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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Integrism nascent, 1870–1888</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrism_nascent,_1870–1888-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1888_breakup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1888_breakup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1888 breakup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1888_breakup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nocedal's_lead,_1889–1907" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nocedal's_lead,_1889–1907"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nocedal's lead, 1889–1907</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nocedal's_lead,_1889–1907-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olazábal's_lead,_1907–1932" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olazábal's_lead,_1907–1932"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Olazábal's lead, 1907–1932</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olazábal's_lead,_1907–1932-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1932" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1932"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>After 1932</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1932-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrism_and_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrism_and_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Integrism and the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrism_and_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Integralism" title="Category:Integralism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vendéen Sacred Heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/50px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/75px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/100px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">Fueros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalism" title="Municipalism">Municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_swords" title="Doctrine of the two swords">Doctrine of the two swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperativism">Cooperativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guildism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposing_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposing power">Deposing power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Ecclesiastical court</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Error_has_no_rights" title="Error has no rights">Error has no rights</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Gelasian Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Education" title="Integral Education">Integral Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_state" title="Integral state">Integral state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accidentalism_and_catastrophism" title="Accidentalism and catastrophism">Accidentalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Political traditionalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica_Christiana" title="Res publica Christiana">Res publica Christiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_Moon_allegory" title="Sun and Moon allegory">Sun and Moon allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Social Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-integralism">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#Catholic_integralism" title="Integralism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Israeli/Zionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Lusitano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Billot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Castellani" title="Leonardo Castellani">Castellani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cuesta_y_S%C3%A1inz" title="Antonio de la Cuesta y Sáinz">Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Delassus" title="Henri Delassus">Delassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Eyzaguirre" title="Jaime Eyzaguirre">Eyzaguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ezcurra_Medrano" title="Alberto Ezcurra Medrano">Ezcurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Fita" title="Fidel Fita">Fita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Fontcuberta" title="Benito Fontcuberta">Fontcuberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mateos_Gago" title="Francisco Mateos Gago">Gago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Gaume" title="Jean-Joseph Gaume">Gaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n_Bruno_Genta" title="Jordán Bruno Genta">Genta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Amez%C3%BAa_y_Mayo" title="Agustín González de Amezúa y Mayo">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Meinvielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hip%C3%B3lito_Raposo" title="José Hipólito Raposo">Raposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Reale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany" title="Félix Sardà y Salvany">Salvany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha" title="António Sardinha">Sardinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Urquiza" title="José Antonio Urquiza">Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Valent%C3%ADn_Valdivieso" title="Rafael Valentín Valdivieso">Valdivieso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Veuillot" title="Louis Veuillot">Veuillot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Barroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Clavarana" title="Adolfo Clavarana">Clavarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Est%C3%A9vanez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Francisco Estévanez Rodríguez">Estévanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Velasco" title="Fernando Fernández de Velasco">Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Verde" title="José María García Verde">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomar_de_las_Infantas" title="Mariano Gomar de las Infantas">Gomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias" class="mw-redirect" title="Josias">Josias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac_y_Colina" title="José María Lamamié de Clairac y Colina">Lamamié (José)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac" title="Juan Lamamié de Clairac">Lamamié (Juan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Larra%C3%ADn_Gandarillas" title="Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas">Larraín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno" title="Gabriel García Moreno">Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">Nocedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Olaz%C3%A1bal_Ramery" title="Juan Olazábal Ramery">Olazábal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin_Chambly,_marquis_de_La_Charce" class="mw-redirect" title="François-René de La Tour du Pin Chambly, marquis de La Charce">du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga" title="Facundo Quiroga">Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rocamora_y_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Pedro Rocamora y García">Rocamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_Marco" title="José Sánchez Marco">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">Santamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Senante" title="Manuel Senante">Senante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De regno, ad regem Cypri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_is_a_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism is a Sin">El liberalismo es pecado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Encyclicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Encyclicals">Papal documents</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Famuli vestrae pietatis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirari_Vos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirari Vos">Mirari Vos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quanta_Cura" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanta Cura">Quanta Cura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immortale_Dei" title="Immortale Dei">Immortale Dei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascendi Dominici Gregis">Pascendi Dominici Gregis</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Siglo_Futuro" title="El Siglo Futuro">El Siglo Futuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mes_id%C3%A9es_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes idées politiques">Mes idées politiques</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">O que é o Integralismo</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Patrianovist_Imperial_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action">Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Patriotic_Movement" title="Catalan Patriotic Movement">Catalan Patriotic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Catholic and Royal Army</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cristeros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristeros">Cristeros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrist Party">Integrist Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%ADcia_Catalana" title="Milícia Catalana">Milícia Catalana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmarian Christian Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanfedisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanfedisti">Sanfedisti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimism">Legitimism</a></li> <li><i><a 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title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacuara">Tacuara</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Yunque_(organization)" title="El Yunque (organization)">El Yunque</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_constitutionalism" title="Common good constitutionalism">Common good constitutionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" 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href="/wiki/Template:Integralism" title="Template:Integralism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Integralism" title="Template talk:Integralism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Category:Conservatism in Spain">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Spain</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/80px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/120px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/160px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="741" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics#Spain" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Spain" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Francoist_Spain" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_unionism" title="Spanish unionism">Spanish unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1923 Spanish coup d'état">1923 Spanish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_culture_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Art and culture in Francoist Spain">Art and culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAnker" title="Búnker">Búnker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-N" title="20-N">20-N</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Albi%C3%B1ana" title="José María Albiñana">Albiñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Bleiberg" title="Germán Bleiberg">Bleiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_La%C3%ADn_Entralgo" title="Pedro Laín Entralgo">Entralgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_la_Mora" title="Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora">Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gambra_Ciudad" title="Rafael Gambra Ciudad">Gambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Gambra_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="José Miguel Gambra Gutiérrez">Gambra Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaos" title="José Gaos">Gaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Gil_Robles" title="Enrique Gil Robles">Gil Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Herv%C3%A1s" title="Lorenzo Hervás">Hervás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">de Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Maravall" title="José Antonio Maravall">Maravall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Julián Marías">Marías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_d%27Ors_P%C3%A9rez-Peix" title="Álvaro d'Ors Pérez-Peix">d'Ors (Álvaro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Pradera_Larumbe" title="Víctor Pradera Larumbe">Pradera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvira_Roca_Barea" title="Elvira Roca Barea">Roca Barea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_El%C3%ADas_de_Tejada_y_Sp%C3%ADnola" title="Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola">de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">de Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Vig%C3%B3n" title="Jorge Vigón">Vigón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Vázquez de Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Zubiri" title="Xavier Zubiri">Zubiri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_is_a_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism is a Sin">Liberalism is a Sin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dehumanization_of_Art_and_Other_Essays_on_Art,_Culture,_and_Literature" title="The Dehumanization of Art and Other Essays on Art, Culture, and Literature">The Dehumanization of Art</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_State" title="The New State">The New State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Abascal" title="Santiago Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso" title="Isabel Díaz Ayuso">Ayuso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Aznar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casado" title="Pablo Casado">Casado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Cosid%C3%B3" title="Ignacio Cosidó">Cosidó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fal_Conde" title="Manuel Fal Conde">Fal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Miranda" title="Torcuato Fernández-Miranda">Fernández-Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fraga" title="Manuel Fraga">Fraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gambra_Ciudad" title="Rafael Gambra Ciudad">Gambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones">Gil-Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Gir%C3%B3n" title="José Antonio Girón">Girón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Goicoechea" title="Antonio Goicoechea">Goicoechea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Zamanillo_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino">González-Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marhuenda" title="Francisco Marhuenda">Marhuenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maura" title="Antonio Maura">Maura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P%C3%A9rez_(Spanish_politician)" title="David Pérez (Spanish politician)">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_Pi%C3%B1ar" title="Blas Piñar">Piñar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Pradera_Larumbe" title="Víctor Pradera Larumbe">Pradera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rajoy" title="Mariano Rajoy">Rajoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Tomás Domínguez Arévalo">Rodezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ruiz-Jarabo" title="Francisco Ruiz-Jarabo">Ruiz-Jarabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana González-Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_El%C3%ADas_de_Tejada_y_Sp%C3%ADnola" title="Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola">de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tejero" title="Antonio Tejero">Tejero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Utrera_Molina" title="José Utrera Molina">Utrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Valiente_Soriano" title="José María Valiente Soriano">Valiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Vázquez de Mella</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aznar_Zubigaray" title="Manuel Aznar Zubigaray">Aznar Zubigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco (Carmen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Jim%C3%A9nez_Losantos" title="Federico Jiménez Losantos">Losantos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marhuenda" title="Francisco Marhuenda">Marhuenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_d%27Ors" title="Eugenio d'Ors">d'Ors (Eugenio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_People%27s_Union" title="Navarrese People's Union">Navarrese People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Catholic_Movement" title="Spanish Catholic Movement">Spanish Catholic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Spain)" title="Conservative Party (Spain)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Union of Catalonia">Democratic Union of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Right" title="Liberal Republican Right">Liberal Republican Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Spain)" title="Patriotic Union (Spain)">Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_(Spain)" title="People's Alliance (Spain)">People's Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Action_(Spain)" title="Popular Action (Spain)">Popular Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalist_League_of_Catalonia" title="Regionalist League of Catalonia">Regionalist League of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renovation" title="Spanish Renovation">Spanish Renovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Communion" title="Traditionalist Communion">Traditionalist Communion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CitizenGo" class="mw-redirect" title="CitizenGo">CitizenGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAES" title="FAES">FAES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Forum" title="Madrid Forum">Madrid Forum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">Movimiento Nacional</a></i> (factions)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Requet%C3%A9" title="Requeté">Requeté</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89poca_(Spanish_magazine)" title="Época (Spanish magazine)">Época</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldo_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Heraldo de Aragón">Heraldo de Aragón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Raz%C3%B3n_(Madrid)" title="La Razón (Madrid)">La Razón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revista_Contempor%C3%A1nea" title="Revista Contemporánea">Revista Contemporánea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revista_de_Occidente" title="Revista de Occidente">Revista de Occidente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telva" title="Telva">Telva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trece_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="Trece (Spanish TV channel)">Trece</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime#Spain" title="Immigration and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Sociological Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Spanish irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Template:Conservatism in Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberalismo_es_pecado.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Liberalismo_es_pecado.JPG/170px-Liberalismo_es_pecado.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Liberalismo_es_pecado.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_Is_a_Sin" title="Liberalism Is a Sin">Liberalism Is a Sin</a></i>, 1887</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Integrism</b> was a Spanish political philosophy of the late 19th and early 20th century. Rooted in <a href="/wiki/Ultraconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraconservative">ultraconservative</a> Catholic groupings like <a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neo-Catholics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlists">Carlists</a>, the Integrists represented the most right-wing formation of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a> political spectrum. Their vision discarded <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> and embraced a state constructed along strictly Catholic lines. </p><p>The Integrists opposed <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> and the parliamentarian system, advocating an <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidentalismo" class="extiw" title="es:Accidentalismo">accidentalist</a> organic regime. Led first by <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">Ramón Nocedal Romea</a> and then by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Olaz%C3%A1bal_Ramery" title="Juan Olazábal Ramery">Juan Olazábal Ramery</a> they were active as a political structure named Partido Católico Nacional (also known as Partido Integrista), but the group retained influence mostly thanks to an array of periodicals, headed by the Madrid-based <i><a href="/wiki/El_Siglo_Futuro" title="El Siglo Futuro">El Siglo Futuro</a></i>. Though Integrism enjoyed some momentum when it formally emerged in the late 1880s, it was soon reduced to a third-rate political force and eventually amalgamated within Carlism in the early 1930s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s,_por_Federico_Madrazo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_por_Federico_Madrazo.jpg/160px-Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_por_Federico_Madrazo.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_por_Federico_Madrazo.jpg/240px-Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_por_Federico_Madrazo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_por_Federico_Madrazo.jpg/320px-Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_por_Federico_Madrazo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Juan Donoso Cortés</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The role of religion and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> has been a point of heated political debate in Spain since the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a>, with waves of <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> and de-secularization following each other as the country was undergoing a half-century long, turbulent period of political instability.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During declining years of the <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabelline monarchy</a> of the 1860s different breeds of Liberalism sought to curtail the position of the Church still further.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were most vehemently opposed by two political groupings, both considered Integrist predecessors. </p><p>The so-called <a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">neocatólicos</a> was an intellectual movement initiated during the early Isabelline years;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its founding fathers, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Juan Donoso Cortés</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a>, tried to accommodate orthodox Catholicism within a framework of the liberal monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With leaders like <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Aparisi_Guijarro" title="Antonio Aparisi Guijarro">Antonio Aparisi</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ndido_Nocedal" class="extiw" title="es:Cándido Nocedal">Cándido Nocedal</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Navarro_Villoslada" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Navarro Villoslada">Francisco Navarro Villoslada</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabino_Tejado_y_Rodr%C3%ADguez" class="extiw" title="es:Gabino Tejado y Rodríguez">Gabino Tejado</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Vinader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Vinader (page does not exist)">Ramón Vinader</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 1860s the neos strove to save the crumbling rule of Isabel II by building a grand, ultraconservative Catholic party.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their project crashed during the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1868; in the early 1870s they concluded that the Liberal sway can no longer be confronted by constitutional monarchy and that a more radical response is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carlism emerged as an ultraconservative, anti-liberal and fanatically Catholic opposition to the Isabelline monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocating the dynastic claim of <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">another Borbón branch</a>, the Carlists, nominally led by successive claimants, repeatedly attempted to overthrow Isabel II by means of <a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">military insurgence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the neos, from the onset they refused to accept the rules of constitutional monarchy and advocated the regime of a pre-modern kingdom. The Carlist ideology, though also very much centered on religion, was not exclusively focused on it; their ideario also comprised the defense of <a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">traditional regional establishments</a> and dynastic claims.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While neos remained mostly a group of urban intellectuals, Carlism was powered by popular rural Catholicism, which dominated some regions of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrism_nascent,_1870–1888"><span id="Integrism_nascent.2C_1870.E2.80.931888"></span>Integrism nascent, 1870–1888</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Integrism nascent, 1870–1888"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The revolution of 1868, the brief rule of <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I</a>, the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a> and especially another wave of militantly secular Liberalism drew the neocatólicos and the Carlists together.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1870 the neos, led by Antonio Aparisi Guijarro, began to join Carlist political structures and abandoned a separate political project of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 1876 legitimist defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Carlist_War" title="Third Carlist War">Third Carlist War</a>, with many traditional Carlist leaders being exiled or forced into seclusion,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the former Neo-Catholics, usually not compromised by military action, who gradually started to emerge as leading pundits of semi-legal Carlism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabecilla_1884.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cabecilla_1884.JPG/160px-Cabecilla_1884.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cabecilla_1884.JPG/240px-Cabecilla_1884.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cabecilla_1884.JPG/320px-Cabecilla_1884.JPG 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption><i>guerra periodística</i> - contemporary cartoon</figcaption></figure> <p>After death of Aparisi leadership of the group was assumed by Cándido Nocedal, already during the war the key Carlist representative on the Republic-controlled territory. As early as 1875 he set up the Madrid-based <i>El Siglo Futuro</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which soon turned into a combative press tribune, formatted as the semi-veiled Carlism-leaning orthodox Catholic daily.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Carlism, Nocedal represented the trend known as inmovilismo or retraimiento,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pursuing abstention in official political life and trying to mobilize support along purely Catholic lines, like the massive 1876 pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prevailing over the competitive group known as aperturistas, in 1879 Nocedal was officially nominated the <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Duke of Madrid">claimant's</a> political representative and firmly focused Carlist activities on religious issues.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition to <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Pidal_y_Mon" class="extiw" title="es:Alejandro Pidal y Mon">Pidalistas</a>, the Traditionalists who – guided by the principle of Catholic unity – accepted the Restoration project in the early 1880s helped to format the Nocedalistas as religious intransigents;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was to be reflected in another pilgrimage, planned for 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The course adopted by Nocedal and <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">his son Ramón</a> generated opposition within Carlism; many of its bigwigs<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> grew anxious not only about Nocedals’ decisive leadership style<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also because the movement had stalled in what they perceived was an ineffective intransigence and an apparent marginalization of other, traditional Carlist ideological threads.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict soon evolved into a bitter guerra periodistica,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually fought on religious grounds; titles supporting both factions claimed to have represented the genuine faith against the arbitrary usurpation of their opponents. The fray took a new turn when Cándido Nocedal died in 1885 and Ramón was not nominated his successor;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the years leading to 1888 are marked by internal strife, decomposition and growing paralysis of Carlism.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1888_breakup">1888 breakup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1888 breakup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1888 the usual skirmishes between Carlist newspapers suddenly exploded<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the prestige of the claimant got involved.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Nocedal refused to budge, in August, <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Carlos VII</a> expelled him from Carlism.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nocedal and his followers left to build their own political formation, soon to be known as Integrism. Though according to the traditional judgment the 1888 breakup resulted chiefly from Nocedal's overgrown ambitions or at best from the <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Clash of personalities">clash of personalities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> today most scholars agree that ideological conflict constituted an important if not a vital component of the secession.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most students of the subject place religion at the core of the conflict, though it can also be viewed from different perspectives. Some present the friction as growing competition between two visions of Carlism, pointing that while Nocedal clearly aimed at formatting the movement along religious lines and at reducing monarchical, dynastical and fuerista threads to secondary roles, Carlos VII intended to keep balance between all components of Traditionalist ideario.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In partisan versions, both parties claimed that they represented genuine Traditionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Duke_of_Madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carlos_Duke_of_Madrid.jpg/160px-Carlos_Duke_of_Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carlos_Duke_of_Madrid.jpg/240px-Carlos_Duke_of_Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carlos_Duke_of_Madrid.jpg/320px-Carlos_Duke_of_Madrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Carlos VII</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another theory seeks clarification in externalization of the Spanish case; instead of pointing to the unique Spanish character of Carlism, it highlights general European patterns of change. With <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">ultramontanism</a> gaining the upper hand over more conciliatory political incarnations of Catholicism after the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>, and with the new approach made popular in the neighboring France by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Veuillot" title="Louis Veuillot">Louis Veuillot</a>, the 1888 schism was nothing but a local Spanish manifestation of the trend. Defining the nascent Integrism as religious particularism striving for hegemony, this theory enjoys rather limited popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet another approach defines both parties not as competing trends within Carlism, but as entirely separate political groupings which between 1870 and 1888 remained in a temporary, shaky alliance. According to this analysis, the religion-focused group has always been clearly distinct from Carlism.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a partisan version, reactionary Traditionalists infiltrated into popular and pre-socialist Carlism, which managed to shake the intruders off.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the above perspectives set the stage for different interpretations of what Integrism was and how its role should be perceived. Depending on the perspective which was adopted, it can be viewed either as an offshoot branch of Carlism or as a late 19th-century incarnation of ultraconservative Spanish Catholicism or as a Spanish manifestation of a wider European phenomenon known as ultramontanism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nocedal's_lead,_1889–1907"><span id="Nocedal.27s_lead.2C_1889.E2.80.931907"></span>Nocedal's lead, 1889–1907</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nocedal's lead, 1889–1907"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramon_Nocedal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ramon_Nocedal.JPG/160px-Ramon_Nocedal.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ramon_Nocedal.JPG/240px-Ramon_Nocedal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ramon_Nocedal.JPG/320px-Ramon_Nocedal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">Ramón Nocedal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The nocedalista breakup did not make a huge impact among the Carlist rank-and-file, who mostly remained loyal to Carlos VII.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of the secessionists were counted among the top intellectuals; they were also overrepresented across the editorial boards, which resulted in an impressive array of periodicals joining the nocedalistas; in <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Basque_Country_(in_Spanish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of the Basque Country (in Spanish)">Vascongadas</a> all Carlist titles left the claimant.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exiled dissidents decided to build a new organization, initially to be named Partido Tradicionalista;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in early 1889 it materialized as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partido_Integrista_Espa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partido Integrista Español (page does not exist)">Partido Integrista Español</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though in August 1889 the party renamed itself to Partido Católico Nacional,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the group was usually referred to – and also self-referred to – as Integristas. Each Spanish region was led by a junta, with their work coordinated by Junta Central.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893 the collegial executive was dissolved and replaced by the individual leadership of Nocedal, which clearly demonstrated his personal grip on Integrism.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the dynamics of the movement was powered mostly by mutual and extremely bitter hostility towards Carlists; occasionally the enmity even erupted into violence.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880s adamant not to take part in the Restauración political system, in the 1890s the Íntegros approached elections mostly as a battlefield against Carlism, and they occasionally formed electoral alliances, even with their arch-enemies, the Liberals, if doing so would produce a Carlist defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mutual relationship between the two groups started to change at the turn of the twentieth century, when local Integrist and Carlist juntas began to conclude provincial electoral deals;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the early 20th century it was not uncommon for candidates of both parties to get elected thanks to mutual support.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArturoCampi%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ArturoCampi%C3%B3n.jpg/160px-ArturoCampi%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ArturoCampi%C3%B3n.jpg/240px-ArturoCampi%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/ArturoCampi%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Campi%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:Arturo Campión">Arturo Campión</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During Nocedal's leadership the Integrists were typically gaining 2 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a> (1891, 1893, 1903, 1905),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there were campaigns with no mandates won (1896, 1899) and a very successful campaign in 1901, when they conquered 3 mandates.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Integrism was intended as a nationwide political movement, it soon turned out that the party enjoyed material support only in the crescent ranging from <a href="/wiki/Old_Castile" title="Old Castile">Old Castile</a> to Vascongadas, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. Its national stronghold turned out to be the province of <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Guipúzcoa</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially in the district of <a href="/wiki/Azpeitia" title="Azpeitia">Azpeitia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became sort of the Integrists' political fiefdom.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Integrism failed to materialize as a strong national party. Led by Nocedal, mainstream Integrists clung to their intransigence; refusing to reconsider the project, they thought it their moral duty to represent orthodox Christian values and confront Liberalism against all odds.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other members of the party were not so principled; because they failed to dominate the movement,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was plagued by successive defections. As early as 1893 <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Orti_y_Lara" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Manuel Orti y Lara">Juan Orti y Lara</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marqu%C3%A9s_de_Acillona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marqués de Acillona (page does not exist)">marqués de Acillona</a> advocated reformatting the party as a looser Catholic alliance; once their proposal was rejected, they left.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterwards Nocedal expulsed the group supporting <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Campi%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:Arturo Campión">Arturo Campión</a>, another strong personality temporarily associated with Integrism.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1890s Integrism suffered in its stronghold, Guipúzcoa, with dissenters taking with them the provincial <i>El Fuerista</i> daily.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899 the movement was rocked by a “<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segismundo_Pey_Ordeix" class="extiw" title="es:Segismundo Pey Ordeix">Pey i Ordeix</a>” affair and expulsion of a Jesuit priest.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olazábal's_lead,_1907–1932"><span id="Olaz.C3.A1bal.27s_lead.2C_1907.E2.80.931932"></span>Olazábal's lead, 1907–1932</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Olazábal's lead, 1907–1932"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Olazabal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Juan_Olazabal.JPG/160px-Juan_Olazabal.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Juan_Olazabal.JPG/240px-Juan_Olazabal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Juan_Olazabal.JPG/320px-Juan_Olazabal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Olaz%C3%A1bal_Ramery" title="Juan Olazábal Ramery">Juan Olazábal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some contemporaries concluded that Integrism died together with Nocedal,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the opinion which reflected his immense personal influence on the party but which underestimated the mobilizing potential of ultraconservative, militant Spanish Catholicism. The party leadership was assumed by a triumvirate,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presided by Juan Olazábal Ramery. In 1909 he was elected the official jefe<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and steered faithful to the Nocedal's line, though his leadership style was somewhat different. Deprived of Nocedal's charisma, Olazábal resided in the provincial <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>, away from great national politics. He did not compete for the Cortes and it was the minority parliamentarian speaker, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Senante_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Senante Martinez">Manuel Senante</a>, acting as the party representative in Madrid. He also left Senante to manage <i>El Siglo Futuro</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focusing on his <i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Constancia_(1897-1936)" class="extiw" title="es:La Constancia (1897-1936)">La Constancia</a></i> and local Guipuzcoan issues. Finally, during political negotiations with other parties, at times he authorized the others to represent Partido Católico Nacional.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite gradually shrinking social base<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continuously losing strength<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1910–1914 Integrism seemed reinvigorated, as a new breed of young Guipuzcoan activists launched its youth branch, Juventud Integrista<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the party stimulated emergence of its Catholic trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement, however, eventually did not evolve along new lines of popular mobilization and remained in its traditional formula. Though under Olazábal's guidance it initially kept winning 2 mandates in each campaign (1907, 1910, 1914),<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later it was reduced to a single deputy, always elected in the infallible Azpeitia (1916, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1923).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Íntegros welcomed the fall of what they perceived a rotten Liberal monarchy, but they soon lost any illusion that <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a> would lead Spain into a new Traditionalist regime. Partido Católico Nacional was forcibly dissolved and its leaders refused to take part in official primoderiverista structures. Following another wave of defections,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during <i><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda_of_D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer">Dictablanda</a></i> Integrism re-emerged as Comunión Tradicionalista-Integrista.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It maintained local branches in almost all Spanish provinces<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even recorded sort of revival in some;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during last voting campaign of the monarchy, the local elections of April 1931, the Integrists won some seats in the Vasco-Navarrese area and few in Catalonia and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partido_Integrista_de_Mallorca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Partido_Integrista_de_Mallorca.png/220px-Partido_Integrista_de_Mallorca.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Partido_Integrista_de_Mallorca.png/330px-Partido_Integrista_de_Mallorca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Partido_Integrista_de_Mallorca.png/440px-Partido_Integrista_de_Mallorca.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Integrists from <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>, 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>In case of the orthodox conservative Catholics the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> in 1931 revealed the same political patterns as those which surfaced during the Glorious Revolution and the years of 1868–1870.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Militantly secular revolutionary sway drew different ultra-Right counter-revolutionary groupings together, with their differences swept away. During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1931">1931 elections to Cortes Constituyentes</a> the Integrists concluded a number of local right-wing alliances, which produced 3 mandates for candidates associated with Integrism.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the row between Integrists and various Christian-democratic groupings was already too wide, eventually the former – just like neocatólicos 62 years earlier – neared Carlism. Attracted by its similarly anti-modern, traditional and fanatical religiosity, the Íntegros decided to forget their accidentalism and in early 1932, still led by Olazábal, they joined a united Carlist organization, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuni%C3%B3n_Tradicionalista" class="extiw" title="es:Comunión Tradicionalista">Comunión Tradicionalista</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_1932">After 1932</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After 1932"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-11543,_Madrid,_Ausrufung_der_Zweiten_Spanischen_Republik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-11543%2C_Madrid%2C_Ausrufung_der_Zweiten_Spanischen_Republik.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-11543%2C_Madrid%2C_Ausrufung_der_Zweiten_Spanischen_Republik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-11543%2C_Madrid%2C_Ausrufung_der_Zweiten_Spanischen_Republik.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-11543%2C_Madrid%2C_Ausrufung_der_Zweiten_Spanischen_Republik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-11543%2C_Madrid%2C_Ausrufung_der_Zweiten_Spanischen_Republik.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-11543%2C_Madrid%2C_Ausrufung_der_Zweiten_Spanischen_Republik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Republic declared, 1931</figcaption></figure> <p>Though in 1932 Integrism ceased to exist as a separate political organization, former Integrists remained politically active. After 1934 they were indeed overrepresented in the Carlist executive: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fal_Conde" title="Manuel Fal Conde">Manuel Fal Conde</a> became the political leader of Carlism, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Zamanillo_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino">José Luis Zamanillo</a> assumed jefatura of its most dynamic, paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Requet%C3%A9" title="Requeté">Requeté</a> section, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac_y_Colina" title="José María Lamamié de Clairac y Colina">José Lamamie de Clairac</a> grew to head of the secretariat, Manuel Senante remained editor-in-chief of <i>El Siglo Futuro</i>, now a semi-official Carlist daily, <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Tejera_de_Quesada" title="Domingo Tejera de Quesada">Domingo Tejera</a> went on to run an important Integrist Andalusian daily <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Uni%C3%B3n_(Carlist_daily)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Unión (Carlist daily) (page does not exist)">La Unión</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a few former Integrists<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entered Council of Culture, a body entrusted with dissemination of Carlist ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the new claimant, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Don Alfonso Carlos</a>, known for his pro-Integrist sympathies,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the former Jaimistas – especially the Navarrese – started to grumble about perceived Integrist domination within Carlism. However, unlike the neocatólicos in the 1870s, the former Íntegros did not pursue a political course on their own and amalgamated well in the overall anti-Republican Carlist strategy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> divided Carlism along different lines, but the Integrist-Carlist divisions did not get reproduced as a pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, it remains striking that former Íntegros turned out to be the most loyal Carlists who sided with the intransigent branch standing by the regent, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Xavier_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma">Don Javier</a>. They were underrepresented among those who sought compromise with Francoism or those who sided with competitive claimants, like <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Borbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Borbon">Don Juan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Pius_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Don Carlos Pio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most remained skeptical about the emerging Francoist regime, and some like <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Est%C3%A9vanez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Francisco Estévanez Rodríguez">Francisco Estévanez Rodríguez</a> lambasted it as neo-pagan <i>nueva Babilonia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former Integrist, Manuel Fal Conde, kept leading mainstream Carlism until 1955, when he withdrew from politics.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last former Integrist active in the Carlist executive was José Luis Zamanillo, who until the early 1970s opposed the progressist trends within Carlism.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his bid to confront the <a href="/wiki/Carlist_Party_(1970)" title="Carlist Party (1970)">Partido Carlista</a> sponsored socialism,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">transición years</a> he was joined by a mid-age generation of Carlist Traditionalist theorists associated with the review <i>Verbo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though <a href="/wiki/Francisco_El%C3%ADas_de_Tejada_y_Sp%C3%ADnola" title="Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola">Francisco Elías de Tejada</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gambra_Ciudad" title="Rafael Gambra Ciudad">Rafael Gambra</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> admitted allegiance to Vazquez de Mella rather than to Nocedal and Olazábal, their fundamentalist vision of religion in public life resembled the Integrist philosophy very much. Also some ultraorthodox dissenting Carlists like <a href="/wiki/Maurici_de_Sivatte_i_de_Bobadilla" title="Maurici de Sivatte i de Bobadilla">Maurici de Sivatte</a> were labelled "integristas" or "carlo-integristas".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program">Program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TGHH.18.91.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/TGHH.18.91.JPG/160px-TGHH.18.91.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/TGHH.18.91.JPG/240px-TGHH.18.91.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/TGHH.18.91.JPG/320px-TGHH.18.91.JPG 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany" title="Félix Sardà y Salvany">Félix Sardà y Salvany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There was no work which served as official or semi-official lecture of the Integrist doctrine; its theoretical body was laid out mostly in press articles,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the so-called <i>Manifestación de Burgos</i><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most frequently cited piece.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closest thing to an ideological manual was <i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_liberalismo_es_pecado" class="extiw" title="es:El liberalismo es pecado">El liberalismo es pecado</a></i>, a little book published in 1884 by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany" title="Félix Sardà y Salvany">Félix Sardà y Salvany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an exposition of papal teachings on Liberalism, but presented in most absolute and intransigent form. Sardá argued that since Liberalism was a sinful heresy, every Catholic was obliged to fight it; “one is not integrally Catholic unless he is integrally anti-Liberal”.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book immediately defined the group as militantly anti-Liberal movement seeking to re-introduce unity between religious and political goals. </p><p>The mediaeval Spain usually served as an inspiration;<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integrism did not seek a blind transferral of past institutions, but rather an infusion of their spirit into modern structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Schumacher_1962,_p._344_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumacher_1962,_p._344-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party rejected Liberal constitutional monarchy and despotic absolutism alike; its ideal envisioned a king which would rule and govern,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his powers executed along and limited by the Catholic principles, as well as by traditional liberties of the social bodies making up the country.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very person of the king, however, posed a problem. Since there was no candidate and even no dynasty they supported, the Integrist monarch was increasingly turning into a theoretical being,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the movement gradually embracing monarchy without a king.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century the Integrists became even more ambiguous and some of them adopted accidentalism, prepared to accept a republican project.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESF_18920201.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ESF_18920201.JPG/160px-ESF_18920201.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ESF_18920201.JPG/240px-ESF_18920201.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ESF_18920201.JPG/320px-ESF_18920201.JPG 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/El_Siglo_Futuro" title="El Siglo Futuro">El Siglo Futuro</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of political representation the Integrists favored <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">organicism</a>; it envisioned a society as an organism composed of traditionally established components, like families, municipalities, provinces, institutions or professional corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representation was to be exercised and channeled within and in-between these bodies, as opposed to representation exercised by means of popular elections; the latter, based on the Liberal preference for individuals, served only further atomization of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Íntegros considered parliamentarian system incompatible with genuine representation,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this led some scholars to conclude that they opposed universal suffrage as not democratic enough.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state itself was envisioned as a very general framework encompassing its heterogeneous components; its powers were supposed to be rather limited and necessitated only by basic practical requirements. At some point this highly regionalist vision<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attracted activists with pro-<a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> leaning.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Íntegros refused to recognize the social issue as such and approached it as part of the religious question.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Class conflict or poverty were unavoidable results of Liberalism and could have been addressed only by rigorous application of Christian principles, exercised within the framework of organicist institutions. <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a>, though viewed as ultimate apocalyptic barbarism, was considered heir to Liberalism (and its branches, Jewry and freemasonry)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence lesser evil between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars claim that social question distinguished Integrists from Carlists, lambasted for their <i>Manifiesto de Morentin</i>; as it contained vague references to possible future adjustment of Traditionalist doctrine, the Integrists named it treason and deviation from principles.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars dismiss the Morentin issue as an ex-post invented justification for the secession.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinar%C3%A9_en_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Reinar%C3%A9_en_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/160px-Reinar%C3%A9_en_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Reinar%C3%A9_en_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/240px-Reinar%C3%A9_en_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Reinar%C3%A9_en_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/320px-Reinar%C3%A9_en_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><i>Rule over Spain</i>, Navarrese rural house entrance emblem</figcaption></figure> <p>During its nascent period Integrism retained a certain degree of moderation; it was only after Aparisi's death that its position began to harden considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-Schumacher_1962,_p._344_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumacher_1962,_p._344-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, as Integrism failed to materialize as first-rate political force and gradually formatted itself as a party of protest, politically located at the sidelines of the system, in the practical order its cause became hopeless. This resulted – apart from successive waves of defections – in growing inexorability, as the party could have easily afforded the luxury of intransigence. Some scholars note that its program gradually evolved towards <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, with more focus on “the reign of Jesus Christ” than on practical considerations of daily politics.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Integrist propaganda at times revealed a <a href="/wiki/Millenarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Millenarian">millenarian</a> tone, claiming that the day of reckoning<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is necessary before a genuine Catholic Spain would be reborn.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of the Integrist political philosophy is based on theoretical works; how it would have translated into praxis remains nothing but a speculation. Electoral campaigns provide evidence that practical considerations had some moderating effect on the Integrist outlook, as local juntas not infrequently closed deals even with parties at the other end of political spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are almost no studies which focus on municipalities governed by the Íntegros.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single and not necessarily representative cases of Integrist politicians holding positions of power suggest that they were very down-to-earth administrators; Juan Olazábal as member of the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diputaci%C3%B3n_Foral_de_Guip%C3%BAzcoa" class="extiw" title="es:Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa">Gipuzkoan Diputación Provincial</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dedicated himself to issues like maintaining regional cattle breeds, developing local agricultural education and supervising veterinary services;<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is praised for promoting experts against dogmatic politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrism_and_the_Church">Integrism and the Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Integrism and the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PapaleoXIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PapaleoXIII.jpg/160px-PapaleoXIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PapaleoXIII.jpg/240px-PapaleoXIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PapaleoXIII.jpg/320px-PapaleoXIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Though the Integrists strove to be most loyal sons of the Church, their relations with the hierarchy remained thorny from the very beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Traditionalists led by Pidal accepted the Conservatives’ Restauración project as a “hypothesis” and assumed that party politics should not stand in the way of Catholic unity, this line received the Rome's blessing in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Future Integrists vehemently opposed the Pidalists and advanced their own interpretation of papal teaching, claiming that those who embraced the Liberal principle of religious tolerance excluded themselves from the Church and did not merit the benefit of moderation.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, once the Vatican realized the politically charged nature of the planned 1882 pilgrimage, <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> withdrew his blessing and the project had to be abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gap between two Catholic strategies became evident and occasionally led to violence, like in Seville in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conciliatory position of the Holy See during a mid-1880s crisis versus the <a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Cánovas</a> government alienated the belligerent Íntegros further on; with Ramón Nocedal explaining in public what rights the bishops were entitled to exercise and <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Mateos_Gago_Fern%C3%A1ndez" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Mateos Gago Fernández">Francisco Mateos Gago</a> accusing them of laicism,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the conflict soon involved papal nuncio.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <i>Liberalismo es pecado</i> was initially approved by the papal Congregation of the Index the Íntegros declared their triumph; at this point Vatican backtracked and noted that while doctrinally correct, the work was not necessarily valid as political guidance, a reservation which undermined the key message of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the conflicts kept mushrooming over many issues, as evidenced by the Fuerista controversy in the early 1890s,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the bottom line was that the Church was careful to stay on good terms with all governments, while Integrism was assuming an increasingly anti-establishment format. </p><p>The Integrist doctrine has divided the Spanish priesthood. While most hierarchs supported the idea of Catholic unity as a catchword for conciliatory approach towards the Restoration regime,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intransigence was rife amongst the lower clergy<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some scholars, with incidents of bishops closing the seminaries and dismissing professors and seminarians alike.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only few nationally recognizable personalities of the Church, like Sardá y Salvany or <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Roca_y_Ponsa" title="José Roca y Ponsa">José Roca y Ponsa</a> openly sympathised with the Integrists. Most Spanish religious orders demonstrated at least a grade of sympathy;<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite growing controversies, the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> backed Integrism openly.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1892 onwards<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the order started – initially erratically – to scale down their support. The final blow came in 1905, when Compañía de Jesus embraced the lesser evil principle.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter_Catolicos_Hispaniae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inter Catolicos Hispaniae (page does not exist)">Inter Catolicos Hispaniae</a></i> (1906) gave papal approval to the Jesuit line<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and left Nocedal personally shattered.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olazábal turned on the Jesuits when waging war against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonzalo_Coloma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonzalo Coloma (page does not exist)">Gonzalo Coloma</a>, the campaign which lasted until 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Segura.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cardinal_Segura.JPG/160px-Cardinal_Segura.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cardinal_Segura.JPG/240px-Cardinal_Segura.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cardinal_Segura.JPG/320px-Cardinal_Segura.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="3154" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Segura_y_S%C3%A1enz" title="Pedro Segura y Sáenz">Primate Segura</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1900 the Spanish hierarchy started to abandon their traditional strategy of influencing key individuals within the liberal monarchy<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began to switch to mass mobilization, carried by means of broad<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> popular structures and party politics.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Integrists, as usual reluctant to be one of many Catholic parties,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despised the semi-democratic format of policy-making<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refused to accept <a href="/wiki/Lesser_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser evil">malmenorismo</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result, in the 1910s and 1920s Partido Católico Nacional was dramatically outpaced by new breed of modern Christian-democratic organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919 Integrists commenced war against a new trend, the emerging social-Catholicism, targeting syndical thought of <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximiliano_Arboleya" class="extiw" title="es:Maximiliano Arboleya">Arboleya</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gafo" class="extiw" title="es:José Gafo">Gafo</a><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_L%C3%B3pez-D%C3%B3riga" class="extiw" title="es:Luis López-Dóriga">López-Dóriga</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the conflict continued until the late 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official position of the hierarchy changed slightly in favor of Integrism in 1927, once <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Segura_y_S%C3%A1enz" title="Pedro Segura y Sáenz">Pedro Segura</a> became the Primate.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His voice on Christian syndicalism and his vision of integral re-Christianization resembled a typical Integrist concept rather than accidentalist and possibilist strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cordial relations between Segura and some Integrists, especially Senante, continued until the late 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambista_de_Belchite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ambista_de_Belchite.jpg/220px-Ambista_de_Belchite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ambista_de_Belchite.jpg/330px-Ambista_de_Belchite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ambista_de_Belchite.jpg/440px-Ambista_de_Belchite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4482" data-file-height="3043" /></a><figcaption>old <a href="/wiki/Belchite" title="Belchite">Belchite</a></figcaption></figure> <p>No matter whether Spanish Integrism is categorized as an offshoot branch of Carlism,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a phase in history of Spanish militant political Catholicism<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or local manifestation of European ultramontanism,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is usually firmly classified as antidemocratic reactionary trend which ventured to prevent modernization of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some exceptions, though; few scholars underline that the Integrists confronted the corrupted Restoration system by advancing democratic claims.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its actual impact on history of the country remains disputed. Some scholars claim that Integrism constituted a marginal phenomenon, anachronistic already when it emerged; though it was testimonial to some debates within Spanish Catholicism, it soon disappeared on the ash heap of history.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some students claim that the Integrist intransigence and their insistence on the annihilation of the opposition hardened ideological divisions, fuelled aggressive political militancy and contributed to sectarian politics of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite vehemently anti-Francoist stand of key former Integrists,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are authors who maintain that Integrism enjoyed its triumph in the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they point out that the regime was founded on national re-Christianisation concept of "reconquista" and "cruzada", <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalcatolicismo" class="extiw" title="es:Nacionalcatolicismo">nacionalcatolicismo</a> gained upper hand over syndicalist falangism<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1953 concordat was “reproducción de ideal integrista”.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Integrist role in history of the Church is also subject to different and indeed contradictory conclusions. Some scholars see Integrismo as a product of wider Catholic trend that emerged in Europe in the 1870s, in the aftermath of the First Vatican Council.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other students claim exactly the opposite, namely that it was the Spanish Integrism which assumed a universal shape as an anti-modernist campaign, promoted by <a href="/wiki/Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius X">Pius X</a> in the 1900s; most of the measures adopted by the pope<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allegedly stemmed from the Integrist proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official Catholic historiography presents Integrism in rather ambivalent terms. The movement is credited for confronting excess Liberalism and for revindicating autonomy of the lay, but criticized for merging religion and politics, arrogant intransigence and dividing the Catholics. On the overall basis the Spanish Integrism is described as counter-productive, weakening rather than strengthening the Spanish Church.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When viewed as part of a wider phenomenon Integrism is usually approached as tantamount to fundamentalism or fanaticism;<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the name is sometimes applied as abuse or insult, also by the progressive Roman Catholic theorists.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSCF4998-lg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DSCF4998-lg.JPG/220px-DSCF4998-lg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DSCF4998-lg.JPG/330px-DSCF4998-lg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DSCF4998-lg.JPG/440px-DSCF4998-lg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption><i>Christ saves the world</i>, <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">S. Salvador</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrism">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3lico" class="extiw" title="es:Neocatólico">Neocatólicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Cat%C3%B3lico_Nacional" class="extiw" title="es:Partido Católico Nacional">Partido Católico Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Carlism_(Restoration)" title="Electoral Carlism (Restoration)">Electoral Carlism (Restoration)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Siglo_Futuro" title="El Siglo Futuro">El Siglo Futuro</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Constancia_(1867-1868)" class="extiw" title="es:La Constancia (1867-1868)"><i>La Constancia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">Ramón Nocedal Romea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Olaz%C3%A1bal_Ramery" title="Juan Olazábal Ramery">Juan Olazábal Ramery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Senante_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Senante Martinez">Manuel Senante Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_Marco" title="José Sánchez Marco">José Sánchez Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany" title="Félix Sardà y Salvany">Félix Sardà y Salvany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for an overview see Stanley G. Payne, <i>Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview</i>, Madison 1984, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299098044" title="Special:BookSources/0299098044">0299098044</a>, 9780299098049, especially the chapter <i>The Challenge of Liberalism</i>, pp. 71-96; detailed discussion in Charles Patrick Foley, <i>The Catholic-liberal struggle and the Church in Spain, 1834-76</i> [PhD thesis], University of New Mexico 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne 1984, pp. 93-96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Begoña Urigüen, <i>Orígenes y evolución de la derecha española: el neo-catolicismo</i>, Madrid 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8400061578" title="Special:BookSources/8400061578">8400061578</a>, 978840006157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urigüen 1986, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Luis Orella Martínez, <i>El origen del primer catolicismo social español</i> [PhD thesis at Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Madrid 2012, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urigüen 1986, p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urigüen 1986, p. 285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">there is massive historiography on Carlism. For an iconic sample of a synthesis presenting an orthodox Carlist viewpoint see Román Oyarzun Oyarzun, <i>Historia del carlismo</i>, Madrid 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8497614488" title="Special:BookSources/8497614488">8497614488</a>, 9788497614481; the period up to the 1860s is treated on pages 5-282. For two samples of scholarly synthesis (pursuing opposite views of Carlism and both highly criticised) see José Carlos Clemente, <i>El Carlismo: historia de una disidencia social (1833–1976)</i>, Madrid 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8434410923" title="Special:BookSources/8434410923">8434410923</a>, 9788434410923 and Jordi Canal i Morell, <i>El carlismo: dos siglos de contrarrevolución en España</i>, Madrid 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8420639478" title="Special:BookSources/8420639478">8420639478</a>, 9788420639475</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for the historiography of the Carlist wars see María Cruz Rubio Liniers, María Talavera Díaz, <i>Bibliografías de Historia de España</i>, vol. 13: <i>El carlismo</i>, Madrid 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8400090136" title="Special:BookSources/8400090136">8400090136</a>, 9788400090135; for the First Carlist War see pp. 130-152, for the Second Carlist War see pp. 152-154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">works on Carlist ideology and the Church are listed in Rubio Liniers, Talavera Díaz 2012, pp. 93-98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for a bibliography on the social basis of Carlism see Rubio Liniers, Talavera Díaz 2012, pp. 100-112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urigüen 1986, p. 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John N. Schumacher, <i>Integrism. A Study in XIXth Century Spanish politico-religious Thought</i>, [in:] <i>Catholic Historical Review</i>, 48/3 (1962), p. 344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">estimates of the number of exiled range from 12,500 to 20,000, see Jordi Canal i Morell, <i>Banderas blancas, boinas rojas: una historia política del carlismo, 1876–1939</i>, Madrid 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8496467341" title="Special:BookSources/8496467341">8496467341</a>, 9788496467347, p. 64, Javier Real Cuesta, <i>El Carlismo Vasco 1876–1900</i>, Madrid 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8432305103" title="Special:BookSources/8432305103">8432305103</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agustín Fernández Escudero, <i>El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica</i> [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012, pp. 31-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">its declared objectives were: “defender la integridad de los derechos de la Iglesia, propagar las doctrinas católicas y combatir los errores contrarios que en este siglo están en boga y abundan”, <i>El Siglo Futuro</i> 19.03.75, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000000227&page=1">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the front-page editorial in the first issue suggested that it was actually the 13th century which constituted a point of reference, see <i>El Siglo Futuro</i> 19.03.75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordi Canal i Morell, <i>Las “muertes” y las “resurrecciones” del carlismo. Reflexiones sobre la escisión integrista de 1888</i>, [in:] <i>Ayer</i> 38 (2000), p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 51-53; some authors claim that the pilgrimage was already an attempt to launch an all-Catholic ultraconservative party, Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 112-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 53, 59, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Real Cuesta 1985, p. 29, José Fermín Garralda Arizcun, <i>Primer siglo de carlismo en España (1833–1931). Luchas y esperanzas en épocas de aparente bonanza política</i>, Pamplona 2013, p. 74, Schumacher 1962, pp. 345-6, Jose Ramon Barreiro Fernandez, <i>El Carlismo Gallego</i>, Santiago de Compostela 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-85170-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/84-85170-10-5">84-85170-10-5</a>, pp. 275-80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">like Cerralbo, Melgar, Valde-Espina and Sangarren, see Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 55, 65-6, 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sangarren confessed that he bowed to “the tyranny of Cándido Nocedal” not only because the latter was appointed by the king, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">detailed discussion of the conflict in Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 31-123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">on <i>El Siglo Futuro</i> vs. <i>La Fé</i> see Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 58-9, on <i>El Siglo Futuro</i> vs. <i>El Fenix</i> see Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 17-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 79, Román Oyarzun, <i>Historia del Carlismo</i>, Valladolid 2008, p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 101-102, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 66, Canal i Morell 2000, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Real Cuesta 1985, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">when anti-nocedalista <i>La Fe</i> referred to the claimant's <i>Manifiesto de Morentín</i> of 1875 instead of referring to the policy that should be followed at present, <i>El Siglo Futuro</i> responded by stating that the document was inspired by “mestizos” like Valentin Gomez and he also stated that it contained a dangerously liberal leaning. Carlos VII responded by publishing a document titled <i>El Pensamiento del Duque de Madrid</i>, pointing out that no paper can freely read his mind, Canal i Morell 2000, pp. 119-120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Has faltado á tu mision de periodista monárquico y á tus deberes de súbdito leal, introduciendo en nuestro campo la discordia, con empeño que sólo iguala al que pongo yo en extinguirla”, wrote Carlos VII to Nocedal, quoted after Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 104. In turn, Nocedal referred to a traditional Carlist doctrine when he declared that the claimant possessed “legitimidad de origen pero no de ejercicio”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oyarzun 2008, pp. 532-533, Jaime del Burgo Torres, <i>Carlos VIl y su tiempo</i>, Pamplona 1994, pp. 328-9, Manuel Ferrer Muñoz, <i>Los frustrados intentos de colaborar entre el partido nacionalista vasco y la derecha navarra durante la segunda república</i>, [in:] <i>Principe de Viana</i> 49 (1988), p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canal i Morell 2000, pp. 134-5, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaime Lluis y Navas, <i>Las divisiones internas del carlismo a través de la historia</i>, [in:] <i>Homenaje a Jaime Vicens Vives</i>, vol. 2, Barcelona 1967, pp. 331-334, José Andres Gallego, <i>La politica religiosa en España</i>, Madrid 1975, pp. 26-34, Barrero 1976, pp. 280-281; referred after Canal i Morell 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlists accused Integrists of turning the party into an apostolic action, Barrero Fernandez 1976, pp. 280-1, while Integrists accused Carlists of deviation from Traditionalist principles, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Melchor_Ferrer_Dalmau" title="Melchor Ferrer Dalmau">Melchor Ferrer</a>, <i>Historia del tradicionalismo español</i>, vol. XXVIII-I, Sevilla 1959, pp. 131-132. Jesús Pabon, <i>La otra legitimidad</i>, Madrid 1969, p. 56, referred after Canal i Morell 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An impartial scholarly version of this theory is presented in Urigüen 1986; also other authors refer to "convergencia táctica entre carlismo e integrismo", Antonio Moliner Prada, <i>Félix Sardá i Salvany y el integrismo en la Restauración</i>, Barcelona 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8449018544" title="Special:BookSources/8449018544">8449018544</a>, 9788449018541, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">compare Josep Carles Clemente, <i>Historia del Carlismo contemporáneo</i>, Barcelona 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788425307591" title="Special:BookSources/9788425307591">9788425307591</a>: “ingresaron el el Carlismo grupos de la derecha integrista. Esas minorias, aunque intentaron influir en la ideologia y en la línea del partido, nunca arraiganon en él” (pp. 13-14), also “integrismo infiltrado en sus filas” (p. 23), "la infiltración se iba desarrollando", José Carlos Clemente, <i>Breve historia de las guerras carlistas</i>, Madrid 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8499671691" title="Special:BookSources/8499671691">8499671691</a>, 9788499671697, p. 150. Later and more elaborated versions of this theory in Josep Carles Clemente, <i>Los días fugaces. El Carlismo. De las guerras civiles a la transición democratica</i>, Cuenca 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788495414243" title="Special:BookSources/9788495414243">9788495414243</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canal i Morell 2000, p. 115-122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">all Carlist periodicals in Vascongadas opted for Integrism, <a href="/wiki/Idoia_Estorn%C3%A9s_Zubizarreta" title="Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta">Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta</a>, <i>Aproximación a un estudio de las elecciones y partidos políticos en Euskadi, desde 1808 hasta la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera</i>, [in:] <i>Historia del Pueblo Vasco</i>, San Sebastián 1979, p. 177. Integrist periodicals mushroomed also in Catalonia, though they were usually short-lived, see Solange Hibbs-Lissorgues, <i>La prensa católica catalana de 1868 a 1900</i> (III), [in:] <i>Anales de Literatura Española</i> 10 (1994), pp. 168-170. In Spain there were some 25 periodicals switching to Integrism, Canal i Morell 2000, p. 122, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 118; some authors claim it was launched as Partido Católico Monárquico, see José Carlos Clemente, <i>Seis estudios sobre el carlismo</i>, Madrid 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8483741520" title="Special:BookSources/8483741520">8483741520</a>, 9788483741528 p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Real Cuesta 1985, p. 108, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">sometimes referred to as Partido Católico-Nacional, see Ignacio Fernández Sarasola, <i>Los partidos políticos en el pensamiento español: de la llustración a nuestros días</i>, Madrid 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8496467953" title="Special:BookSources/8496467953">8496467953</a>, 9788496467958, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">it was presided over by Nocedal; other members were Juan Ortí y Lara, Liborio Ramery Zuzuarregui, Javier Rodríguez de la Vera, José Pérez de Guzmán, Fernando Fernández de Velasco, Ramón M. Alvarado and Carlos Gil Delgado, Canal i Morell 2000, p. 127, Canal i Morell 1990, p. 778; in 1893</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the decision was adopted by a national assembly, which gathered 88 delegates representing 17 juntas regionales, María Obieta Vilallonga, <i>La escisión del «Tradicionalista» de Pamplona del seno del Partido Integrista (1893): la actitud de «El Fuerista» de San Sebastián</i>, [in:] <i>Principe de Viana</i> 10 (1988), p. 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the most famous act of violence was that of Teatro del Olimpia in Barcelona in November 1888, Canal i Morell 2000, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Real Cuesta 1985, p. 207; “antes que carlista, cualquier cosa: republicano, fusionista, conservador, cualquier cosa antes que carlista”, quoted after Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, <i>Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891</i>, [in:] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 57 (1996), p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Real Cuesta 1985, p. 190, Jose María Remirez de Ganuza López, L<i>as Elecciones Generales de 1898 y 1899 en Navarra</i>, [in] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 49 (1988), p. 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nocedal and Ramery in 1891, Nocedal and Campion in 1893, Nocedal and Sanchez del Campo in 1903, Nocedal and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_Marco" title="José Sánchez Marco">Sanchez Marco</a> in 1905, detailed data at the official Cortes service available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/SDocum/ArchCon/SDHistoDipu/SDIndHistDip">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nocedal, Aldama and Sanchez del Campo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for detailed analysis of 19th-century Integrism see Real Cuesta 1985, brief review also in Carlos Larrinaga Rodríguez, <i>El surgimiento del pluralismo político en el País Vasco (1890–1898). Fragmentación política y primeros síntomas de resquebrajamiento del bipartidismo</i>, [in:] <i>Vasconia</i> 25 (1998), pp. 249-250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Varela Ortega, <i>El poder de la influencia: geografía del caciquismo en España (1875–1923)</i>, Madrid 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8425911524" title="Special:BookSources/8425911524">8425911524</a>, 9788425911521, p. 470; Larrinaga Rodríguez 1998, p. 243 adds also Renteria as a Guipuzcoan Integrist stronghold; indeed during the 19th century most of the local councillors were Integrists, see Mikel Zabaleta García, <i>Panorama político y elecciones municipales en Renteria</i>, [in:] <i>Bilduma</i> 6 (1992), pp. 83-124, especially the graphs on pp. 98-99; unfortunately when focusing on the 20th century the author approaches Integrists and Carlists jointly and following graphs do not provide information on the Integrists' strength</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">and within the district the town of Azcoitia, described as "el pueblo más integrista de toda España", Coro Rubio Pobes, José Luis de la Granja, Santiago de Pablo, <i>Breve historia de Euskadi: De los fueros a la autonomía</i>, Barcelona 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/849992039X" title="Special:BookSources/849992039X">849992039X</a>, 9788499920399, p. 132; in the final decade of the Restoration period the Integrists controlled 65-75% of seats in the local ayuntamiento, see Luis Castells Arteche 1991, p. 1150. The Integrist popularity in Azpeitia is usually linked to an immensely popular Loyola sanctuary, ran by the Jesuits and located in the area</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the only Integrist personality whose prestige at some point matched that of Nocedal was Félix Sardà y Salvany; though in the late 1890s he backtracked on his intransigent Integrism, Sardá has not challenged the party leader; all those who did not enjoy comparable standing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obieta Vilallonga 1988, p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canal i Morell 2000, p. 127; Campión, a Christian conservative politician with pre-nationalist Basque leaning, was neither a Carlist nor an Integrist; he clashed with Nocedal on issues ranging from Basque identity and provincial rights to Catholic doctrine, role of religion in public life and philosophy of law. For details see Vicente Huici Urmeneta, <i>Ideología y política en Arturo Campión</i>, [in:] <i>Principe de Viana</i> 163 (1981), p. 651, 671, Emilio Majuelo, <i>La idea de historia en Arturo Campion</i>, Donostia 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788484192206" title="Special:BookSources/9788484192206">9788484192206</a>, pp. 75-80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">what triggered the conflict remains disputed. One theory highlights the alliance strategy; in 1895 Nocedal changed his recommendations, suggesting coalitions with parties offering the best deal instead of the most approximate ones. Another theory attributes the conflict to nationalist penchant of the dissenters; see Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta, <i>Integrismo</i> entry [in:] <i>Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia</i> online, available here, Carlos Larrinaga Rodríguez, <i>El surgimiento del pluralismo político en el País Vasco (1890–1898). Fragmentación política y primeros síntomas de resquebrajamiento del bipartidismo</i>, [in:] <i>Vasconia</i> 25 (1998), p. 250, Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 122-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Real Cuesta 1985, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Sanchez Marco, Benito de Guinea and Juan Olazábal according to <i>El Siglo Futuro</i> 11.04.07, or Juan de Olazábal, José Sánchez Marco and Manuel Aznar according to Jose Urbano Asarta Epenza, <i>Juan de Olazábal Ramery</i> entry, [in:] <i>Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia</i> online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Blinkhorn, <i>Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931–1939</i>, Cambridge 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521207294" title="Special:BookSources/9780521207294">9780521207294</a>, 9780521086349, p. 73, Estornés Zubizarreta, <i>La construction de una nacionalidad Vasca. El Autonomismo de Eusko-Ikaskuntza (1918–1931)</i>, Donostia 1990, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Manuel Senante Martínez</i> [in:] Javier Paniagua, José A. Piqueras (eds.), <i>Diccionario biográfico de políticos valencianos: 1810–2006</i>, Valencia 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788495484802" title="Special:BookSources/9788495484802">9788495484802</a>; at the death of Nocedal junta administrativa of <i>El Siglo Futuro</i> was composed of Javier Sanz Larumbe, Ildefonso Alonso de Prado, D. Adaucto, Timoteo San Millán, <i>El Siglo Futuro</i> 22.04.35, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000539701&page=9">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. during the 1914 talks on forging a broad Catholic alliance with the Conservatives and the Jaimistas it was Senante representing Integrismo, Cristóbal Roblez Muñoz, <i>Jesuitas e Iglesia Vasca. Los católicos y el partido conservador (1911–1913)</i>, [in:] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> (1991), p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">though Integrism had some supporters among great industry tycoons (especially in Vascongadas, see Félix Luengo Teixidor, <i>La prensa guipuzcoana en los años finales de la Restauración (1917–1923)</i>, [in:] <i>Historia contemporánea</i> 2 (1989), p. 232-3) or landowners (especially in Castille and Leon, see Mariano Esteban de Vega, <i>Católicos contra liberales notas sobre el ambiente ideológico salmantino en la Restauración</i>, [in:] <i>Studia historica. Historia contemporánea</i>, 4 (1986), p. 58), its social base was composed of three other sectors: mid-range professionals (lawyers, journalists, academics, doctors), lower parochial clergy and self-sustainable peasants</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the number of Integrist periodicals dropped from 25 in the late 1880s to around 15 in the early 20th century, see <i>El Siglo Futuro</i> 11.06.07, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000267394&page=1">here</a> ; for review of Integrist press in late 1920s and early 1930s see Eduardo González Calleja, <i>La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil (1931–1937)</i>, [in:] <i>El Argonauta español</i> 9 (2012), available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://argonauta.revues.org/81">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the key person amongst the young Integrists was Ignacio Maria Echaide; for details, see Yon Etxaide, <i>Etxaide jauna (Inazio Maria Etxaide Lizasoain injinadorearen bizitza, inguru-giroa eta lanak)</i>, Donostia 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8475681395" title="Special:BookSources/8475681395">8475681395</a>, pp. 349-351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">with leaders like Felipe Ormazábal involved, Castells 1991, p. 1174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Senante and Sanchez Marco 1907, Senante and Sanchez Marco 1910, Senante and Sanchez Marco 1914</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">each time it was Senante winning the race</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see euskonews service available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euskonews.com/0508zbk/efem50803es.html">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>El Siglo Futuro</i> 11.04.30, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000469914&page=1">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">except Canary Islands, see <i>El Siglo Futuro</i> 20.03.30, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000468968&page=1">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">especially Western Andalusia; slightly more info, with historiographical references to Carlism in Andalusia, in Leandro Álvarez Rey, <i>La contribución del carlismo vasconavarro a la formación del tradicionalismo en Andalucía (1931-1936)</i>, [in:] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 10 (1988), pp. 23-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blinkhorn 2008, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">compare Antonio Manuel Moral Roncal, <i>1868 en la memoria carlista de 1931: dos revoluciones anticlericales y un paralelo</i>, [in:] <i>Hispania sacra</i> 59 (2007), pp. 337-361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac_y_Colina" title="José María Lamamié de Clairac y Colina">Lamamie</a> in Salamanca, Estévanez and <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez Roji</a> in Burgos, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blinkhorn 2008, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Checa Godoy, <i>Prensa y partidos políticos durante la II República</i>, Salamanca 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8474815215" title="Special:BookSources/8474815215">8474815215</a>, 9788474815214, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel Senante, Ricardo Gómez Roji, Emilio Ruiz Muñoz (known under his pen-name Fabio) and Domingo Tejera</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">González Calleja 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oyarzun 2008, p. 461</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">though there are different opinions. Apart from works of Josep Clemente, who juxtaposes reactionary Integrists v. progressist Carlists, another authot claims that the Integrists were intransigent towards Francoism, while the Navarrese Carlists were more pragmatic, Stanley G. Payne, <i>Carlism in Spanish politics, 1931-1939</i>, [in:] Stanley G. Payne (ed.), <i>Identidad y nacionalismo en la España contemporánea: el carlismo, 1833-1975</i>, Madrid 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8487863469" title="Special:BookSources/8487863469">8487863469</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Manuel Martorell Pérez, <i>La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil</i> [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe, <i>El carlismo navarro y la oposición a la política de colaboración entre 1957 y 58</i>, [in:] <i>Navarra: memoria e imagen: actas del VI Congreso de Historia de Navarra</i>, Pamplona 2006, Vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8477681791" title="Special:BookSources/8477681791">8477681791</a>, pp. 163-176, Aurora Villanueva Martínez, <i>El carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, 1937–1951</i>, Madrid 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/848786371X" title="Special:BookSources/848786371X">848786371X</a>, 9788487863714, Aurora Villanueva Martínez, <i>Organizacion, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo</i> [in:] <i>Geronimo de Uztariz</i> 19 (2003), pp. 97–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santiago Martínez Sánchez, <i>El Cardenal Pedro Segura y Sáenz (1880-1957)</i> [Phd thesis Universidad de Navarra], Pamplona 2002, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe, <i>El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955-56)</i>, [in:] <i>Hispania</i> 69 (2009), pp. 179-208, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe, <i>El papel del carlismo navarro en el inicio de la fragmentación definitiva de la comunión tradicionalista (1957–1960)</i>, [in:] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 72 (2011), pp. 393-406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, <i>El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977</i>, Pamplona 1997; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788431315641" title="Special:BookSources/9788431315641">9788431315641</a>, 9788431315641, pp. 181-187, 231-239, 268-272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zamanillo joined the post-Francoist group labelled "the bunker"; some scholars link its theoretical foundation to Integrism, compare Amando de Miguel, <i>Sociología del franquismo: análisis ideológico de los Ministros del Régimen</i>, Madrid 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8473640195" title="Special:BookSources/8473640195">8473640195</a>, 9788473640190, quoted after Xosé Chao Rego, <i>Iglesia y franquismo: 40 años de nacional-catolicismo (1936–1976)</i>, Madrid 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8493556203" title="Special:BookSources/8493556203">8493556203</a>, 9788493556204, p. 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">which "servirá de aglutinante de corrientes integristas, tradicionalistas y carlistas", José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez, <i>Reaccionarios y golpistas: la extrema derecha en España : del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia, 1967–1982</i>, Madrid 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8400074424" title="Special:BookSources/8400074424">8400074424</a>, 9788400074425, especially the chapter <i>Antecedentes. Las publicaciones del integrismo católico</i>, pp. 231-232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miguel Ayuso Torres, <i>Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola, 30 años después</i>, [in:] <i>Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada</i>, XIV (2008), pp. 15–21, Estanislao Cantero, <i>Francisco Elías de Tejada y la tradición española</i>, [in:] <i>Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada</i>, I (1995), pp. 123–163, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1137-117X">1137-117X</a>, Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora, <i>Elías de Tejada, el hombre y sus libros</i>, [in:] <i>Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola (1917–1977) [sic!]. El hombre y la obra</i>, Madrid 1989, Antonio-Enrique Pérez Luño, <i>Natural Law Theory in Spain and Portugal</i>, [in:] <i>The Age of Human Rights Journal</i> 2013/1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2340-9592">2340-9592</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miguel Ayuso Torres, <i>Koinós. El pensamiento político de Rafael Gambra</i>, Madrid 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8473440420" title="Special:BookSources/8473440420">8473440420</a>, 9788473440424, Miguel Ayuso Torres, <i>El tradicionalismo de Gambra</i>, [in:] <i>Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada</i> 2004 (10), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1137-117X">1137-117X</a>, Miguel Ayuso Torres, <i>Rafael Gambra (1920–2004)</i> [in:] <i>Razón española: Revista bimestral de pensamiento</i> 2004 (124), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0212-5978">0212-5978</a>, Carmelo López-Arias Montenegro, <i>Rafael Gambra y el sentido del tiempo</i>, [in:] <i>Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada</i> 2004 (10), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1137-117X">1137-117X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ruiz_de_Galarreta_Mocoroa" title="Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta Mocoroa">Manuel Santa Cruz</a>, <i>Rafael Gambra. un hombre cabal</i>, [in:] <i>Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada</i> 2004 (10), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1137-117X">1137-117X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“su ideologia se inscribe plenamente en el más radical programa integrista”, Josep Carles Clemente, <i>Historia del Carlismo Contemporáneo 1935-1972</i>, Barcelona 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8425307597" title="Special:BookSources/8425307597">8425307597</a>, p. 229; Sivatte is described as “carlo-integrista” in Cristian Ferrer Gonzàlez, <i>Los Carlismos de la Transición: las idiosincrasias carlistas frente al cambiopolítico (1973-1979)</i>, [in:] Juan Carlos Colomes Rubio, Javier Esteve Marti, Melanie Ibanez Domingo (eds.), <i>Ayer y hoy. Debates, historiografia y didactica de la historia</i>, Valencia 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788460658740" title="Special:BookSources/9788460658740">9788460658740</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">a multi-volume collection of Ramón Nocedal's works, mostly his press articles, was published after his death between 1907 and 1928</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for exact text, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recherche.univ-lyon2.fr/grimh/ressources/nacionalismos/espana/1889tradicionalista.htm">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101258/http://recherche.univ-lyon2.fr/grimh/ressources/nacionalismos/espana/1889tradicionalista.htm">Archived</a> 2015-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">present-day scholar summarises major points of the document as follows: “absoluto imperio de la fe católica «íntegra»; condena del liberalismo como «pecado»; negación de los «horrendos delirios que con el nombre de libertad de conciencia, de culto, de pensamiento y de imprenta, abrieron las puertas a todas las herejías y a todos los absurdos extranjeros»; descentralización regional y un cierto indiferentismo en materia de forma de gobierno”; Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, <i>Las tradiciones ideologicas de la extrema derecha española</i>, [in:] <i>Hispania</i> LXI/I (2001), p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">he was earlier twice refused publication by two bishops, Schumacher 1962, p. 358</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, p. 358</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for Integrism explained as a historiographical mindset see Carolyn P. Boyd, <i>Historia Patria: Politics, History, and National Identity in Spain, 1875–1975</i>, Princeton 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691026564" title="Special:BookSources/0691026564">0691026564</a>, 9780691026565, especially the chapter <i>History Remembered. Catholic Integrism and the Sacralization of the National Past</i>, pp. 99-121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumacher_1962,_p._344-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher_1962,_p._344_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher_1962,_p._344_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, p. 344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriel Alférez Callejón, <i>Historia Del Carlismo</i>, Madrid 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8487863396" title="Special:BookSources/8487863396">8487863396</a>, 978848786339, pp. 184-187, Francisco José Fernández de la Cigoña, <i>El pensamiento contrarrevolucionario español: Ramón Nocedal el parlamentario integrista</i>, [in:] <i>Verbo</i> 193-4 (1981), pp. 619-622</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, pp. 352-3, Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 102, 119-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">it is not unrelated that during the First World War Olazábal joined Liga Neutralista, a lobbying group acting in favour of the Central Powers, considered closer to traditional model than the democratic Entente, see Pedro Barruso Barés, <i>San Sebastian en los siglos XIX y XX</i>, [in:] <i>Geografia e historia de Donostia-San Sebastian</i>, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingeba.org/liburua/donostia/46contem/46contem.htm">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Moliner Prada, <i>Félix Sardá i Salvany y el integrismo en la Restauración</i>, Barcelona 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8449018544" title="Special:BookSources/8449018544">8449018544</a>, 9788449018541, p. 95; analysis of the Integrist program pp. 94-99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Real Cuesta 1985, p. 110-1; "Tres tendencias se van señalando entonces en el integrismo. Una, de acercamiento dinástico, generalmente de católicos procedentes de la aristocracia; otra, más señalada como antidinástica y tendentea pactar con los carlistas, pero sin refundirse con ellos, y una tercera, que partiendo de la accidentalidad delas formas de gobierno, aceptaría incluso una república del tipo de la de García Moreno en el Ecuador. Sin embargo, la unidad del partido integrista no se quebrantó, por la misma accidentalidad de las formas de gobierno", Melchor Ferrer, <i>Historia del tradicionalismo Español</i>, vol. XVIII, Sevilla 1959, pp. 302-303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarasola 2009, pp. 153-154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, pp. 351-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">on Nocedal and his vision of political parties, see Fernández de Cigoña 1981, pp. 608-617</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, p. 352; this view is rather an exception; most scholars consider Integrists a fiercely anti-democratic group</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the nocedalistas opposed modernising designs of the liberals, who promoted administrative homogenisation, and defended separate provincial establishments, see Fernández de la Cigoña 1981, pp. 617-619; for the Integrist vision of the fueros compared to visions held by other groupings, see José Fermín Garralda Arizcun, <i>La patria en el pensamiento tradicional español (1874–1923) y el “patriotismo constitucional”</i>, [in:] <i>Añales Fundación Elías de Tejada</i> 9 (2003), pp. 108-109; on Olazabal and concierto etc see Luis Castells, <i>Fueros y conciertos económicos. La Liga Foral Autonomista de Gipúzcoa (1904–1906)</i>, San Sebastián, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788474070774" title="Special:BookSources/9788474070774">9788474070774</a>; the Integrists sided with the Catalanists in wake of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jurisdictions" title="Law of Jurisdictions">Ley de Jurisdicciones</a> crisis, Jose Urbano Asarta Epenza, <i>Juan de Olazábal Ramery</i> entry, [in:] <i>Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia</i> online, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/116770">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">it was exactly this decentralisation which attracted Campión, Obieta Vilallonga 1988, p. 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feliciano Montero García, <i>El movimiento católico en la España del siglo XX. Entre el integrismo y el posibilismo</i>, [in:] María Dolores de la Calle Velasco, Manuel Redero San Román (eds.), <i>Movimientos sociales en la España del siglo XX</i>, Madrid 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788478003143" title="Special:BookSources/9788478003143">9788478003143</a>, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Jordi Canal i Morell, <i>La masonería en el discurso integrista español a fines del siglo XIX: Ramón Nocedal y Romea</i>, [in:] J. A. Ferrer Benimeli (ed.), <i>Masonería, revolución y reacción</i> vol. 2, Alicante 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/844047606X" title="Special:BookSources/844047606X">844047606X</a>, pp. 771–791, Isabel Martin Sanchez, <i>La campaña antimasónica en El Siglo Futuro: la propaganda anujudía durante la Segunda República</i>, [in:] <i>Historia y Comunicación Social</i> 4 (1999), pp. 73-87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, p. 362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canal 1991, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaime del Burgo, Jaime del Burgo Torres, <i>Carlos VII y Su Tiempo: Leyenda y Realidad</i>, Pamplona 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/842351322X" title="Special:BookSources/842351322X">842351322X</a>, 9788423513222, p. 328, Jaime Ignacio del Burgo Tajadura, <i>El carlismo y su agónico final</i>, [in:] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 74 (2013), p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, p. 354, also Blinkhorn 2008, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">compare the famous prophecy of Donoso Cortes: “Nadie sabrá decir dónde está el tremendo día de la batalla y cuándo el campo todo está lleno con las falanges católicas y las falanges socialistas”, quoted after <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filosofia.org/mon/tem/es0026.htm">this site</a>; given these words were written in 1851, some authors note that the day envisioned came 83 years later, Pío Moa, <i>El derrumbe de la segunda república y la guerra civil</i>, Madrid 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8474906253" title="Special:BookSources/8474906253">8474906253</a>, 9788474906257, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, p. 355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for Navarre-focused samples of the Integrist alliance policy see Mina Apat, María Cruz, <i>Elecciones y partidos en Navarra (1891–1923)</i>, [in:] José Luis García Delgado (ed.), <i>La España de la Restauración</i>, Madrid 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8432305111" title="Special:BookSources/8432305111">8432305111</a>, Sebastian Cerro Guerrero, <i>Los resultados de las elecciones de diputados a Cortes de 1910 en Navarra</i>, [in:] <i>Principe de Viana</i> 49 (1988), pp. 93–106, Angel García-Sanz Marcotegui, <i>Las elecciones de diputados forales en el distrito de Estella – Los Arcos (1877–1915)</i>, [in:] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 51 (1990), pp. 441–488, Jesús María Fuente Langas, <i>Elecciones de 1916 en Navarra</i>, [in:] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 51 (1990), pp. 947–957, María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, <i>Las elecciones legislatives de 1893: el comienzo del fin del control de los comicios por los gobiernos liberales</i>, [in:] <i>Principe de Viana</i> 49 (1988), pp. 215–227, César Layana Ilundáin, <i>Elecciones generales en Navarra (1876–1890)</i>, Pamplona 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8495075172" title="Special:BookSources/8495075172">8495075172</a>, 9788495075178, Jose María Remirez de Ganuza López, <i>Las Elecciones Generales de 1898 y 1899 en Navarra</i>, [in] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 49 (1988), pp. 359–399, Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, <i>Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891</i>, [in:] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 57 (1996), pp. 177–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the only work useful deals with social conflict in Azcoitia by focusing on relations between workers and employers, see Castells 1991. The analysis hardly mentions activities of the local ayuntamiento. It seems that the local council at times intervened in conciliatory mode (pp. 1152, 1154), though Integrism exercised its influence rather by guiding local employers (who financially supported conciliatory trade unions, enabling them to run an insurance scheme, p. 1168), sponsoring arbitrage committees (the one set up was headed by parochial priest, with employers represented by an Integrist lawyer and employees by a Carlist lawyer, pp. 1154, 1175) and animating charity organisations (1165). As a result, Azcoitia was one of few towns with no socialist trade union (1163); the most belligerent one, Sindicato Católico Libre, was inspired by social-Catholicism of Gafo (1170). The author concludes that "el obrero de Azcoitia se nos revela como ideologicamente tradicionalista y conservador en su cultura y costumbres, modelando estos rasgos sus actitudes politicas y comportamiento"; for Renteria, there is some information on their social basis in Zabaleta García 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see numerous references to Olazabal's activity on autonomy in Idioia Estornés Zubizarreta, <i>La construction de una nacionalidad Vasca. El Autonomismo de Eusko-Ikaskuntza (1918–1931)</i>, Donostia 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8487471048" title="Special:BookSources/8487471048">8487471048</a>, 9788487471049, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euskomedia.org/PDFAnlt/vasconia/vas14/14015728.pdf">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218191905/http://www.euskomedia.org/PDFAnlt/vasconia/vas14/14015728.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-12-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro Berriochoa Azcárate, <i>1911: Incompatibilidades burocráticas sobre fondo caciquil en la Diputación de Gipuzkoa</i>, [in:] <i>Historia Contemporánea</i> 40 (2010), pp. 29-65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"se defiende la postura del diputado Juan Olazábal (que era la de Olalquiaga) a través de sus intervenciones en el Consejo de diputados", quoted after Berriochoa Azcárate 2010, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for discussion of Nocedal's conflicts with the hierarchy in the 1880s see Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, <i>Insurrección o legalidad: los católicos y la restauración</i>, Madrid 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788400068288" title="Special:BookSources/9788400068288">9788400068288</a>, pp. 47, 56, 374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, p. 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, p. 345-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">most likely due to lukewarm approach of Leo XIII, unwilling to get trapped in Spanish politics, see Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 52, 56, also Schumacher 1962, pp. 346-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Leonardo Ruiz Sánchez, <i>Jerarquía católica y conflictividad en la Iglesia española de finales del siglo XIX. Orígenes y fundamentos</i>, [in:] <i>Kalakorikos: Revista para el estudio, defensa, protección y divulgación del patrimonio histórico, artístico y cultural de Calahorra y su entorno</i>, 14 (2009), pp. 20-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">who accused Nocedal of Febronianism, see Schumacher 1962, p. 348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in 1896 Sardá retracted much of his previous position Schumacher 1962, p. 360-361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, <i>Católicos y cuestión foral. La crisis de 1893–1894</i>, [in:] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 10 (1988), p. 400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">there were notable exceptions; an iconic example of an Integrist hierarch was Pedro Casas y Souto, the bishop of Plasencia, see de Vega 1986, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Real Cuesta 1985, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, pp. 347, 356-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">except the Augustinians; “The champions of Spanish Catholic integrism in the 1870s were the Jesuits and the Dominicans, both orders ultramontane in their loyalties, neo-Thomist in their philosophical allegiance, and theocratic in their politics”, Boyd 1997, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the Jesuit General <a href="/wiki/Anton_Anderledy" title="Anton Anderledy">Anton Anderledy</a> was highly sympathetic towards the Integrist concept and equally militant versus Liberalism, see R. M. Sanz de Diego, <i>Integrismo</i>, [in:] Charles E. O’Neill, Joaqúin M. Domínguez, <i>Diccionario histórico de la Compañía de Jesús</i>, vol. 3, Madrid 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8484680398" title="Special:BookSources/8484680398">8484680398</a>, 9788484680390, p. 2057</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">when Luis Martin was elected the Jesuit General, Schumacher 1962, p. 361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Integrists have always rejected the lesser evil principle; even if applied, according to them it would have called for confronting Liberalism as an enemy far worse than the Socialists</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, <i>Católicos y participación política en Navarra (1902–1905)</i>, [in:] <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 10 (1988), p. 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosa Ana Gutiérrez Lloret, <i>¡A las urnas. En defensa de la Fe! La movilización política Católica en la España de comienzos del siglo XX</i>, [in:] <i>Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea</i> 7 (2008), p. 249, Schumacher 1962, p. 362-3, Robles Muñoz 1988, p. 412, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 419; for the most concise review of Jesuit stand towards Integrism, see Sanz de Diego 2001, pp. 2057–2058; in brief, the author separates 4 phases of the Jesuit stand towards Integrism: 1. 1875–1888; 2. 1888–1892; 3. 1892–1906; 4. after 1906</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">discussed in detail in Roblez Muñoz 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">some scholars claim that the 19th century reluctance of the Church to sponsor its own Catholic political movement might have contributed to persistence of Integrism, see Feliciano Montero García, <i>El movimiento católico en la España del siglo XX. Entre el integrismo y el posibilismo</i>, [in:] María Dolores de la Calle Velasco, Manuel Redero San Román (eds.), <i>Movimientos sociales en la España del siglo XX</i>, Salamanca 2008, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in 1906 integrism was disqualified by the Spanish hierarchy as a political option; the church opted for possibilism, Montero García 2008, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for detailed discussion of the process see Gutiérrez Lloret 2008; the first phase (until 1903) consisted of assembling Congresos Católicos (pp. 241-245), the second phase (1903–1905) consisted of launching Ligas Católicas (pp. 245-248)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">though they participated in different Catholic alliances, for 1914 see Roblez Muñoz 1991, p. 224, for 1921 see Orella Martinez 2012, p. 238, also pp. 73, 80-81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olazábal many times intervened with the primate and even in Vatican against what he perceived as promotion of liberalism; for conflict with Gonzalo Coloma see Roblez Muñoz 1991, pp. 208-209, for the related conflict with bishop of Vitoria José Cadena see Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, <i>José María de Urquijo e Ybarra: opinión, religión y poder</i>, Madrid 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8400076680" title="Special:BookSources/8400076680">8400076680</a>, 9788400076689, pp. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the papal document <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter_Catolicos_Hispaniae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inter Catolicos Hispaniae (page does not exist)">Inter Catolicos Hispaniae</a> advised accidentalism and the politics of lesser evil; locally it was followed by <i>Las Normas para la acción social y política de los católicos españoles</i>, issued by the Spanish primate, Montero García 2008, pp. 179-180, Gutiérrez Lloret 2008, pp. 249-250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">like Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas, Acción Catolica, Confederación de Estiudantes Católicos or Juventud Católica Española; the new strategy initially fared badly in Guipúzcoa, where the Catholic Ligas could not get off the ground due to the Integrist domination, see Montero García 2008, p. 247; the new christian-demoncratic organizations repaid Integrist contempt by labelling the Íntegros reactionary and anachronistic, Montero García 2008, pp. 244-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">on micro-scale competition between Gafo-sponsored Sindicato Católico Libre and the Integrists see Castells 1991, esp. p. 1170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in 1919 the Integrists straightforwardly condemned Grupo de la Democracia Cristiana of Aznar, Montero García 2008, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montero García 2008, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">accompanied by a number of newly nominated ultraconservative bishops of Integrist or Carlist leaning, see Payne 1984, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montero García 2008, pp. 181-5; it was Segura who decisively sided with the Íntegros against Arboleya, Montero García 2008, pp. 180-184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">during the conflict with republican authorities Segura considered the Integrists like Manuel Senante or Manuel Fal Conde the icons of loyalty and valiance, confronted with cowardness associated with names of Herrera or Tedeschini, Santiago Martínez Sánchez, <i>El Cardenal Pedro Segura y Sáenz (1880–1957)</i>, [PhD thesis at Universidad de Navarra], Pamplona 2002, pp. 225, 412 and especially p. 572; also Antonio Manuel Moral Roncal, <i>La cuestión religiosa en la Segunda República española. Iglesia y carlismo</i>, Madrid, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788497429054" title="Special:BookSources/9788497429054">9788497429054</a>, esp. pp. 170-176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see e.g. Real Cuesta 1985; in numerous statistical tables (e.g. pp. 193, 273) he presents combined figures for both branches, usually labelled jointly “Tradicionalistas” and divided into “Integrists” and “Carlists”; the book itself, dedicated to Carlism, deals extensively (in separate chapters) with the Integrists and with the followers of Carlos VII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see e.g. Urigüen 1986; the author underlines what she believes was a distinct identity of the nocedalistas; though her book in principle does not go beyond 1870, it refers to the 1888 split a few times and suggests a clear continuity between the pre-1870 nocedalista neocatólicos and the post-1888 nocedalista íntegros</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrer 1959, pp. 131-132, Pabon 1969, p. 56, referred after Canal i Morell 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feliciano Montero García, <i>El peso del integrismo en la Iglesia y el catolicismo español del siglo XX</i>, [in:] <i>Melanges de la Casa de Velázquez</i> 44/1 (2014), pp. 131-156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Luis Agudín Menéndez, <i>El tratamiento y denuncia del caciquismo desde la perspectiva integrista: El Siglo Futuro y los procesos electorales durante la Restauración (1891-1923)</i>, [in:] Borja de Riquer i Permanyer, Joan Lluís Pérez Francesch, María Gemma Rubí i Casals, Lluís Ferran Toledano González, Oriol Luján (eds.), <i>La corrupción política en la España contemporánea: un enfoque interdisciplinar</i>, Madrid 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788416662609" title="Special:BookSources/9788416662609">9788416662609</a>, p. 584. Also other scholars note that some Integrists stuck to their, particular vision of genuine democracy, Schumacher 1962, p. 352,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“integrismo, con muy escasos adeptos, no era ya más que un anacronismo pintoresco y bastante inoperante”, María Dolores Elizalde Pérez-Grueso, Susana Sueiro Seoane, <i>Historia política de España, 1875–1939</i>, vol. 1, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8470903209" title="Special:BookSources/8470903209">8470903209</a>, 9788470903205 p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumacher 1962, p. 364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">like Manuel Fal Conde, Jose Luis Zamanillo or Manuel Senante; in their perspective, Francoist omnipotent state, centralization, monopolist party, arbitrarily designed representation, aggressive syndicalism and Church subservient to state were incompatible with the Integrist vision of a withdrawn state, regionalisation, abolishment of parties, corporative representation, anti-socialist stand and state subservient to Church</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">some scholars classified Nocedal as a predecessor of the extreme Spanish Right, see Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, <i>Las tradiciones ideologicas de la extrema derecha española</i>, [in:] <i>Hispania</i> LXI/I (2001), p. Feliciano Montero García, <i>Las derechas y el catolicismo español: Del integrismo al socialcristianismo</i>, [in:] <i>Historia y política: Ideas, procesos y movimientos sociales</i> 18 (2007), pp. 108-9, also Montero García 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonzalo Redondo Galvez, <i>Política, cultura y sociedad en la España de Franco, 1939–1975</i>, vol. 1, <i>La configuración del Estado espanol, nacional y católico (1939–1947)</i>, Pamplona 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8431317132" title="Special:BookSources/8431317132">8431317132</a>; according to the author, "el autoritarismo franquista no fue de signo fascista sino tradicionalista", see also Juan María Sanchez-Prieto, <i>Lo que fué y lo que no fué Franco</i>, [in:] <i>Nueva Revista de Política, Cultura y Arte</i> 69 (2000), pp. 30-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feliciano Montero García, <i>Las derechas y el catolicismo español: Del integrismo al socialcristianismo</i>, [in:] <i>Historia y política: Ideas, procesos y movimientos sociales</i>, 18 (2007), pp. 108-9, also Montero García 2014; less categorical though not far distant view in Payne 1984, pp. 171-192; the author does not mention Integrism by name but claims that "neo-Catholic tactic adopted in 1945 had produced its harvest", though he proceeds to list points of contention between Franco and the hierarchy, naming Segura "rigidly undeviating foe of Franco", Stanley G. Payne, <i>The Franco Regime</i>, Madison 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299110745" title="Special:BookSources/0299110745">0299110745</a>, 978029911074, pp. 420-421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrer 1959, pp. 131-132, Pabon 1969, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">including the <i>Lamentabili sane exitu</i> syllabus, <i>Pascendi Dominici gregis</i> encyclical, introducion of <a href="/wiki/Oath_against_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath against Modernism">anti-modernist oath</a>, confronting the groups of <a href="/wiki/Le_Sillon" title="Le Sillon">Le Sillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romolo_Murri" title="Romolo Murri">Romolo Murri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loisy" title="Alfred Loisy">Alfred Loisy</a>, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Minocchi" class="extiw" title="it:Salvatore Minocchi">Salvatore Minocchi</a> and the <i>instaurare omnia in Christo</i> campaign</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacek Bartyzel, <i>Integryzm</i>, [in:] <i>haggard</i> service available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haggard.w.interia.pl/integryzm.html">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709070652/http://haggard.w.interia.pl/integryzm.html">Archived</a> 2008-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Sanz de Diego 2001, p. 2058</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the English-language summary of a scholarly piece on Integrism reads: “Fundamentalism, as the supreme expression of religious and political intolerance...”, see Montero García 2014, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Integrism is considering religion in terms of power and submission; integrism is incapacity to engage in a dialogue; integrism is sacralisation of state and nationalisation of religion; integrism is ignoring the ethical dimension of religion; [...] integrism is merging onslaught on Liberalism with onslaught on liberty. For an integrist there is no greater scandal than a free man”, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Tischner" title="Józef Tischner">Józef Tischner</a>, <i>U źródeł integryzmu</i>, [in:] <i>Tygodnik Powszechny</i> 25 (1994), p. 9</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>José Luis Agudín Menéndez, <i>El tratamiento y denuncia del caciquismo desde la perspectiva integrista: El Siglo Futuro y los procesos electorales durante la Restauración (1891-1923)</i>, [in:] Borja de Riquer i Permanyer, Joan Lluís Pérez Francesch, María Gemma Rubí i Casals, Lluís Ferran Toledano González, Oriol Luján (eds.), <i>La corrupción política en la España contemporánea: un enfoque interdisciplinar</i>, Madrid 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788416662609" title="Special:BookSources/9788416662609">9788416662609</a>, pp. 571–584</li> <li>Joan Bonet, Casimir Martí, <i>L'integrisme a Catalunya. Les grans polémiques: 1881–1888</i>, Barcelona 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8431628006" title="Special:BookSources/8431628006">8431628006</a>, 9788431628000</li> <li>Jordi Canal i Morell, <i>Carlins i integristes a la Restauració: l’escissió de 1888</i>, [in:] <i>Revista de Girona</i> 147 (1991), pp. 59–68</li> <li>Jordi Canal i Morell, <i>Las 'muertes' y las 'resurrecciones' del carlismo. Reflexiones sobre la escisión integrista de 1888</i>, [in:] <i>Ayer</i> 38 (2000), pp. 115–136</li> <li>Jordi Canal i Morell, <i>La masonería en el discurso integrista español a fines del siglo XIX: Ramón Nocedal y Romea</i>, [in:] J. A. Ferrer Benimeli (ed.), <i>Masonería, revolución y reacción</i> vol. 2, Alicante 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/844047606X" title="Special:BookSources/844047606X">844047606X</a>, pp. 771–791</li> <li>Vicente Cárcel Ortí, <i>San Pío X, Los Jesuitas y los integristas españoles</i>, [in:] <i>Archivum Historiae Pontificiae</i> 27 (1989), pp. 249–355</li> <li>Luis Castells Arteche, <i>El desarrollo de la clase obrera en Azcoitia y el sindicalismo católico (1900–1923)</i>, [in:] Iñigo Ruiz Arzallus, Myriam Uribe-Etxebarria (eds.), <i>Memoriae L. Mitxelena magistri sacrum,</i> Vol. 2, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7907-070-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7907-070-0">978-84-7907-070-0</a>, pp. 1145–1176</li> <li>Antonio Elorza, <i>Los integrismos</i>, Madrid 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8476792719" title="Special:BookSources/8476792719">8476792719</a></li> <li>Francisco José Fernández de la Cigoña, <i>El pensamiento contrarrevolucionario español: Ramón Nocedal el parlamentario integrista</i>, [in:] <i>Verbo</i> 193-4 (1981), pp. 603–636</li> <li>Agustín Fernández Escudero, <i>El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica</i> [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012</li> <li>Juan María Laboa, <i>El integrismo, un talante limitado y excluyente</i>, Madrid 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/842770691X" title="Special:BookSources/842770691X">842770691X</a>, 9788427706910</li> <li>Carlos Mata Induráin, <i>Dos cartas inéditas de C. Nocedal a F. Navarro Villoslada sobre las elecciones de 1881</i>, [in:] <i>Huarte de San Juan. Geografia e Historia</i> 3-4 (1996-7), pp. 291–298</li> <li>Isabel Martin Sanchez, <i>La campaña antimasónica en El Siglo Futuro: la propaganda anujudía durante la Segunda República</i>, [in:] <i>Historia y Comunicación Social</i> 4 (1999), pp. 73–87</li> <li>Antonio Moliner Prada, <i>Félix Sardá i Salvany y el integrismo en la Restauración</i>, Barcelona 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8449018544" title="Special:BookSources/8449018544">8449018544</a>, 9788449018541</li> <li>Antonio Moliner Prada, <i>Félix Sardá i Salvany, escritor y propagandista católico</i>, [in:] <i>Hispania Sacra</i> 107 (2001), pp. 91–109</li> <li>Feliciano Montero García, <i>El movimiento católico en la España del siglo XX. Entre el integrismo y el posibilismo</i>, [in"] María Dolores de la Calle Velasco, Manuel Redero San Román (eds.), <i>Movimientos sociales en la España del siglo XX</i>, Madrid 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788478003143" title="Special:BookSources/9788478003143">9788478003143</a>, pp. 173–192</li> <li>Feliciano Montero García, <i>El peso del integrismo en la Iglesia y el catolicismo español del siglo XX</i>, [in:] <i>Melanges de la Casa de Velázquez</i> 44/1 (2014), pp. 131–156</li> <li>María Obieta Vilallonga, <i>La escisión del «Tradicionalista» de Pamplona del seno del Partido Integrista (1893): la actitud de «El Fuerista» de San Sebastián</i>, [in:] <i>Principe de Viana</i> 10 (1988), pp. 307–316</li> <li>María Obieta Vilallonga, <i>Los integristas guipuzcoanos: desarrollo y organización del Partido Católico Nacional en Guipúzcoa, 1888–1898</i>, Bilbao 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8470863266" title="Special:BookSources/8470863266">8470863266</a></li> <li>María Obieta Vilallonga, <i>Los intimos de Jesucristo: reflexiones en torno al integrismo en el País Vasco (el caso de Guipúzcoa, 1888–1898)</i>, [in:] <i>Boletin de Estudios Históricos sobre San Sebastián</i> 28 (1994), pp. 713–727</li> <li>Javier Real Cuesta, <i>El carlismo vasco 1876–1900</i>, Madrid 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8432305103" title="Special:BookSources/8432305103">8432305103</a>, 9788432305108</li> <li>Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, <i>Los católicos integristas y la República en España (1930-1934)</i>, [in:] Antonió Matos Ferreira, João Miguel Almeida (eds.), <i>Religião e cidadania: protagonistas, motivações e dinâmicas sociais no contexto ibérico</i>, Lisboa 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789728361365" title="Special:BookSources/9789728361365">9789728361365</a>, pp. 45–76</li> <li>José Leonardo Ruiz Sánchez, <i>Jerarquía católica y conflictividad en la Iglesia española de finales del siglo XIX. Orígenes y fundamentos</i>,[in:] <i>Kalakorikos: Revista para el estudio, defensa, protección y divulgación del patrimonio histórico, artístico y cultural de Calahorra y su entorno</i> 14 (2009), pp. 9–30</li> <li>Rafael María Sanz de Diego, <i>Una aclaración sobre los origenes del integrismo: la peregrinación de 1882</i>, [in:] <i>Estudios Eclesiásticos</i> 52 (1977), pp. 91–122</li> <li>Rafael María Sanz de Diego, <i>Integrismo</i>, [in:] Charles E. O’Neill, Joaqúin M. Domínguez (eds.), <i>Diccionario histórico de la Compañía de Jesús</i>, vol. 3, Madrid 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8484680398" title="Special:BookSources/8484680398">8484680398</a>, 9788484680390, pp. 2056–2059</li> <li>John N. Schumacher, <i>Integrism. A Study in XIXth Century Spanish politico-religious Thought</i>, [in:] <i>Catholic Historical Review</i>, 48/3 (1962), pp. 343–64</li> <li>Ramiro Trullen Floría, <i>El Vaticano y los movimientos monárquicos integristas durante la II República: una aproximacion</i>, [in:] <i>Alcores. Revista de Historia Contemporánea</i> 8 (2009), pp. 287–207</li> <li>Begoña Urigüen, <i>Nocedal</i>, [in:] <i>Diccionario de Historia Eclesiástica de España</i>, Madrid 1972–1987, vol. 3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788400038861" title="Special:BookSources/9788400038861">9788400038861</a>, pp. 1775–1780</li> <li>Begoña Urigüen, <i>Orígenes y evolución de la derecha española: el neo-catolicismo</i>, Madrid 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8400061578" title="Special:BookSources/8400061578">8400061578</a>, 9788400061579</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrism_(Spain)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/details.vm?q=id:0000000226&lang=es"><i>El Siglo Futuro</i> at Hemeroteca Digital</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hispana.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.cmd?id=10537545"><i>El Siglo Futuro</i> by Spanish Ministry of Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Iniciativas?_piref73_2148295_73_1335437_1335437.next_page=/wc/servidorCGI&CMD=VERLST&BASE=DIPH&FMT=DIPHXLDA.fmt&DOCS=1-100&DOCORDER=FIFO&OPDEF=Y&NUM1=&DES1=&QUERY=%2880300%29.NDIP.">Nocedal at Cortes website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/68615/50253">Integrism on Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101258/http://recherche.univ-lyon2.fr/grimh/ressources/nacionalismos/espana/1889tradicionalista.htm"><i>Manifestación de Burgos</i> text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liburutegidigitala.donostiakultura.com/Liburutegiak/catalogo_archivo.php?dp_id=113"><i>La Constancia</i> digital archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925024819/http://liburutegidigitala.donostiakultura.com/liburutegiak/catalogo_archivo.php?dp_id=113">Archived</a> 2015-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlismo.es/librosElectronicos/Elliberalismoespecado.pdf"><i>El Liberalismo es Pecado</i> full digital version</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1rsc9GzMW0"><span class="plainlinks"><i>they come, in numbers and weapons far greater than our own</i> - ultimate day of reckoning in the crypto-Catholic Narnia version</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhK1ER3B4Hg"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Por Dios y por España</i>; contemporary Carlist propaganda</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2194226#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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