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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cod liver oil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="কড লিভার অয়েল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কড লিভার অয়েল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_de_fetge_de_bacall%C3%A0" title="Oli de fetge de bacallà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oli de fetge de bacallà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levertran" title="Levertran – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Levertran" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebertran" title="Lebertran – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lebertran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamaksa%C3%B5li" title="Kalamaksaõli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalamaksaõli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceite_de_h%C3%ADgado_de_bacalao" title="Aceite de hígado de bacalao – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aceite de hígado de bacalao" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moruhepatoleo" title="Moruhepatoleo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moruhepatoleo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakailao-gibel_olio" title="Bakailao-gibel olio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bakailao-gibel olio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86_%D8%AC%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="روغن جگر ماهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روغن جگر ماهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huile_de_foie_de_morue" title="Huile de foie de morue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Huile de foie de morue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_ae_troisc" title="Ola ae troisc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ola ae troisc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceite_de_f%C3%ADgado_de_bacallau" title="Aceite de fígado de bacallau – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aceite de fígado de bacallau" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%9C%A0" title="간유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="간유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_hati_bakalau" title="Minyak hati bakalau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minyak hati bakalau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eorskal%C3%BDsi" title="Þorskalýsi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þorskalýsi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olio_di_fegato_di_merluzzo" title="Olio di fegato di merluzzo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olio di fegato di merluzzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಾಡ್‍ಲಿವರ್ ಎಣ್ಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಡ್‍ಲಿವರ್ ಎಣ್ಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csukam%C3%A1jolaj" title="Csukamájolaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csukamájolaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levertraan" title="Levertraan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levertraan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E6%B2%B9" title="肝油 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肝油" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tran" title="Tran – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tran" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tran" title="Tran – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tran" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93leo_de_f%C3%ADgado_de_bacalhau" title="Óleo de fígado de bacalhau – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óleo de fígado de bacalhau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanmaksa%C3%B6ljy" title="Kalanmaksaöljy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalanmaksaöljy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskleverolja" title="Fiskleverolja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fiskleverolja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Олія печінки тріски – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олія печінки тріски" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פישטראן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פישטראן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E8%82%9D%E6%B2%B9" title="魚肝油 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="魚肝油" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%BC%E8%82%9D%E6%B2%B9" title="鱼肝油 – 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dietary supplement derived from liver of cod fish</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fish oil. For the traditional Newfoundland song, see <a href="/wiki/Cod_Liver_Oil_(song)" title="Cod Liver Oil (song)">Cod Liver Oil (song)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"FCLO" redirects here. For the English football team, see <a href="/wiki/Leyton_Orient_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Leyton Orient FC">Leyton Orient FC</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cod_Liver_Oil_Capsules.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cod_Liver_Oil_Capsules.jpg/220px-Cod_Liver_Oil_Capsules.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cod_Liver_Oil_Capsules.jpg/330px-Cod_Liver_Oil_Capsules.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cod_Liver_Oil_Capsules.jpg/440px-Cod_Liver_Oil_Capsules.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Modern cod liver oil capsules</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellcome_Foundation_Object_Wellcome_L0044968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wellcome_Foundation_Object_Wellcome_L0044968.jpg/220px-Wellcome_Foundation_Object_Wellcome_L0044968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wellcome_Foundation_Object_Wellcome_L0044968.jpg/330px-Wellcome_Foundation_Object_Wellcome_L0044968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wellcome_Foundation_Object_Wellcome_L0044968.jpg/440px-Wellcome_Foundation_Object_Wellcome_L0044968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="4158" /></a><figcaption>Kepler's Cod Liver Oil with Malt Extract</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cod liver oil</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">liver</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod fish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gadidae" title="Gadidae">Gadidae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with most <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish oils</a>, it contains the <a href="/wiki/Omega-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3">omega-3</a> fatty acids <a href="/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">eicosapentaenoic acid</a> (EPA) and <a href="/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoic acid</a> (DHA), and also <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>. Historically, it was given to children<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2023)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> because vitamin D had been shown to prevent <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a>, a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Hypovitaminosis_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypovitaminosis D">vitamin D deficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cod_liver_oil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_33337_Asellus_Major;_The_Cod-Fish.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/FMIB_33337_Asellus_Major%3B_The_Cod-Fish.jpeg/220px-FMIB_33337_Asellus_Major%3B_The_Cod-Fish.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/FMIB_33337_Asellus_Major%3B_The_Cod-Fish.jpeg/330px-FMIB_33337_Asellus_Major%3B_The_Cod-Fish.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/FMIB_33337_Asellus_Major%3B_The_Cod-Fish.jpeg/440px-FMIB_33337_Asellus_Major%3B_The_Cod-Fish.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>A cod</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_and_loading_of_cod_liver_oil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Making_and_loading_of_cod_liver_oil.jpg/220px-Making_and_loading_of_cod_liver_oil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Making_and_loading_of_cod_liver_oil.jpg/330px-Making_and_loading_of_cod_liver_oil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Making_and_loading_of_cod_liver_oil.jpg/440px-Making_and_loading_of_cod_liver_oil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Making and loading of cod liver oil, Conche, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, 1857.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cod liver oil has traditionally come in many grades. Cod liver oil for human consumption is pale and straw-colored, with a mild flavor. Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> produced cod liver oil by laying birch tree branches over a kettle of water, and fresh livers were laid over the branches. The water was brought to a boil and as the steam rose, the oil from the liver dripped into the water and was skimmed off. There was also a method for producing fresh raw cod liver oil.<sup id="cite_ref-evclo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evclo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, cod liver oil became popular for industrial purposes. Livers placed in barrels to rot, with the oil skimmed off over the season, was the main method for producing this oil. The resulting oil was brown and foul-tasting. In the 1800s cod liver oil became popular as a medicine and both pale and brown oils were used. Brown oils were common because they were cheaper to produce. Some doctors believed in only using the fresh pale oil, while others believed the brown oil was better. The <a href="/wiki/Rancidification" title="Rancidification">rancid</a> brown oils tended to cause intestinal upset.<sup id="cite_ref-evclo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evclo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Möller Process was invented by Peter Möller in 1850. The livers are ground with water into a slurry, then this is gently simmered until the oil rises to the top. The oil is skimmed off and purified.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other methods used in modern times include the Cold Flotation Process, pressure extraction, and pressure cooking. These all require further purification steps to get a pure oil.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapeutic_uses">Therapeutic uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cod_liver_oil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Therapeutic uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don%27t_Forget_Jimmy%27s_Orange_Juice_and_Cod_Liver_Oil_Art.IWMPST20671.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Don%27t_Forget_Jimmy%27s_Orange_Juice_and_Cod_Liver_Oil_Art.IWMPST20671.jpg/220px-Don%27t_Forget_Jimmy%27s_Orange_Juice_and_Cod_Liver_Oil_Art.IWMPST20671.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Don%27t_Forget_Jimmy%27s_Orange_Juice_and_Cod_Liver_Oil_Art.IWMPST20671.jpg/330px-Don%27t_Forget_Jimmy%27s_Orange_Juice_and_Cod_Liver_Oil_Art.IWMPST20671.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Don%27t_Forget_Jimmy%27s_Orange_Juice_and_Cod_Liver_Oil_Art.IWMPST20671.jpg/440px-Don%27t_Forget_Jimmy%27s_Orange_Juice_and_Cod_Liver_Oil_Art.IWMPST20671.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>World War II–era poster from the United Kingdom, urging consumption of <a href="/wiki/Orange_juice" title="Orange juice">orange juice</a> and cod liver oil as nutritional supplements</figcaption></figure> <p>Though similar in fatty acid composition to other <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish oils</a>, cod liver oil has higher concentrations of vitamins A and D. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">tablespoon</a> (13.6 grams or 14.8 mL) of cod liver oil contains 4,080 <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">μg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinol</a> (vitamin A) and 34 μg (1360 IU) of vitamin D.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intake</a> of vitamin A is 900 μg per day for adult men and 700 μg per day for women, while that for vitamin D is 15 μg per day. The <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">Tolerable upper intake levels</a> (ULs) are 3000 μg/day and 100 μg/day, respectively. People consuming cod liver oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids should pay attention to how much vitamin A and vitamin D this adds to their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-lips2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lips2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cod liver oil is approximately 20% <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a>. For this reason, cod liver oil may be beneficial in <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare#Secondary_prevention" title="Preventive healthcare">secondary prophylaxis</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schacky2000_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacky2000-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diets supplemented with cod liver oil have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and daily supplementation has been shown to be correlated with lower rates of high-severity <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_adverse_effects">Potential adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cod_liver_oil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Potential adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All-trans-Retinol2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/All-trans-Retinol2.svg/220px-All-trans-Retinol2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/All-trans-Retinol2.svg/330px-All-trans-Retinol2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/All-trans-Retinol2.svg/440px-All-trans-Retinol2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="141" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">Retinol</a> (Vitamin A)</figcaption></figure> <p>A tablespoon (13.6 g) of cod liver oil contains 136% of the UL for preformed vitamin A (<a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinol</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vitamin A accumulates in the liver, and can reach harmful levels sufficient to cause <a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A" title="Hypervitaminosis A">hypervitaminosis A</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lips2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lips2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pregnant women may want to consider consulting a doctor when taking cod liver oil because of the high amount of retinol.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14668278_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14668278-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fatty acid oxidation and environmental toxins content are reduced when purification processes are applied to produce refined fish oil products.<sup id="cite_ref-bays2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bays2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cod_liver_oil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>, cod liver oil was sometimes used as the liquid base for traditional <a href="/wiki/Red_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ochre">red ochre</a> paint, the coating of choice for use on outbuildings and work buildings associated with the cod fishery. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>, Germany, drinking a glass of cod liver oil is the punishment for the loser at the traditional <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stocherkahnrennen" class="extiw" title="de:Stocherkahnrennen">Stocherkahnrennen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">punting boat</a> race by <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a> groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cod_liver_oil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Dale_Alexander" title="Dan Dale Alexander">Dan Dale Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cod_liver_oil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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"Safety Considerations with Omega-3 Fatty Acid Therapy". <i>The American Journal of Cardiology</i>. <b>99</b> (6 (Supplement 1)): S35–S43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjcard.2006.11.020">10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17368277">17368277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Safety+Considerations+with+Omega-3+Fatty+Acid+Therapy&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=6+%28Supplement+1%29&rft.pages=S35-S43&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjcard.2006.11.020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17368277&rft.au=Bays+H+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACod+liver+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cod_liver_oil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cod#True_cod" title="Cod">True cod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gadus" title="Gadus">Gadus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_cod" title="Greenland cod">Greenland cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norway_pollock" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway pollock">Norway pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="File:Atlantic cod"><img alt="File:Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cod#Related_species" title="Cod">Cod-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctogadus" title="Arctogadus">Arctic cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_cod" title="East Siberian cod">East Siberian cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucla_cod" title="Eucla cod">Eucla cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_ling" title="Blue ling">Blue ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ling" title="Common ling">Common ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_cod" title="Pelagic cod">Pelagic cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreogadus_saida" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreogadus saida">Polar cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_cod" title="Poor cod">Poor cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cod" title="Rock cod">Rock cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_cod" title="Saffron cod">Saffron cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-headed_cod" title="Small-headed cod">Small-headed cod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cod#Other_species" title="Cod">Other cod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_cod" title="Blue cod">Blue cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_freshwater_cod" title="Eastern freshwater cod">Eastern freshwater cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_River_cod" title="Mary River cod">Mary River cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_cod" title="Murray cod">Murray cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_grouper" title="Potato grouper">Potato cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_cod" title="Sleepy cod">Sleepy cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout_cod" title="Trout cod">Trout cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nototheniidae" title="Nototheniidae">Nototheniidae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_toothfish" title="Antarctic toothfish">Antarctic cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notothenia_microlepidota" title="Notothenia microlepidota">Black cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maori_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori cod">Maori cod</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pollock#True_cod" title="Pollock">True pollock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollachius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollachius_pollachius" title="Pollachius pollachius">Atlantic pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollachius_virens" title="Pollachius virens">Saithe (pollock)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Cod boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fishing_in_Newfoundland" title="Cod fishing in Newfoundland">Cod fishing in Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_stage" title="Fishing stage">Fishing stage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cod_Fisheries:_The_History_of_an_International_Economy" title="The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy">The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ackee_and_saltfish" title="Ackee and saltfish">Ackee and saltfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbroath_smokie" title="Arbroath smokie">Arbroath smokie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacala%C3%ADto" title="Bacalaíto">Bacalaíto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boknafisk" title="Boknafisk">Boknafisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabbie_claw" title="Cabbie claw">Cabbie claw</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappit_heid" title="Crappit heid">Crappit heid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen_skink" title="Cullen skink">Cullen skink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_and_salted_cod" title="Dried and salted cod">Dried and salted cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnan_haddie" title="Finnan haddie">Finnan haddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_brewis" title="Fish and brewis">Fish and brewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ball" title="Fish ball">Fish ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishcake" title="Fishcake">Fishcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_finger" title="Fish finger">Fish finger</a></li> <li><a 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dietary_supplement" title="Template talk:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dietary_supplements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">Energy bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Fatty acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">Protein supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">chemical elements<br /> ("minerals")</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Retinol (Vitamin A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<sub>1</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<sub>2</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<sub>5</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Pyridoxine (B<sub>6</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin (B<sub>7</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid (B<sub>9</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin (B<sub>12</sub>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Tocopherol (Vitamin E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other common <br />ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_alpha-ketoglutarate" title="Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate">AAKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_gluconate" title="Copper gluconate">Copper gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea#Medicinal_effects" title="Echinacea">Echinacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">Guarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">Iron supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_japonica" title="Lonicera japonica">Japanese honeysuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum#Health_benefits" title="Silybum marianum">Milk thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(supplement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (supplement)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_yeast_rice" title="Red yeast rice">Red yeast rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">Spirulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum#Medicinal_uses" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatgrass" title="Wheatgrass">Wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji" title="Goji">Wolfberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyte" title="Enzyte">Enzyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadacol" title="Hadacol">Hadacol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutraceutical" title="Nutraceutical">Nutraceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">Multivitamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edible_fats_and_oils" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fats_and_oils" title="Template talk:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_fats_and_oils" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible fats and oils</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pork_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork fat">Pork fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">Fatback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lardo" title="Lardo">Lardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo_(food)" title="Salo (food)">Salo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardon" title="Lardon">Lardon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">Mutton</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dripping" title="Dripping">Dripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">Suet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_fat" title="Tail fat">Tail fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa butter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fat" title="Chicken fat">Chicken fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck fat">Duck fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goose fat">Goose fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">Schmaltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animal fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blubber#Human_influences" title="Blubber">Blubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">Muktuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">Whale oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetable fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_tallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo tallow">Borneo tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_butter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango butter">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">Margarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_shortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable shortening">Vegetable shortening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Marine oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_oil" title="Seaweed oil">Seaweed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable <br /> oils</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils" title="List of vegetable oils">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone fruit">Fruit</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nut (food)">Nut</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond oil">Almond oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argan_oil" title="Argan oil">Argan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew oil">Cashew oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnut oil">Hazelnut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_oil" title="Macadamia oil">Macadamia oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marula_oil" title="Marula oil">Marula oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo#Traditional_uses" title="Mongongo">Mongongo nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_oil" title="Pecan oil">Pecan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut_oil" title="Pine nut oil">Pine nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio_oil" title="Pistachio oil">Pistachio oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed oil">Seed oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambadi_seed_oil" title="Ambadi seed oil">Ambadi seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed (flaxseed) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">Mustard oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequi_oil" title="Pequi oil">Pequi oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_oil" title="Perilla oil">Perilla oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_oil" title="Poppyseed oil">Poppyseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed_oil" title="Pumpkin seed oil">Pumpkin seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed_oil" title="Rapeseed oil">Rapeseed (canola) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">Safflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_seed_oil" title="Watermelon seed oil">Watermelon seed oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Types_of_plant_oils" title="Types of plant oils">Plant oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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