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aria-controls="toc-Bakgrunn-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Bakgrunn</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bakgrunn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eksperiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksperiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Eksperiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksperiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Einsteins_forklaring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Einsteins_forklaring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Einsteins forklaring</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Einsteins_forklaring-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Einsteins forklaring</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Einsteins_forklaring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fotoelektrisk_ligning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fotoelektrisk_ligning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fotoelektrisk ligning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fotoelektrisk_ligning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Millikans_verifikasjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millikans_verifikasjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Millikans verifikasjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millikans_verifikasjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fotoelektrisk effekt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 81 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektrisk_effekt" title="Fotoelektrisk effekt – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fotoelektrisk effekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektrisk_effekt" title="Fotoelektrisk effekt – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fotoelektrisk effekt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektrisk_effekt" title="Fotoelektrisk effekt – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotoelektrisk effekt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="أثر كهرضوئي – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أثر كهرضوئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="আলোক বিদ্যুৎ পৰিঘটনা – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলোক বিদ্যুৎ পৰিঘটনা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeutu_fotoel%C3%A9ctricu" title="Efeutu fotoeléctricu – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Efeutu fotoeléctricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektrik_effekt" title="Fotoelektrik effekt – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fotoelektrik effekt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فوتوالکتریک اثری – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوتوالکتریک اثری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলোক তড়িৎ ক্রিয়া – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোক তড়িৎ ক্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Фотоэффект – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фотоэффект" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Фотаэфект – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фотаэфект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Фотоелектричен ефект – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фотоелектричен ефект" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektri%C4%8Dni_efekt" title="Fotoelektrični efekt – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fotoelektrični efekt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecte_fotoel%C3%A8ctric" title="Efecte fotoelèctric – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efecte fotoelèctric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektrick%C3%BD_jev" title="Fotoelektrický jev – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotoelektrický jev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effaith_ffotodrydanol" title="Effaith ffotodrydanol – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Effaith ffotodrydanol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelektrischer_Effekt" title="Photoelektrischer Effekt – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Photoelektrischer Effekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoefekt" title="Fotoefekt – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fotoefekt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Φωτοηλεκτρικό φαινόμενο – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωτοηλεκτρικό φαινόμενο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Photoelectric effect" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_fotoel%C3%A9ctrico" title="Efecto fotoeléctrico – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efecto fotoeléctrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektra_efiko" title="Fotoelektra efiko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotoelektra efiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efektu_fotoelektriko" title="Efektu fotoelektriko – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Efektu fotoelektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="اثر فتوالکتریک – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اثر فتوالکتریک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effet_photo%C3%A9lectrique" title="Effet photoélectrique – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effet photoélectrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarmhairt_fh%C3%B3taileictreach" title="Iarmhairt fhótaileictreach – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarmhairt fhótaileictreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_fotoel%C3%A9ctrico" title="Efecto fotoeléctrico – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Efecto fotoeléctrico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%A0%84_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="광전 효과 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광전 효과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%A7%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF" title="Ֆոտոէֆեկտ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոտոէֆեկտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="प्रकाश-विद्युत प्रभाव – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाश-विद्युत प्रभाव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektri%C4%8Dni_u%C4%8Dinak" title="Fotoelektrični učinak – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fotoelektrični učinak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efek_fotolistrik" title="Efek fotolistrik – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Efek fotolistrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetto_fotoelettrico" title="Effetto fotoelettrico – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetto fotoelettrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99" title="האפקט הפוטואלקטרי – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האפקט הפוטואלקטרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ದ್ಯುತಿವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪರಿಣಾಮ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ಯುತಿವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪರಿಣಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ფოტოეფექტი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოტოეფექტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%97_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%84%D8%A0%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%8E%D8%AB%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="فوٹوٗ اِلؠکٹرک اَثَر – kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فوٹوٗ اِلؠکٹرک اَثَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фотоэлектрлік құбылыстар – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фотоэлектрлік құбылыстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Фотоэффект – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фотоэффект" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektriskais_efekts" title="Fotoelektriskais efekts – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fotoelektriskais efekts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoeffekt" title="Photoeffekt – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Photoeffekt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoefektas" title="Fotoefektas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fotoefektas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nyelektromos_jelens%C3%A9g" title="Fényelektromos jelenség – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fényelektromos jelenség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Фотоелектричен ефект – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фотоелектричен ефект" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശവൈദ്യുത പ്രഭാവം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശവൈദ്യുത പ്രഭാവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रकाशीय विद्युत परिणाम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाशीय विद्युत परिणाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesan_fotoelektrik" title="Kesan fotoelektrik – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesan fotoelektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Фото-электрон үйлчлэл – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фото-электрон үйлчлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto-elektrisch_effect" title="Foto-elektrisch effect – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Foto-elektrisch effect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="प्रकाशको विद्युतीय प्रभाव – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रकाशको विद्युतीय प्रभाव" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="光電効果 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光電効果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95-%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%88%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC" title="ଆଲୋକ-ବୈଦୁତିକ ପ୍ରଭାବ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲୋକ-ବୈଦୁତିକ ପ୍ରଭାବ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoeffekt" title="Fotoeffekt – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fotoeffekt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5" title="ਫੋਟੋਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਿਕ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੋਟੋਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਿਕ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9" title="فوٹو الیکٹرک ایفیکٹ – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فوٹو الیکٹرک ایفیکٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efet_fotoel%C3%A9trich" title="Efet fotoelétrich – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Efet fotoelétrich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_fotoelektryczny" title="Efekt fotoelektryczny – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efekt fotoelektryczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeito_fotoel%C3%A9trico" title="Efeito fotoelétrico – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeito fotoelétrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efect_fotoelectric" title="Efect fotoelectric – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Efect fotoelectric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Фотоэффект – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фотоэффект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoefekti" title="Fotoefekti – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fotoefekti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Photoelectric effect" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A6%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B1%DA%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1" title="ڦوٽو اليڪٽرڪ اثر – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڦوٽو اليڪٽرڪ اثر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektrick%C3%BD_jav" title="Fotoelektrický jav – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fotoelektrický jav" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektri%C4%8Dni_pojav" title="Fotoelektrični pojav – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fotoelektrični pojav" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کاریگەریی کارۆڕووناکی – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاریگەریی کارۆڕووناکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фотоелектрични ефекат – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фотоелектрични ефекат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektri%C4%8Dni_efekt" title="Fotoelektrični efekt – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fotoelektrični efekt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89f%C3%A9k_fotolistrik" title="Éfék fotolistrik – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éfék fotolistrik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valos%C3%A4hk%C3%B6inen_ilmi%C3%B6" title="Valosähköinen ilmiö – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valosähköinen ilmiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epektong_potoelektriko" title="Epektong potoelektriko – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Epektong potoelektriko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளிமின் விளைவு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளிமின் விளைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ปรากฏการณ์โฟโตอิเล็กทริก – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปรากฏการณ์โฟโตอิเล็กทริก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektrik_etkisi" title="Fotoelektrik etkisi – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fotoelektrik etkisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoelektrik_Effekt" title="Fotoelektrik Effekt – turkmensk" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fotoelektrik Effekt" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Фотоефект – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фотоефект" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1" title="ضیا برقی اثر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ضیا برقی اثر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_quang_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n" title="Hiệu ứng quang điện – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệu ứng quang điện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%94%B5%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="光电效应 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光电效应" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="光電效應 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光電效應" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%94%B5%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="光电效应 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光电效应" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83213#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til 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title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83213" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg/240px-Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg/360px-Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg/480px-Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Ved den fotoelektriske effekt kan innkommende, <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_str%C3%A5ling" title="Elektromagnetisk stråling">elektromagnetisk stråling</a> slå ut <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroner</a> fra et metallisk materiale.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fotoelektrisk effekt</b> består av at <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroner</a> blir frigjort fra en metallisk overflate når den belyses eller utsettes for annen <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_str%C3%A5ling" title="Elektromagnetisk stråling">elektromagnetisk stråling</a>. Teoretisk har effekten spilt en viktig rolle i forståelsen av lys som bestående av <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotoner</a> og <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lge%E2%80%93partikkel-dualitet" title="Bølge–partikkel-dualitet">bølge–partikkel-dualitet</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kvantemekanikk" title="Kvantemekanikk">kvantemekanikken</a>. Dette ble belønnet med en <a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysikk" title="Nobelprisen i fysikk">nobelprisen i fysikk</a> til <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> i 1921 og til <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a> i 1923. Effekten fikk tidlig anvendelse i konstruksjon av fotoceller for registrering av lys og <a href="/wiki/Fotomultiplikator" title="Fotomultiplikator">fotomultiplikatorer</a> ved lave intensiteter. </p><p>Elektroner kan frigjøres på samme måte også fra enkelte <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> som derved blir <a href="/wiki/Ionisering" title="Ionisering">ionisert</a>, men den prosessen omtales som «fotoproduksjon». </p><p>I nyere tid har den tilsvarende effekten i <a href="/wiki/Halvleder" title="Halvleder">halvledere</a> fått stor, praktisk betydning i forskjellige sammenhenger innen moderne <a href="/wiki/Elektronikk" title="Elektronikk">elektronikk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Digital_fotografi" title="Digital fotografi">digital fotografering</a>. Her blir ikke elektroner frigjort av lyset, men flyttet mellom forskjellige, bundne <a href="/wiki/Kvantetilstand" title="Kvantetilstand">kvantetilstander</a> i materialet. På lignende vis virker den <a href="/wiki/Fotovoltaisk_effekt" title="Fotovoltaisk effekt">fotovoltaiske effekten</a> som benyttes i konstruksjon av <a href="/wiki/Solcelle" title="Solcelle">solceller</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunn">Bakgrunn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bakgrunn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oppdagelsen av den fotoelektriske effekten i 1887 tilskrives vanligvis <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> i forbindelse med hans eksperiment for å påvise elektromagnetiske bølger. Disse ble skapt i et <a href="/wiki/Gnistgap" title="Gnistgap">gnistgap</a> mellom to metalliske kuler under høy spenning. Bølgene ble registrert i et mindre gnistgap i en metallisk ring som virket som antenne. Hertz merket at denne gnistens lengde var påvirket av gnisten i senderen. Han konkluderte at effekten var forårsaket av <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolett_lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolett lys">ultraviolett lys</a> fra denne som frigjorde elektriske ladninger i antennens gnistgap. Observasjonen ble publisert, men Hertz fulgte den ikke opp med nærmere studier.<sup id="cite_ref-hertz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hertz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dette fenomenet syntes å vise at lys kunne konverteres direkte til elektrisitet og vakte oppmerksomhet flere steder. I Tyskland gjennomførte <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a> som hadde vært assistent hos Hertz, en serie med eksperimentelle undersøkelser av effekten. Kort tid etter at <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a> i 1897 oppdaget elektronet, viste han også at det var slike ladninger som ble skapt ved den fotoelektriske effekten. Samme resultat var Lenard kommet frem til og beskrev i 1902 effekten som emisjon av <a href="/wiki/Katodestr%C3%A5le" title="Katodestråle">katodestråler</a>. I 1905 mottok han <a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysikk" title="Nobelprisen i fysikk">nobelprisen i fysikk</a> for sine undersøkelser av egenskapene av denne strålingen.<sup id="cite_ref-Pais-1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pais-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eksperiment">Eksperiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksperiment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksperiment"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Photoelectric_effect_measurement_apparatus_-_microscopic_picture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Photoelectric_effect_measurement_apparatus_-_microscopic_picture.svg/240px-Photoelectric_effect_measurement_apparatus_-_microscopic_picture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Photoelectric_effect_measurement_apparatus_-_microscopic_picture.svg/360px-Photoelectric_effect_measurement_apparatus_-_microscopic_picture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Photoelectric_effect_measurement_apparatus_-_microscopic_picture.svg/480px-Photoelectric_effect_measurement_apparatus_-_microscopic_picture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Fotoelektrisk effekt til venstre med negativ anodespenning, positiv til høyre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ved den vanlige måten å studere fotoeffekten sender man <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolett_lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolett lys">ultraviolett lys</a> mot en metallisk <a href="/wiki/Katode" title="Katode">katode</a> inne i et vakuumrør. Hvis dette i tillegg inneholder en positiv ladet <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a>, vil denne tiltrekke seg elektroner, og en <a href="/wiki/Elektrisk_str%C3%B8m" title="Elektrisk strøm">elektrisk strøm</a> kan registreres i en ytre krets mellom katode og anode. Ved å øke den positive spenningen på anoden, tiltrekker den seg flere elektroner og strømmen øker. Til slutt går denne i metning da det ikke skapes flere elektroner. Strømmen kan nå bare økes ved å øke intensiteten på lyset som benyttes. </p><p>Derimot vil strømmen i kretsen reduseres når spenningen på anoden er negativ, og den virker frastøtende på elektronene. Bare de mest energetiske med <a href="/wiki/Kinetisk_energi" title="Kinetisk energi">kinetisk energi</a> <i>K</i><sub>max</sub> vil nå frem til anoden. Ved en viss, negativ spenning <i>V</i><sub>0</sub> blir strømmen null og omtales derfor som <i>stoppepotensialet</i>. Elektronets ladning er gitt ved <a href="/wiki/Element%C3%A6rladning" title="Elementærladning">elementærladningen</a> <i>e </i> slik at dets <a href="/wiki/Potensiell_energi" title="Potensiell energi">potensielle energi</a> <i>eV</i><sub>0</sub> da må være lik den kinetiske energien, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{max}=eV_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>e</mi> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{max}=eV_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/503289b3398697f65f9cf2b0f8b88377f910391f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.049ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{max}=eV_{0}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Lenards kanskje viktigste oppdagelse var at denne maksimale energien uttrykt ved spenningen <i>V</i><sub>0</sub> var uavhengig av lysintensiteten. Dette var i motstrid med den klassiske forklaringen der elektronene ble frigjorte ved at de mottok energi fra det innkommende lyset. Når man økte dets intensitet, ville man derfor forvente at elektronene fikk en tilsvarende økning i sin energi. På samme måte viste eksperiment at effekten kun finner sted når lyset har en viss minimal <a href="/wiki/Frekvens" title="Frekvens">frekvens</a> <i>ν</i><sub>0</sub> som kun avhenger av katodene egenskaper. Dette var også vanskelig å forklare da man forventet fra klassisk fysikk at elektroner alltid kunne frigjøres ved å tilføre dem nok energi, det vil si ved tilstrekkelig høye lysintensiteter.<sup id="cite_ref-ER_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ER-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For å komme ut av denne konflikten med klassisk strålingsteori, foreslo Lenard at elektronene hadde denne kinetiske energien på forhånd inne i atomene og at lyset bare frigjorde dem ved en «triggermekanisme». At hastigheten til elektronene syntes å øke med frekvensen til lyset, kunne han forklare ved <a href="/wiki/Resonans" title="Resonans">resonans</a> mellom denne frekvensen og omløpshastighetene til elektronene i atomet. På den tiden hadde man ingen akseptert forståelse av atomets indre.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheaton_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheaton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einsteins_forklaring">Einsteins forklaring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Einsteins forklaring" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Einsteins forklaring"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Da Lenard i 1905 mottok nobelprisen i fysikk for sitt arbeid med katodestråler, hadde <a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a> tidligere på året publisert sin egen forklaring av den fotoelektriske effekten. Den hadde et helt annet innhold enn Lenards idéer, men var ikke i overenstemmelse med den vanlige beskrivelsen av lys som elektromagnetiske bølger styrt av <a href="/wiki/Maxwells_ligninger" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwells ligninger">Maxwells ligninger</a>. Av den grunn ble ble den møtt med mye skepsis. Likevel skulle den i årene som fulgte få meget stor betydning for utviklingen av moderne fysikk.<sup id="cite_ref-Pais-2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pais-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Einstein tok utgangspunkt i <a href="/wiki/Plancks_str%C3%A5lingslov" title="Plancks strålingslov">teorien for sort stråling</a> som Max Planck hadde utviklet fem år tidligere. Den var basert på antagelsen av at elektromagnetisk stråling med frekvens <i>ν </i> kun kan emitteres eller absorberes i små, diskrete <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvant</a> med energi <span class="nowrap"><i>E = hν </i></span> hvor faktoren <i>h</i> er <a href="/wiki/Plancks_konstant" title="Plancks konstant">Plancks konstant</a>. Mens Planck mente at selve strålingen likevel skulle beskrives som kontinuerlige, <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_felt" title="Elektromagnetisk felt">elektromagnetiske felt</a>, kom Einstein ved bruk av <a href="/wiki/Termodynamikk" title="Termodynamikk">termodynamikk</a> frem til at den på noen måter kan beskrives som en <a href="/wiki/Gass" title="Gass">gass</a> bestående av diskrete partikler eller <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotoner</a>, hver med energi <span class="nowrap"><i>E = hν</i></span>. Hvordan lys likevel kan gi opphav til bølgefenomen som <a href="/wiki/Interferens" title="Interferens">interferens</a> og <a href="/wiki/Diffraksjon" title="Diffraksjon">diffraksjon</a>, lot han være å kommentere.<sup id="cite_ref-Einstein-1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einstein-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Absorbsjon av lys kan nå forklares ved at hele energien til et foton overføres til et elektron. Dette er en videreføring av antagelsen til Planck. Da elektroner i <a href="/wiki/Metaller" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaller">metaller</a> kan bevege seg forholdsvis fritt, kan de dermed motta så mye energi at de frigjøres. Den nødvendige energien eller <i>frigjøringsarbeidet</i> <i>W</i> som kreves for dette, er karakteristisk for hvert materiale og tilsvarer en <a href="/wiki/Bindingsenergi" title="Bindingsenergi">bindingsenergi</a> og blir også omtalt som dets «arbeidsfunksjon». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fotoelektrisk_ligning">Fotoelektrisk ligning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Fotoelektrisk ligning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Fotoelektrisk ligning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Photoelectric_effect_-_stopping_voltage_diagram_for_zinc_-_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Photoelectric_effect_-_stopping_voltage_diagram_for_zinc_-_English.svg/360px-Photoelectric_effect_-_stopping_voltage_diagram_for_zinc_-_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Photoelectric_effect_-_stopping_voltage_diagram_for_zinc_-_English.svg/540px-Photoelectric_effect_-_stopping_voltage_diagram_for_zinc_-_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Photoelectric_effect_-_stopping_voltage_diagram_for_zinc_-_English.svg/720px-Photoelectric_effect_-_stopping_voltage_diagram_for_zinc_-_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Skjematisk fremstilling av hvordan stoppepotensialet for <a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">sink</a> øker lineært med frekvensen når den er høyere enn for synlig lys.</figcaption></figure> <p>Når et et elektron i mottar en energi <i>hν</i> som er større enn bindingsenergien <i>W</i>, vil differensen omsettes i kinetisk energi <i>K</i> til å bevege det ut av materialet. Den maksimale verdi den kan bli, er dermed </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{max}=h\nu -W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{max}=h\nu -W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94a22b9cf7658b7bbe02c9af12f1ec1efc7a5c51" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.403ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{max}=h\nu -W}"></span></dd></dl> <p>og kan eksperimentelt bestemmes ved måling av stoppepotensialet <i>V</i><sub>0</sub>. Det betyr at dette nå er uavhengig av lysintensiteten i overensstemmelse med eksperimentene, men avhenger eksplisitt av lysets frekvens. Denne ligningen til Einstein sier derfor at det må vokse proporsjonalt med frekvensen <i>ν </i> til lyset. Dermed forklarer den ikke bare målingene til Lenard som viste at det økte med frekvensen, men forutsier også at økningen må være <a href="/wiki/Line%C3%A6r" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineær">lineær</a> og gitt ved Plancks konstant. </p><p>I tillegg sier ligningen at frekvensen må være større enn en minimal verdi <i>ν</i><sub>0</sub> = <i>W</i> /<i>h </i> da stoppepotensialet må være positivt. På denne måten forklarte Einstein de viktigste egenskapene ved den fotoelektriske effekten.<sup id="cite_ref-ER_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ER-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selv om denne beskrivelse var i overenstemmelse med hva som var kjent fra eksperiment, vakte den de første årene liten interesse på grunn av dens radikale antagelser. Til og med Planck var ikke villig til å akseptere at energien til den elektromagnetiske strålingen kunne opptre på denne måten. Da han syv år senere var med å anbefale myndighetene i <a href="/wiki/Preussen" title="Preussen">Preussen</a> til å ansette Einstein ved <a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft" title="Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft">Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft</a> i Berlin, beklaget han at Einstein hadde kommet med denne forklaringen av den fotoelektriske effekten.<sup id="cite_ref-Jammer_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jammer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Millikans_verifikasjon">Millikans verifikasjon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Millikans verifikasjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Millikans verifikasjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Millikan_photoelectric_experiment_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Millikan_photoelectric_experiment_1906.jpg/400px-Millikan_photoelectric_experiment_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Millikan_photoelectric_experiment_1906.jpg/600px-Millikan_photoelectric_experiment_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Millikan_photoelectric_experiment_1906.jpg/800px-Millikan_photoelectric_experiment_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Millikans bestemmelse av Planks konstant fra målinger i 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-Millikan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millikan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ved bruk av ultraviolett lys med veldefinierte frekvenser klarte <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a> i en lengre serie med eksperimenter å bekrefte at ligningen til Einstein var korrekt. Han fant derav også en verdi av Plancks konstant <i>h </i> som med en usikkerhet på under én prosent var i overensstemmelse med verdien som allerede var funnet fra egenskaper til <a href="/wiki/Varmestr%C3%A5ling" title="Varmestråling">varmestrålingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Millikan_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millikan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Millikan understreket også at arbeidsfunksjonen <i>W </i> som inngår i Einsteins forklaring, ikke kan settes lik med arbeidsfunksjonen <i>W<sub>K</sub> </i> for elektronene i katoden, men er lik med <i>W<sub>A</sub> </i> for materialet i anoden. Det skyldes at disse to er koblet sammen ved den ytre kretsen slik at det dermed oppstår en ekstra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontaktspenning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontaktspenning (ikke skrevet ennå)">kontaktspenning</a> <i>W<sub>A</sub> </i> - <i>W<sub>K</sub> </i> som må inkluderes i ligningen. </p><p>Selv om Millikan dermed hadde vist at ligningen til Einstein var korrekt, tvilte han likevel på at utledningen basert på fotoner kunne være riktig. Han mente i stedet at Maxwells teori for elektromagnetiske bølger muligens måtte modifiseres. Dette kom også tydelig frem i hans foredrag ved mottagelsen av nobelprisen han mottok for dette arbeidet i 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Millikan-nobel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millikan-nobel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dette var omtrent på samme tid som <a href="/wiki/Compton-effekt" title="Compton-effekt">Compton-effekten</a> ble eksperimentelt påvist. Etter den tid forsvant stort sett den siste tvil om fotonets eksistens. Ikke bare hadde det en energi <span class="nowrap"><i>E = hν</i></span>, men Einstein hadde i mellomtiden også vist at det har en impuls <span class="nowrap"><i>p</i> = <i>h </i>/<i>λ</i></span> hvor <span class="nowrap"><i>λ</i> = <i>c</i> /<i>ν </i></span> er dets <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lgelengde" title="Bølgelengde">bølgelengde</a>. Det er derfor en fullverdig partikkel, men må beskrives <a href="/wiki/Kvantemekanikk" title="Kvantemekanikk">kvantemekanisk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fotovoltaisk_effekt" title="Fotovoltaisk effekt">Fotovoltaisk effekt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hertz-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hertz_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> J.Z. Buchwald, <i>The creation of scientific effects: Heinrich Hertz and electric waves</i>, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1994). <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0226078884" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-07888-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pais-1-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pais-1_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> A. Pais, <i>Inward Bound</i>, Oxford University Press, England (1986). <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0198519710" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-851971-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ER-3"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-ER_3-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ER_3-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> R. Eisberg and R. Resnick, <i>Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles</i>, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1974). <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0471234648" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-23464-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheaton-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wheaton_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> B.R. Wheaton, <i>Philipp Lenard and the Photoelectric Effect</i>, 1889-1911, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences <b>9</b>, 299-322 (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pais-2-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pais-2_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> A. Pais, <i>Subtle is the Lord</i>, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1982). <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/019853907X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-853907-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einstein-1-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Einstein-1_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">A. Einstein, <i>Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt</i>, Annalen der Physik <b>322</b> (6), 132-148 (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_132-148.pdf">PDF</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jammer-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jammer_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> M. Jammer, <i>The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics</i>, McGraw-Hill, New York (1966). <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0070322759" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-07-032-275-9</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millikan-8"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Millikan_8-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millikan_8-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">R.A. Millikan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Millikan_1916_2.pdf"><i>A direct photoelectric determination of Planck's h</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522223835/http://www.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Millikan_1916_2.pdf">Arkivert</a> 22. mai 2023 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Physical Review <b>7</b> (3), 355-388 (1916).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millikan-nobel-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millikan-nobel_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">R.A. Millikan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/millikan-lecture.pdf"><i>The electron and the light-quant from the experimental point of view</i></a>, Nobel prize lecture (1924).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrisk_effekt&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>M. Fowler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/photoelectric_effect.html"><i>The Photoelectric Effect</i></a>, University of Virginia, historisk fremstilling</li> <li>ChemLibreTexts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_Chem_107B%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_Life_Scientists/Chapters/4%3A_Quantum_Theory/4.03%3A_The_Photoelectric_Effect"><i>The Photoelectric Effect</i></a>, fysisk beskrivelse.</li> <li>Kathy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZQF0eBh794&t=279s"><i>Photoelectric Effect History: A Battle of Einstein vs. Lenard</i></a>, YouTube-video</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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