</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">4</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> <a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">5</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Ministry of Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi_Liang" title="Shi Liang">Shi Liang</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">6</span> Ministry of Supervision <a href="/wiki/Qian_Ying_(communist_politician)" title="Qian Ying (communist politician)">Qian Ying</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">7</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">State Planning Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">8</span> State Infrastructure Commission <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Heshou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Heshou (page does not exist)">Wang Heshou</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">9</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(China)" title="Minister of Finance (China)">Ministry of Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">10</span> Ministry of Food <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Naiqi" title="Zhang Naiqi">Zhang Naiqi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">11</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Shan" title="Zeng Shan">Zeng Shan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">12</span> Ministry of Foreign Trade <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jizhuang" title="Ye Jizhuang">Ye Jizhuang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">13</span> Ministry of Heavy Industry/ Ministry of Metallurgical Industry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Heshou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Heshou (page does not exist)">Wang Heshou</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">14</span> Ministry of Chemical Industry <a href="/wiki/Peng_Tao" title="Peng Tao">Peng Tao</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">15</span> Ministry of Building Materials Industry <a href="/wiki/Lai_Jifa" title="Lai Jifa">Lai Jifa</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">16</span> <a href="/wiki/First_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="First Ministry of Machine Building">First Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Huang_Jing" title="Huang Jing">Huang Jing</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">17</span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Second Ministry of Machine Building">Second Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Erlu" title="Zhao Erlu">Zhao Erlu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">18</span> Ministry Of Fuel Industries <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yu_(politician)" title="Chen Yu (politician)">Chen Yu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">19</span> Ministry of Geology <a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">20</span> Ministry of Building Construction <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiufeng" title="Liu Xiufeng">Liu Xiufeng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">21</span> Ministry of Textile Industry <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Guangnai" title="Jiang Guangnai">Jiang Guangnai</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">22</span> Ministry of Light Industry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_Tuofu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jia Tuofu (page does not exist)">Jia Tuofu</a> → <a href="/wiki/Sha_Qianli" title="Sha Qianli">Sha Qianli</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">23</span> Ministry of Local Industry <a href="/wiki/Sha_Qianli" title="Sha Qianli">Sha Qianli</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">24</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)" title="Ministry of Railways (China)">Ministry of Railways</a> <a href="/wiki/Teng_Daiyuan" title="Teng Daiyuan">Teng Daiyuan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">25</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(China)" title="Ministry of Transport (China)">Ministry of Transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Bojun" title="Zhang Bojun">Zhang Bojun</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">26</span> Ministry of Posts & Telecommunications <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xuefan" title="Zhu Xuefan">Zhu Xuefan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">27</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs">Ministry of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Liao_Luyan" title="Liao Luyan">Liao Luyan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">28</span> Ministry of Forestry <a href="/wiki/Liang_Xi" title="Liang Xi">Liang Xi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">29</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Water_Resources_(China)" title="Minister of Water Resources (China)">Ministry of Water Resources</a> <a href="/wiki/Fu_Zuoyi" title="Fu Zuoyi">Fu Zuoyi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">30</span> Ministry of Labor <a href="/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">31</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Ministry of Culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yanbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shen Yanbing">Shen Yanbing</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">32</span> Ministry of Higher Education <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiufeng" title="Yang Xiufeng">Yang Xiufeng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">33</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(China)" title="Minister of Education (China)">Ministry of Education</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xiruo" title="Zhang Xiruo">Zhang Xiruo</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">34</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(China)" title="Ministry of Health (China)">Ministry of Health</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Dequan" title="Li Dequan">Li Dequan</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">35</span> Commission for Physical Culture and Sports <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">36</span> Ethnic Affairs Commission <a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">37</span> Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission <a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">38</span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Third Ministry of Machine Building">Third Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Linzhi" title="Zhang Linzhi">Zhang Linzhi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">39</span> National Economic Commission <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">40</span> National Technical Commission <a href="/wiki/Huang_Jing" title="Huang Jing">Huang Jing</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">41</span> Ministry of Urban Development <a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">42</span> Ministry of Food Industry <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhuchen" title="Li Zhuchen">Li Zhuchen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">43</span> Ministry of Aquatic Products <a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">44</span> Ministry of State Farms and Land Reclamation <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">45</span> Ministry of Timber Industry <a href="/wiki/Luo_Longji" title="Luo Longji">Luo Longji</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>P</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>;</li> <li><sup>PSC</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a>;</li> <li>♀: female</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2nd_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2nd_State_Council_of_China" title="Template:2nd State Council of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:2nd_State_Council_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:2nd State Council of China (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_State_Council_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2nd State Council of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2nd_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2nd <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Zhou Enlai Cabinet (1959–1965)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a><sup>PSC</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">16 <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a><sup>PSC</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a><sup>PSC</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zihui" title="Deng Zihui">Deng Zihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> <sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left;width:30%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">1</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Minister of Civil Affairs">Internal Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Qian_Ying_(communist_politician)" title="Qian Ying (communist politician)">Qian Ying</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Shan" title="Zeng Shan">Zeng Shan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">2</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> <sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">3</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">National Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a><sup>P</sup> → <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">4</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Public Security</a> <a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">5</span> National Basic Construction Commission <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a><sup>PSC</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">6</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">State Planning Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">7</span> National Economic Commission <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">8</span> National Science and Technology Commission <a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">9</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(China)" title="Minister of Finance (China)">Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">10</span> Food <a href="/wiki/Sha_Qianli" title="Sha Qianli">Sha Qianli</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">11</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Zihua" title="Cheng Zihua">Cheng Zihua</a> → <a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">12</span> Foreign Trade <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jizhuang" title="Ye Jizhuang">Ye Jizhuang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">13</span> Aquatic Products <a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:30%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">14</span> Metallurgical Industry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Heshou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Heshou (page does not exist)">Wang Heshou</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">15</span> Chemical Industry <a href="/wiki/Peng_Tao" title="Peng Tao">Peng Tao</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">16</span> <a href="/wiki/First_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="First Ministry of Machine Building">First Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Erlu" title="Zhao Erlu">Zhao Erlu</a> → <a href="/wiki/Duan_Junyi" title="Duan Junyi">Duan Junyi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">17</span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Second Ministry of Machine Building">Second Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a> → <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jie" title="Liu Jie">Liu Jie</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">18</span> Coal Industry <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Linzhi" title="Zhang Linzhi">Zhang Linzhi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">19</span> Petroleum Industry <a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">20</span> Geology <a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">21</span> Building Construction <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiufeng" title="Liu Xiufeng">Liu Xiufeng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">22</span> Textile Industry <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Guangnai" title="Jiang Guangnai">Jiang Guangnai</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">23</span> Light Industry <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhuchen" title="Li Zhuchen">Li Zhuchen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">24</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)" title="Ministry of Railways (China)">Railways</a> <a href="/wiki/Teng_Daiyuan" title="Teng Daiyuan">Teng Daiyuan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">25</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(China)" title="Ministry of Transport (China)">Transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shoudao" title="Wang Shoudao">Wang Shoudao</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">26</span> Posts & Telecommunications <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xuefan" title="Zhu Xuefan">Zhu Xuefan</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:30%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">27</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs">Ministry of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Liao_Luyan" title="Liao Luyan">Liao Luyan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">28</span> State Farms and Land Reclamation <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">29</span> Forestry <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wenhui" title="Liu Wenhui">Liu Wenhui</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">30</span> Water Resources and Electric Power <a href="/wiki/Fu_Zuoyi" title="Fu Zuoyi">Fu Zuoyi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">31</span> Labor <a href="/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">32</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">33</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(China)" title="Minister of Education (China)">Education</a> <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiufeng" title="Yang Xiufeng">Yang Xiufeng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">34</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(China)" title="Ministry of Health (China)">Ministry of Health</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Dequan" title="Li Dequan">Li Dequan</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">35</span> Commission for Physical Culture and Sports <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">36</span> Ethnic Affairs Commission <a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">37</span> Foreign Cultural Liaison Commission <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xiruo" title="Zhang Xiruo">Zhang Xiruo</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">38</span> Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission <a href="/wiki/Liao_Chengzhi" title="Liao Chengzhi">Liao Chengzhi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">39</span> Agricultural Machinery <a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhengren" title="Chen Zhengren">Chen Zhengren</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">40</span> Machinery Industry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Liankui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Liankui (page does not exist)">Zhang Liankui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Sun_Zhiyuan" title="Sun Zhiyuan">Sun Zhiyuan</a><br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>P</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>;</li> <li><sup>PSC</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a>;</li> <li>♀: female</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="3rd_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:3rd_State_Council_of_China" title="Template:3rd State Council of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:3rd_State_Council_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:3rd State Council of China (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:3rd_State_Council_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:3rd State Council of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="3rd_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">3rd <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Zhou Enlai Cabinet (1965–1975)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a><sup>PSC</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">16 <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a><sup>PSC</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> <sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Rongxin" title="Zhou Rongxin">Zhou Rongxin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">1</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> <sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">2</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">National Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a><sup>PSC</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">3</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">State Planning Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">4</span> National Economic Commission <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">5</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (China)">Science and Technology Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">6</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Public Security</a> <a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">7</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Minister of Civil Affairs">Internal Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Shan" title="Zeng Shan">Zeng Shan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">8</span> Ethnic Affairs Commission <a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">9</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs">Ministry of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Liao_Luyan" title="Liao Luyan">Liao Luyan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">10</span> State Farms and Land Reclamation <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">11</span> Forestry <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wenhui" title="Liu Wenhui">Liu Wenhui</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">12</span> Aquatic Products <a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">13</span> Metallurgical Industry <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dong" title="Lü Dong">Lü Dong</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">14</span> Chemical Industry <a href="/wiki/Gao_Yang_(politician)" title="Gao Yang (politician)">Gao Yang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">15</span> <a href="/wiki/First_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="First Ministry of Machine Building">First Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Duan_Junyi" title="Duan Junyi">Duan Junyi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">16</span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Second Ministry of Machine Building">Second Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jie" title="Liu Jie">Liu Jie</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">17</span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Third Ministry of Machine Building">Third Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun_Zhiyuan" title="Sun Zhiyuan">Sun Zhiyuan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">18</span> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Fourth Ministry of Machine Building">Fourth Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Zheng_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Zheng (general) (page does not exist)">Wang Zheng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%AF%A4" class="extiw" title="zh:王诤">zh</a>]</span><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">19</span> <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Fifth Ministry of Machine Building">Fifth Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiu_Chuangcheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiu Chuangcheng (page does not exist)">Qiu Chuangcheng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">20</span> <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Sixth Ministry of Machine Building">Sixth Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Qiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Qiang (page does not exist)">Fang Qiang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:方强">zh</a>]</span> <br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">21</span> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Seventh Ministry of Machine Building">Seventh Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingzhang_(general)" title="Wang Bingzhang (general)">Wang Bingzhang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">22</span> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Eighth Ministry of Machine Building">Eighth Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhengren" title="Chen Zhengren">Chen Zhengren</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">23</span> Coal Industry <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Linzhi" title="Zhang Linzhi">Zhang Linzhi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">24</span> Petroleum and Chemical Industries <a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">25</span> Water Resources and Electric Power <a href="/wiki/Fu_Zuoyi" title="Fu Zuoyi">Fu Zuoyi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">26</span> Geology <a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">27</span> Building Construction <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Renjun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Renjun (page does not exist)">Li Renjun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E4%BF%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:李人俊">zh</a>]</span> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yumin_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yumin (politician) (page does not exist)">Liu Yumin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E8%A3%95%E6%B0%91" class="extiw" title="zh:刘裕民">zh</a>]</span><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">28</span> Building Materials Industry <a href="/wiki/Lai_Jifa" title="Lai Jifa">Lai Jifa</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">29</span> Textile Industry <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Guangnai" title="Jiang Guangnai">Jiang Guangnai</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">30</span> Light Industry <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhuchen" title="Li Zhuchen">Li Zhuchen</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">31</span> Railways <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Zhengcao" title="Lü Zhengcao">Lü Zhengcao</a> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">32</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(China)" title="Ministry of Transport (China)">Transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun_Daguang" title="Sun Daguang">Sun Daguang</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">33</span> Posts & Telecommunications <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xuefan" title="Zhu Xuefan">Zhu Xuefan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">33</span> Material Management <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Baohua" title="Yuan Baohua">Yuan Baohua</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">34</span> Labor <a href="/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">35</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(China)" title="Minister of Finance (China)">Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">36</span> Food <a href="/wiki/Sha_Qianli" title="Sha Qianli">Sha Qianli</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">37</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">38</span> Foreign Trade <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jizhuang" title="Ye Jizhuang">Ye Jizhuang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">39</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">40</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(China)" title="Minister of Education (China)">Education</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=He_Wei_(born_1910)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He Wei (born 1910) (page does not exist)">He Wei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E4%BC%9F_(1910%E5%B9%B4)" class="extiw" title="zh:何伟 (1910年)">zh</a>]</span><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">41</span> Higher Education <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Nanxiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Nanxiang (page does not exist)">Jiang Nanxiang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">42</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(China)" title="Ministry of Health (China)">Ministry of Health</a> <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xinzhong" title="Qian Xinzhong">Qian Xinzhong</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">43</span> Commission for Physical Culture and Sports <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">44</span> Foreign Cultural Liaison Committee <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xiruo" title="Zhang Xiruo">Zhang Xiruo</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">45</span> Foreign Economic Liaison Committee <a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">46</span> Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission <a href="/wiki/Liao_Chengzhi" title="Liao Chengzhi">Liao Chengzhi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">47</span> Second Ministry of Light Industry <a href="/wiki/Xu_Yunbei" title="Xu Yunbei">Xu Yunbei</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">48</span> National Basic Construction Commission <a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>P</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>;</li> <li><sup>PSC</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a>;</li> <li>♀: female</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="4th_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:4th_State_Council_of_China" title="Template:4th State Council of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:4th_State_Council_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:4th State Council of China (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:4th_State_Council_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:4th State Council of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="4th_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">4th <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Zhou Enlai Cabinet (1975–1976) → Hua Guofeng Cabinet (1976–1978)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a><sup>PSC</sup> → <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a><sup>PSC</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">12 <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guixian" title="Wu Guixian">Wu Guixian</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Jian_(politician)" title="Sun Jian (politician)">Sun Jian</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">None</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council" title="Constituent departments of the State Council">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left;width:30%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">1</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Guanhua" title="Qiao Guanhua">Qiao Guanhua</a> → <a href="/wiki/Huang_Hua" title="Huang Hua">Huang Hua</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">2</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">3</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">State Planning Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">4</span> State Infrastructure Commission <a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">5</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">6</span> Ministry of Foreign Trade <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_(revolutionary)" title="Li Qiang (revolutionary)">Li Qiang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">7</span> Ministry of Foreign Economic Liaison <a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">8</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs">Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sha_Feng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sha Feng (page does not exist)">Sha Feng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">9</span> Ministry of Metallurgical Industry <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shaokun" title="Chen Shaokun">Chen Shaokun</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">10</span> <a href="/wiki/First_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="First Ministry of Machine Building">First Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Shuiqing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Shuiqing (page does not exist)">Li Shuiqing</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:30%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">11</span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Second Ministry of Machine Building">Second Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Xiyao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Xiyao (page does not exist)">Liu Xiyao</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">12</span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Third Ministry of Machine Building">Third Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jitai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Jitai (page does not exist)">Li Jitai</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">13</span> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Fourth Ministry of Machine Building">Fourth Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zheng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">14</span> <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Fifth Ministry of Machine Building">Fifth Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Chengfang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Chengfang (page does not exist)">Li Chengfang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">15</span> <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Sixth Ministry of Machine Building">Sixth Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bian_Jiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bian Jiang (page does not exist)">Bian Jiang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">16</span> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Seventh Ministry of Machine Building">Seventh Ministry of Machine Building</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Yang_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Yang (general) (page does not exist)">Wang Yang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">17</span> Ministry of Coal Industry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Jinqiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Jinqiang (page does not exist)">Xu Jinqiang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">18</span> Ministry of Petroleum and Chemical Industries <a href="/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">19</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Water_Resources_(China)" title="Ministry of Water Resources (China)">Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power</a> <a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">20</span> Ministry of Light Industry　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qian_Zhiguang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qian Zhiguang (page does not exist)">Qian Zhiguang</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:30%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">21</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)" title="Ministry of Railways (China)">Ministry of Railways</a> <a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">22</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(China)" title="Ministry of Transport (China)">Ministry of Transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Ye_Fei" title="Ye Fei">Ye Fei</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">23</span> Ministry of Posts & Telecommunications <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhong_Fuxiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhong Fuxiang (page does not exist)">Zhong Fuxiang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">24</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(China)" title="Minister of Finance (China)">Ministry of Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jingfu" title="Zhang Jingfu">Zhang Jingfu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">25</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Ziyu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Ziyu (page does not exist)">Fan Ziyu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">26</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Ministry of Culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Yu_Huiyong" title="Yu Huiyong">Yu Huiyong</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">27</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(China)" title="Minister of Education (China)">Ministry of Education</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Rongxin" title="Zhou Rongxin">Zhou Rongxin</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">28</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(China)" title="Ministry of Health (China)">Ministry of Health</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Xiangping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Xiangping (page does not exist)">Liu Xiangping</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">29</span> Commission for Physical Culture and Sports <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zedong" title="Zhuang Zedong">Zhuang Zedong</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>P</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>;</li> <li><sup>PSC</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a>;</li> <li>♀: female</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="5th_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:5th_State_Council_of_China" title="Template:5th State Council of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:5th_State_Council_of_China" title="Template talk:5th State Council of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:5th_State_Council_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:5th State Council of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="5th_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">5th <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Hua Guofeng Cabinet (1978–1983)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Premier" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(resigned Sep. 1980)</span> → <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hua_Guofeng-1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hua_Guofeng-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Hua_Guofeng-1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hua_Guofeng-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Hua_Guofeng-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hua_Guofeng-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Hua_Guofeng-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="326" /></a></span><br /><small><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></span></small><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhao_Ziyang_(1985).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg/60px-Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg/90px-Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg/120px-Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1659" /></a></span><br /><small><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></span></small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vice_Premiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Before 4 May 1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(resigned Sep. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(resigned Sep. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(resigned Sep. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dismissed Apr. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dismissed Apr. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dismissed Sep. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(resigned Sep. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhong" title="Wang Renzhong">Wang Renzhong</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added Dec. 1978, resigned Sep. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added Jul. 1979, resigned Sep. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added Jul. 1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added Jul. 1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Pengfei" title="Ji Pengfei">Ji Pengfei</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added Sep. 1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added Apr. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added Apr. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added Sep. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Aiping" title="Zhang Aiping">Zhang Aiping</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added Sep. 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Hua" title="Huang Hua">Huang Hua</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added Sep. 1980)</span></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">After 4 May 1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="State_Councilors(since_4_May_1982)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/State_councillor_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="State councillor (China)">State Councilors</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(since 4 May 1982)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Pengfei" title="Ji Pengfei">Ji Pengfei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Hua" title="Huang Hua">Huang Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jingfu" title="Zhang Jingfu">Zhang Jinfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Aiping" title="Zhang Aiping">Zhang Aiping</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">added Nov. 1982</span>}</li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Secretary-General" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ji_Pengfei" title="Ji Pengfei">Ji Pengfei</a> → <a href="/wiki/Jin_Ming" title="Jin Ming">Jin Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Du_Xinyuan" title="Du Xinyuan">Du Xinyuan</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ministers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Ministers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">1</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Affairs</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Huang_Hua" title="Huang Hua">Huang Hua</a> → <a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">2</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">National Defense</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Xianqian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Xianqian (page does not exist)">Xu Xianqian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Aiping" title="Zhang Aiping">Zhang Aiping</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">3</span> <b><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">State Planning Commission</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a> → <a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">4</span> <b><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">State Economic Commission</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a> → <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Baohua" title="Yuan Baohua">Yuan Baohua</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jingfu" title="Zhang Jingfu">Zhang Jinfu</a><br /> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">5</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Urban-Rural_Development" title="Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development">State Construction Commission</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a> → <a href="/wiki/Han_Guang_(politician)" title="Han Guang (politician)">Han Guang</a><br /> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">6</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (China)">State Science and Technology Commission</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">7</span> <b><a href="/wiki/National_Ethnic_Affairs_Commission" title="National Ethnic Affairs Commission">Ethnic Affairs Commission</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">8</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Public Security</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Zhao_Cangbi" title="Zhao Cangbi">Zhao Cangbi</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">9</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Minister of Civil Affairs">Civil Affairs</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Cheng_Zihua" title="Cheng Zihua">Cheng Zihua</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cui_Naifu" title="Cui Naifu">Cui Naifu</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">10</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Foreign Trade</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang (minister)">Li Qiang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Tuobin" title="Zheng Tuobin">Zheng Tuobin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a>♀ </p><p><span class="nobold">11</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Foreign Economic Relations & Trade</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a>♀ </p><p><span class="nobold">12</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(China)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (China)">Agriculture & Forestry</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Ligong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Ligong (page does not exist)">Yang Ligong</a> </p><p><i>later split into</i> </p><p><span class="nobold">12-1</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(China)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (China)">Agriculture</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Huo_Shilian" title="Huo Shilian">Huo Shilian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Lin_Hujia" title="Lin Hujia">Lin Hujia</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">12-2</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(China)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (China)">Agriculture, Animal Husbandry & Fisheries</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Lin_Hujia" title="Lin Hujia">Lin Hujia</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">13</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Metallurgical Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_Ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang Ke (page does not exist)">Tang Ke</a> → <a href="/wiki/Li_Dongye" title="Li Dongye">Li Dongye</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">14</span> <b><a href="/wiki/First_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="First Ministry of Machine Building">1st Ministry of Machine Building</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zijian" title="Zhou Zijian">Zhou Zijian</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rao_Bin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rao Bin (page does not exist)">Rao Bin</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">15</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Eighth Ministry of Machine Building">Agricultural Machinery</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Ligong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Ligong (page does not exist)">Yang Ligong</a> </p><p><i>later merged into</i> </p><p><span class="nobold">14, 15</span> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machine_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machine Building (page does not exist)">Machine Building</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jiannan" title="Zhou Jiannan">Zhou Jiannan</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">16</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Second_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Second Ministry of Machine Building">2nd Ministry of Machine Building</a></b>→<b><a href="/wiki/Second_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Second Ministry of Machine Building">Nuclear Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Wei_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Wei (minister) (page does not exist)">Liu Wei</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Chen_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Chen (minister) (page does not exist)">Zhang Chen</a>♀ </p><p><span class="nobold">17</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Third_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Third Ministry of Machine Building">3rd Ministry of Machine Building</a></b>→<b><a href="/wiki/Third_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Third Ministry of Machine Building">Aviation Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dong" title="Lü Dong">Lü Dong</a> → <a href="/wiki/Mo_Wenxiang" title="Mo Wenxiang">Mo Wenxiang</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Jun_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Jun (minister) (page does not exist)">Zhang Jun</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">18</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Fourth Ministry of Machine Building">4th Ministry of Machine Building</a></b>→<b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Fourth Ministry of Machine Building">Electronics Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Zheng_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Zheng (general) (page does not exist)">Wang Zheng</a> → <a href="/wiki/Qian_Min" title="Qian Min">Qian Min</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ting_(politician)" title="Zhang Ting (politician)">Zhang Ting</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">19</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Fifth Ministry of Machine Building">5th Ministry of Machine Building</a></b>→<b><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Fifth Ministry of Machine Building">Ordnance Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Zhen_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Zhen (minister) (page does not exist)">Zhang Zhen</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yu_Yi_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yu Yi (minister) (page does not exist)">Yu Yi</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">20</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Sixth Ministry of Machine Building">6th Ministry of Machine Building</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Shufan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chai Shufan (page does not exist)">Chai Shufan</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Zhiwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Zhiwen (page does not exist)">An Zhiwen</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">21</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Seventh Ministry of Machine Building">7th Ministry of Machine Building</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Tianxiang" title="Zheng Tianxiang">Zheng Tianxiang</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">22</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Coal Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Xiao_Han_(minister)" title="Xiao Han (minister)">Xiao Han</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Yangwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Yangwen (page does not exist)">Gao Yangwen</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">23</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Petroleum Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Song_Zhenming" title="Song Zhenming">Song Zhenming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_Ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang Ke (page does not exist)">Tang Ke</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">24</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Chemical Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Jingwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Jingwen (page does not exist)">Sun Jingwen</a> → <a href="/wiki/Qin_Zhongda" title="Qin Zhongda">Qin Zhongda</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">25</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Water Resources and Electric Power</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a> </p><p><i>later split into</i> </p><p><span class="nobold">25-1</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Electric Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Liu_Lanbo" title="Liu Lanbo">Liu Lanbo</a> → <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">25-2</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Water_Resources_(China)" title="Minister of Water Resources (China)">Water Resources</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">26</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Textile Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qian_Zhiguang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qian Zhiguang (page does not exist)">Qian Zhiguang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Hao_Jianxiu" title="Hao Jianxiu">Hao Jianxiu</a>♀ → <a href="/wiki/Wu_Wenying_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Wenying (politician)">Wu Wenying</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <p><span class="nobold">27</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Light Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Liang_Lingguang" title="Liang Lingguang">Liang Lingguang</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Jiwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song Jiwen (page does not exist)">Song Jiwen</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Bo_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Bo (minister) (page does not exist)">Yang Bo</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">28</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)" title="Ministry of Railways (China)">Railways</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Duan_Junyi" title="Duan Junyi">Duan Junyi</a> → <a href="/wiki/Guo_Weicheng" title="Guo Weicheng">Guo Weicheng</a> → <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jianzhang" title="Liu Jianzhang">Liu Jianzhang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Chen_Puru" title="Chen Puru">Chen Puru</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">29</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(China)" title="Ministry of Transport (China)">Transport</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Ye_Fei" title="Ye Fei">Ye Fei</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Sheng" title="Zeng Sheng">Zeng Sheng</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Deqing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peng Deqing (page does not exist)">Peng Deqing</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Qing_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Qing (minister) (page does not exist)">Li Qing</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">30</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Posts & Telecommunications</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhong_Fuxiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhong Fuxiang (page does not exist)">Zhong Fuxiang</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Zigang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Zigang (page does not exist)">Wang Zigang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Wen_Minsheng" title="Wen Minsheng">Wen Minsheng</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">31</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(China)" title="Minister of Finance (China)">Finance</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jingfu" title="Zhang Jingfu">Zhang Jinfu</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Bo_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Bo (minister) (page does not exist)">Wu Bo</a> → <a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingqian" title="Wang Bingqian">Wang Bingqian</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">32</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Culture</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Huang_Zhen" title="Huang Zhen">Huang Zhen</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Muzhi" title="Zhu Muzhi">Zhu Muzhi</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">33</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(China)" title="Minister of Education (China)">Education</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Xiyao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Xiyao (page does not exist)">Liu Xiyao</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Nanxiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Nanxiang (page does not exist)">Jiang Nanxiang</a> → <a href="/wiki/He_Dongchang" title="He Dongchang">He Dongchang</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">34</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(China)" title="Ministry of Health (China)">Health</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Jiang_Yizhen" title="Jiang Yizhen">Jiang Yizhen</a> → <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xinzhong" title="Qian Xinzhong">Qian Xinzhong</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cui_Yueli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cui Yueli (page does not exist)">Cui Yueli</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">35</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Commerce</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Lei_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Lei (minister) (page does not exist)">Wang Lei</a> → <a href="/wiki/Jin_Ming" title="Jin Ming">Jin Ming</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Lei_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Lei (minister) (page does not exist)">Wang Lei</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yi_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yi (minister) (page does not exist)">Liu Yi</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">36</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Forestry</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luo_Yuchuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luo Yuchuan (page does not exist)">Luo Yuchuan</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yong_Wentao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yong Wentao (page does not exist)">Yong Wentao</a> → <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhong" title="Yang Zhong">Yang Zhong</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">37</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Building Material Industry</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Yangchu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song Yangchu (page does not exist)">Song Yangchu</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">38</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Agricultural Reclamation</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Gao_Yang_(politician)" title="Gao Yang (politician)">Gao Yang</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">39</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Food</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Chen_Guodong" title="Chen Guodong">Chen Guodong</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Xinchu" title="Zhao Xinchu">Zhao Xinchu</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">40</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Eighth Ministry of Machine Building|8th Ministry of Machine Building</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Jiao_Ruoyu" title="Jiao Ruoyu">Jiao Ruoyu</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">41</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Justice</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Wei_Wenbo" title="Wei Wenbo">Wei Wenbo</a> → <a href="/wiki/Liu_Fuzhi" title="Liu Fuzhi">Liu Fuzhi</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">42</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Geology and Mineral Resources</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Sun_Daguang" title="Sun Daguang">Sun Daguang</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">43</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Urban-Rural Construction & Environmental Protection</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">44</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Labor and Personnel</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Zhao_Shouyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao Shouyi">Zhao Shouyi</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">45</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Dissolved_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Radio, Film & Television</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Lengxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Lengxi (page does not exist)">Wu Lengxi</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Directors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Directors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">1</span> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=All_China_Federation_of_Supply_and_Marketing_Cooperatives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives (page does not exist)">Federation of Supply & Marketing Cooperatives</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Chen_Guodong" title="Chen Guodong">Chen Guodong</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niu_Yinguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niu Yinguan (page does not exist)">Niu Yinguan</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">2</span> <b><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Sport_of_China" title="General Administration of Sport of China">State Physical Education & Sports Commission</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Meng_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Meng (general) (page does not exist)">Wang Meng</a> → <a href="/wiki/Li_Menghua" title="Li Menghua">Li Menghua</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">3</span> <b>State Agriculture Commission</b>　　<a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhong" title="Wang Renzhong">Wang Renzhong</a> → <a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">4</span> <b>Financial and Economic Affairs Commission</b>　　<a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">5</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Foreign Investment Regulation Commission</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">6</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Import & Export Regulation Commission</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">7</span> <b>Machine Building Commission</b>　　<a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">8</span> <b>National Energy Commission</b>　　<a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a> </p><p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">9</span> <b>Commission for Cultural Relations of Foreign Countries</b>　　<a href="/wiki/Huang_Zhen" title="Huang Zhen">Huang Zhen</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">10</span> <b><a href="/wiki/National_Population_and_Family_Planning_Commission" title="National Population and Family Planning Commission">Population & Family Planning Commission</a></b>　　<a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a> → <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xinzhong" title="Qian Xinzhong">Qian Xinzhong</a> </p><p><span class="nobold">10</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">Commission for Science, Technology & Industry for National Defense</a></b>　　<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Bin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Bin (page does not exist)">Chen Bin</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_Bank_Governor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="Governor of the People's Bank of China">Central Bank Governor</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Li_Baohua" title="Li Baohua">Li Baohua</a> → <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Peijian" title="Lü Peijian">Lü Peijian</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>♀: female</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paramount_leaders_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_leaders_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leaders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">4</a>)</li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="Flag of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" 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class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army"><img alt="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/60px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/90px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/120px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PRC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Chinese_People&#039;s_Political_Consultative_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CPPCCHeads" title="Template:CPPCCHeads"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CPPCCHeads" title="Template talk:CPPCCHeads"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CPPCCHeads" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CPPCCHeads"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairpersons_of_the_Chinese_People&#039;s_Political_Consultative_Conference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairpersons of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao ♀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng" title="Yu Zhengsheng">Yu Zhengsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)" title="Wang Yang (politician)">Wang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charter_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference_(CPPCC)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_Premiers_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Vice premiers of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" 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Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">Provisional Cabinet</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> <small>(added 1952)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zihui" title="Deng Zihui">Deng Zihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a> <small>(added 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> <small>(added 1956)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zihui" title="Deng Zihui">Deng Zihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> <small>(died 1971)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> <small>(dismissed 1969)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> <small>(dismissed 1968, reinstated 1973)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> <small>(died 1969)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a> <small>(died 1972)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a> <small>(died 1965)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a> <small>(dismissed 1968)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a> <small>(died 1975)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> <small>(dismissed 1967)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a> <small>(dismissed 1966)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a> <small>(dismissed 1966)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a> <small>(died 1969)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a> <small>(died 1972)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> <small>(dismissed 1976, reinstated 1977)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a> <small>(dismissed 1977)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guixian" title="Wu Guixian">Wu Guixian</a> ♀ <small>(resigned 1977)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Jian_(politician)" title="Sun Jian (politician)">Sun Jian</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th Cabinet (1978)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhong" title="Wang Renzhong">Wang Renzhong</a> <small>(added 1979)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> <small>(added 1979)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th Cabinet (1980)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Pengfei" title="Ji Pengfei">Ji Pengfei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> <small>(promoted to premier)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Aiping" title="Zhang Aiping">Zhang Aiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Hua" title="Huang Hua">Huang Hua</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th Cabinet (1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a> <small>(added 1986)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a> <small>(added 1991)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a> <small>(added 1991)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanqing" title="Li Lanqing">Li Lanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a> <small>(added 1995)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a> <small>(added 1995)</small></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanqing" title="Li Lanqing">Li Lanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a> <small>(died 2007)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi_(politician)" title="Wu Yi (politician)">Wu Yi</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Peiyan" title="Zeng Peiyan">Zeng Peiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Liangyu" title="Hui Liangyu">Hui Liangyu</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Liangyu" title="Hui Liangyu">Hui Liangyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang" title="Zhang Dejiang">Zhang Dejiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Keqiang Government">12th Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gaoli" title="Zhang Gaoli">Zhang Gaoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yandong" title="Liu Yandong">Liu Yandong</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)" title="Wang Yang (politician)">Wang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Kai" title="Ma Kai">Ma Kai</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Keqiang Government">13th Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Chunlan" title="Sun Chunlan">Sun Chunlan</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Chunhua" title="Hu Chunhua">Hu Chunhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(politician)" title="Liu He (politician)">Liu He</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">14th Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoqing" title="Zhang Guoqing">Zhang Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Guozhong" title="Liu Guozhong">Liu Guozhong</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_Finance_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Ministers of Finance of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Ministers of Finance of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers of Finance of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_Finance_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(China)" title="Minister of Finance (China)">Ministers of Finance of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rong_Zihe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rong Zihe (page does not exist)">Rong Zihe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(acting)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yin_Chengzhen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yin Chengzhen (page does not exist)">Yin Chengzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jingfu" title="Zhang Jingfu">Zhang Jingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bo" title="Wu Bo">Wu Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingqian" title="Wang Bingqian">Wang Bingqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhongli" title="Liu Zhongli">Liu Zhongli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Huaicheng" title="Xiang Huaicheng">Xiang Huaicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Renqing" title="Jin Renqing">Jin Renqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Xuren" title="Xie Xuren">Xie Xuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Jiwei" title="Lou Jiwei">Lou Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Jie" title="Xiao Jie">Xiao Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Kun" title="Liu Kun">Liu Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_Fo%27an" title="Lan Fo'an">Lan Fo'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People&#039;s_Liberation_Army_Chiefs_of_General_Staff" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People%27s_Liberation_Army_Chiefs_of_General_Staff" title="Template:People's Liberation Army Chiefs of General Staff"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People%27s_Liberation_Army_Chiefs_of_General_Staff" title="Template talk:People's Liberation Army Chiefs of General Staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People%27s_Liberation_Army_Chiefs_of_General_Staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People's Liberation Army Chiefs of General Staff"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People&#039;s_Liberation_Army_Chiefs_of_General_Staff" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> Chiefs of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_General_Staff_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army General Staff Department">General Staff</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Su_Yu" title="Su Yu">Su Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kecheng" title="Huang Kecheng">Huang Kecheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chengwu" title="Yang Chengwu">Yang Chengwu</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yongsheng" title="Huang Yongsheng">Huang Yongsheng</a></li> <li><i>vacant</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Dezhi" title="Yang Dezhi">Yang Dezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wannian" title="Zhang Wannian">Zhang Wannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Quanyou" title="Fu Quanyou">Fu Quanyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Bingde" title="Chen Bingde">Chen Bingde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Fenghui" title="Fang Fenghui">Fang Fenghui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1982–1987)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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href="/wiki/12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1982–1987)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/12th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> until Jan 1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (retired Sep 1985)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> (Acting General Secretary after Jan 1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 5th Plenum<br />(Sep 1985)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Dezhi" title="Yang Dezhi">Yang Dezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tingfa" title="Zhang Tingfa">Zhang Tingfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Chengzhi" title="Liao Chengzhi">Liao Chengzhi</a> <small>(died June 1983)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 5th Plenum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Dezhi" title="Yang Dezhi">Yang Dezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a> <small>(full member Sep 1985)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1977–1982)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1977–1982)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1977–1982)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a><br />(PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a> until June 1981; <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a> afterwards)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a> (Vice-Chairman; dismissed Feb 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (added Dec 1978; Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> (added Feb 1980; Chairman June 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> (added Feb 1980; Vice-Chairman June 1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a> <small>(dismissed Feb 1980)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhenhua" title="Su Zhenhua">Su Zhenhua</a> <small>(died Feb 1979)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a> <small>(dismissed Feb 1980)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tingfa" title="Zhang Tingfa">Zhang Tingfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a> <small>(dismissed Feb 1980)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a> <small>(added Dec 1978)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> <small>(added Dec 1978, to PSC Feb 1980)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a> <small>(added Dec 1978)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> <small>(added Sep 1979, to PSC Feb 1980)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a> <small>(added Sep 1979)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> <small>(full member Sep 1979)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1973–1977)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1973–1977)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1973–1977)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a><br />(PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">before Oct 1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>, died Sep 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>, died Jan 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a> (Vice-Chairman, arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a> (Vice-Chairman, died Dec 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> (Vice-Chairman, resigned Jan 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (died Jul 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (died Apr 1975)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> (added Jan 1975, Vice-Chairman; dismissed Apr 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (added Apr 1976, Vice-Chairman)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">after Oct 1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> (Vice-Chairman, reinstated Jul 1977)</li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (to PSC Apr 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> (added Dec 1973, to PSC Jan 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> (from PSC Jan 1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guixian" title="Wu Guixian">Wu Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhenhua" title="Su Zhenhua">Su Zhenhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1956–1969)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 11th Plenum<br />(Aug 1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a><br />(PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (added May 1958, Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a> (died May 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (to PSC May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a> (died Dec 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a> (added May 1958, died Apr 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (added May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (added May 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 11th Plenum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standing Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> (purged Sep 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a> (purged Aug 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1945–1956)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Bishi" title="Ren Bishi">Ren Bishi</a> (died 1950) → <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1950)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(to Secretariat 1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(committed suicide 1954)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1955)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1955)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_Revolution" title="Template:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_Revolution" title="Template talk:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_Experience" title="Taoyuan Experience">Taoyuan Experience</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_to_the_Countryside_Movement" title="Down to the Countryside Movement">Down to the Countryside Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleansing_the_Class_Ranks" title="Cleansing the Class Ranks">Cleansing the Class Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Storm" title="January Storm">January Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Countercurrent" title="February Countercurrent">February Countercurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_incident" title="Wuhan incident">Wuhan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th Party Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Strike-Three_Anti_Campaign" title="One Strike-Three Anti Campaign">One Strike-Three Anti Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_571" title="Project 571">Project 571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">Lin Biao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Party Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Painting_incident" title="Black Painting incident">Black Painting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticize_Lin,_Criticize_Confucius" title="Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius">Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_incident" title="Hangzhou incident">Hangzhou incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure" title="1975 Banqiao Dam failure">1975 Banqiao Dam failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack_the_Right-Deviationist_Reversal-of-Verdicts_Trend" title="Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend">Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Incident_(1976)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Incident (1976)">1976 Nanjing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daxing_Massacre" title="Daxing Massacre">Daxing Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Massacre" title="Guangxi Massacre">Guangxi Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_incident" title="Inner Mongolia incident">Inner Mongolia incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Cultural_Revolution_Massacre" title="Guangdong Cultural Revolution Massacre">Guangdong Massacre</a></li> <li>Hunan Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoxian_massacre" title="Daoxian massacre">Daoxian massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang_County_Massacre" title="Shaoyang County Massacre">Shaoyang County Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yunnan Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Jianmin_spy_case" title="Zhao Jianmin spy case">Zhao Jianmin spy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruijin_Massacre" title="Ruijin Massacre">Ruijin Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Han_(historian)" title="Wu Han (historian)">Wu Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Li_(politician)" title="Wang Li (politician)">Wang Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Benyu" title="Qi Benyu">Qi Benyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Faxian" title="Wu Faxian">Wu Faxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Huizuo" title="Qiu Huizuo">Qiu Huizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chengwu" title="Yang Chengwu">Yang Chengwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zaidao" title="Chen Zaidao">Chen Zaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yuanxin" title="Mao Yuanxin">Mao Yuanxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_List_of_Cadres_to_Be_Protected" title="A List of Cadres to Be Protected">A List of Cadres to Be Protected</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bombard_the_Headquarters" title="Bombard the Headquarters">Bombard the Headquarters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui_Dismissed_from_Office" title="Hai Rui Dismissed from Office">Hai Rui Dismissed from Office</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/May_16_Notification" class="mw-redirect" title="May 16 Notification">May 16 Notification</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Articles_of_Public_Security" title="Six Articles of Public Security">Six Articles of Public Security</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweep_Away_All_Cow_Demons_and_Snake_Spirits" title="Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits">Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Class_Origins" title="On Class Origins">On Class Origins</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_socialist_things" title="Newborn socialist things">Newborn socialist things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">Struggle session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-character_poster" title="Big-character poster">Big-character poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_demons_and_snake_spirits" title="Cow demons and snake spirits">Cow demons and snake spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodline_theory" title="Bloodline theory">Bloodline theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Revolution_Theory" title="Continuous Revolution Theory">Continuous Revolution Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_power_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Seizure of power (Cultural Revolution)">Seizure of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Violent struggle">Violent Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Divides_into_Two" title="One Divides into Two">One Divides into Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Wall" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_opera" title="Revolutionary opera">Eight model plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_dance" title="Loyalty dance">Loyalty dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">Capitalist roader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiku_sitian" title="Yiku sitian">Yiku sitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learn_from_Daqing_in_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Learn from Daqing in industry">Learn from Daqing in industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learn_from_Dazhai_in_agriculture" title="Learn from Dazhai in agriculture">Learn from Dazhai in agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinking_Old_Ninth" title="Stinking Old Ninth">Stinking Old Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Black_Categories" title="Five Black Categories">Five Black Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Red_Categories" title="Five Red Categories">Five Red Categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Faction_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Conservative Faction (Cultural Revolution)">Conservative Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Guards" title="Little Red Guards">Little Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_Faction_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Rebel Faction (Cultural Revolution)">Rebel Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Guards" title="Scarlet Guards">Scarlet Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">Ultra-Left Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoyao_Faction" title="Xiaoyao Faction">Xiaoyao Faction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Sixteenth_elements" title="May Sixteenth elements">May Sixteenth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Man_Group" title="Five Man Group">Five Man Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_Group" title="Cultural Revolution Group">Cultural Revolution Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Organization_and_Propaganda_Leading_Group" title="Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group">Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_committee_(China)" title="Revolutionary committee (China)">Revolutionary committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Heilongjiang Revolutionary Committee">in Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Shanghai Revolutionary Committee">in Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61889_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="61889 Regiment">8341 Special Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sent-down_youth" title="Sent-down youth">Sent-down youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61_Renegades" title="61 Renegades">61 Renegades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_doctor" title="Barefoot doctor">Barefoot doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker-Peasant-Soldier_student" title="Worker-Peasant-Soldier student">Worker-Peasant-Soldier student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Seventh_Cadre_School" title="May Seventh Cadre School">May Seventh Cadre School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_River_Storm_and_Thunder" title="Xiang River Storm and Thunder">Xiang River Storm and Thunder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mao Zedong's cult of personality">Mao Zedong's cult of personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mango_cult" title="Mango cult">Mango cult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Whatevers" title="Two Whatevers">Two Whatevers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_Sun_(film)" title="Morning Sun (film)">Morning Sun (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_plenary_session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scar_literature" title="Scar literature">Scar literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_Revolution" title="Category:Cultural Revolution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Revolutions_of_1989" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template talk:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revolutions_of_1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Internal<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Eastern Bloc media and propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">Shortage economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">International<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">List of socialist states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union">Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Terrorism and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Vatican Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uskorenie" title="Uskorenie">Uskorenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demokratizatsiya_(Soviet_Union)" title="Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)">Demokratizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khozraschyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Khozraschyot">Khozraschyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Days_Program" title="500 Days Program">500 Days Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_political_thinking" title="New political thinking">New political thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatra_Doctrine" title="Sinatra Doctrine">Sinatra Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Government<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition<br />methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitizdat" title="Magnitizdat">Magnitizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_press" title="Polish underground press">Polish underground press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaas%C3%BCrengiin_Zorig" title="Sanjaasürengiin Zorig">Sanjaasürengiin Zorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Viacheslav Chornovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Landsbergis" title="Vytautas Landsbergis">Vytautas Landsbergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev" title="Zhelyu Zhelev">Zhelyu Zhelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forum" title="New Forum">New Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Forum" title="Civic Forum">Civic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Peace_and_Human_Rights" title="Initiative for Peace and Human Rights">Initiative for Peace and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia" title="Popular Front of Estonia">Popular Front of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Against_Violence" title="Public Against Violence">Public Against Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastokhez" title="Rastokhez">Rastokhez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-regional_Deputies_Group" title="Inter-regional Deputies Group">Inter-regional Deputies Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats" title="Alliance of Free Democrats">Alliance of Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Events<br />by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Central and<br />Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria#End_of_the_People's_Republic" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Final_decade_of_the_Polish_People's_Republic_(1980–1989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Armenian independence referendum">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_independence_referendum" title="1991 Azerbaijani independence referendum">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Georgian independence referendum">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Towards_independence:_1985-1991" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova" title="Independence of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="History of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Revolution" title="Tajikistani Revolution">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Turkmen_independence_referendum" title="1991 Turkmen independence referendum">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Uzbek_independence_election" title="1991 Uzbek independence election">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicesse_Accords" title="Bicesse Accords">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin#Dissolution" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo#Transition" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg_regime" title="Fall of the Derg regime">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Transition_to_peace" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">South Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Individual<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Hungary%27s_border_fence_with_Austria" title="Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria">Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Round_Table_Talks" title="Hungarian Round Table Talks">Hungarian Round Table Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz_demonstration" title="Alexanderplatz demonstration">Alexanderplatz demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_on_Granite" title="Revolution on Granite">Revolution on Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January Events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991 protests in Belgrade">1991 protests in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">1991 Belarusian strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact#End_of_the_Cold_War" title="Warsaw Pact">Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">Decommunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustration" title="Lustration">Lustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">Neo-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Template:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Template talk:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_responsibility_system" title="Household responsibility system">Household responsibility system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_26_Editorial" title="April 26 Editorial">April 26 Editorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27_demonstrations" title="April 27 demonstrations">April 27 demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_hunger_strikes" title="Tiananmen hunger strikes">Hunger Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_between_students_and_the_government_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogue between students and the government during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Dialogue between students and the government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_of_student_organizations_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Funding of student organizations during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Funding of student organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Mao_portrait_vandalism_incident" title="1989 Mao portrait vandalism incident">Mao portrait incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">Sino-Soviet Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9_Deng_speech" title="June 9 Deng speech">June 9 Deng speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist<br />Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Elders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Regional leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Mu" title="Yuan Mu">Yuan Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Protesters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Leading figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bei_Dao" title="Bei Dao">Bei Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Jian" title="Cui Jian">Cui Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Qing" title="Dai Qing">Dai Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zilin" title="Ding Zilin">Ding Zilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Zheng" title="Fang Zheng">Fang Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Dongfang" title="Han Dongfang">Han Dongfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Dejian" title="Hou Dejian">Hou Dejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lu" title="Li Lu">Li Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xianbin" title="Liu Xianbin">Liu Xianbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Benli" title="Qin Benli">Qin Benli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Tong" title="Shen Tong">Shen Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Baiqiao" title="Tang Baiqiao">Tang Baiqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingzhang_(dissident)" title="Wang Bingzhang (dissident)">Wang Bingzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Youcai" title="Wang Youcai">Wang Youcai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yan_(dissident)" title="Xiong Yan (dissident)">Xiong Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan Jiaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dongyue" title="Yu Dongyue">Yu Dongyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boli" title="Zhang Boli">Zhang Boli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Changqing" title="Zhao Changqing">Zhao Changqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongjun_incident" title="Zhou Yongjun incident">Zhou Yongjun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Workers%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Qinxian" title="Xu Qinxian">Xu Qinxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lianxiu" title="Li Lianxiu">Li Lianxiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Army units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Army (People's Republic of China)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Airborne_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Airborne Corps">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Army (People's Republic of China)">20th</a></li> <li>24th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Army (People's Republic of China)">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Army (People's Republic of China)">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Army (People's Republic of China)">28th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Army (People's Republic of China)">38th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="39th Army (People's Republic of China)">39th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="40th Army (People's Republic of China)">40th</a></li> <li>54th</li> <li>63rd</li> <li>64th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (People's Republic of China)">65th</a></li> <li>67th</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almost_a_Revolution" title="Almost a Revolution">Almost a Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tiananmen_Journal" title="A Tiananmen Journal">A Tiananmen Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_June_Fourth_Poems" title="Collection of June Fourth Poems">Collection of June Fourth Poems</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Moment" title="The Critical Moment">The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_China" title="Escape from China">Escape from China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Execution_(painting)" title="Execution (painting)">Execution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gate_of_Heavenly_Peace_(film)" title="The Gate of Heavenly Peace (film)">The Gate of Heavenly Peace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Heart_for_Freedom" title="A Heart for Freedom">A Heart for Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_(advertisement)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunt (advertisement)">Leica advert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_Mountain_(1994_film)" title="Moving the Mountain (1994 film)">Moving the Mountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_State" title="Prisoner of the State">Prisoner of the State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quelling_the_People" title="Quelling the People">Quelling the People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Over_Tiananmen_Square" title="Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square">Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Exiles" title="Tiananmen Exiles">Tiananmen Exiles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tiananmen_Papers" title="The Tiananmen Papers">The Tiananmen Papers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Shame" title="Pillar of Shame">Pillar of Shame</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(play)" title="Chimerica (play)">Chimerica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(TV_series)" title="Chimerica (TV series)">TV series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Human rights<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China Support Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China" title="Democracy Party of China">Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">Hong Kong Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_China_(organization)" title="Human Rights in China (organization)">Human Rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Centre_for_Human_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy">Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">Operation Yellowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_for_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Anniversaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">10th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">20th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="21st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">21st (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="24th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">24th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="25th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">25th (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="30th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">30th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="31st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">31st (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="32nd anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">32nd (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_My_Name" title="Nothing to My Name">Nothing to My Name</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4th_Museum" title="June 4th Museum">June 4th Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy_(Hong_Kong)" title="Goddess of Democracy (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Reactions to the protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_trial_of_Chen_Ziming_and_Wang_Juntao" title="Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao">Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_of_the_Century_The_Big_Five" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_of_the_Century" title="Template:Asian of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Asian of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_of_the_Century_The_Big_Five" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_of_the_Century" title="Asian of the Century">Asian of the Century</a> The Big Five</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/17px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/26px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/34px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16977#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16977#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16977#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114562686">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12988100v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00317835">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Deng, Xiao-Ping"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV012009">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36730148">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701787&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/270259">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1438058">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118621297.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118621297">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028041798">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-21T23:04:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T01:03:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dd\/Deng_Xiaoping_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Chinese politician and paramount leader from 1978 to 1989"}</script> </body> </html>