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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultanate_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultanate_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sultanate period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultanate_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Mughal period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era_(1757–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era_(1757–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Colonial era (1757–1947) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era_(1757–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Partition of Bengal (1947) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographic_distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geographic distinctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 North Bengal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeast_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeast_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Northeast Bengal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeast_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Central Bengal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 South Bengal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Southeast Bengal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Places of interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Arakan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Assam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bihar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bihar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Bihar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bihar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chittagong_Hill_Tracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Chittagong Hill Tracts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chittagong_Hill_Tracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malay_Archipelago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay_Archipelago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.6 Malay Archipelago </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay_Archipelago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meghalaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meghalaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.7 Meghalaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meghalaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.8 North India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odisha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odisha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.9 Odisha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odisha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.10 Tibet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tripura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tripura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.11 Tripura </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tripura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladeshi_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladeshi_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Bangladeshi Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladeshi_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Indian Bengal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossborder_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossborder_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Crossborder relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossborder_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stock_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stock_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Stock markets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stock_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports_and_harbours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports_and_harbours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ports and harbours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports_and_harbours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chambers_of_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chambers_of_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Chambers of commerce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chambers_of_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intra-Bengal_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-Bengal_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Intra-Bengal trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-Bengal_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Major cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Personification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Sciences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Boats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 Attire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.13 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.14 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bengal</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" > 95 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengale" title="Bengale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bengale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalen" title="Bengalen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bengalen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بنغال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنغال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97" title="বংগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বংগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala" title="Bengala – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bengala" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benqaliya" title="Benqaliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Benqaliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بنقال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنقال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggala" title="Benggala – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Benggala" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="বঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бенгалія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенгалія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="बंगाल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बंगाल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бенгалия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенгалия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="བེང་ག་ལི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བེང་ག་ལི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala" title="Bengala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bengala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%A1lsko" title="Bengálsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bengálsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalen" title="Bengalen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bengalen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalen" title="Bengalen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bengalen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Βεγγάλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βεγγάλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala" title="Bengala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bengala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalio" title="Bengalio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bengalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala" title="Bengala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bengala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بنگال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنگال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengale" title="Bengale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bengale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beang%C3%A1l" title="Beangál – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beangál" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala" title="Bengala – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bengala" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%B5%EA%B3%A8" title="벵골 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벵골" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բենգալիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենգալիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="बंगाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बंगाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggala" title="Benggala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benggala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бенгали – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бенгали" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala" title="Bengala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bengala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C" title="בנגל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנגל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE_(%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%99%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97)" title="ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾ (ಬಙ್ಗ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾ (ಬಙ್ಗ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala" title="Bengala – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bengala" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C4%81lija" title="Bengālija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bengālija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalija" title="Bengalija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bengalija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%A1lia" title="Bengália – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bengália" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бенгал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бенгал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaly" title="Bengaly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bengaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" title="ബംഗാൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബംഗാൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="बंगाल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बंगाल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بنگال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنگال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggala" title="Benggala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Benggala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бенгал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бенгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalen_(gebied)" title="Bengalen (gebied) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bengalen (gebied)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="बङ्गाल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बङ्गाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="ベンガル地方 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンガル地方" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бенгали – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бенгали" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala" title="Bengala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bengala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaliya" title="Bengaliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bengaliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬੰਗਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੰਗਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بنگال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنگال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بنګال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بنګال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala" title="Bengala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bengala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бенгалия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенгалия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="वङ्गः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वङ्गः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali" title="Bengali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bengali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="බෙංගාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෙංගාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بنگال – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بنگال" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بەنگال – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەنگال" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бенгал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бенгал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggala" title="Benggala – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Benggala" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_(alue)" title="Bengali (alue) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bengali (alue)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalen" title="Bengalen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bengalen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வங்காளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்காளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali%C3%A4" title="Bengaliä – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Bengaliä" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="బెంగాల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెంగాల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бангола – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бангола" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bengal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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in Asia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bengal</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>বঙ্গ Bôṅgô</li><li>বাংলা Bāṅlā</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_in_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bengal region in Asia"><img alt="Bengal region in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bengal_in_Asia.jpg/250px-Bengal_in_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bengal_in_Asia.jpg/500px-Bengal_in_Asia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Bengal region in Asia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Continent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedic_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic India">Vedic India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundravardhana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1500 – c. 500 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500 – c. 350 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4th century – 2nd century BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Gupta_dynasty" title="Later Gupta dynasty">Later Gupta dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">185–75 BCE, 3rd century CE – 543 CE, 6th–7th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">590–633 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Empire</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8th–11th century, 11th–12th century, 12th–13th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1204–1339 CE, 1338–1576 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1565–1717 CE, 1717–1765 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">1765–1947 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Divisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Barisal_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Barisal division">Barisal</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagong division">Chittagong</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka division">Dhaka</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Khulna_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Khulna division">Khulna</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Mymensingh division">Mymensingh</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajshahi division">Rajshahi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rangpur_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangpur division">Rangpur</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet division">Sylhet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">239,021 km2 (92,287 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">273,610,384</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,144/km2 (2,960/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B6:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+6:00">UTC+6:00</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Internet <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bd" title=".bd">.bd</a>, <a href="/wiki/.in" title=".in">.in</a> (English) <a href="/wiki/.%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" class="mw-redirect" title=".বাংলা">.বাংলা</a>, <a href="/wiki/.%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" class="mw-redirect" title=".ভারত">.ভারত</a> (Bengali)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest urban areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="#Urban_Areas">List</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="border:2px double #B22234; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color: var(--color-base, #202122);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg/250px-Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg/330px-Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1250" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengali history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Names of Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengali homeland</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali people</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Social group: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghotis" title="Ghotis">Ghotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li>Religious community: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali name</a></li> <li>Subgroups: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali culture">Bengali culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangaliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangaliana">Bangaliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Romanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_novels" title="Bengali novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk literature">Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali music">Music</a></li> <li>Cinema <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li>Weddings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengali Hindu wedding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li>Festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Falgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Falgun">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsha_Utsab" title="Barsha Utsab">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Harvest</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Bengali symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Bangla" title="Joy Bangla">Joy Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal fire">Bengal fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Sonar_Bangla" title="Amar Sonar Bangla">Amar Sonar Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh" title="National symbols of Bangladesh">National symbols of Bangladesh</a></li> <li>Fish and rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingri_malai_curry" title="Chingri malai curry">Chingri malai curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Rasgulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chomchom" title="Chomchom">Chomchom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">List of rulers of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengalis" title="Template:Bengalis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengalis" title="Template talk:Bengalis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengalis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengalis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="Bengali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg/40px-Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg/60px-Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg/80px-Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bangla_script_display_help" title="Wikipedia:Bangla script display help">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location-Bangla01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Location-Bangla01.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of the Bengali language</figcaption></figure> Bengal (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bɛnˈɡɔːl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ben-GAWL</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">historical geographical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnolinguistic">ethnolinguistic</a> and cultural term referring to a region in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">eastern part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> at the apex of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. The region of Bengal proper is divided between the modern-day sovereign nation of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga Kingdom</a> is widely regarded as the namesake of the Bengal region.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a> dates back to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a> in the 7th century CE. The <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> was founded in Bengal during the 8th century. The <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva dynasty</a> ruled between the 11th and 13th centuries. By the 14th century, Bengal was absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a>. An independent <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> was formed and became the eastern frontier of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> During this period, Bengal's rule and influence spread to <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> (formerly- Orissa).<a href="#cite_note-auto6-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> later emerged as a prosperous part of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. The last independent <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a> was defeated in 1757 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. The company's <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> grew into the largest administrative unit of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> with <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> as the capital of both Bengal and India until 1911. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">first partition of Bengal</a>, a short-lived province called <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> existed between 1905 and 1911 with its capital in the former Mughal capital <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_referendum,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet referendum, 1947">Sylhet referendum</a> and votes by the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Council" title="Bengal Legislative Council">Bengal Legislative Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bengal Legislative Assembly">Bengal Legislative Assembly</a>, the region was again <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">divided along religious lines in 1947</a>. Bengali culture, particularly its <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">art</a> and cinema, are well known in South Asia and beyond. The region is also notable for its economic and social scientists, which includes several <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureates</a>. Once home to the city with the highest per capita income level in British India,<a href="#cite_note-orfonline1-10">[9]</a> the region is today a leader in South Asia in terms of <a href="/wiki/Gender_Parity_Index" title="Gender Parity Index">gender parity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">gender pay gap</a> and other indices of <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">human development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Names of Bengal</a></div> The name of Bengal is derived from the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga</a> (pronounced Bôngô),<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica-17">[16]</a> the earliest records of which date back to the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> epic in the <a href="/wiki/First_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="First millennium BCE">first millennium BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-17">[16]</a> The reference to 'Vangalam' is present in an inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple" title="Brihadisvara Temple">Brihadisvara Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>, which is one of the oldest references to Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The term Vangaladesa is used to describe the region in 11th-century South Indian records.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-21">[20]</a> The modern term Bangla is prominent from the 14th century, which saw the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Bengal">Sultanate of Bengal</a>, whose first ruler <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a> was known as the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> of Bangala.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> referred to the region as Bengala in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History of Bengal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_lacma_West_Bengal_Vase_with_Processional_Scenes_ca_100_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/WLA_lacma_West_Bengal_Vase_with_Processional_Scenes_ca_100_BC.jpg/220px-WLA_lacma_West_Bengal_Vase_with_Processional_Scenes_ca_100_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/WLA_lacma_West_Bengal_Vase_with_Processional_Scenes_ca_100_BC.jpg/330px-WLA_lacma_West_Bengal_Vase_with_Processional_Scenes_ca_100_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/WLA_lacma_West_Bengal_Vase_with_Processional_Scenes_ca_100_BC.jpg/440px-WLA_lacma_West_Bengal_Vase_with_Processional_Scenes_ca_100_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Pottery with processional scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Chandraketugarh" title="Chandraketugarh">Chandraketugarh region</a> of West Bengal, India, c. 100 BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Mahishasuramardini_slaying_the_Buffalo_Demon,_Bengal,_India,_or_Bangladesh,_Pala_dynasty,_1100s_AD,_phyllite_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05056.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Durga_Mahishasuramardini_slaying_the_Buffalo_Demon%2C_Bengal%2C_India%2C_or_Bangladesh%2C_Pala_dynasty%2C_1100s_AD%2C_phyllite_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05056.jpg/250px-Durga_Mahishasuramardini_slaying_the_Buffalo_Demon%2C_Bengal%2C_India%2C_or_Bangladesh%2C_Pala_dynasty%2C_1100s_AD%2C_phyllite_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05056.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Durga_Mahishasuramardini_slaying_the_Buffalo_Demon%2C_Bengal%2C_India%2C_or_Bangladesh%2C_Pala_dynasty%2C_1100s_AD%2C_phyllite_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05056.jpg/330px-Durga_Mahishasuramardini_slaying_the_Buffalo_Demon%2C_Bengal%2C_India%2C_or_Bangladesh%2C_Pala_dynasty%2C_1100s_AD%2C_phyllite_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Durga_Mahishasuramardini_slaying_the_Buffalo_Demon%2C_Bengal%2C_India%2C_or_Bangladesh%2C_Pala_dynasty%2C_1100s_AD%2C_phyllite_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05056.jpg/500px-Durga_Mahishasuramardini_slaying_the_Buffalo_Demon%2C_Bengal%2C_India%2C_or_Bangladesh%2C_Pala_dynasty%2C_1100s_AD%2C_phyllite_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Goddess Durga, Pala period, 10th century.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi_Sultanate_Coin_from_Gaur,_Bengal_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Delhi_Sultanate_Coin_from_Gaur%2C_Bengal_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/250px-Delhi_Sultanate_Coin_from_Gaur%2C_Bengal_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Delhi_Sultanate_Coin_from_Gaur%2C_Bengal_in_the_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Coin featuring a horseman issued by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> celebrating the Muslim conquest of <a href="/wiki/Lakhnauti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhnauti">Lakhnauti</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanga_coin_(400-300_BCE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vanga_coin_%28400-300_BCE%29.jpg/250px-Vanga_coin_%28400-300_BCE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vanga_coin_%28400-300_BCE%29.jpg/330px-Vanga_coin_%28400-300_BCE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vanga_coin_%28400-300_BCE%29.jpg/340px-Vanga_coin_%28400-300_BCE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India#Origin_of_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga Kingdom</a>, 400–300 BCE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atisha.jpg/250px-Atisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atisha.jpg/330px-Atisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atisha.jpg/500px-Atisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2694" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Atisa">Atisa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bikrampur" title="Bikrampur">Bikrampur</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites have been found in several parts of the region.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> In the second millennium BCE, rice-cultivating communities dotted the region. By the eleventh century BCE, people in Bengal lived in systematically aligned homes, produced copper objects, and crafted black and red pottery. Remnants of <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> settlements are located in the region.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> At the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, people in Bengal adopted iron-based weapons, tools and irrigation equipment.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> From 600 BCE, the second wave of urbanisation engulfed the north Indian subcontinent as part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> culture. Ancient archaeological sites and cities in <a href="/wiki/Dihar_(archaeological_site)" title="Dihar (archaeological site)">Dihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandu_Rajar_Dhibi" title="Pandu Rajar Dhibi">Pandu Rajar Dhibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahasthangarh" title="Mahasthangarh">Mahasthangarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandraketugarh" title="Chandraketugarh">Chandraketugarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wari-Bateshwar_ruins" title="Wari-Bateshwar ruins">Wari-Bateshwar</a> emerged. The <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meghna" class="mw-redirect" title="Meghna">Meghna</a> rivers were natural arteries for communication and transportation.<a href="#cite_note-google5-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuaries</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> allowed for <a href="/wiki/Maritime_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime industry">maritime</a> trade with distant lands in Southeast Asia and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-google5-27">[26]</a> The ancient geopolitical divisions of Bengal included <a href="/wiki/Varendra" title="Varendra">Varendra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suhma" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhma">Suhma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela</a>. These regions were often independent or under the rule of larger empires. The Mahasthan <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> Inscription indicates that Bengal was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> in the 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-28">[27]</a> The inscription was an administrative order instructing relief for a distressed segment of the population.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Punch-marked_coins" title="Punch-marked coins">Punch-marked coins</a> found in the region indicate that <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> were used as currency during the Iron Age.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The namesake of Bengal is the ancient Vanga Kingdom which was reputed as a naval power with overseas colonies. A prince from Bengal named <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Vijaya</a> founded the first kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. The two most prominent pan-Indian empires of this period included the Mauryans and the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>. The region was a centre of artistic, political, social, spiritual and scientific thinking, including the invention of <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian numerals">Indian numerals</a>, and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero">zero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murray_1913-31">[30]</a> The region was known to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman world">Romans</a> as <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gangaridai-32">[31]</a> The Greek ambassador <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> chronicled its military strength and dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges delta">Ganges delta</a>. The invasion army of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> was deterred by the accounts of Gangaridai's power in 325 BCE, including a <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> of <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>. Later Roman accounts noted maritime trade routes with Bengal. 1st century Roman coins with images of <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> were found in the region and point to trade links with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wari-Bateshwar_ruins" title="Wari-Bateshwar ruins">Wari-Bateshwar ruins</a> are believed to be the emporium (trading centre) of Sounagoura mentioned by Roman geographer <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> A Roman amphora was found in <a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur district</a> of West Bengal which was made in <a href="/wiki/Aelana" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelana">Aelana</a> (present-day Aqaba, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>) between the 4th and 7th centuries AD.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C3%B1carak%E1%B9%A3%C4%81_(Cambridge_University_Library_MS_Add.1688).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pa%C3%B1carak%E1%B9%A3%C4%81_%28Cambridge_University_Library_MS_Add.1688%29.jpg/250px-Pa%C3%B1carak%E1%B9%A3%C4%81_%28Cambridge_University_Library_MS_Add.1688%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pa%C3%B1carak%E1%B9%A3%C4%81_%28Cambridge_University_Library_MS_Add.1688%29.jpg/330px-Pa%C3%B1carak%E1%B9%A3%C4%81_%28Cambridge_University_Library_MS_Add.1688%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pa%C3%B1carak%E1%B9%A3%C4%81_%28Cambridge_University_Library_MS_Add.1688%29.jpg/500px-Pa%C3%B1carak%E1%B9%A3%C4%81_%28Cambridge_University_Library_MS_Add.1688%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13183" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist palm leaf manuscript, 10th century CE.</figcaption></figure> The first unified Bengali polity can be traced to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a>. The origins of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a> can be traced to his reign. Shashanka founded the <a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a>. After Shashanka's death, Bengal experienced a period of civil war known as Matsyanyayam.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Gauda_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda (city)">Gauda</a> later gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>. The first Pala emperor <a href="/wiki/Gopala_I" title="Gopala I">Gopala I</a> was chosen by an assembly of chieftains in Gauda. The Pala kingdom grew into one of the largest empires in the Indian subcontinent. The Pala period saw advances in linguistics, sculpture, painting, and education. The empire achieved its greatest territorial extent under <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Dharmapala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devapala_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devapala (Pala dynasty)">Devapala</a>. The Palas vied for control of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> with the rival <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> dynasties. Pala influence also extended to <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> due to the travels and preachings of <a href="/wiki/Atisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Atisa">Atisa</a>. The university of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> was established by the Palas. They also built the <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a>, which was the largest monastic institution in the subcontinent. The rule of the Palas eventually disintegrated. The <a href="/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandra dynasty</a> ruled southeastern Bengal and <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> ruled parts of northeastern Bengal and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a> emerged as the main successor of the Palas by the 11th century. The Senas were a resurgent Hindu dynasty which ruled much of Bengal. The smaller <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva dynasty</a> also ruled parts of the region. Ancient Chinese visitors like <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> provided elaborate accounts of Bengal's cities and monastic institutions.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Muslim trade with Bengal flourished after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> takeover of Persian trade routes. Much of this trade occurred with southeastern Bengal in areas east of the <a href="/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna River</a>. Bengal was probably used as a transit route to China by the earliest Muslims. <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> coins have been discovered in the archaeological ruins of <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Paharpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainamati" title="Mainamati">Mainamati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> A collection of Sasanian, <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> and Abbasid coins are preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_National_Museum" title="Bangladesh National Museum">Bangladesh National Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultanate_period">Sultanate period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg/250px-Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg/330px-Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg/500px-Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Chinese manuscript showing an African giraffe gifted to China by the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Bengal">Sultan of Bengal</a> in 1414</figcaption></figure> In 1204, the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid</a> general <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> began the Islamic conquest of Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The fall of Lakhnauti was recounted by historians circa 1243. Lakhnauti was the capital of the Sena dynasty. According to historical accounts, Ghurid cavalry swept across the Gangetic plains towards Bengal. They entered the Bengali capital disguised as horse traders. Once inside the royal compound, Bakhtiyar and his horsemen swiftly overpowered the guards of the Sena king who had just sat down to eat a meal. The king then hastily fled to the forest with his followers.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-42">[41]</a> The overthrow of the Sena king has been described as a coup d'état, which "inaugurated an era, lasting over five centuries, during which most of Bengal was dominated by rulers professing the Islamic faith. In itself this was not exceptional, since from about this time until the eighteenth century, Muslim sovereigns ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent. What was exceptional, however, was that among India's interior provinces only in Bengal—a region approximately the size of England and Scotland combined—did a majority of the indigenous population adopt the religion of the ruling class, Islam".<a href="#cite_note-auto5-42">[41]</a> Bengal became a province of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>. A coin featuring a horseman was issued to celebrate the Muslim conquest of Lakhnauti with inscriptions in Sanskrit and Arabic. An abortive <a href="/wiki/Islamic_invasion_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic invasion of Tibet">Islamic invasion of Tibet</a> was also mounted by Bakhtiyar. Bengal was under the formal rule of the Delhi Sultanate for approximately 150 years. Delhi struggled to consolidate control over Bengal. Rebel governors often sought to assert autonomy or independence. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a> re-established control over Bengal in 1225 after suppressing the rebels. Due to the considerable overland distance, Delhi's authority in Bengal was relatively weak. It was left to local governors to expand territory and bring new areas under Muslim rule, such as through the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Sylhet" title="Conquest of Sylhet">Conquest of Sylhet</a> in 1303. In 1338, new rebellions sprung up in Bengal's three main towns. Governors in Lakhnauti, <a href="/wiki/Satgaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a> declared independence from Delhi. This allowed the ruler of Sonargaon, <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah" title="Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah">Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah</a>, to annexe <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> to the Islamic administration. By 1352, the ruler of Satgaon, <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a>, unified the region into an independent state. Ilyas Shah established his capital in <a href="/wiki/Pandua,_Malda" title="Pandua, Malda">Pandua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The new breakaway state emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, which developed into a territorial, mercantile and maritime empire. At the time, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> stretched from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Spain">Muslim Spain</a> in the west to Bengal in the east. The initial raids of Ilyas Shah saw the first Muslim army enter <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and stretched from <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The Delhi army continued to fend off the new Bengali army. The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate-Delhi_Sultanate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War">Bengal-Delhi War</a> ended in 1359 when Delhi recognised the independence of Bengal. Ilyas Shah's son <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah" title="Sikandar Shah">Sikandar Shah</a> defeated Delhi Sultan <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughluq" class="mw-redirect" title="Firuz Shah Tughluq">Firuz Shah Tughluq</a> during the Siege of Ekdala Fort. A subsequent peace treaty recognised Bengal's independence and Sikandar Shah was gifted a golden crown by the Sultan of Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The ruler of <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a> sought refuge in Bengal during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> later helped the Arakanese king to regain control of his throne in exchange for becoming a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a> of the Bengal Sultanate. Bengali influence in Arakan persisted for 300 years.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Bengal also helped the king of Tripura to regain control of his throne in exchange for becoming a tributary state. The ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Jaunpur Sultanate</a> also sought refuge in Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-Hasan2007p16-17-47">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal states</a> of Bengal included Arakan, Tripura, <a href="/wiki/Chandradwip" title="Chandradwip">Chandradwip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_Kingdom" title="Pratapgarh Kingdom">Pratapgarh</a>. At its peak, the Bengal Sultanate's territory included parts of Arakan, Assam, Bihar, Orissa, and Tripura.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-8">[7]</a> The Bengal Sultanate experienced its greatest military success under <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Hussain_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Hussain Shah">Alauddin Hussain Shah</a>, who was proclaimed as the conqueror of Assam after his forces led by <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Ghazi" title="Shah Ismail Ghazi">Shah Ismail Ghazi</a> overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Khen_dynasty" title="Khen dynasty">Khen dynasty</a> and annexed large parts of Assam. In maritime trade, the Bengal Sultanate benefited from <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a> networks and emerged as a hub of <a href="/wiki/Re-export" class="mw-redirect" title="Re-export">re-exports</a>. A giraffe was brought by African envoys from <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> to Bengal's court and was later gifted to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>. Ship-owing merchants acted as envoys of the Sultan while travelling to different regions in Asia and Africa. Many rich Bengali merchants lived in Malacca.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-48">[47]</a> Bengali ships transported embassies from <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a> to China. Bengal and the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> had a vast trade in <a href="/wiki/Shell_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell currency">shell currency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The Sultan of Bengal donated funds to build schools in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region of Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The five dynastic periods of the Bengal Sultanate spanned from the <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a>, to a period of rule by Bengali converts, to the <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a>, to a period of rule by Abyssinian usurpers; an interruption by the <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri dynasty</a>; and ended with the <a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Battle of Raj Mahal</a> and the capture of <a href="/wiki/Daud_Khan_Karrani" title="Daud Khan Karrani">Daud Khan Karrani</a> marked the end of the Bengal Sultanate during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>. In the late 16th-century, a confederation called the <a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> resisted Mughal invasions in eastern Bengal. The Baro-Bhuyan included twelve Muslim and Hindu leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bengal" title="Zamindars of Bengal">Zamindars of Bengal</a>. They were led by <a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a>, a former prime minister of the Bengal Sultanate. By the 17th century, the Mughals were able to fully absorb the region to their empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_period">Mughal period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg/250px-Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg/330px-Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal painting</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Akbar">Emperor Akbar</a> offering prayers after the conquest of Bengal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/220px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/330px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/440px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>Art of <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_tusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant tusk">elephant tusk</a> crafted into a model of the Royal Peacock Barge of the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> had the richest elite and was the wealthiest region in the subcontinent. Bengal's trade and wealth impressed the Mughals so much that it was described as the Paradise of the Nations by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> A new provincial capital was built in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>. Members of the imperial family were appointed to positions in Mughal Bengal, including the position of governor (<a href="/wiki/Subedar" title="Subedar">subedar</a>). Dhaka became a centre of palace intrigue and politics. Some of the most prominent governors included <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> general <a href="/wiki/Man_Singh_I" title="Man Singh I">Man Singh I</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>'s son Prince <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal_prince)" title="Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)">Shah Shuja</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>'s son and later Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Azam Shah</a>, and the influential aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Shaista_Khan" title="Shaista Khan">Shaista Khan</a>. During the tenure of Shaista Khan, the Portuguese and Arakanese were expelled from the port of Chittagong in 1666. Bengal became the eastern frontier of the Mughal administration. By the 18th century, Bengal became home to a semi-independent aristocracy led by the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google7-52">[51]</a> Bengal premier <a href="/wiki/Murshid_Quli_Khan" title="Murshid Quli Khan">Murshid Quli Khan</a> managed to curtail the influence of the governor due to his rivalry with Prince Azam Shah. Khan controlled Bengal's finances since he was in charge of the treasury. He shifted the provincial capital from Dhaka to <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>. In 1717, the Mughal court in Delhi recognised the hereditary monarchy of the Nawab of Bengal. The ruler was officially titled as the "Nawab of Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a>", as the Nawab ruled over the three regions in the eastern subcontinent. The Nawabs began issuing their own coins but continued to pledge nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor. The wealth of Bengal was vital for the Mughal court because Delhi received its biggest share of revenue from the Nawab's court. The Nawabs presided over a period of unprecedented economic growth and prosperity, including an era of growing organisation in textiles, banking, a military-industrial complex, the production of fine quality <a href="/wiki/Handicrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicrafts">handicrafts</a>, and other trades. A process of <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-industrialisation">proto-industrialisation</a> was underway. Under the Nawabs, the streets of Bengali cities were filled with brokers, workers, peons, naibs, wakils, and ordinary traders.<a href="#cite_note-auto-53">[52]</a> The Nawab's state was a major exporter of <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Bengal muslin</a>, silk, <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saltpetre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltpetre">saltpetre</a>. The Nawabs also permitted European trading companies to operate in Bengal, including the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_Law%27s_Company" title="John Law's Company">French East India Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company" title="Danish East India Company">Danish East India Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_East_India_Company" title="Austrian East India Company">Austrian East India Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ostend_Company" title="Ostend Company">Ostend Company</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>. The Nawabs were also suspicious of the growing influence of these companies. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_traveling_to_Mathura_(Bengal_painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Krishna_traveling_to_Mathura_%28Bengal_painting%29.jpg/250px-Krishna_traveling_to_Mathura_%28Bengal_painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Krishna_traveling_to_Mathura_%28Bengal_painting%29.jpg/330px-Krishna_traveling_to_Mathura_%28Bengal_painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Krishna_traveling_to_Mathura_%28Bengal_painting%29.jpg/500px-Krishna_traveling_to_Mathura_%28Bengal_painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4081" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>Bengali manuscript painting, 17th century.</figcaption></figure> Under Mughal rule, Bengal was a centre of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> and silk trades. During the Mughal era, the most important centre of cotton production was Bengal, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka, leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets such as Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-eaton-54">[53]</a> Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a> imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks.<a href="#cite_note-Prakash-55">[54]</a> From Bengal, saltpetre was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan,<a href="#cite_note-richards95-56">[55]</a> cotton cloth was exported to the Americas and the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-riello-57">[56]</a> Bengal also had a large <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> industry. In terms of shipbuilding tonnage during the 16th–18th centuries, economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates the annual output of Bengal at 223,250 tons, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771.<a href="#cite_note-ray174-58">[57]</a> Since the 16th century, European traders traversed the sea routes to Bengal, following the Portuguese conquests of Malacca and Goa. The Portuguese established a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Chittagong" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Chittagong">settlement in Chittagong</a> with permission from the Bengal Sultanate in 1528 but were later expelled by the Mughals in 1666. In the 18th-century, the Mughal Court rapidly disintegrated due to <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India" title="Nader Shah's invasion of India">Nader Shah's invasion</a> and internal rebellions, allowing European colonial powers to set up trading posts across the territory. The British East India Company eventually emerged as the foremost military power in the region; and defeated the last independent Nawab of Bengal at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757.<a href="#cite_note-google7-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era_(1757–1947)">Colonial era (1757–1947)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Memorial,_Calcutta_-_LIFE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Victoria_Memorial%2C_Calcutta_-_LIFE.jpg/250px-Victoria_Memorial%2C_Calcutta_-_LIFE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Victoria_Memorial%2C_Calcutta_-_LIFE.jpg/330px-Victoria_Memorial%2C_Calcutta_-_LIFE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Victoria_Memorial%2C_Calcutta_-_LIFE.jpg/500px-Victoria_Memorial%2C_Calcutta_-_LIFE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/250px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/330px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/500px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757 ushered British rule</figcaption></figure> The British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> began influencing and controlling the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a> from 1757 after the Battle of Plassey, thus signalling the start of British influence in India. British control of Bengal increased between 1757 and 1793 while the Nawab was reduced to a puppet figure.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fort_William" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Fort William">Presidency of Fort William</a> asserting greater control over the entire province of Bengal and neighbouring territories. <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> was named the capital of <a href="/wiki/British_territories_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British territories in India">British territories in India</a> in 1772. The presidency was run by a military-civil administration, including the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>, and had the world's sixth earliest railway network. Between 1833 and 1854, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Bengal">Governor of Bengal</a> was concurrently the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> for many years. Great <a href="/wiki/Famines_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Famines in India">Bengal famines</a> struck several times during colonial rule (notably the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>).<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Under British rule, Bengal experienced the <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deindustrialisation">deindustrialisation</a> of its pre-colonial economy.<a href="#cite_note-ray-62">[61]</a> Company policies led to the deindustrialisation of Bengal's textile industry.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The capital amassed by the East India Company in Bengal was invested in the emerging <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>, in industries such as <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">textile manufacturing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ray-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-sengupta-64">[63]</a> Economic mismanagement, alongside drought and a smallpox epidemic, directly led to the Great Bengal famine of 1770, which is estimated to have caused the deaths of between 1 million and 10 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Roy2019-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jonsson2013p167-68">[67]</a> In 1862, the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Council" title="Bengal Legislative Council">Bengal Legislative Council</a> was set up as the first modern <a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_in_South_Asia" title="List of legislatures in South Asia">legislature in India</a>. Elected representation was gradually introduced during the early 20th century, including with the <a href="/wiki/Morley-Minto_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Morley-Minto reforms">Morley-Minto reforms</a> and the system of <a href="/wiki/Dyarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyarchy">dyarchy</a>. In 1937, the council became the upper chamber of the Bengali legislature while the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bengal Legislative Assembly">Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> was created. Between 1937 and 1947, the chief executive of the government was the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a>. The Bengal Presidency was the largest administrative unit in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. At its height, it covered large parts of present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Malaysia, and Singapore. In 1830, the British Straits Settlements on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> was made a residency of Bengal. The area included the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wales Island (Malaysia)">Prince of Wales Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_Wellesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Province Wellesley">Province Wellesley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-69">[68]</a> In 1867, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, Singapore and Malacca were separated from Bengal into the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-69">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="British Burma">British Burma</a> became a province of India and a later a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> in itself. Western areas, including the <a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">The Punjab</a>, were further reorganised. Northeastern areas became <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Assam" title="Colonial Assam">Colonial Assam</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khas_Mahal_(Agra_Fort)-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Khas_Mahal_%28Agra_Fort%29-1.jpg/250px-Khas_Mahal_%28Agra_Fort%29-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Khas_Mahal_%28Agra_Fort%29-1.jpg/330px-Khas_Mahal_%28Agra_Fort%29-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Khas_Mahal_%28Agra_Fort%29-1.jpg/500px-Khas_Mahal_%28Agra_Fort%29-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bengal_roofs" title="Bengal roofs">Bengal roofs</a> seen on Mughal architecture, c. 1600s</figcaption></figure> In 1876, about 200,000 people were killed in Bengal by the <a href="/wiki/1876_Bangladesh_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="1876 Bangladesh cyclone">Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> About 50 million were killed in Bengal due to massive plague outbreaks and famines which happened in 1895 to 1920, mostly in western Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahomedan_wedding_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mahomedan_wedding_at_night.jpg/250px-Mahomedan_wedding_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mahomedan_wedding_at_night.jpg/330px-Mahomedan_wedding_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mahomedan_wedding_at_night.jpg/500px-Mahomedan_wedding_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Wedding at night, <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>, Bengal, 1810</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gangesdelta_klein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gangesdelta_klein.jpg/330px-Gangesdelta_klein.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gangesdelta_klein.jpg/500px-Gangesdelta_klein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gangesdelta_klein.jpg/960px-Gangesdelta_klein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ganges-Brahmaputra_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges-Brahmaputra delta">Ganges-Brahmaputra delta</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> was initiated on the outskirts of Calcutta, and spread to Dhaka, Chittagong, Jalpaiguri, Sylhet and Agartala, in solidarity with revolts in North India. The failure of the rebellion led to the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Company_Rule_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Company Rule in India">Company Rule in India</a> and establishment of direct rule over India by the British, commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. The late 19th and early 20th century <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a> had a great impact on the cultural and economic life of Bengal and started a great advance in the literature and science of Bengal. Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">divide the province of Bengal</a> into two: Bengal proper and the short-lived province of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> where the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a> was founded.<a href="#cite_note-baxter3-72">[71]</a> In 1911, the Bengali poet and polymath <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> became Asia's first Nobel laureate when he won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. Bengal played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">revolutionary groups</a> were dominant. Armed attempts to overthrow the British Raj began with the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Titumir" title="Titumir">Titumir</a>, and reached a climax when <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> against the British. Bengal was also central in the rising political awareness of the Muslim population—the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> was established in Dhaka in 1906. The Muslim homeland movement pushed for a sovereign state in eastern India with the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> in 1943. <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> was also strong in Bengal, which was home to groups like the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>. In spite of a last-ditch effort by politicians <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-unitedbengal-73">[72]</a> when India <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Republic of India">gained independence</a> in 1947, Bengal was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">partitioned</a> along religious lines.<a href="#cite_note-parttionbanglaped-74">[73]</a> The western joined India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> (later renamed <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, giving rise to Bangladesh in 1971). The circumstances of partition were bloody, with widespread religious riots in Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-parttionbanglaped-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-calcuttakilling-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History of Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Bengal" title="History of West Bengal">History of West Bengal</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></div> On 27 April 1947, the last <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a> <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a> held a press conference in New Delhi where he outlined his vision for an independent Bengal. Suhrawardy said "Let us pause for a moment to consider what Bengal can be if it remains united. It will be a great country, indeed the richest and the most prosperous in India capable of giving to its people a high standard of living, where a great people will be able to rise to the fullest height of their stature, a land that will truly be plentiful. It will be rich in agriculture, rich in industry and commerce and in course of time it will be one of the powerful and progressive states of the world. If Bengal remains united this will be no dream, no fantasy".<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> On 2 June 1947, <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> told the <a href="/wiki/US_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="US Ambassador to the United Kingdom">US Ambassador to the United Kingdom</a> that there was a "distinct possibility Bengal might decide against partition and against joining either Hindustan or Pakistan".<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> On 3 June 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountbatten Plan">Mountbatten Plan</a> outlined the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of British India">partition of British India</a>. On 20 June, the Bengal Legislative Assembly met to decide on the partition of Bengal. At the preliminary joint meeting, it was decided (126 votes to 90) that if the province remained united, it should join the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Constituent Assembly of Pakistan">Constituent Assembly of Pakistan</a>. At a separate meeting of legislators from <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, it was decided (58 votes to 21) that the province should be partitioned and West Bengal should join the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a>. At another meeting of legislators from <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, it was decided (106 votes to 35) that the province should not be partitioned and (107 votes to 34) that East Bengal should join the Constituent Assembly of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> if Bengal was partitioned.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> On 6 July, the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet district</a> of Assam voted in a <a href="/wiki/1947_Sylhet_referendum" title="1947 Sylhet referendum">referendum to join East Bengal</a>. The English barrister <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Radcliffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Radcliffe">Cyril Radcliffe</a> was instructed to draw the borders of Pakistan and India. The <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a> created the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh-India_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh-India border">Bangladesh-India border</a>. The Radcliffe Line awarded two-thirds of Bengal as the eastern wing of Pakistan, although the historic Bengali capitals of <a href="/wiki/Gauda_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda (city)">Gaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandua,_Malda" title="Pandua, Malda">Pandua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a> and Calcutta fell on the Indian side close to the border with Pakistan. Dhaka's status as a capital was also restored. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography of Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography of West Bengal</a></div> Most of the Bengal region lies in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges-Brahmaputra_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges-Brahmaputra delta">Ganges-Brahmaputra delta</a>, but there are highlands in its north, northeast and southeast. The Ganges Delta arises from the confluence of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna</a> rivers and their respective tributaries. The total area of Bengal is 237,212 square kilometres (91,588 sq mi)—West Bengal is 88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi) and Bangladesh 148,460 km2 (57,321 sq mi). The flat and fertile Bangladesh Plain dominates the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">geography of Bangladesh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet region">Sylhet region</a> are home to most of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains in Bangladesh">mountains in Bangladesh</a>. Most parts of Bangladesh are within 10 metres (33 feet) above the sea level, and it is believed that about 10% of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by 1 metre (3.3 feet).<a href="#cite_note-ali-79">[78]</a> Because of this low elevation, much of this region is exceptionally vulnerable to seasonal flooding due to monsoons. The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at 1,052 metres (3,451 feet).<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> A major part of the coastline comprises a <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshy</a> <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">jungle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forest in the world and home to diverse flora and fauna, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bengal_tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Bengal tiger">royal Bengal tiger</a>. In 1997, this region was declared endangered.<a href="#cite_note-sundarbans-81">[80]</a> West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a> in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The state has a total area of 88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-area-82">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a> in the northern extreme of the state belongs to the eastern Himalaya. This region contains <a href="/wiki/Sandakfu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandakfu">Sandakfu</a> (3,636 m (11,929 ft))—the highest peak of the state.<a href="#cite_note-sandak-83">[82]</a> The narrow <a href="/wiki/Terai_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Terai region">Terai region</a> separates this region from the plains, which in turn transitions into the Ganges delta towards the south. The <a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a> intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Western_plateau_and_high_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Western plateau and high lands">western plateau and high lands</a>. A small coastal region is on the extreme south, while the Sundarbans mangrove forests form a remarkable geographical landmark at the Ganges delta. At least nine districts in West Bengal and 42 districts in Bangladesh have <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">arsenic levels in groundwater</a> above the World Health Organization maximum permissible limit of 50 μg/L or 50 parts per billion and the untreated water is unfit for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-chowdhury-84">[83]</a> The water causes arsenicosis, skin cancer and various other complications in the body. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_distinctions">Geographic distinctions</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanchenjunga_view_from_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kanchenjunga_view_from_Bangladesh.jpg/250px-Kanchenjunga_view_from_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kanchenjunga_view_from_Bangladesh.jpg/330px-Kanchenjunga_view_from_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kanchenjunga_view_from_Bangladesh.jpg/500px-Kanchenjunga_view_from_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a>, the third highest mountain in the world, seen from a tea garden in Bangladesh. Kangchenjunga is often visible from the plains of <a href="/wiki/Tetulia_Upazila" title="Tetulia Upazila">Tetulia</a> in the northernmost tip of Bangladesh.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Bengal">North Bengal</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/North_Bengal" title="North Bengal">North Bengal</a> is a term used for the north-western part of Bangladesh and northern part of West Bengal. The Bangladeshi part comprises <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" title="Rangpur Division">Rangpur Division</a>. Generally, it is the area lying west of <a href="/wiki/Jamuna_River_(Bangladesh)" title="Jamuna River (Bangladesh)">Jamuna River</a> and north of <a href="/wiki/Padma_River" title="Padma River">Padma River</a>, and includes the <a href="/wiki/Barind_Tract" title="Barind Tract">Barind Tract</a>. Politically, West Bengal's part comprises <a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalpaiguri Division">Jalpaiguri Division</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad district</a>) together and Bihar's parts include <a href="/wiki/Kishanganj_district" title="Kishanganj district">Kishanganj district</a>. <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> Hilly are also part of North Bengal. The people of Jaipaiguri, Alipurduar and Cooch Behar usually identify themselves as North Bengali. North Bengal is divided into <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a> regions. North Bengal is also noted for its rich cultural heritage, including two UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Aside from the Bengali majority, North Bengal is home to many other communities including Nepalis, <a href="/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Santhal people</a>, Lepchas and Rajbongshis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northeast_Bengal">Northeast Bengal</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People_crossing_Tanguar_Haor_in_a_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/People_crossing_Tanguar_Haor_in_a_boat.jpg/250px-People_crossing_Tanguar_Haor_in_a_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/People_crossing_Tanguar_Haor_in_a_boat.jpg/330px-People_crossing_Tanguar_Haor_in_a_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/People_crossing_Tanguar_Haor_in_a_boat.jpg/500px-People_crossing_Tanguar_Haor_in_a_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2942" /></a><figcaption>Tanguar Haor in <a href="/wiki/Sunamganj_District" title="Sunamganj District">Sunamganj District</a>, Bangladesh. Haor are a common sight in the Northeast of Bengal.</figcaption></figure> Northeast Bengal<a href="#cite_note-google-85">[84]</a> refers to the Sylhet region, which today comprises the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> of Bangladesh and <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj district</a> in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. The region is famous for its fertile land terrain, many rivers, extensive tea plantations, rainforests and wetlands. The <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barak_River" title="Barak River">Barak</a> river are the geographic markers of the area. The city of <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a> is its largest urban centre, and the region is known for its unique regional <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti language</a>. The ancient name of the region is Srihatta and Nasratshahi.<a href="#cite_note-en.banglapedia.org-86">[85]</a> The region was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela</a> kingdoms as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>. It later became a district of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. Alongside the predominant Bengali population resides a small <a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasia</a> and other tribal minorities.<a href="#cite_note-en.banglapedia.org-86">[85]</a> The region is the crossroads of Bengal and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeast India</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_Bank_(33398162476).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bangladesh_Bank_%2833398162476%29.jpg/330px-Bangladesh_Bank_%2833398162476%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="307" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bangladesh_Bank_%2833398162476%29.jpg/500px-Bangladesh_Bank_%2833398162476%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bangladesh_Bank_%2833398162476%29.jpg/960px-Bangladesh_Bank_%2833398162476%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Central Bengal, one of the most urban and developed regions in Bengal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Bengal">Central Bengal</h4></div> Central Bengal refers to the <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka Division</a> of Bangladesh. It includes the elevated <a href="/wiki/Madhupur_tract" title="Madhupur tract">Madhupur tract</a> with a large <a href="/wiki/Sal_(tree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal (tree)">Sal tree forest</a>. The Padma River cuts through the southern part of the region, separating the greater <a href="/wiki/Faridpur_District" title="Faridpur District">Faridpur</a> region. In the north lies the greater <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangail" title="Tangail">Tangail</a> regions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Bengal">South Bengal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Bengal" title="South Bengal">South Bengal</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cox%27s_Bazar_beach_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cox%27s_Bazar_beach_15.jpg/330px-Cox%27s_Bazar_beach_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cox%27s_Bazar_beach_15.jpg/500px-Cox%27s_Bazar_beach_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cox%27s_Bazar_beach_15.jpg/960px-Cox%27s_Bazar_beach_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3253" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar" title="Cox's Bazar">Cox's Bazar</a> has the longest uninterrupted sea beach in the world</figcaption></figure> South Bengal covers the southwestern Bangladesh and the southern part of the Indian state of West Bengal. The Bangladeshi part includes <a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" title="Barisal Division">Barisal Division</a> and the proposed <a href="/wiki/Faridpur_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Faridpur Division">Faridpur Division</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The part of South Bengal of West Bengal includes <a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-swhydro-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a>, a major <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspot</a>, is located in South Bengal. Bangladesh hosts 60% of the forest, with the remainder in India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Bengal">Southeast Bengal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chittagong" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Chittagong">Greater Chittagong</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_of_Porenga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sunset_of_Porenga.jpg/330px-Sunset_of_Porenga.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sunset_of_Porenga.jpg/500px-Sunset_of_Porenga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sunset_of_Porenga.jpg/552px-Sunset_of_Porenga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Sunset at <a href="/wiki/Patenga" title="Patenga">Potenga Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> Southeast Bengal<a href="#cite_note-google2-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-google3-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-google4-93">[92]</a> refers to the hilly-coastal <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a>-speaking and coastal Bengali-speaking areas of <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong Division</a> in southeastern Bangladesh. The region is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafaring">seafaring</a> heritage. The area was dominated by the Bengali <a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a> kingdoms in antiquity. It was known to Arab traders as Samandar in the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> During the medieval period, the region was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandra dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Bengal">sultanate of Bengal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tripura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Tripura">kingdom of Tripura</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">kingdom of Mrauk U</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, prior to the advent of British rule. The <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian language</a>, a sister of Bengali is prevalent in coastal areas of southeast Bengal. Along with its Bengali population, it is also home to <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a> ethnic groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_people" title="Tanchangya people">Tanchangya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bawm_people" title="Bawm people">Bawm</a> peoples. Southeast Bengal is considered a bridge to Southeast Asia and the northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a> are also historically considered to be a part of it.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h3></div> There are four <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a> in the region, including the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_City_of_Bagerhat" title="Mosque City of Bagerhat">Mosque City of Bagerhat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a>. Other prominent places include the <a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur, Bankura</a> temple city, the <a href="/wiki/Adina_Mosque" title="Adina Mosque">Adina Mosque</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Katra_Masjid" title="Katra Masjid">Caravanserai Mosque</a>, numerous <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindar</a> palaces (like <a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Manzil" title="Ahsan Manzil">Ahsan Manzil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_Palace" title="Cooch Behar Palace">Cooch Behar Palace</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bara_Katra" title="Bara Katra">Great Caravanserai ruins</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Choto_Katra" class="mw-redirect" title="Choto Katra">Shaista Khan Caravanserai ruins</a>, the Kolkata <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Memorial (Kolkata)">Victoria Memorial</a>, the Dhaka Parliament Building, archaeologically excavated ancient fort cities in <a href="/wiki/Mahasthangarh" title="Mahasthangarh">Mahasthangarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainamati" title="Mainamati">Mainamati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandraketugarh" title="Chandraketugarh">Chandraketugarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wari-Bateshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wari-Bateshwar">Wari-Bateshwar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jaldapara_National_Park" title="Jaldapara National Park">Jaldapara National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lawachara_National_Park" title="Lawachara National Park">Lawachara National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Teknaf_Game_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknaf Game Reserve">Teknaf Game Reserve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar" title="Cox's Bazar">Cox's Bazar</a> in southeastern Bangladesh is home to the longest natural sea beach in the world with an unbroken length of 120 km (75 mi). It is also a growing <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> destination.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Island" title="St. Martin's Island">St. Martin's Island</a>, off the coast of Chittagong Division, is home to the sole <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> in Bengal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_speaking_zone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bengali_speaking_zone.png/250px-Bengali_speaking_zone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Bengali_speaking_zone.png 1.5x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Today, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Standard Bengali</a> is still spoken in areas beside Bengal proper, including the Barak Valley, Tripura and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</figcaption></figure> Bengal was a regional power of the Indian subcontinent. The administrative jurisdiction of Bengal historically extended beyond the territory of Bengal proper. In the 9th century, the Pala Empire of Bengal ruled large parts of northern India. The Bengal Sultanate controlled Bengal, Assam, Arakan, Bihar and Orissa at different periods in history. In Mughal Bengal, the Nawab of Bengal had a jurisdiction covering Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Bengal's administrative jurisdiction reached its greatest extent under the British Empire, when the Bengal Presidency extended from the Straits of Malacca in the east to the Khyber Pass in the west. In the late-19th and early-20th centuries, administrative reorganisation drastically reduced the territory of Bengal. Several regions bordering Bengal proper continue to have high levels of Bengali influence. The Indian state of Tripura has a Bengali majority population. Bengali influence is also prevalent in the Indian regions of Assam, Meghalaya, Bihar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; as well as in Myanmar's Rakhine State. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arakan">Arakan</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg/250px-Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg/330px-Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg/500px-Eastern_Lower_Bengal_and_Chittagong_with_Arakan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Bengal and Arakan in 1638.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>) has historically been under strong Bengali influence. Since antiquity, Bengal has influenced the culture of Arakan. The ancient Bengali script was used in Arakan.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> An Arakanese inscription recorded the reign of the Bengali <a href="/wiki/Candra_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Candra dynasty">Candra dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheatley_(geographer)" title="Paul Wheatley (geographer)">Paul Wheatley</a> described the "Indianization" of Arakan.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Gutman" title="Pamela Gutman">Pamela Gutman</a>, "Arakan was ruled by kings who adopted Indian titles and traditions to suit their own environment. Indian Brahmins conducted royal ceremonies, Buddhist monks spread their teachings, traders came and went and artists and architects used Indian models for inspiration. In the later period, there was also influence from the Islamic courts of Bengal and Delhi".<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Arakan emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google6-100">[99]</a> It later became an independent kingdom. The royal court and culture of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a> was heavily influenced by Bengal. <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a> served in the royal court as ministers and military commanders.<a href="#cite_note-google6-100">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhists</a> served as priests. Some of the most important poets of medieval <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> lived in Arakan, including <a href="/wiki/Alaol" title="Alaol">Alaol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daulat_Qazi" title="Daulat Qazi">Daulat Qazi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Umran_Chowdhury,_Dhaka_Tribune-101">[100]</a> In 1660, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal_prince)" title="Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)">Prince Shah Shuja</a>, the governor of Mughal Bengal and a pretender of the <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Throne" title="Peacock Throne">Peacock Throne</a> of India, was forced to seek asylum in Arakan.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Bengali influence in the Arakanese royal court persisted until Burmese annexation in the 18th-century. The modern-day <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a> population is a legacy of Bengal's influence on Arakan.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Umran_Chowdhury,_Dhaka_Tribune-101">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> resulted in the displacement of over a million people between 2016 and 2017, with many being uprooted from their homes in Rakhine State. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assam">Assam</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali-Assamese_subbranches.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bengali-Assamese_subbranches.png/220px-Bengali-Assamese_subbranches.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bengali-Assamese_subbranches.png/330px-Bengali-Assamese_subbranches.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bengali-Assamese_subbranches.png/440px-Bengali-Assamese_subbranches.png 2x" data-file-width="3095" data-file-height="2529" /></a><figcaption>Region of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali-Assamese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali-Assamese languages">Bengali-Assamese languages</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> shares many cultural similarities with Bengal. The Assamese language uses the same script as the Bengali language. The <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> has a Bengali-speaking majority population. During the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>, Assam was also partitioned along with Bengal. The <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> joined <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> in Pakistan, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Karimganj" title="Karimganj">Karimganj</a> which joined Indian Assam. Previously, East Bengal and Assam were part of a single province called <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> between 1905 and 1912 under the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Assam and Bengal were often part of the same kingdoms, including <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom" title="Kamata Kingdom">Kamata</a>. Large parts of Assam were annexed by <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Hussain_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Hussain Shah">Alauddin Hussain Shah</a> during the Bengal Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Assam was one of the few regions in the subcontinent to successfully resist Mughal expansion and never fell completely under Mughal rule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</h4></div> Bengali is the most spoken language among the population of the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>, a strategically important archipelago which is controlled by India as a federal territory. The islands were once used as a British penal colony. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the islands were seized by the Japanese and controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Free_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Free India">Provisional Government of Free India</a>. Anti-British leader <a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a> visited and renamed the islands. Between 1949 and 1971, the Indian government resettled many <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a> in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bihar">Bihar</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/250px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/330px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/500px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Bengal in 1880, including Bihar, Orissa and Assam.</figcaption></figure> In antiquity, Bihar and Bengal were often part of the same kingdoms. The ancient region of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> covered both Bihar and Bengal. Magadha was the birthplace or bastion of several pan-Indian empires, including the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa together formed a single province under the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. The Nawab of Bengal was styled as the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.<a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chittagong_Hill_Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a> is the southeastern frontier of Bangladesh. Its indigenous population includes <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a> ethnicities, including the <a href="/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakma people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bawm_people" title="Bawm people">Bawm people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mru_people" title="Mru people">Mro people</a> among others. The region was historically ruled by tribal chieftains of the <a href="/wiki/Chakma_Circle" title="Chakma Circle">Chakma Circle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bohmong_Circle" title="Bohmong Circle">Bohmong Circle</a>. In 1713, the <a href="/wiki/Chakma_Raja" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakma Raja">Chakma Raja</a> signed a treaty with <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> after obtaining permission from <a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Emperor Farrukhsiyar</a> for trade with the plains of Chittagong.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar2-110">[109]</a> Like the kings of Arakan, the Chakma Circle began to fashion themselves using Mughal nomenclatures and titles. They initially resisted the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a> and the activities of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thedailystar2-110">[109]</a> The tribal royal families of the region came under heavy Bengali influence. The Chakma queen <a href="/wiki/Benita_Roy" title="Benita Roy">Benita Roy</a> was a friend of <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>. The region was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_manual" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts manual">Chittagong Hill Tracts manual</a> under colonial rule. The manual was significantly amended after the end of British rule; and the region became fully integrated with Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malay_Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_Presidency_(1849-1853)_with_modern_borders.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bengal_Presidency_%281849-1853%29_with_modern_borders.png/250px-Bengal_Presidency_%281849-1853%29_with_modern_borders.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bengal_Presidency_%281849-1853%29_with_modern_borders.png/330px-Bengal_Presidency_%281849-1853%29_with_modern_borders.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bengal_Presidency_%281849-1853%29_with_modern_borders.png/500px-Bengal_Presidency_%281849-1853%29_with_modern_borders.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Extent of the Bengal Presidency between 1858 and 1867, including the Straits Settlements</figcaption></figure> Through trade, settlements and the exchange of ideas; parts of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> became linked with Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Language, literature, art, governing systems, religions and philosophies in ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> were influenced by Bengal. <a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms</a> in Southeast Asia depended on the Bay of Bengal for trade and ideas. <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">Islam in Southeast Asia</a> also spread through the Bay of Bengal, which was a bridge between the Malay Archipelago and Indo-Islamic states of the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> A large number of wealthy merchants from Bengal were based in Malacca.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated185-48">[47]</a> Bengali ships were the largest ships in the waters of the Malay Archipelago during the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Between 1830 and 1867, the ports of Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, the island of <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, and a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> were ruled under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> These areas were known as the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>, which was separated from the Bengal Presidency and converted into a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-118">[117]</a>: 980  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</h4></div> The Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> historically came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jalal" title="Shah Jalal">Shah Jalal</a>, a Muslim missionary and conqueror from <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>. During <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Summer_capital" title="Summer capital">summer capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> (modern Bangladesh and Northeast India). Shillong boasted the highest per capita income in British India.<a href="#cite_note-orfonline1-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_India">North India</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sepoy_of_the_Indian_Infantry,_1900_(c)..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sepoy_of_the_Indian_Infantry%2C_1900_%28c%29..jpg/250px-Sepoy_of_the_Indian_Infantry%2C_1900_%28c%29..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sepoy_of_the_Indian_Infantry%2C_1900_%28c%29..jpg/330px-Sepoy_of_the_Indian_Infantry%2C_1900_%28c%29..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Sepoy_of_the_Indian_Infantry%2C_1900_%28c%29..jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A sepoy of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>, which played a key role in the expansion of the Bengal Presidency into the northern reaches of India up to the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>.</figcaption></figure> The ancient Mauryan, Gupta and <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> empires of the <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> region (Bihar and Bengal) extended into northern India. The westernmost border of the Bengal Sultanate extended towards <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_district" title="Jaunpur district">Jaunpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hasan2007p16-17-47">[46]</a> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a> formed the western extent of the Bengal Presidency. According to the British historian <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Llewellyn-Jones" title="Rosie Llewellyn-Jones">Rosie Llewellyn-Jones</a>, "The Bengal Presidency, an administrative jurisdiction introduced by the East India Company, would later include not only the whole of northern India up to the Khyber Pass on the north-west frontier with Afghanistan, but would spread eastwards to Burma and Singapore as well".<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Odisha">Odisha</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, previously known as Orissa, has a significant Bengali minority. Historically, the region has faced invasions from Bengal, including an invasion by <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Parts of the region were ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a> was styled as the "Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa" because the Nawab was granted jurisdiction over Orissa by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tibet">Tibet</h4></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala dynasty</a>, Tibet received missionaries from Bengal who influenced the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> One of the most notable missionaries was <a href="/wiki/Atisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Atisa">Atisa</a>. During the 13th century, Tibet experienced an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_invasion_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic invasion of Tibet">Islamic invasion</a> by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a>, the Muslim conqueror of Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tripura">Tripura</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Tripura_(princely_state)" title="Tripura (princely state)">princely state of Tripura</a> was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Manikya_dynasty" title="Manikya dynasty">Manikya dynasty</a> until the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Merger_Agreement" title="Tripura Merger Agreement">Tripura Merger Agreement</a>. Tripura was historically a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of Bengal. After assuming the throne with military support from the Bengal Sultanate in 1464, <a href="/wiki/Ratna_Manikya_I" title="Ratna Manikya I">Ratna Manikya I</a> introduced administrative reforms inspired by the government of Bengal. The Tripura kings requested Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ruknuddin_Barbak_Shah" title="Ruknuddin Barbak Shah">Barbak Shah</a> to provide manpower for developing the administration of Tripura. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu">Bengali Hindu</a> bureaucrats, cultivators and artisans began settling in Tripura.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Today, the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> has a Bengali-majority population. Modern Tripura is a gateway for trade and transport links between <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bengali_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali culture">Bengali culture</a>, the celebrated singer <a href="/wiki/S._D._Burman" title="S. D. Burman">S. D. Burman</a> was a member of the Tripura royal family. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundarban_Tiger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sundarban_Tiger.jpg/250px-Sundarban_Tiger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sundarban_Tiger.jpg/330px-Sundarban_Tiger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sundarban_Tiger.jpg/500px-Sundarban_Tiger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></figcaption></figure> The flat Bengal Plain, which covers most of Bangladesh and West Bengal, is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertile</a> areas on Earth, with lush vegetation and farmland dominating its landscape. Bengali villages are buried among groves of <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">betel nut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>. Rice, <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> plantations are a common sight. <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">Water bodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> provide a habitat for many aquatic plants in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. The northern part of the region features Himalayan foothills (<a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a>) with densely wooded <a href="/wiki/Sal_(tree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal (tree)">Sal</a> and other tropical <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> trees.<a href="#cite_note-India123-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Above an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), the forest becomes predominantly subtropical, with a predominance of temperate-forest trees such as <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendrons</a>. Sal woodland is also found across central Bangladesh, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Bhawal_National_Park" title="Bhawal National Park">Bhawal National Park</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lawachara_National_Park" title="Lawachara National Park">Lawachara National Park</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> in northeastern Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The Chittagong Hill Tracts in southeastern Bangladesh is noted for its high degree of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a> in the southwestern part of Bengal is the largest <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forest</a> in the world and a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The region has over <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mammals in Bangladesh">89 species of mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Bangladesh" title="List of birds of Bangladesh">628 species of birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fishes_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishes in Bangladesh">numerous species of fish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> For Bangladesh, the <a href="/wiki/Nymphaea" title="Nymphaea">water lily</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_magpie-robin" title="Oriental magpie-robin">oriental magpie-robin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hilsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilsa">hilsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mango_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango tree">mango tree</a> are national symbols. For West Bengal, the <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">white-throated kingfisher</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alstonia" title="Alstonia">chatim tree</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Night-flowering_jasmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Night-flowering jasmine">night-flowering jasmine</a> are state symbols. The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national animal</a> of Bangladesh and India. The <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">fishing cat</a> is the state animal of West Bengal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> Today, the region of Bengal proper is divided between the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">People's Republic of Bangladesh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The Bengali-speaking <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> forms part of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. The Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> has a Bengali-speaking majority and was formerly the princely state of <a href="/wiki/Hill_Tipperah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill Tipperah">Hill Tipperah</a>. In the Bay of Bengal, <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Island" title="St. Martin's Island">St. Martin's Island</a> is governed by Bangladesh; while the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> has a plurality of Bengali speakers and is governed by India's federal government as a <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladeshi_Republic">Bangladeshi Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Politics of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF!_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%21_02.jpg/331px-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%21_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="331" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%21_02.jpg/497px-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%21_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%21_02.jpg/662px-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%21_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bangabhaban" title="Bangabhaban">Bangabhaban</a> (the House of Bengal) is the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_palace" title="Presidential palace">presidential palace</a> of Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> The state of Bangladesh is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">written constitution</a> and a <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President</a> elected by parliament for mostly ceremonial purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">government</a> is headed by a Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President from among the popularly elected 300 Members of Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatiyo Sangshad">Jatiyo Sangshad</a>, the national parliament. The Prime Minister is traditionally the leader of the single largest party in the Jatiyo Sangshad. Under the constitution, while recognising <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as the country's <a href="/wiki/Established_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Established religion">established religion</a>, the constitution grants <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> to non-Muslims. Between 1975 and 1990, Bangladesh had a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> of government. Since the 1990s, it was administered by non-political technocratic <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Bangladesh" title="Caretaker government of Bangladesh">caretaker governments</a> on four occasions, the last being under military-backed emergency rule in 2007 and 2008. The <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">Bangladesh Nationalist Party</a> (BNP) are the two most dominant political parties in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">ADB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Islamic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Islamic Cooperation">OIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">IDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">IMCTC</a>. Bangladesh has achieved significant strides in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">human development</a> compared to its neighbours. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Bengal">Indian Bengal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_West_Bengal" title="Politics of West Bengal">Politics of West Bengal</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Writer%27s_Building_(14839639795).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Writer%27s_Building_%2814839639795%29.jpg/330px-Writer%27s_Building_%2814839639795%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="328" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Writer%27s_Building_%2814839639795%29.jpg/500px-Writer%27s_Building_%2814839639795%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Writer%27s_Building_%2814839639795%29.jpg/960px-Writer%27s_Building_%2814839639795%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3686" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Building" title="Writers' Building">Writers' Building</a>, the official seat of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Government of West Bengal</a></figcaption></figure> West Bengal is a constituent state of the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>, with local <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">executives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Sabha">assemblies</a>- features shared with other states in the Indian federal system. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> appoints a governor as the ceremonial representative of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">union government</a>. The governor appoints the <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister" title="Chief minister">chief minister</a> on the nomination of the legislative assembly. The chief minister is the traditionally the leader of the party or coalition with most seats in the assembly. <a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a> is often imposed in Indian states as a direct intervention of the union government led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of India">prime minister of India</a>. The Bengali-speaking zone of India carries 48 seats in the lower house of India, <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>. Each state has popularly elected members in the Indian lower house of parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>. Each state nominates members to the Indian upper house of parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>. The state legislative assemblies also play a key role in electing the ceremonial president of India. The former president of India, <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a>, was a native of West Bengal and a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. The current <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_Opposition_in_Lok_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha">leader of opposition</a> of India, <a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a> is from <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. He has been elected from <a href="/wiki/Baharampur_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency">Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency</a>. The major political forces in the Bengali-speaking zone of India are the <a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)" title="Left Front (West Bengal)">Left Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">Trinamool Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>. The Bengali-speaking zone of India is considered stronghold for <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">Communism in India</a>. Bengalis are known not to vote on communal lines but in recent years this conception has how changed.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> based <a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">Trinamool Congress</a> is now the third largest party of India in terms of number of MP or MLA after the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. Earlier the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> held this position. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossborder_relations">Crossborder relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh-India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh-India relations">Bangladesh-India relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Bangladesh" title="Indians in Bangladesh">Indians in Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_India" title="Bangladeshis in India">Bangladeshis in India</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_the_first_edition_of_the_lN-BN_CORPAT_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Inauguration_of_the_first_edition_of_the_lN-BN_CORPAT_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Inauguration_of_the_first_edition_of_the_lN-BN_CORPAT_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="311" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Inauguration_of_the_first_edition_of_the_lN-BN_CORPAT_%2801%29.jpg/500px-Inauguration_of_the_first_edition_of_the_lN-BN_CORPAT_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Inauguration_of_the_first_edition_of_the_lN-BN_CORPAT_%2801%29.jpg/622px-Inauguration_of_the_first_edition_of_the_lN-BN_CORPAT_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>A meeting between the naval commanders of India and Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> India and Bangladesh are the world's first and eighth most populous countries respectively. <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh-India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh-India relations">Bangladesh-India relations</a> began on a high note in 1971 when India played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Bangladesh">liberation of Bangladesh</a>, with the Indian Bengali populace and media providing overwhelming support to the independence movement in the former East Pakistan. The two countries had a twenty five-year friendship treaty between 1972 and 1996. However, differences over river sharing, border security and access to trade have long plagued the relationship. In more recent years, a consensus has evolved in both countries on the importance of developing good relations, as well as a strategic partnership in South Asia and beyond. Commercial, cultural and defence co-operation have expanded since 2010, when Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> pledged to reinvigorate ties. The Bangladesh High Commission in New Delhi operates a Deputy High Commission in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> and a consular office in <a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a>. India has a High Commission in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> with consulates in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a>. Frequent international air, bus and rail services connect major cities in Bangladesh and Indian Bengal, particularly the three largest cities- Dhaka, Kolkata and Chittagong. Undocumented immigration of Bangladeshi workers is a controversial issue championed by right-wing nationalist parties in India but finds little sympathy in West Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-natwarspeech-136">[135]</a> India has since fenced the border which has been criticised by Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-migrHindu-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Economy of Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg/330px-2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg/500px-2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg/960px-2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="3232" /></a><figcaption>Downtown <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Town_Skyline_captured_from_Bengal_Intelligent_Park,_Saltlake,_Kolkata_(1_of_2_photos).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/New_Town_Skyline_captured_from_Bengal_Intelligent_Park%2C_Saltlake%2C_Kolkata_%281_of_2_photos%29.jpg/330px-New_Town_Skyline_captured_from_Bengal_Intelligent_Park%2C_Saltlake%2C_Kolkata_%281_of_2_photos%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="314" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/New_Town_Skyline_captured_from_Bengal_Intelligent_Park%2C_Saltlake%2C_Kolkata_%281_of_2_photos%29.jpg/500px-New_Town_Skyline_captured_from_Bengal_Intelligent_Park%2C_Saltlake%2C_Kolkata_%281_of_2_photos%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/New_Town_Skyline_captured_from_Bengal_Intelligent_Park%2C_Saltlake%2C_Kolkata_%281_of_2_photos%29.jpg/960px-New_Town_Skyline_captured_from_Bengal_Intelligent_Park%2C_Saltlake%2C_Kolkata_%281_of_2_photos%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Downtown <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a> provided advantages of fertile soil, ample water, and an abundance of fish, wildlife, and fruit.<a href="#cite_note-hp-138">[137]</a> Living standards for Bengal's elite were relatively better than other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hp-138">[137]</a> Between 400 and 1200, Bengal had a well-developed economy in terms of land ownership, agriculture, livestock, shipping, trade, commerce, taxation, and banking.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The apparent vibrancy of the Bengal economy in the beginning of the 15th century is attributed to the end of tribute payments to the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, which ceased after the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> and stopped the outflow of wealth. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a>'s travelogue recorded a booming shipbuilding industry and significant <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> in Bengal. In 1338, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> noticed that the silver taka was the most popular currency in the region instead of the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blanchard2005-140">[139]</a> In 1415, members of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Zheng_He" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Zheng He">Admiral Zheng He</a>'s entourage also noticed the dominance of the taka. The currency was the most important symbol of sovereignty for the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Bengal">Sultan of Bengal</a>. The Sultanate of Bengal established an estimated 27 <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mints</a> in provincial capitals across the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-banglapedia2-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia3-142">[141]</a> These provincial capitals were known as Mint Towns.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> These Mint Towns formed an integral aspect of governance and administration in Bengal. The taka continued to be issued in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a>, which inherited the sultanate's legacy. As Bengal became more prosperous and integrated into the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a> under Mughal rule, the taka replaced shell currency in rural areas and became the standardised <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a>. It was also used in commerce with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_Law%27s_Company" title="John Law's Company">French East India Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company" title="Danish East India Company">Danish East India Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. Under Mughal rule, Bengal was the centre of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> trade. The <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">muslin trade in Bengal</a> was patronised by the Mughal imperial court. Muslin from Bengal was worn by aristocratic ladies in courts as far away as Europe, Persia and Central Asia. The treasury of the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a> was the biggest source of revenue for the imperial Mughal court in Delhi. Bengal had a large <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> industry. The shipbuilding output of Bengal during the 16th and 17th centuries stood at 223,250 tons annually, which was higher than the volume of shipbuilding in the nineteen colonies of North America between 1769 and 1771.<a href="#cite_note-ray174-58">[57]</a> Historically, Bengal has been the industrial leader of the subcontinent. Mughal Bengal saw the emergence of a proto-industrial economy backed up by textiles and gunpowder. The organised early modern economy flourished till the beginning of British rule in the mid 18th-century, when the region underwent radical and revolutionary changes in government, trade, and regulation. The British displaced the indigenous ruling class and transferred much of the region's wealth back to the colonial metropole in Britain. In the 19th century, the British began investing in railways and limited industrialisation. However, the Bengali economy was dominated by trade in raw materials during much of the colonial period, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Jute_trade" title="Jute trade">jute trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> changed the economic geography of the region. Calcutta in West Bengal inherited a thriving industrial base from the colonial period, particularly in terms of jute processing. East Pakistan soon developed its industrial base, including the <a href="/wiki/Adamjee_Jute_Mills" title="Adamjee Jute Mills">world's largest jute mill</a>. In 1972, the newly independent government of Bangladesh nationalised 580 industrial plants. These industries were later privatised in the late 1970s as Bangladesh moved towards a market-oriented economy. <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Liberal reforms</a> in 1991 paved the way for a major expansion of Bangladesh's private sector industry, including in telecoms, natural gas, textiles, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, steel and shipbuilding. In 2022, Bangladesh was the second largest economy in South Asia after India.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-scroll.in-146">[145]</a> The region is one of the largest rice producing areas in the world, with West Bengal being India's largest rice producer and Bangladesh being the world's fourth largest rice producer.<a href="#cite_note-importantindia-147">[146]</a> Three Bengali economists have been Nobel laureates, including <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> who won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> who won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Bengal </th> <th><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">Real Economy (Nominal GDP Per Capita)</a> in 2023-2024) </th> <th>Nominal Economy (Nominal GDP in 2023-2024) </th> <th>Population (2021) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka Municipal Corporation Area</a>) </td> <td>$5,000 </td> <td>$70 Billion </td> <td>1.4 crore </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area</a>) </td> <td>$4,400 </td> <td>$20 Billion </td> <td>45 lakh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>) </td> <td>$2,700 </td> <td>$460 Billion </td> <td>17 crore </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td>$2,400 </td> <td>$240 Billion </td> <td>10 crore </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stock_markets">Stock markets</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Stock_Exchange" title="Dhaka Stock Exchange">Dhaka Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Stock_Exchange" title="Chittagong Stock Exchange">Chittagong Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Stock_Exchange" title="Calcutta Stock Exchange">Calcutta Stock Exchange</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports_and_harbours">Ports and harbours</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chittagong" title="Port of Chittagong">Port of Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Kolkata" title="Port of Kolkata">Port of Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mongla" title="Port of Mongla">Port of Mongla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Haldia Port">Port of Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Payra" title="Port of Payra">Port of Payra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Pangaon" title="Port of Pangaon">Port of Pangaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farakka_Port" title="Farakka Port">Port of Farakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Narayanganj" title="Port of Narayanganj">Port of Narayanganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ashuganj" title="Port of Ashuganj">Port of Ashuganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Barisal" title="Port of Barisal">Port of Barisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matarbari_Port" title="Matarbari Port">Matarbari Port</a></li> <li>Land port of <a href="/wiki/Benapole" title="Benapole">Benapole</a>-<a href="/wiki/Petrapole" title="Petrapole">Petrapole</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chambers_of_commerce">Chambers of commerce</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry">Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_National_Chamber_of_Commerce_%26_Industry" title="Bengal National Chamber of Commerce & Industry">Bengal National Chamber of Commerce & Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bangladesh_Chambers_of_Commerce_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry">Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry</a> (FBCCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Chamber_of_Commerce_%26_Industry" title="Chittagong Chamber of Commerce & Industry">Chittagong Chamber of Commerce & Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Chamber_of_Commerce_%26_Industry" title="Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry">Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry</a> (DCCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry,_Dhaka" title="Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Dhaka">Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a> (MCCI)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intra-Bengal_trade">Intra-Bengal trade</h3></div> Bangladesh and India are the largest trading partners in South Asia, with two-way trade valued at an estimated US$16 billion.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Most of this trade relationship is centred on some of the world's busiest <a href="/wiki/Land_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Land port">land ports</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh-India_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh-India border">Bangladesh-India border</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bhutan_India_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal">Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal</a> Initiative seeks to boost trade through a Regional Motor Vehicles Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Demographics of Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of West Bengal">Demographics of West Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Languages of Bangladesh</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Language in Bengal</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (92%)</li> <li>Others (8%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:dodgerblue;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Others (8%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:Red;color:#000" title="Bengali (92%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:Red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.420turn)" title="Bengali (92%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> The Bengal region is one of the <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">most densely populated areas</a> in the world. With a population of 300 million, <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a> are the third largest ethnic group in the world after the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[b]</a> According to provisional results of 2011 Bangladesh census, the population of Bangladesh was 149,772,364;<a href="#cite_note-BBSprovjul2011-151">[149]</a> however, CIA's <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> gives 163,654,860 as its population in a July 2013 estimate. According to the provisional results of the 2011 Indian national census, West Bengal has a population of 91,347,736.<a href="#cite_note-2011_pp_tableA2-152">[150]</a> "So, the Bengal region, as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengal&action=edit">[update]</a>, has at least 241.1 million people. This figures give a population density of 1003.9/km2; making it among the most densely populated areas in the world.<a href="#cite_note-censuswb-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-WorldBank-154">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> is the main language spoken in Bengal. Many phonological, lexical, and structural differences from the standard variety occur in peripheral varieties of Bengali across the region. Other regional languages closely related to Bengali include <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri/Rajbangshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tangchangya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangchangya language">Tangchangya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-155">[153]</a> According to the 2011 Indian census, 18% of the Bengali-speakers are bilingual of whom half can speak <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, and 5% are trilingual.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> In general, <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a> are followers of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> with a significant number are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligious</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Population trends for major religious groups in the Bengal region (West Bengal and Bangladesh) under the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (1881-1941) </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: left;"> <th>Religious group </th> <th>Population % 1881 </th> <th>Population % 1891 </th> <th>Population % 1901 </th> <th>Population % 1911 </th> <th>Population % 1921 </th> <th>Population % 1931 </th> <th>Population % 1941 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: green; color: white;">Islam </th> <td>50.16%</td> <td>50.7%</td> <td>51.58%</td> <td>52.74%</td> <td>53.99%</td> <td>54.87%</td> <td>54.73% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: Orange; color: white;">Hinduism </th> <td>48.45%</td> <td>47.27%</td> <td>46.60%</td> <td>44.80%</td> <td>43.27%</td> <td>43.04%</td> <td>41.55% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: DodgerBlue; color: white;">Christianity </th> <td>0.2%</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: Yellow; color: white;">Buddhism </th> <td>0.69%</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: Silver;">Other religions </th> <td>0.5%</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Bengal region religious diversity as per 2011 census<a href="#cite_note-census2011-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Muslims</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/20px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a>) </td> <td>159,274,952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Hindus</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a>) </td> <td>86,138,190 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Christians</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/20px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/40px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a>) </td> <td>1,718,887 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Buddhists</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/20px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/40px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a>) </td> <td>1,278,871 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other or no religion </td> <td>1,707,917 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>250,118,816 </td></tr></tbody></table> In addition, several minority ethnolinguistic groups are native to the region. These include speakers of other Indo-Aryan languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Oraon Sadri</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari languages</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/A%27Tong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="A'Tong language">A'Tong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chak language">Chak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koch_language" title="Koch language">Koch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megam_language" title="Megam language">Megam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (officially called "<a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangkhua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkhua language">Pangkhua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_language" title="Rakhine language">Rakhine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marma_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marma Language">Marma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kok_Borok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kok Borok language">Kok Borok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Reang language">Riang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tippera_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tippera language">Tippera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usoi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Usoi language">Usoi</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Chin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chin languages">Chin languages</a>), <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koda_language" title="Koda language">Koda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauria_Paharia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauria Paharia language">Sauria Paharia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-155">[153]</a> Life expectancy is around 72.49 years for Bangladesh<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> and 70.2 for West Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-life_table-162">[160]</a> In terms of literacy, West Bengal leads with 77% literacy rate,<a href="#cite_note-censuswb-153">[151]</a> in Bangladesh the rate is approximately 72.9%.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[c]</a> The level of poverty in West Bengal is at 19.98%, while in Bangladesh it stands at 12.9%<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-unicef_stats-167">[164]</a> West Bengal has one of the lowest total fertility rates in India. West Bengal's TFR of 1.6 roughly equals that of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3></div> The Bengal region is home to the some of <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas by population">major urban areas</a> of the world, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas by population">4th largest urban areas</a> of the world. <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> is <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas by population">17th largest urban area</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>List of million plus urban areas of Bengal </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>City </th> <th>Country </th> <th data-sort-type="numeric">Population (2024) </th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1">23,936,000<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhaka_April_(33244268934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg/250px-Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg/330px-Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2">15,571,000<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EM_Bypass_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/EM_Bypass_Kolkata.jpg/130px-EM_Bypass_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/EM_Bypass_Kolkata.jpg/195px-EM_Bypass_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/EM_Bypass_Kolkata.jpg/260px-EM_Bypass_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">5,514,000<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chittagong_city_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chittagong_city_skyline.jpg/250px-Chittagong_city_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chittagong_city_skyline.jpg/330px-Chittagong_city_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="4">1,534,000<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modernisation_of_ISP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Modernisation_of_ISP.JPG/250px-Modernisation_of_ISP.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Modernisation_of_ISP.JPG/330px-Modernisation_of_ISP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="5">1,159,000<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siliguri_view_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Siliguri_view_3.jpg/250px-Siliguri_view_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Siliguri_view_3.jpg/330px-Siliguri_view_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="6">1,005,000 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81_(%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81_%28%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%29.jpg/250px-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81_%28%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81_%28%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%29.jpg/330px-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81_%28%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">Culture of Bengal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bengali_letters.svg/220px-Bengali_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bengali_letters.svg/330px-Bengali_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bengali_letters.svg/440px-Bengali_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali Letters</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> developed between the 7th and 10th centuries from <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica2-175">[172]</a> It is written using the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali alphabet</a>, a descendant of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>. Bengali is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">5th most spoken language in the world</a>. It is an eastern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a> and one of the easternmost branches of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a>. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali-Assamese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali-Assamese languages">Bengali-Assamese languages</a>. Bengali has greatly influenced other languages in the region, including <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a>. It is the sole <a href="/wiki/State_language" class="mw-redirect" title="State language">state language</a> of Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> It is also the seventh most spoken language by total number of speakers in the world. Bengali binds together a culturally diverse region and is an important contributor to regional identity. The 1952 <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a> in East Pakistan is commemorated by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a>, as part of global efforts to preserve linguistic identity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_taka" title="History of the taka">History of the taka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_-_Silver_-_Circa_9-10th_Century_13th_Century_CE_-_Harikela_Kingdom_-_ACCN_90-C2752_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4303.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coin_-_Silver_-_Circa_9-10th_Century_13th_Century_CE_-_Harikela_Kingdom_-_ACCN_90-C2752_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4303.JPG/250px-Coin_-_Silver_-_Circa_9-10th_Century_13th_Century_CE_-_Harikela_Kingdom_-_ACCN_90-C2752_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4303.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coin_-_Silver_-_Circa_9-10th_Century_13th_Century_CE_-_Harikela_Kingdom_-_ACCN_90-C2752_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4303.JPG/330px-Coin_-_Silver_-_Circa_9-10th_Century_13th_Century_CE_-_Harikela_Kingdom_-_ACCN_90-C2752_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4303.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coin_-_Silver_-_Circa_9-10th_Century_13th_Century_CE_-_Harikela_Kingdom_-_ACCN_90-C2752_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4303.JPG/500px-Coin_-_Silver_-_Circa_9-10th_Century_13th_Century_CE_-_Harikela_Kingdom_-_ACCN_90-C2752_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4303.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption>A silver coin with Proto-Bengali script, 9th century</figcaption></figure> In both Bangladesh and West Bengal, currency is commonly denominated as taka. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_taka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh taka">Bangladesh taka</a> is an official standard bearer of this tradition, while the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> is also written as taka in Bengali script on all of its banknotes. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_taka" title="History of the taka">history of the taka</a> dates back centuries. Bengal was home one of the world's earliest coin currencies in the first millennium BCE. Under the Delhi Sultanate, the taka was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> in 1329. Bengal became the stronghold of the taka. The silver currency was the most important symbol of sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Bengal">Sultanate of Bengal</a>. It was traded on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and replicated in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and China's <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> protectorate. The <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Pakistani rupee</a> was scripted in Bengali as taka on its banknotes until Bangladesh's creation in 1971. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English_literature" title="Bangladeshi English literature">Bangladeshi English literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagore_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tagore_Iran.jpg/250px-Tagore_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tagore_Iran.jpg/330px-Tagore_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Tagore_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, known as the Bengali Shakespeare, being hosted at the Parliament of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> Bengali literature has a rich heritage. It has a history stretching back to the 3rd century BCE, when the main language was <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">brahmi</a> script. The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">script</a> evolved <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000 CE from <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a>. Bengal has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Chôrjapôdô</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalkavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalkavya">Mangalkavya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maimansingha_Gitika" title="Maimansingha Gitika">Maimansingha Gitika</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thakurmar_Jhuli" title="Thakurmar Jhuli">Thakurmar Jhuli</a>. Bengali literature in the medieval age was often either religious (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chandidas" title="Chandidas">Chandidas</a>), or adaptations from other languages (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alaol" title="Alaol">Alaol</a>). During the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a> of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> was modernised through the works of authors such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutta">Michael Madhusudan Dutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jibanananda_Das" title="Jibanananda Das">Jibanananda Das</a>. In the 20th century, prominent modern Bengali writers included <a href="/wiki/Syed_Mujtaba_Ali" title="Syed Mujtaba Ali">Syed Mujtaba Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasimuddin" title="Jasimuddin">Jasimuddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay" title="Manik Bandopadhyay">Manik Bandopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarasankar_Bandyopadhyay" title="Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay">Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhadeb Bose">Buddhadeb Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunil_Gangopadhyay" title="Sunil Gangopadhyay">Sunil Gangopadhyay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humayun_Ahmed" title="Humayun Ahmed">Humayun Ahmed</a>. Prominent contemporary Bengali writers in English include <a href="/wiki/Amitav_Ghosh" title="Amitav Ghosh">Amitav Ghosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahmima_Anam" title="Tahmima Anam">Tahmima Anam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhumpa_Lahiri" title="Jhumpa Lahiri">Jhumpa Lahiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zia_Haider_Rahman" title="Zia Haider Rahman">Zia Haider Rahman</a> among others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personification">Personification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Bengal">Mother Bengal</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a> is a female <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">personification</a> of Bengal which was created during the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a> and later adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalists</a> adopted a modified <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a> as a national personification of India.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> The Mother Bengal represents not only biological motherness but its attributed characteristics as well – protection, never ending love, consolation, care, the beginning and the end of life. In <a href="/wiki/Amar_Sonar_Bangla" title="Amar Sonar Bangla">Amar Sonar Bangla</a>, the national anthem of Bangladesh, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> has used the word "Maa" (Mother) numerous times to refer to the motherland i.e. Bengal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CezanneGalleryofSaifulIslam2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CezanneGalleryofSaifulIslam2012.JPG/220px-CezanneGalleryofSaifulIslam2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CezanneGalleryofSaifulIslam2012.JPG/330px-CezanneGalleryofSaifulIslam2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CezanneGalleryofSaifulIslam2012.JPG/440px-CezanneGalleryofSaifulIslam2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bangladeshi paintings on sale at an art gallery in Dhaka</figcaption></figure> The Pala-Sena School of Art developed in Bengal between the 8th and 12th centuries and is considered a high point of classical Asian art.<a href="#cite_note-google11-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-google12-180">[177]</a> It included sculptures and paintings.<a href="#cite_note-britannica3-181">[178]</a> Islamic Bengal was noted for its production of the finest cotton fabrics and <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">saris</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a>, which received warrants from the Mughal court.<a href="#cite_note-metmuseum-182">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_School_of_Art" title="Bengal School of Art">Bengal School</a> of painting flourished in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shantiniketan" title="Shantiniketan">Shantiniketan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> during the early 20th century. Its practitioners were among the harbingers of modern painting in India.<a href="#cite_note-google13-183">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zainul_Abedin" title="Zainul Abedin">Zainul Abedin</a> was the pioneer of modern <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi art</a>. The country has a thriving and internationally acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> scene.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-184">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Momin_Mosque_after_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Momin_Mosque_after_restoration.jpg/250px-Momin_Mosque_after_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Momin_Mosque_after_restoration.jpg/330px-Momin_Mosque_after_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Momin_Mosque_after_restoration.jpg/440px-Momin_Mosque_after_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalows</a> originated from <a href="/wiki/Bengali_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali architecture">Bengali architecture</a></figcaption></figure> Classical Bengali architecture features <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> buildings. Ancient Bengali kingdoms laid the foundations of the region's architectural heritage through the construction of monasteries and temples (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a>). During the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">sultanate period</a>, a distinct and glorious Islamic style of architecture developed the region.<a href="#cite_note-akdn-185">[182]</a> Most Islamic buildings were small and highly artistic terracotta mosques with multiple domes and no minarets. Bengal was also home to the largest mosque in South Asia at <a href="/wiki/Adina_Mosque" title="Adina Mosque"> Adina</a>. Bengali vernacular architecture is credited for inspiring the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">bungalow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> The Bengal region also has a rich heritage of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic architecture</a>, including numerous <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindar</a> palaces and mansions. The most prominent example of this style is the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial, Kolkata</a>. In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Muzharul_Islam" title="Muzharul Islam">Muzharul Islam</a> pioneered the modernist terracotta style of architecture in South Asia. This was followed by the design of the <a href="/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshad_Bhaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban">Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban</a> by the renowned American architect <a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a> in the 1960s, which was based on the aesthetic heritage of Bengali architecture and geography.<a href="#cite_note-worldviewcities-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldviewcities2-188">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sciences">Sciences</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Bangladesh" title="Science and technology in Bangladesh">Science and technology in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FR_khan_sculputure_at_Sears_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/FR_khan_sculputure_at_Sears_tower.jpg/250px-FR_khan_sculputure_at_Sears_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/FR_khan_sculputure_at_Sears_tower.jpg/330px-FR_khan_sculputure_at_Sears_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/FR_khan_sculputure_at_Sears_tower.jpg/500px-FR_khan_sculputure_at_Sears_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>A sculpture of the Bengali-American engineer <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Khan" title="Fazlur Rahman Khan">Fazlur Rahman Khan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sears_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears Tower">Sears Tower</a> in the United States</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Gupta dynasty</a>, which is believed to have originated in North Bengal, pioneered the invention of <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero">zero</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">theory of Earth orbiting the Sun</a>, the study of <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">lunar</a> eclipses and the flourishing of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">drama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murray_1913-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> The educational reforms during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> gave birth to many distinguished scientists in Bengal. Sir <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> pioneered the investigation of radio and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, made very significant contributions to <a href="/wiki/Plant_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant science">plant science</a>, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> named him one of the <a href="/wiki/People_known_as_the_father_or_mother_of_something" class="mw-redirect" title="People known as the father or mother of something">fathers</a> of radio science.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> He was the first person from the Indian subcontinent to receive a <a href="/wiki/United_States_patent_law" title="United States patent law">US patent</a>, in 1904. In 1924–25, while researching at the University of Dhaka, <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a> well known for his works in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, provided the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a> and the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SMahanti-192">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-OConnorRobertson-194">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a> was the first scientist to relate a star's spectrum to its temperature, developing thermal ionization equations (notably the <a href="/wiki/Saha_ionization_equation" title="Saha ionization equation">Saha ionization equation</a>) that have been foundational in the fields of astrophysics and astrochemistry.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-195">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amal_Kumar_Raychaudhuri" title="Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri">Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri</a> was a physicist, known for his research in general relativity and cosmology. His most significant contribution is the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Raychaudhuri_equation" title="Raychaudhuri equation">Raychaudhuri equation</a>, which demonstrates that singularities arise inevitably in general relativity and is a key ingredient in the proofs of the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> In the United States, the Bangladeshi-American engineer <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Khan" title="Fazlur Rahman Khan">Fazlur Rahman Khan</a> emerged as the "father of tubular designs" in skyscraper construction. <a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Sen" title="Ashoke Sen">Ashoke Sen</a> is an Indian theoretical physicist whose main area of work is string theory. He was among the first recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Physics_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Physics Prize">Fundamental Physics Prize</a> "for opening the path to the realisation that all string theories are different limits of the same underlying theory".<a href="#cite_note-Pulakkat-197">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Music of Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tharundas_baul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tharundas_baul.jpg/250px-Tharundas_baul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tharundas_baul.jpg/330px-Tharundas_baul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tharundas_baul.jpg/500px-Tharundas_baul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a> musician. The Baul ballads of Bangladesh are classified by UNESCO as humanity's <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a> tradition is a unique heritage of Bengali folk music.<a href="#cite_note-baulbengalonline-198">[195]</a> The 19th century mystic poet <a href="/wiki/Lalon_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalon Shah">Lalon Shah</a> is the most celebrated practitioner of the tradition.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Other folk music forms include <a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhatiali" title="Bhatiali">Bhatiali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhawaiya" title="Bhawaiya">Bhawaiya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hason_Raja" title="Hason Raja">Hason Raja</a> is a renowned folk poet of the Sylhet region. Folk music in Bengal is often accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">ektara</a>, a one-stringed instrument. Other instruments include the <a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">dotara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">dhol</a>, flute, and <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a>. The region also has a rich heritage in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">North Indian classical music</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi cuisine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali cuisine</a> is the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from the Indian subcontinent. Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying that "fish and rice make a Bengali".<a href="#cite_note-machhe-200">[197]</a> Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes <a href="/wiki/Hilsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilsa">Hilsa</a> preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. Bengalis make distinctive <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">sweetmeats</a> from milk products, including <a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Rôshogolla</a>, Chômchôm, and several kinds of <a href="/wiki/Pithe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithe">Pithe</a>. The old city of Dhaka is noted for its distinct Indo-Islamic cuisine, including <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakarkhani" title="Bakarkhani">bakarkhani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a> dishes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boats">Boats</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Country_boats_in_Bangladesh" title="Country boats in Bangladesh">Country boats in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Balthasar_Solvyns_-_Budgerow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Frans_Balthasar_Solvyns_-_Budgerow.jpg/250px-Frans_Balthasar_Solvyns_-_Budgerow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Frans_Balthasar_Solvyns_-_Budgerow.jpg/330px-Frans_Balthasar_Solvyns_-_Budgerow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Frans_Balthasar_Solvyns_-_Budgerow.jpg/500px-Frans_Balthasar_Solvyns_-_Budgerow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3605" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>18th century painting of a <a href="/wiki/Budgerow" title="Budgerow">budgerow</a></figcaption></figure> There are 150 types of Bengali country boats plying the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers in Bangladesh">700 rivers of the Bengal delta</a>, the vast <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">oxbow lakes</a>. They vary in design and size. The boats include the <a href="/wiki/Dinghy" title="Dinghy">dinghy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">sampan</a> among others. Country boats are a central element of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali culture">Bengali culture</a> and have inspired generations of artists and poets, including the ivory artisans of the Mughal era. The country has a long shipbuilding tradition, dating back many centuries. Wooden boats are made of timber such as Jarul (<a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpus" title="Dipterocarpus">dipterocarpus</a> turbinatus), sal (<a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">shorea robusta</a>), sundari (<a href="/wiki/Heritiera_fomes" title="Heritiera fomes">heritiera fomes</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Burma teak</a> (tectons grandis). Medieval Bengal was shipbuilding hub for the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> navies.<a href="#cite_note-bpedia-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-newagezakaria-202">[199]</a> The British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> later utilised Bengali shipyards in the 19th century, including for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attire">Attire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridal_Photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bridal_Photo.jpg/250px-Bridal_Photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bridal_Photo.jpg/330px-Bridal_Photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bridal_Photo.jpg/500px-Bridal_Photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5131" data-file-height="3421" /></a><figcaption>Traditional bride of Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> Bengali women commonly wear the <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">shaŗi</a> , often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear Western-style attire. Among men, European dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the panjabi<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyjama" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyjama">pyjama</a>, often on religious occasions. The <a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">lungi</a>, a kind of long skirt, is widely worn by Bangladeshi men.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Bangladesh" title="List of festivals in Bangladesh">List of festivals in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_Shobhajatra,_Pohela_Boishakh_(18).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mongol_Shobhajatra%2C_Pohela_Boishakh_%2818%29.jpg/220px-Mongol_Shobhajatra%2C_Pohela_Boishakh_%2818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mongol_Shobhajatra%2C_Pohela_Boishakh_%2818%29.jpg/330px-Mongol_Shobhajatra%2C_Pohela_Boishakh_%2818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mongol_Shobhajatra%2C_Pohela_Boishakh_%2818%29.jpg/440px-Mongol_Shobhajatra%2C_Pohela_Boishakh_%2818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Shobhajatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangal Shobhajatra">Mangal Shobhajatra</a> parade during the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali New Year">Bengali New Year</a> in Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> For <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a>, the major religious festivals are <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barat_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Barat Night">Shab-e-Barat</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a>, the major religious festivals include <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rath_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rath Yatra">Rath Yatra</a>. In honour of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christians</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> are public holidays in the region. The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali New Year">Bengali New Year</a> is the main secular festival of Bengali culture celebrated by people regardless of religious and social backgrounds. The biggest congregation in Bengal is the <a href="/wiki/Bishwa_ijtema" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishwa ijtema">Bishwa ijtema</a>, which is also the world's second largest Islamic congregation. Other Bengali festivals include the <a href="/wiki/Pohela_Falgun" title="Pohela Falgun">first day of spring</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabanna</a> harvest festival in autumn. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Bangladesh" title="Mass media in Bangladesh">Mass media in Bangladesh</a></div> Bangladesh has a diverse, outspoken and privately owned <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">press</a>, with the largest circulated Bengali language newspapers in the world. English-language titles are popular in the urban readership.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> West Bengal had 559 published newspapers in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-rniindia-205">[202]</a> of which 430 were in Bengali.<a href="#cite_note-rniindia-205">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bengali cinema</a> is divided between the media hubs of Dhaka and Kolkata. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Games" title="Bangladesh Games">Bangladesh Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_traditional_games" title="Bengali traditional games">Bengali traditional games</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> are popular sports in the Bengal region. Local games include sports such as <a href="/wiki/Kho_Kho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kho Kho">Kho Kho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a>, the latter being the national sport of Bangladesh. An Indo-Bangladesh Bengali Games has been organised among the athletes of the Bengali speaking areas of the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-indobangla-206">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Bangladeshi diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengalis" title="List of Bengalis">List of Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerat" title="Zerat">Zerat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: বঙ্গ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: Bôṅgô, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈbɔŋɡo]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e2\/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97.wav\/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-\u09ac\u0999\u09cd\u0997.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97.wav/LL-Q9610_%28ben%29-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q9610_(ben)-Titodutta-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97.wav" title="File:LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-বঙ্গ.wav">ⓘ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: বাংলা, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: Bāṅlā, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈbaŋla]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Roughly 163 million in Bangladesh and 100 million in the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a> (<a href="/wiki/CIA_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Factbook">CIA Factbook</a> 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 3 million <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_the_Middle_East" title="Bangladeshis in the Middle East">Bangladeshis in the Middle East</a>, 1 million <a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">Bengalis in Pakistan</a>, 0.4 million <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">British Bangladeshi</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> CRI do not give a breakdown by gender or state the age bracket for the data </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">"Bengal". 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"[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. 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Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730062030/https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanga&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FVanga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Sengupta, Nitish K.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC">Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib</a>. Penguin Books India. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4"><bdi>978-0-14-341678-4</bdi></a>. <q>Also, we have the reference to 'Vangalam' in an inscription in the Vrihadeshwara temple at Tanjore in south India as one among the countries overrun by the Cholas. This is perhaps the earliest reference to Bengal as such.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Two+Rivers%3A+A+History+of+Bengal+from+the+Mahabharata+to+Mujib&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341678-4&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVSh_TyJ0YoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). India: A History. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2"><bdi>978-0-87113-800-2</bdi></a>. <q>In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-800-2&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-20"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllanHaigDodwell1934" class="citation book cs1">Allan, J.; Haig, T. Wolseley; Dodwell, H. H. (1934). <a href="/wiki/H._H._Dodwell" title="H. H. Dodwell">Dodwell, H. H.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA145">The Cambridge Shorter History of India</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Shorter+History+of+India&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Haig%2C+T.+Wolseley&rft.au=Dodwell%2C+H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_48AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-21"><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [First published 1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281">Ancient Indian History and Civilization</a>. New Age International. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Perween_Hasan" title="Perween Hasan">Hasan, Perween</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA13">Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh</a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultans+and+Mosques%3A+The+Early+Muslim+Architecture+of+Bangladesh&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-381-0&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Perween&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUunyz4qFZwEC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLachKley1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_F._Lach" title="Donald F. Lach">Lach, Donald F.</a>; Kley, Edwin J. Van (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4t8S7BfgeIC&pg=PA1124">Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 3: Southeast Asia</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1124–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46768-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46768-9"><bdi>978-0-226-46768-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe%2C+Volume+III%3A+A+Century+of+Advance.+Book+3%3A+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=1124-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46768-9&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rft.au=Kley%2C+Edwin+J.+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4t8S7BfgeIC%26pg%3DPA1124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Prehistory">"Prehistory"</a>. Banglapedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Prehistory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FPrehistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-50746">"Wari-Bateshwar: In search of origins"</a>. The Daily Star. 18 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Wari-Bateshwar%3A+In+search+of+origins&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fnews-detail-50746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=d0e788&toc.depth=100&toc.id=ch01&brand=ucpress">"The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft067n99v9%26chunk.id%3Dd0e788%26toc.depth%3D100%26toc.id%3Dch01%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google5-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google5_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google5_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEaton,_R._M.1996" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, R. M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC">The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.au=Eaton%2C+R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Mahasthan_Brahmi_Inscription">"Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription"</a>. Banglapedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Mahasthan+Brahmi+Inscription&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FMahasthan_Brahmi_Inscription&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Punch_Marked_Coins">"Punch Marked Coins"</a>. 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J. R. Murray">Murray, H. J. R.</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchess00murr">A History of Chess</a>. Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936317-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936317-01-4"><bdi>978-0-936317-01-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13472872">13472872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chess&rft.pub=Benjamin+Press+%28originally+published+by+Oxford+University+Press%29&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13472872&rft.isbn=978-0-936317-01-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=H.+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchess00murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gangaridai-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Gangaridai_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury" class="citation web cs1">Chowdhury, AM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gangaridai">"Gangaridai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a>. 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Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. 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Routledge. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757%E2%80%931857%29&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Indrajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0"><bdi>978-1-107-50718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-50718-0&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html">5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire</a>. The Independent. 19 January 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/winston-churchill-policies-contributed-to-1943-bengal-famine-study">Churchill's policies contributed to 1943 Bengal famine – study</a>. The Guardian. 29 March 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-ray-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ray_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay2011" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Indrajit (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)</a>. Routledge. pp. 7–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757%E2%80%931857%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Indrajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Cornwallis-Code/26365">"Cornwallis Code"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Cornwallis+Code&rft.date=2009-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.eb.com%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2FCornwallis-Code%2F26365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sengupta-64"><a href="#cite_ref-sengupta_64-0">^</a> Shombit Sengupta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/">Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">The Financial Express</a>, 8 February 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2019-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2019_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy2019" class="citation cs2">Roy, Tirthankar (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBWZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">How British Rule Changed India's Economy: The Paradox of the Raj</a>, Springer, pp. 117–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-17708-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-17708-9"><bdi>978-3-030-17708-9</bdi></a>, <q>The 1769-1770 famine in Bengal followed two years of erratic rainfall worsened by a smallpox epidemic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+British+Rule+Changed+India%27s+Economy%3A+The+Paradox+of+the+Raj&rft.pages=117-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-17708-9&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tirthankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBWZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDatta2000" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Rajat (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44927255">Society, economy, and the market : commercialization in rural Bengal, c. 1760–1800</a>. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp. 262, 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7304-341-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7304-341-8"><bdi>81-7304-341-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44927255">44927255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society%2C+economy%2C+and+the+market+%3A+commercialization+in+rural+Bengal%2C+c.+1760%E2%80%931800&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=262%2C+266&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44927255&rft.isbn=81-7304-341-8&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Rajat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44927255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmartya_Sen1981" class="citation book cs1">Amartya Sen (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena">Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena/page/39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828463-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828463-5"><bdi>978-0-19-828463-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+Famines%3A+An+Essay+on+Entitlement+and+Deprivation&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19-828463-5&rft.au=Amartya+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpovertyfamineses0000sena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonsson2013p167-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Jonsson2013p167_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFredrik_Albritton_Jonsson2013" class="citation book cs1">Fredrik Albritton Jonsson (18 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9FUmajYyqgC&pg=PT167">Enlightenment's Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 167–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16374-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16374-2"><bdi>978-0-300-16374-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enlightenment%27s+Frontier%3A+The+Scottish+Highlands+and+the+Origins+of+Environmentalism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16374-2&rft.au=Fredrik+Albritton+Jonsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9FUmajYyqgC%26pg%3DPT167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/bd541c73-58ef-4bb1-9de7-173f00913286">"The Straits Settlements becomes a residency – Singapore History"</a>. Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eresources.nlb.gov.sg&rft.atitle=The+Straits+Settlements+becomes+a+residency+%E2%80%93+Singapore+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2Fbd541c73-58ef-4bb1-9de7-173f00913286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury" class="citation web cs1">Chowdhury, Masud Hasan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Cyclone">"Cyclone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131247/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Cyclone">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Cyclone&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=Masud+Hasan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCyclone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">The "Gandhians" of Bengal: Nationalism, Social Reconstruction and Cultural Orientations 1920–1942. p. 19. <q>Malaria was endemic in rural areas during the 19th century, particularly in western Bengal. This was ... The famine of 1769–70 resulted in about ten million deaths, while 50 million died of malaria, plague and famine between 1895 and 19206.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Gandhians%22+of+Bengal%3A+Nationalism%2C+Social+Reconstruction+and+Cultural+Orientations+1920%E2%80%931942&rft.pages=19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-baxter3-72"><a href="#cite_ref-baxter3_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Baxter" title="Craig Baxter">Baxter, Craig</a> (1997). Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-2854-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-2854-3"><bdi>0-8133-2854-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+From+a+Nation+to+a+State&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8133-2854-3&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unitedbengal-73"><a href="#cite_ref-unitedbengal_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChitta_Ranjan_Misra" class="citation web cs1">Chitta Ranjan Misra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150805022148/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=United_Independent_Bengal_Movement">"United Independent Bengal Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=United_Independent_Bengal_Movement">the original</a> on 5 August 2015. 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Abhinav Publications. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170173014" title="Special:BookSources/9788170173014"><bdi>9788170173014</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+P%C4%81las+of+Bengal+and+Bihar%2C+Cir.+750+A.D.-cir.+1200+A.D&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788170173014&rft.au=Bagchi%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7RKoMeAtpUC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google12-180"><a href="#cite_ref-google12_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuntington,_S._L.1984" class="citation book cs1">Huntington, S. L. 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Denver, CO: IEEE. pp. 557–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMWSYM.1997.602854">10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-3814-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-3814-6"><bdi>0-7803-3814-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Sir+J.+C.+Bose+and+radio+science&rft.btitle=Microwave+Symposium+Digest&rft.place=Denver%2C+CO&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E557-%3C%2Fspan%3E560&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMWSYM.1997.602854&rft.isbn=0-7803-3814-6&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMahanti-192"><a href="#cite_ref-SMahanti_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahanti" class="citation web cs1">Mahanti, Subodh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm">"Satyendra Nath Bose, The Creator of Quantum Statistics"</a>. 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