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He is also a Visiting Senior Fellow at the Institute for Human Development, Delhi. He studied at Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi. He works across the fields of sociology and anthropology of caste, class, agrarian political economy, and political anthropology. <br /><br />Kumar has a breadth of contemporary research interests, including democratic politics, social movements, caste, higher education, youth and social change, particularly in South Asia. He has authored three books, more than 50 articles and book chapters. He is a frequent authoritative voice in the media on local, national and global issues related to India, youth, farmers' movements, agrarian change, and higher education.<br /><br />Over the last two decades, he has conducted ethnographic field research among the Jat and Gujjar caste communities in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab. His current research examines Dalit assertation and the reproduction of Jat dominance in Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh; and the exclusion of and discrimination against marginalised groups in higher education: a comparative study of India and The Philippines.  <br /><br />Beyond his ethnographic research, Satendra is also interested in combining social theory with history and literature. He is bilingual and has written extensively both in Hindi and English. He has been one of the founding editors of Samajiki, a Hindi Journal published by Rajkamal, Delhi. He taught at Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi and Central University of Allahabad, Prayagraj. <br /><br />He has been awarded the British Academy Fellowship at the London School of Economics and Political Sciences, UK. He has also been a Visiting Fellow at the Johns Hopkins University, the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), Delhi, University of California, Berkeley, Bielefeld University, Germany, Australia-India Institute, Melbourne, Savitribai Phule Pune University and IIAS, Shimla.<br /><br />Satendra is the Coeditor Book Reviews Section, Journal of Peasant Studies (JPS). <br /><br />He edited a Special Issue of Sociological Bulletin on New Farm Bills and Farmers' Resistance to Neoliberalism (October 2022): <br /> https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00380229221116994<br /><br />During his fellowship at IIAS, Shimla (2018-2020) wrote a monograph on the Politics and Culture of Other Backward Classes in Uttar Pradesh, which Routledge published in 2023. <br /><br />Kumar, Satendra (2023). Popular Democracy and the Politics of Caste: Rise of the Other Backward Classes in India. London/Delhi: Routledge. <br /><br />Satendra, Joanna Pfaff-Czarnecka, and Czarina Saloma-Akpedonu received a joint grant from the German Research Foundation to study emerging inequalities in higher education in India and the Philippines from March 2023 to February 2027. <br /><br />Satendra’s book Badalta Gaon Badalta Dehat: Nai Samajikta ka Uday (Oxford University Press, 2018) has been shortlisted for the 2019 Publishing Next Book of the Year(Indian Languages) And REC-VoW Book Award 2019.<br /><b>Address: </b>Anthropological nomad<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a 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title="Books"><span>2</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Books</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Satendra Kumar</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127241918"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127241918/Shifting_Grounds_Society_and_Politics_in_Haryana"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Shifting Grounds: Society and Politics in Haryana" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121004506/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127241918/Shifting_Grounds_Society_and_Politics_in_Haryana">Shifting Grounds: Society and Politics in Haryana</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Paper</span><span>, 2025</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Haryana's social and political landscape is in the midst of a transition, with both backward cast...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Haryana's social and political landscape is in the midst of a transition, with both backward castes and the younger generation of Jats seeking to break away from the old agrarian order. So far, only the BJP has managed to tap into these sentiments. Haryana's political landscape has been significantly altered by an ongoing agrarian crisis and the fragmentation of rural and caste communities by neoliberal policies. The shifts have given rise to new social and economic groups, and fresh political aspirations. Traditional Jat authority has been undermined not only by previously subordinate (and client) groups but also by sections of Jats who no longer have the same stakes in the continuation of the old agrarian order. These changes have facilitated the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the state over the past decade. By appealing to upwardly mobile Jats, backward castes, and Dalits disillusioned with agrarian politics and stunted by the ongoing agricultural crisis, the BJP has effectively challenged the entrenched power of agrarian Jat elites and dynastic leaders, and changed the power structure in Haryana. The shifting axis of politics has broader political implications for the state.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a19f82de1dc8c1222870aa3ea63eecbe" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121004506,"asset_id":127241918,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121004506/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127241918"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127241918"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127241918; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126449423"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/126449423/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Bharatiya_Kisan_Union_The_Farmers_Protests_of_2020_2021_in_the_Making_of_New_Rural_Politics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rise and Fall of the Bharatiya Kisan Union: The Farmers’ Protests of 2020–2021 in the Making of New Rural Politics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120325153/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/126449423/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Bharatiya_Kisan_Union_The_Farmers_Protests_of_2020_2021_in_the_Making_of_New_Rural_Politics">Rise and Fall of the Bharatiya Kisan Union: The Farmers’ Protests of 2020–2021 in the Making of New Rural Politics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Sociological Bulletin</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the 1980s, India&#39;s farmers&#39; protests including the Bhartiya Kisan Union (BKU) emerged ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the 1980s, India&#39;s farmers&#39; protests including the Bhartiya Kisan Union (BKU) emerged as a strong political force that played an important role in the overthrow of the Congress government in the1989 elections. However, in the 1990s introduction of the neoliberal economic policies shifted the agrarian economy to non-farm occupations and deepened the ongoing agrarian crisis. By focusing on the BKU and its politics, this paper examines the ways in which agrarian change and crisis coupled with the rise of Hindutva politics weakened the agrarian polity in western Uttar Pradesh over the last three decades. Drawing on ethnographic research in Muzaffarnagar, however, I argue that the farmers&#39; protests (of 2020 -2021) have revived farmers&#39; identity and have renewed the agrarian polity. These protests not only created unprecedented alliances across caste, class, gender, and religion but also brought together farm unions, left, and progressive civil society organizations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7da2c18c2c46f1b5171013994106b8f2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":120325153,"asset_id":126449423,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120325153/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126449423"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126449423"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126449423; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123135915"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123135915/Review_of_Popular_Democracy_and_Politics_of_Caste"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Review of Popular Democracy and Politics of Caste" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117642355/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123135915/Review_of_Popular_Democracy_and_Politics_of_Caste">Review of Popular Democracy and Politics of Caste</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Review</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Popular Democracy and the Politics of Caste: Rise of the Other Backward Classes in India, Kuma...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Popular Democracy and the Politics of Caste: Rise of the Other Backward Classes in India, Kumar traverses the political landscapes present in western Uttar Pradesh (UP) through caste, democracy and perceptions of popular politics present within the Gujjar community, a semi-agriculturist middle caste group in India. The book is a detailed exploration of the popular local perceptions and evolution of democratic ideas since the independence of India among individuals from a caste group. It was earlier believed by scholars that democracy could never be truly and fully attained in a castesegregated society such as India. Although this book does not validate or falsify this claim on the surface, but conducts thorough conversations and makes active contributions to the debate. The book is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter 'The Rise of Caste and Popular Democracy in North India' frames a ground for a diverse and disparate discussion of different political processes that led to the politicisation of the Other Backward Castes (OBCs), specifically the Gujjars. Kumar identifies three phases in the development of the political sphere in UP. The first stage was from 1951 to 1967 when Congress domination ruled nearly throughout the country. The post-1967 period brought some mobility to the middle castes with land reforms, the Green Revolution and the Mandal Commission, and the consequent emergence of other political competitors for Congress both at the state and the regional level. The third stage started in the early 1990s when the Indian political system transformed from a single-party to a multi-party system. The second and third phases also involved the advent of backward caste political parties. In states of UP and Bihar, new dominant castes emerged such as Yadavs, Kurmis, Jats and Gujjars who also dominated the political sphere creating new backward caste-based political parties. Politics in India after independence have been fused with caste politics and vice versa.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ddc2e44fcb40ad445b34133eba74ef3a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117642355,"asset_id":123135915,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117642355/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123135915"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123135915"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123135915; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93292130"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/93292130/Student_activism_caste_and_politics_in_North_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Student activism, caste, and politics in North India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96069552/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/93292130/Student_activism_caste_and_politics_in_North_India">Student activism, caste, and politics in North India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tranforming Universities </span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper examines the interlinkages between student movements and mobilizations in contemporar...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper examines the interlinkages between student movements <br />and mobilizations in contemporary north India, especially after the implementation of the Mandal Commission Report in the 1990s, which has changed the demographics and social compositions of Indian universities. By focusing on Allahabad University, this paper also explores <br />how and when individual and collective movements instigate student <br />mobilization and to what ends. In Allahabad, student mobilizations present a combination of student activism and identity politics and involve everyday forms of social service and ‘civilized’ forms of protest.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b353699065963bd4b3ae499717d1a17c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96069552,"asset_id":93292130,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96069552/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93292130"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93292130"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93292130; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89996174"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/89996174/Beyond_improvisation_The_rise_and_rise_of_youth_entrepreneurs_in_north_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Beyond improvisation? The rise and rise of youth entrepreneurs in north India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93681875/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/89996174/Beyond_improvisation_The_rise_and_rise_of_youth_entrepreneurs_in_north_India">Beyond improvisation? The rise and rise of youth entrepreneurs in north India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c16029b1c23d3424de72c598cfc73733" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93681875,"asset_id":89996174,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93681875/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89996174"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89996174"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89996174; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89996174]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89996174]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89996174; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89996174']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c16029b1c23d3424de72c598cfc73733" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89996174]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89996174,"title":"Beyond improvisation? 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It marked a spectacular success in its resistance to neoliberalism and the corporatisation of Indian agriculture. Hundreds of thousands of farmers marched to and camped at the borders of Delhi, India's capital, and forced the union government to repeal the three farm laws, which were understood to be a likely 'death warrant' for farmers. The three controversial farm laws were designed to liberalise India's agriculture markets, but farmers' unions and other critics alleged that the three laws would offer an advantage to big corporations at farmers' expense. In the thick of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, farmers sustained their more than yearlong protests and finally forced the neoliberal, hard-right Hindu nationalist government of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to back down. It seems that the farmers' movement has put a check on the march of neoliberalism, though temporarily, and brought back the farm issues and agrarian polity to the forefront of national politics after three decades. The trigger for the farmers' mobilisation was the repealed three laws, which were passed in September 2020 by the union government and expected to bring 'revolutionary' changes to agriculture: The Farmers'Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020; The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020, and The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill, 2020. Together, these laws were designed to change the existing regulatory framework of agriculture. However, the farmers accused the government of avoiding its responsibility to ensure farm produce is acquired at the minimum support price (MSP). Farmers feared that these so-called reforms would leave them at the mercy of corporations that could now enter India's farming sector with no government safeguards in place. Farmers also feared that they would ultimately lose their land, which was not only their most important asset but also the basis of their identity, heritage and self-esteem. Clearly, farmers and farmers' unions saw these laws as an attack on their livelihoods and identity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b9250c34c666148d43f48d40ba6b4c8f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":91887655,"asset_id":87763699,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91887655/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87763699"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87763699"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87763699; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="85339297"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/85339297/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Bharatiya_Kisan_Union_The_Farmers_Protests_of_2020_2021_in_the_Making_of_New_Rural_Politics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rise and Fall of the Bharatiya Kisan Union: The Farmers' Protests of 2020-2021 in the Making of New Rural Politics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90065540/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/85339297/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Bharatiya_Kisan_Union_The_Farmers_Protests_of_2020_2021_in_the_Making_of_New_Rural_Politics">Rise and Fall of the Bharatiya Kisan Union: The Farmers' Protests of 2020-2021 in the Making of New Rural Politics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Sociological Bulletin </span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the 1980s, India's farmers' protests including the Bhartiya Kisan Union (BKU) emerged as a str...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the 1980s, India's farmers' protests including the Bhartiya Kisan Union (BKU) emerged as a strong political force that played an important role in the overthrow of the Congress government in the1989 elections. However, in the 1990s introduction of the neoliberal economic policies shifted the agrarian economy to non-farm occupations and deepened the ongoing agrarian crisis. By focusing on the BKU and its politics, this paper examines the ways in which agrarian change and crisis coupled with the rise of Hindutva politics weakened the agrarian polity in western Uttar Pradesh over the last three decades. Drawing on ethnographic research in Muzaffarnagar, however, I argue that the farmers' protests (of 2020-2021) have revived farmers' identity and have renewed the agrarian polity. These protests not only created unprecedented alliances across caste, class, gender, and religion but also brought together farm unions, left, and progressive civil society organizations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9c4f5eeb672da1f5673f1195f6499d3e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90065540,"asset_id":85339297,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90065540/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="85339297"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="85339297"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85339297; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="75112449"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/75112449/Post_Agrarian_Rural_and_Rise_of_the_New_Sociality_pdf"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Post-Agrarian Rural and Rise of the New Sociality.pdf" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83012978/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/75112449/Post_Agrarian_Rural_and_Rise_of_the_New_Sociality_pdf">Post-Agrarian Rural and Rise of the New Sociality.pdf</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Routledge</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This book chapter (in edited book titled "Companion to Indian Democracy: Resilience, Fragility, A...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This book chapter (in edited book titled "Companion to Indian Democracy: Resilience, Fragility, Ambivalence"  by Peter R. deSouza et all. Routledge, explores what is post-agrarian rural and how it is being reconstituted in the time of rapid urbanization in contemporary India.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6ec0693ab8d203514eba1fabd3054e99" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":83012978,"asset_id":75112449,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83012978/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="75112449"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75112449"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75112449; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="63820399"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/63820399/Farmers_movement_of_2020_in_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Farmers' movement of 2020 in India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76115922/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/63820399/Farmers_movement_of_2020_in_India">Farmers' movement of 2020 in India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Research Paper in Seminar</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ongoing agrarian change and crises, along with the new politico-economic conditions, I argue,...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ongoing agrarian change and crises, along with the new politico-economic conditions, I argue, is set to create new solidarities in the North Indian countryside, and reflect on the farmers’ protests of 2020, which have succeeded in bringing together farmers and labourers across class, caste, gender and religion amidst the many insurmountable fault lines.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="25930f87b71dc356d9f5e3b96590ab7b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76115922,"asset_id":63820399,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76115922/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="63820399"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="63820399"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63820399; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="61819596"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/61819596/Class_caste_and_agrarian_change_the_making_of_farmers_protests"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Class, caste and agrarian change: the making of farmers' protests" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/74759018/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/61819596/Class_caste_and_agrarian_change_the_making_of_farmers_protests">Class, caste and agrarian change: the making of farmers' protests</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Peasant Studies </span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Focusing on Jats of Western Uttar Pradesh (UP), North India, this commentary on India's farmers' ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Focusing on Jats of Western Uttar Pradesh (UP), North India, this commentary on India's farmers' protests provides an ethnographic and historical grounded picture of the larger political economic trends that have transformed everyday life and farmer identity in the region. It traces the rise and fall of the farmers identity popularized by Charan Singh and then the Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU), its dissolution and replacement by Hindutva in the 2013, and its more recent return with the farmers protest. It explains why young Jats are re-embracing farmer identity even though they have no interest in working on the family farm, and why Jats have been able to build alliances with Dalits and Muslims.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ab27a40284cb7540b92333dbcd970d28" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":74759018,"asset_id":61819596,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74759018/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="61819596"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="61819596"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61819596; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="115860" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127241918"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/127241918/Shifting_Grounds_Society_and_Politics_in_Haryana"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Shifting Grounds: Society and Politics in Haryana" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121004506/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127241918/Shifting_Grounds_Society_and_Politics_in_Haryana">Shifting Grounds: Society and Politics in Haryana</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Paper</span><span>, 2025</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Haryana's social and political landscape is in the midst of a transition, with both backward cast...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Haryana's social and political landscape is in the midst of a transition, with both backward castes and the younger generation of Jats seeking to break away from the old agrarian order. So far, only the BJP has managed to tap into these sentiments. Haryana's political landscape has been significantly altered by an ongoing agrarian crisis and the fragmentation of rural and caste communities by neoliberal policies. The shifts have given rise to new social and economic groups, and fresh political aspirations. Traditional Jat authority has been undermined not only by previously subordinate (and client) groups but also by sections of Jats who no longer have the same stakes in the continuation of the old agrarian order. These changes have facilitated the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the state over the past decade. By appealing to upwardly mobile Jats, backward castes, and Dalits disillusioned with agrarian politics and stunted by the ongoing agricultural crisis, the BJP has effectively challenged the entrenched power of agrarian Jat elites and dynastic leaders, and changed the power structure in Haryana. The shifting axis of politics has broader political implications for the state.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a19f82de1dc8c1222870aa3ea63eecbe" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":121004506,"asset_id":127241918,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121004506/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127241918"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127241918"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127241918; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126449423"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/126449423/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Bharatiya_Kisan_Union_The_Farmers_Protests_of_2020_2021_in_the_Making_of_New_Rural_Politics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rise and Fall of the Bharatiya Kisan Union: The Farmers’ Protests of 2020–2021 in the Making of New Rural Politics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120325153/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/126449423/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Bharatiya_Kisan_Union_The_Farmers_Protests_of_2020_2021_in_the_Making_of_New_Rural_Politics">Rise and Fall of the Bharatiya Kisan Union: The Farmers’ Protests of 2020–2021 in the Making of New Rural Politics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Sociological Bulletin</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the 1980s, India&#39;s farmers&#39; protests including the Bhartiya Kisan Union (BKU) emerged ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the 1980s, India&#39;s farmers&#39; protests including the Bhartiya Kisan Union (BKU) emerged as a strong political force that played an important role in the overthrow of the Congress government in the1989 elections. However, in the 1990s introduction of the neoliberal economic policies shifted the agrarian economy to non-farm occupations and deepened the ongoing agrarian crisis. By focusing on the BKU and its politics, this paper examines the ways in which agrarian change and crisis coupled with the rise of Hindutva politics weakened the agrarian polity in western Uttar Pradesh over the last three decades. Drawing on ethnographic research in Muzaffarnagar, however, I argue that the farmers&#39; protests (of 2020 -2021) have revived farmers&#39; identity and have renewed the agrarian polity. These protests not only created unprecedented alliances across caste, class, gender, and religion but also brought together farm unions, left, and progressive civil society organizations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7da2c18c2c46f1b5171013994106b8f2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":120325153,"asset_id":126449423,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120325153/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126449423"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126449423"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126449423; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123135915"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123135915/Review_of_Popular_Democracy_and_Politics_of_Caste"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Review of Popular Democracy and Politics of Caste" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117642355/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123135915/Review_of_Popular_Democracy_and_Politics_of_Caste">Review of Popular Democracy and Politics of Caste</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Review</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Popular Democracy and the Politics of Caste: Rise of the Other Backward Classes in India, Kuma...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Popular Democracy and the Politics of Caste: Rise of the Other Backward Classes in India, Kumar traverses the political landscapes present in western Uttar Pradesh (UP) through caste, democracy and perceptions of popular politics present within the Gujjar community, a semi-agriculturist middle caste group in India. The book is a detailed exploration of the popular local perceptions and evolution of democratic ideas since the independence of India among individuals from a caste group. It was earlier believed by scholars that democracy could never be truly and fully attained in a castesegregated society such as India. Although this book does not validate or falsify this claim on the surface, but conducts thorough conversations and makes active contributions to the debate. The book is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter 'The Rise of Caste and Popular Democracy in North India' frames a ground for a diverse and disparate discussion of different political processes that led to the politicisation of the Other Backward Castes (OBCs), specifically the Gujjars. Kumar identifies three phases in the development of the political sphere in UP. The first stage was from 1951 to 1967 when Congress domination ruled nearly throughout the country. The post-1967 period brought some mobility to the middle castes with land reforms, the Green Revolution and the Mandal Commission, and the consequent emergence of other political competitors for Congress both at the state and the regional level. The third stage started in the early 1990s when the Indian political system transformed from a single-party to a multi-party system. The second and third phases also involved the advent of backward caste political parties. In states of UP and Bihar, new dominant castes emerged such as Yadavs, Kurmis, Jats and Gujjars who also dominated the political sphere creating new backward caste-based political parties. Politics in India after independence have been fused with caste politics and vice versa.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ddc2e44fcb40ad445b34133eba74ef3a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117642355,"asset_id":123135915,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117642355/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123135915"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123135915"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123135915; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93292130"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/93292130/Student_activism_caste_and_politics_in_North_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Student activism, caste, and politics in North India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96069552/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/93292130/Student_activism_caste_and_politics_in_North_India">Student activism, caste, and politics in North India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tranforming Universities </span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper examines the interlinkages between student movements and mobilizations in contemporar...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper examines the interlinkages between student movements <br />and mobilizations in contemporary north India, especially after the implementation of the Mandal Commission Report in the 1990s, which has changed the demographics and social compositions of Indian universities. By focusing on Allahabad University, this paper also explores <br />how and when individual and collective movements instigate student <br />mobilization and to what ends. In Allahabad, student mobilizations present a combination of student activism and identity politics and involve everyday forms of social service and ‘civilized’ forms of protest.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b353699065963bd4b3ae499717d1a17c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96069552,"asset_id":93292130,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96069552/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93292130"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93292130"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93292130; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89996174"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/89996174/Beyond_improvisation_The_rise_and_rise_of_youth_entrepreneurs_in_north_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Beyond improvisation? The rise and rise of youth entrepreneurs in north India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93681875/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/89996174/Beyond_improvisation_The_rise_and_rise_of_youth_entrepreneurs_in_north_India">Beyond improvisation? The rise and rise of youth entrepreneurs in north India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c16029b1c23d3424de72c598cfc73733" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93681875,"asset_id":89996174,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93681875/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89996174"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89996174"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89996174; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89996174]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89996174]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89996174; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89996174']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c16029b1c23d3424de72c598cfc73733" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89996174]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89996174,"title":"Beyond improvisation? 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It marked a spectacular success in its resistance to neoliberalism and the corporatisation of Indian agriculture. Hundreds of thousands of farmers marched to and camped at the borders of Delhi, India's capital, and forced the union government to repeal the three farm laws, which were understood to be a likely 'death warrant' for farmers. The three controversial farm laws were designed to liberalise India's agriculture markets, but farmers' unions and other critics alleged that the three laws would offer an advantage to big corporations at farmers' expense. In the thick of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, farmers sustained their more than yearlong protests and finally forced the neoliberal, hard-right Hindu nationalist government of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to back down. It seems that the farmers' movement has put a check on the march of neoliberalism, though temporarily, and brought back the farm issues and agrarian polity to the forefront of national politics after three decades. The trigger for the farmers' mobilisation was the repealed three laws, which were passed in September 2020 by the union government and expected to bring 'revolutionary' changes to agriculture: The Farmers'Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020; The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020, and The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill, 2020. Together, these laws were designed to change the existing regulatory framework of agriculture. However, the farmers accused the government of avoiding its responsibility to ensure farm produce is acquired at the minimum support price (MSP). Farmers feared that these so-called reforms would leave them at the mercy of corporations that could now enter India's farming sector with no government safeguards in place. Farmers also feared that they would ultimately lose their land, which was not only their most important asset but also the basis of their identity, heritage and self-esteem. Clearly, farmers and farmers' unions saw these laws as an attack on their livelihoods and identity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b9250c34c666148d43f48d40ba6b4c8f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":91887655,"asset_id":87763699,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91887655/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87763699"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87763699"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87763699; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="85339297"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/85339297/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Bharatiya_Kisan_Union_The_Farmers_Protests_of_2020_2021_in_the_Making_of_New_Rural_Politics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rise and Fall of the Bharatiya Kisan Union: The Farmers' Protests of 2020-2021 in the Making of New Rural Politics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90065540/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/85339297/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Bharatiya_Kisan_Union_The_Farmers_Protests_of_2020_2021_in_the_Making_of_New_Rural_Politics">Rise and Fall of the Bharatiya Kisan Union: The Farmers' Protests of 2020-2021 in the Making of New Rural Politics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Sociological Bulletin </span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the 1980s, India's farmers' protests including the Bhartiya Kisan Union (BKU) emerged as a str...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the 1980s, India's farmers' protests including the Bhartiya Kisan Union (BKU) emerged as a strong political force that played an important role in the overthrow of the Congress government in the1989 elections. However, in the 1990s introduction of the neoliberal economic policies shifted the agrarian economy to non-farm occupations and deepened the ongoing agrarian crisis. By focusing on the BKU and its politics, this paper examines the ways in which agrarian change and crisis coupled with the rise of Hindutva politics weakened the agrarian polity in western Uttar Pradesh over the last three decades. Drawing on ethnographic research in Muzaffarnagar, however, I argue that the farmers' protests (of 2020-2021) have revived farmers' identity and have renewed the agrarian polity. These protests not only created unprecedented alliances across caste, class, gender, and religion but also brought together farm unions, left, and progressive civil society organizations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9c4f5eeb672da1f5673f1195f6499d3e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90065540,"asset_id":85339297,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90065540/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="85339297"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="85339297"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85339297; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="75112449"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/75112449/Post_Agrarian_Rural_and_Rise_of_the_New_Sociality_pdf"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Post-Agrarian Rural and Rise of the New Sociality.pdf" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83012978/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/75112449/Post_Agrarian_Rural_and_Rise_of_the_New_Sociality_pdf">Post-Agrarian Rural and Rise of the New Sociality.pdf</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Routledge</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This book chapter (in edited book titled "Companion to Indian Democracy: Resilience, Fragility, A...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This book chapter (in edited book titled "Companion to Indian Democracy: Resilience, Fragility, Ambivalence"  by Peter R. deSouza et all. Routledge, explores what is post-agrarian rural and how it is being reconstituted in the time of rapid urbanization in contemporary India.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6ec0693ab8d203514eba1fabd3054e99" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":83012978,"asset_id":75112449,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83012978/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="75112449"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75112449"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75112449; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="63820399"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/63820399/Farmers_movement_of_2020_in_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Farmers' movement of 2020 in India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76115922/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/63820399/Farmers_movement_of_2020_in_India">Farmers' movement of 2020 in India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Research Paper in Seminar</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ongoing agrarian change and crises, along with the new politico-economic conditions, I argue,...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ongoing agrarian change and crises, along with the new politico-economic conditions, I argue, is set to create new solidarities in the North Indian countryside, and reflect on the farmers’ protests of 2020, which have succeeded in bringing together farmers and labourers across class, caste, gender and religion amidst the many insurmountable fault lines.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="25930f87b71dc356d9f5e3b96590ab7b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76115922,"asset_id":63820399,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76115922/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="63820399"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="63820399"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63820399; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="61819596"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/61819596/Class_caste_and_agrarian_change_the_making_of_farmers_protests"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Class, caste and agrarian change: the making of farmers' protests" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/74759018/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/61819596/Class_caste_and_agrarian_change_the_making_of_farmers_protests">Class, caste and agrarian change: the making of farmers' protests</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Peasant Studies </span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Focusing on Jats of Western Uttar Pradesh (UP), North India, this commentary on India's farmers' ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Focusing on Jats of Western Uttar Pradesh (UP), North India, this commentary on India's farmers' protests provides an ethnographic and historical grounded picture of the larger political economic trends that have transformed everyday life and farmer identity in the region. It traces the rise and fall of the farmers identity popularized by Charan Singh and then the Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU), its dissolution and replacement by Hindutva in the 2013, and its more recent return with the farmers protest. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="51662952"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/51662952/Farmers_stir_the_new_dimension_in_U_P_s_politics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Farmers' stir, the new dimension in U.P.'s politics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69288000/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/51662952/Farmers_stir_the_new_dimension_in_U_P_s_politics">Farmers' stir, the new dimension in U.P.'s politics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Hindu</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="abb295969e40fbf1fbf0ae30b4f23cd7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":69288000,"asset_id":51662952,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69288000/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="51662952"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="51662952"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51662952; 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