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</button> <ul id="toc-Historical_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shakespeare_and_the_"Fair_Youth"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shakespeare_and_the_"Fair_Youth""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Shakespeare and the "Fair Youth"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shakespeare_and_the_"Fair_Youth"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montaigne_and_Etienne_de_La_Boétie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montaigne_and_Etienne_de_La_Boétie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Montaigne and Etienne de La Boétie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montaigne_and_Etienne_de_La_Boétie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander_Hamilton_and_John_Laurens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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id="toc-Romantic_friendships_in_women's_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_and_religious_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_and_religious_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biblical and religious arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_and_religious_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_in_1990s_American_gay_and_lesbian_subculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_in_1990s_American_gay_and_lesbian_subculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception in 1990s American gay and lesbian subculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_in_1990s_American_gay_and_lesbian_subculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People_together.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/50px-People_together.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/75px-People_together.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/100px-People_together.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="119" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Relationships</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_relationships" title="Outline of relationships">Outline</a>)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-top:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">Sister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Partner(s)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_relationship" title="Long-distance relationship">Long-distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_relationship" title="Internet relationship">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">romantic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:none;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-left:1.0em;margin-right:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;"> <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_monogamy" title="Mutual monogamy">Mutual monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Day_(tradition)" title="Bachelor's Day (tradition)">Bachelor's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Endings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">marital separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions and feelings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_relationships" title="Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_relationships" title="Template talk:Close relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Love" title="Category:Love">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red-outline heart icon"><img alt="Red-outline heart icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/45px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/68px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/90px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Red-outline heart icon</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of love</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">Broken heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_love" title="Compassionate love">Compassionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_love" title="Conjugal love">Conjugal love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">Courtly love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_in_love" title="Falling in love">Falling in love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Interpersonal attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_addiction" title="Love addiction">Love addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">Love at first sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">Love triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">Lovesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovestruck" title="Lovestruck">Lovestruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionate_and_companionate_love" title="Passionate and companionate love">Passionate and companionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_love" title="Puppy love">Puppy love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Self-love</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amour_de_soi" title="Amour de soi">Amour de soi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Social views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>French <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Amour-propre" title="Amour-propre">Amour-propre</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">words for love</a></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Ludus" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Ludus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Mania</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Philautia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Philos</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Pragma" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Pragma</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storgḗ</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Maitrī</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_love" title="Jewish views on love">Jewish</a> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Amor</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Caritas</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Yaghan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamihlapinatapai" title="Mamihlapinatapai">Mamihlapinatapai</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Color wheel theory of love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_romantic_love" title="Biology of romantic love">Biology of romantic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">Love letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">Love of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">love deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(psychology)" title="Similarity (psychology)">Similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love" title="Triangular theory of love">Triangular theory of love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Love_sidebar" title="Template talk:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Emotions" title="Category:Emotions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">In animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Mood</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Self-regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Dysregulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">Valence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Emotions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination" title="Determination">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(emotion)" title="Elevation (emotion)">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">Self-pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>romantic friendship</b> (also <b>passionate friendship</b> or <b>affectionate friendship</b>) is a very close but typically non-sexual relationship between friends, often involving a degree of physical closeness beyond that which is common in contemporary Western societies. It may include, for example, holding hands, cuddling, hugging, kissing, giving massages, or sharing a bed, without sexual intercourse or other sexual expression. </p><p>The term is typically used in historical scholarship, and describes a very close relationship between people of the same sex during a period of history when there was not a social category of <i><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a></i> as there is today. In this regard, the term was coined in the later 20th century in order to retrospectively describe a type of relationship which until the mid-19th century had been considered unremarkable but since the second half of the 19th century had become rarer as physical intimacy between non-sexual partners came to be regarded with anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1998231–313_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1998231–313-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romantic friendship between women in Europe and North America became especially prevalent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, with the simultaneous emergence of female education and a new rhetoric of sexual difference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupp2009127_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp2009127-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Shimer_Cindarella_Gregory_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Frances_Shimer_Cindarella_Gregory_1869.jpg/170px-Frances_Shimer_Cindarella_Gregory_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Frances_Shimer_Cindarella_Gregory_1869.jpg/255px-Frances_Shimer_Cindarella_Gregory_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Frances_Shimer_Cindarella_Gregory_1869.jpg/340px-Frances_Shimer_Cindarella_Gregory_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shimer_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimer College">Shimer College</a> founders Cindarella Gregory and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Shimer" title="Frances Shimer">Frances Shimer</a> in 1869; their extremely close relationship has been characterized as a "passionate friendship".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples">Historical examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_friendship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of historical romantic friendship is difficult because the primary source material consists of writing about love relationships, which typically took the form of love letters, poems, or philosophical essays rather than objective studies<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seldom explicitly stated the sexual or nonsexual nature of relationships. Though taboos against homosexuality in Western European cultures at the time may have motivated same-sex lovers to conceal the nature of their relationships, <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Faderman" title="Lillian Faderman">Lillian Faderman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Coontz" title="Stephanie Coontz">Stephanie Coontz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Anthony_Rotundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Anthony Rotundo (page does not exist)">Anthony Rotundo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bush" title="Douglas Bush">Douglas Bush</a>, and others argue that the rarity of romantic friendship in modern culture means that references to nonsexual relationships may be misinterpreted by modern readers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shakespeare_and_the_"Fair_Youth""><span id="Shakespeare_and_the_.22Fair_Youth.22"></span>Shakespeare and the "Fair Youth"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_friendship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shakespeare and the "Fair Youth""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Sexuality of William Shakespeare">Sexuality of William Shakespeare</a></div> <p>The content of Shakespeare's works has raised the question of whether he may have been bisexual. Although 26 of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">Shakespeare's sonnets</a> are love poems addressed to a married woman (the "<a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dark Lady">Dark Lady</a>"), 126 are addressed to an adolescent boy (known as the "<a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets#Fair_Youth" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">Fair Youth</a>"). The tone of the latter group, which focuses on the boy's beauty, has been interpreted as evidence for Shakespeare's bisexuality, although others interpret them as referring to intense friendship or fatherly affection, not sexual love. </p><p>Among those of the latter interpretation, in the preface to his 1961 Pelican edition, Douglas Bush writes:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since modern readers are unused to such ardor in masculine friendship and are likely to leap at the notion of homosexuality… we may remember that such an ideal, often exalted above the love of women, could exist in real life, from Montaigne to Sir Thomas Browne, and was conspicuous in Renaissance literature.</p></blockquote> <p>Bush cites <a href="/wiki/Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a>, who distinguished male friendships from "that other, licentious <a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek love</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as evidence of a platonic interpretation. </p><p>In his discussion of Bush's contention that the sonnets are an expression of intense, idealised, non-sexual friendship, what he calls the "Renaissance cult of [male] friendship", Crompton, in <i>Homosexuality and Civilization</i>, points to the sonnets' complaints of "sleepless nights", "sharp anguish", and "fearful jealousy" arising from love of the fair youth. Crompton concludes these are "torments" such that "friendship hardly could" cause. He notes also that the writer <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, though not a proponent of a homosexual interpretation, did find the sonnets' language "too lover-like for ordinary male friendship" and declared himself unable to find any comparable language used between friends elsewhere in 16th-century literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrompton2003380_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrompton2003380-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montaigne_and_Etienne_de_La_Boétie"><span id="Montaigne_and_Etienne_de_La_Bo.C3.A9tie"></span>Montaigne and Etienne de La Boétie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_friendship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Montaigne and Etienne de La Boétie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a> described the concept of romantic friendship (without using this English term) in his essay "On Friendship". In addition to distinguishing this type of love from homosexuality ("this other Greek licence"), another way in which Montaigne differed from the modern view<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was that he felt that friendship and platonic emotion were a primarily masculine capacity (apparently unaware of the custom of female romantic friendship which also existed): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Seeing (to speake truly) that the ordinary sufficiency of women cannot answer this conference and communication, the nurse of this sacred bond: nor seem their minds strong enough to endure the pulling of a knot so hard, so fast, and durable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontaigne15804_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontaigne15804-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lesbian-feminist historian <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Faderman" title="Lillian Faderman">Lillian Faderman</a> cites Montaigne, using "On Friendship" as evidence that romantic friendship was distinct from homosexuality, since the former could be extolled by famous and respected writers, who simultaneously disparaged homosexuality. (The quotation also furthers Faderman's beliefs that gender and sexuality are <a href="/wiki/Social_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social construction">socially constructed</a>, since they indicate that each sex has been thought of as "better" at intense friendship in one or another period of history.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexander_Hamilton_and_John_Laurens">Alexander Hamilton and John Laurens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_friendship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alexander Hamilton and John Laurens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after his marriage, while in <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s camp during the American Revolutionary Era, <a href="/wiki/John_Laurens" title="John Laurens">John Laurens</a> met and became extremely close friends with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>. They exchanged many letters during the several years when different assignments and Laurens' capture by the British kept them apart; for example, when the terms of Laurens' parole prevented him from being present at Hamilton's wedding to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Schuyler_Hamilton" title="Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton">Elizabeth Schuyler</a> in December 1780, even though Hamilton had invited him.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While emotional language was not uncommon in romantic friendships among those of the same gender in this historical period,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton biographer <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Flexner" title="James Thomas Flexner">James Thomas Flexner</a> stated that the intensely expressive language <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (January 2020)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> contained in the Hamilton-Laurens letters "raises questions concerning homosexuality" that "cannot be categorically answered".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Stating that "one must tread gingerly in approaching this matter," Hamilton biographer <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> wrote that it is impossible to say "with any certainty" that Laurens and Hamilton were lovers, noting that such an affair would have required the exercise of "extraordinary precautions" because sodomy was a capital offense throughout the colonies at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chernow concluded that based on available evidence, "At the very least, we can say that Hamilton developed something like an adolescent crush on his friend."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chernow, "Hamilton did not form friendships easily and never again revealed his interior life to another man as he had to Laurens", and after Laurens' death, "Hamilton shut off some compartment of his emotions and never reopened it."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to Hamilton's effusive letters, surviving letters from Laurens to Hamilton were notably less frequent and less passionately worded, although some letters written by Laurens have been lost or may have been destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abraham_Lincoln_and_Joshua_Speed">Abraham Lincoln and Joshua Speed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_friendship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abraham Lincoln and Joshua Speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln">Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <p>The relationship between <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Speed">Joshua Speed</a> is another example of a relationship that some modern sources consider ambiguously or potentially gay, while others maintain it was a romantic friendship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lincoln and Speed lived together for a time, shared a bed in their youth<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and maintained a lifelong friendship. <a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">David Herbert Donald</a> pointed out that men at that time often shared beds for financial reasons; men were accustomed to same-sex non-sexual intimacy, since most parents could not afford separate beds or rooms for male siblings. Anthony Rotundo argues that the custom of romantic friendship for men in America in the early 19th century was different from that of Renaissance France, and it was expected that men would distance themselves emotionally and physically somewhat after marriage; he claims that letters between Lincoln and Speed show this distancing after Lincoln married Mary Todd.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotundo_(1985)_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotundo_(1985)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such distancing is still practiced today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeller2001320–23_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller2001320–23-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romantic_friendships_in_women's_colleges"><span id="Romantic_friendships_in_women.27s_colleges"></span>Romantic friendships in women's colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_friendship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Romantic friendships in women's colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">American suffrage movement</a> succeeded in gaining rights for white middle- and upper-class women, heterosexual marriage became less of a necessity, and many more women went to college and continued to live in female-centric communities after graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-Faderman_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faderman-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> The all-women peer culture formed at <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Women's colleges in the United States">women's colleges</a> allowed students to create their own social rules and hierarchies, to become each other's leaders and heroes, and to idolize each other. These idolizations often took the forms of romantic friendships, which contemporaries called "smashes", "crushes" and "spoons".<sup id="cite_ref-Faderman_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faderman-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>The practice of "smashing" involved one student showering another with gifts: notes, chocolates, sometimes even locks of hair. When the object of the student's affections was wooed and the two of them began spending all their time together, the "aggressor" was perceived by her friends as "smashed".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early twentieth century, "crush" gradually replaced the term "smash", and generally signified a younger girl's infatuation with an older peer.<sup id="cite_ref-helen_lh_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helen_lh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 166">: 166 </span></sup> Historian Susan Van Dyne has documented an "intimate friendship" between Mary Mathers and Frona Brooks, two members of the <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a> class of 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathers and Brooks exchanged tokens of affection, relished time spent alone together, and celebrated an anniversary. </p><p>Romantic friendships kindled in women's colleges sometimes continued after graduation, with women living together in "<a href="/wiki/Boston_marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston marriages">Boston marriages</a>" or cooperative houses. Women who openly committed themselves to other women often found acceptance of their commitment and lifestyle in academic fields, and felt comfortable expressing their feelings for their same-sex companions.<sup id="cite_ref-helen_lh_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helen_lh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 190">: 190 </span></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the century, smashes and crushes were considered an essential part of the women's college experience, and students who wrote home spoke openly about their involvement in romantic friendships.<sup id="cite_ref-helen_lh_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helen_lh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 66">: 66 </span></sup> By the 1920s, however, public opinion had turned against crushes.<sup id="cite_ref-Faderman_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faderman-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_and_religious_arguments">Biblical and religious arguments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_friendship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biblical and religious arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of the romantic friendship hypothesis also make reference to the Bible. Historians like Faderman and Robert Brain<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrain1976_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrain1976-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believe that the descriptions of relationships such as <a href="/wiki/David_and_Jonathan" title="David and Jonathan">David and Jonathan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naomi_(biblical_figure)" title="Naomi (biblical figure)">Naomi</a> in this religious text establish that the customs of romantic friendship existed and were thought of as virtuous in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, despite the simultaneous taboo on homosexuality. </p><p>The relationship between <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(1_Samuel)" title="Jonathan (1 Samuel)">Jonathan</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/King_Saul" class="mw-redirect" title="King Saul">King Saul</a>, is often cited as an example of male romantic friendship; for example, Faderman paraphrases 2 Samuel 1:26 on the title page of her book: "Your love was wonderful to me, passing the love of women."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Jennings" title="Theodore Jennings">Theodore Jennings</a> emphasizes that Jonathan's affection for David started out as <a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">love at first sight</a> brought about by David's beauty, concluding this is no brotherly love but a feeling tinged with eroticism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a> and her mother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Naomi_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naomi (Bible)">Naomi</a> are the female Biblical pair most often cited as a possible romantic friendship, as in the following verse commonly used in same-sex wedding ceremonies: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Entreat me not to leave you or to return from following you; for where you go I will go, and where you lodge I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God; where you die I will die, and there will I be buried.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Faderman writes that women in Renaissance and Victorian times made reference to both Ruth and Naomi and "Davidean" friendship as the basis for their romantic friendships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman199867,_121_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman199867,_121-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some authors, notably <a href="/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell">John Boswell</a>, have claimed that ecclesiastical practice in earlier ages blessed "same-sex unions", others maintain that this is categorically impossible given their understanding of individuals’ and officiants’ mores and values. Boswell notes that past relationships are ambiguous; when describing Greek and Roman attitudes, Boswell states that "[A] consensual physical aspect would have been utterly irrelevant to placing the relationship in a meaningful taxonomy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoswell199576_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoswell199576-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boswell's work has received much criticism. Brent D. Shaw, who is incidentally gay himself, noted some of the differences between the two types of solemnized relationships in a review written for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Given the centrality of Boswell's new evidence, therefore, it is best to begin by describing his documents and their import. These documents are liturgies for an ecclesiastical ritual called <a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">adelphopoiesis</a> or, in simple English, the "creation of a brother." Whatever these texts are, they are not texts for marriage ceremonies. Boswell's translation of their titles (akolouthia eis adelphopoiesin and parallels) as "The Order of Celebrating the Union of Two Men" or "Office for Same-Sex Union" is inaccurate. In the original, the titles say no such thing. And this sort of tendentious translation of the documents is found, alas, throughout the book. Thus the Greek words that Boswell translates as "be united together" in the third section of the document quoted above are, in fact, rather ordinary words that mean "become brothers" (adelphoi genesthai); and when they are translated in this more straightforward manner, they impart a quite different sense to the reader. </p><p>Such agreements and rituals are "same-sex" in the sense that it is two men who are involved, and they are "unions" in the sense that the two men involved are co-joined as "brothers." But that is it. There is no indication in the texts themselves that these are marriages in any sense that the word would mean to readers now, nor in any sense that the word would have meant to persons then: the formation of a common household, the sharing of everything in a permanent co-residential unit, the formation of a family unit wherein the two partners were committed, ideally, to each other, with the intent to raise children, and so on. </p><p> Although it is difficult to state precisely what these ritualized relationships were, most historians who have studied them are fairly certain that they deal with a species of "ritualised kinship" that is covered by the term "brotherhood." (This type of "brotherhood" is similar to the ritualized agreements struck between members of the Mafia or other "men of honour" in our own society.) That explains why the texts on adelphopoiesis in the prayerbooks are embedded within sections dealing with other kinship-forming rituals, such as marriage and adoption. Giovanni Tomassia in the 1880s and Paul Koschaker in the 1930s, whose works Boswell knows and cites, had already reached this conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_(1994)_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_(1994)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian Robert Brain has also traced these ceremonies from Pagan "blood brotherhood" ceremonies through medieval Catholic ceremonies called "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gossipry" class="extiw" title="wikt:gossipry">gossipry</a>" or "siblings before God", on to modern ceremonies in some Latin American countries referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Compadre" title="Compadre">compadrazgo</a>"; Brain considers the ceremonies to refer to romantic friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrain197675–107_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrain197675–107-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_in_1990s_American_gay_and_lesbian_subculture">Reception in 1990s American gay and lesbian subculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_friendship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reception in 1990s American gay and lesbian subculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several small groups of advocates and researchers have advocated for the renewed use of the term, or the related term <a href="/wiki/Boston_marriage" title="Boston marriage">Boston marriage</a>, today. Several lesbian, gay, and feminist authors (such as <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Faderman" title="Lillian Faderman">Lillian Faderman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Coontz" title="Stephanie Coontz">Stephanie Coontz</a>, Jaclyn Geller and Esther Rothblum) have conducted academic research on the topic;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothblum1993_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothblum1993-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these authors typically favor the <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social constructionist">social constructionist</a> view that <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> is a modern, culturally constructed concept.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_friendship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromance" title="Bromance">Bromance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">Courtly love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_affair" title="Emotional affair">Emotional affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosociality" title="Heterosociality">Heterosociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosociality" title="Homosociality">Homosociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance (love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womance" title="Womance">Womance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_spouse" title="Work spouse">Work spouse</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_friendship&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1998231–313-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1998231–313_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaderman1998">Faderman 1998</a>, pp. 231–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp2009127-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupp2009127_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRupp2009">Rupp 2009</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalkmus2003" class="citation journal cs1">Malkmus, Doris (2003). "Frances Wood Shimer, Cindarella Gregory, and the 1853 founding of Shimer College". <i>Journal of Illinois History</i>. <b>6</b>. Illinois Historic Preservation Agency: 200. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-0532">1522-0532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Illinois+History&rft.atitle=Frances+Wood+Shimer%2C+Cindarella+Gregory%2C+and+the+1853+founding+of+Shimer+College&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=200&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1522-0532&rft.aulast=Malkmus&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1998_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaderman1998">Faderman 1998</a> <i>passim.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Shakespeare1961" class="citation book cs1">William Shakespeare (1961). "Preface (by Douglas Bush)". In Bush, Douglas; Harbage, Alfred (eds.). <i>Sonnets</i>. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+%28by+Douglas+Bush%29&rft.btitle=Sonnets&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland%2C+USA&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1961&rft.au=William+Shakespeare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rollins 1:55; Bush cited Montaigne's 1580 work "On Friendship," in which the exact quote was: "And this other Greeke licence is justly abhorred by our customes." <a href="#CITEREFMontaigne1580">Montaigne 1580</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrompton2003380-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrompton2003380_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrompton2003">Crompton 2003</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>'s 1865 essay "On Queen's Gardens" is a good example of the later view that emotionality was a female province; Kate Millet analyzes this essay in <i>Sexual Politics</i> (1969, 1970, 1990, 2000), University of Illinois Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06889-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06889-0">0-252-06889-0</a>. Many modern books such as Carmen Renee Berry's <i>Girlfriends: Invisible Ties</i> (1998), Wildcat Canyon Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885171-20-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-885171-20-X">1-885171-20-X</a>, argue that intensity in friendship is a female capacity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontaigne15804-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontaigne15804_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontaigne1580">Montaigne 1580</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Excerpt from a Letter to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, September 12, 1780", <i>The Political Writings of Alexander Hamilton</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2017, p. 143, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108381277.025">10.1017/9781108381277.025</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108381277" title="Special:BookSources/9781108381277"><bdi>9781108381277</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Excerpt+from+a+Letter+to+Lieutenant+Colonel+John+Laurens%2C+September+12%2C+1780&rft.btitle=The+Political+Writings+of+Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108381277.025&rft.isbn=9781108381277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_Chernow2004" class="citation book cs1">Ron Chernow (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher"><i>Alexander Hamilton</i></a>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1594200092" title="Special:BookSources/1594200092"><bdi>1594200092</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53083988">53083988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53083988&rft.isbn=1594200092&rft.au=Ron+Chernow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00cher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Thomas_Flexner_(1908–2003)1997" class="citation book cs1">James Thomas Flexner (1908–2003) (1997). <i>The young Hamilton: a biography</i>. New York: Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0823217892" title="Special:BookSources/0823217892"><bdi>0823217892</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37221262">37221262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+young+Hamilton%3A+a+biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37221262&rft.isbn=0823217892&rft.au=James+Thomas+Flexner+%281908%E2%80%932003%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotundo_(1985)-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rotundo_(1985)_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotundo1985" class="citation journal cs1">Rotundo, Anthony (1985). "Romantic Friendship". <i>Journal of the History of Sexuality</i>. <b>23</b>: 1–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Romantic+Friendship&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Rotundo&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller2001320–23-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeller2001320–23_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeller2001">Geller 2001</a>, pp. 320–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faderman-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faderman_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faderman_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faderman_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman1991" class="citation book cs1">Faderman, Lillian (1991). <i>Odd girls and twilight lovers: A history of lesbian life in twentieth-century America</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231074883" title="Special:BookSources/0231074883"><bdi>0231074883</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22906565">22906565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odd+girls+and+twilight+lovers%3A+A+history+of+lesbian+life+in+twentieth-century+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22906565&rft.isbn=0231074883&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahli1979" class="citation journal cs1">Sahli, Nancy Ann (1979). "Smashing: Women's Relationships before the Fall". <i>Chrysalis</i>. <b>8</b>: 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chrysalis&rft.atitle=Smashing%3A+Women%27s+Relationships+before+the+Fall&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Sahli&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-helen_lh-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-helen_lh_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-helen_lh_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-helen_lh_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz1993" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz (1993). <i>Alma mater: Design and experience in the women's colleges from their nineteenth-century beginnings to the 1930s</i> (2nd ed.). Amherst: University of Massachuchusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870238698" title="Special:BookSources/0870238698"><bdi>0870238698</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43475535">43475535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alma+mater%3A+Design+and+experience+in+the+women%27s+colleges+from+their+nineteenth-century+beginnings+to+the+1930s&rft.place=Amherst&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Massachuchusetts+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43475535&rft.isbn=0870238698&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Helen+Lefkowitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyne2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dyne, Susan Van (2016). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Abracadabra": Intimate Inventions by Early College Women in the United States". <i>Feminist Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 280–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15767%2Ffeministstudies.42.2.0280">10.15767/feministstudies.42.2.0280</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15767/feministstudies.42.2.0280">10.15767/feministstudies.42.2.0280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152238130">152238130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Abracadabra%22%3A+Intimate+Inventions+by+Early+College+Women+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=280-310&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152238130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.15767%2Ffeministstudies.42.2.0280%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15767%2Ffeministstudies.42.2.0280&rft.aulast=Dyne&rft.aufirst=Susan+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrain1976-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrain1976_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrain1976">Brain 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2 Samuel 1:26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore_W._Jennings_Jr.2005" class="citation book cs1">Theodore W. Jennings Jr. (2005). <i>Jacob's Wound: Homoerotic narrative in the literature of ancient Israel</i>. Continuum. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826417121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826417121"><bdi>978-0826417121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob%27s+Wound%3A+Homoerotic+narrative+in+the+literature+of+ancient+Israel&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0826417121&rft.au=Theodore+W.+Jennings+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth to Naomi, Ruth 1:15-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman199867,_121-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman199867,_121_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaderman1998">Faderman 1998</a>, pp. 67, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoswell199576-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoswell199576_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoswell1995">Boswell 1995</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_(1994)-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_(1994)_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Shaw, Brent D. (July 18, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/bosrev-shaw.html">"A Groom of One's Own?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>. pp. 33–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910022544/http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/bosrev-shaw.asp">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=A+Groom+of+One%27s+Own%3F&rft.pages=33-41&rft.date=1994-07-18&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Brent+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fpwh%2Fbosrev-shaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrain197675–107-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrain197675–107_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrain1976">Brain 1976</a>, p. 75–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothblum1993-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothblum1993_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothblum1993">Rothblum 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Faderman's introduction in the 1998 edition of <i>Surpassing the Love of Men</i>; Coontz's <i>The Way We Never Were</i> has as its thesis the social construction of a variety of family and relationship traditions, whereas Geller advocates for the abolition of marriage and a renewed focus on friendship for feminist reasons (<a href="#CITEREFGeller2001">Geller 2001</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_friendship&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1995" class="citation book cs1">Boswell, John (1995). <i>Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintage Press">Vintage Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-75164-5"><bdi>0-679-75164-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Same-Sex+Unions+in+Pre-Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Vintage+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-679-75164-5&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrain1976" class="citation book cs1">Brain, Robert (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/friendslovers00robe"><i>Friends and Lovers</i></a>. Great Britain: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02571-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02571-4"><bdi>0-465-02571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friends+and+Lovers&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Hart-Davis%2C+MacGibbon+Ltd&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-465-02571-4&rft.aulast=Brain&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffriendslovers00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrompton2003" class="citation book cs1">Crompton, Louis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homosexualityciv00crom"><i>Homosexuality and Civilization</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01197-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01197-X"><bdi>0-674-01197-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homosexuality+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-01197-X&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomosexualityciv00crom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Faderman" title="Lillian Faderman">Faderman, Lillian</a> (1998) [Originally published 1981]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surpassingloveof00faderich"><i>Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0688133304" title="Special:BookSources/0688133304"><bdi>0688133304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surpassing+the+Love+of+Men%3A+Romantic+Friendship+and+Love+Between+Women+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0688133304&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurpassingloveof00faderich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeller2001" class="citation book cs1">Geller, Jaclyn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herecomesbridewo0000gell"><i>Here Comes the Bride</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Four_Walls_Eight_Windows" title="Four Walls Eight Windows">Four Walls Eight Windows</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56858-193-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56858-193-9"><bdi>1-56858-193-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+Comes+the+Bride&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Four+Walls+Eight+Windows&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56858-193-9&rft.aulast=Geller&rft.aufirst=Jaclyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherecomesbridewo0000gell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontaigne1580" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1580). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/32/105.html">"On Friendship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Classics" title="Harvard Classics">Harvard Classics</a></i>. Vol. 32 (Literary and Philosophical Essays). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305091413/http://www.bartleby.com/32/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Friendship&rft.btitle=Harvard+Classics&rft.date=1580&rft.aulast=Montaigne&rft.aufirst=Michel+Eyquem+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F32%2F105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothblum1993" class="citation book cs1">Rothblum, Esther (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonmarriagesr00roth"><i>Boston Marriages: Romantic but Asexual Relationships among Contemporary Lesbians</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87023-876-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87023-876-0"><bdi>0-87023-876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Marriages%3A+Romantic+but+Asexual+Relationships+among+Contemporary+Lesbians&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-87023-876-0&rft.aulast=Rothblum&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostonmarriagesr00roth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupp2009" class="citation book cs1">Rupp, Leila J. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780814775929"><i>Sapphistries: A Global History of Love Between Women</i></a></span>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814777268" title="Special:BookSources/9780814777268"><bdi>9780814777268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sapphistries%3A+A+Global+History+of+Love+Between+Women&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780814777268&rft.aulast=Rupp&rft.aufirst=Leila+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780814775929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomantic+friendship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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