CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: cost stickiness</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: cost stickiness"> <meta name="keywords" content="cost stickiness"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="cost stickiness" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="cost stickiness"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6083</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: cost stickiness</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6083</span> Analysis of Behavior and Determinants of Cost Stickiness in Manufacturing Companies in Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farizy%20Yunaz">Farizy Yunaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Catur%20Sasongko"> Catur Sasongko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to provide the empirical evidence regarding cost stickiness behavior and its determinants on listed manufacturing companies. Hypothesis testing is performed using pooled least square method. The result concludes that there is cost stickiness behavior in selling, general and administrative costs. In term of determinants, firm-specific adjustment costs measured by asset intensity and employee intensity have significant positive impact on the level of cost stickiness. Meanwhile, earnings target and leverage have significant negative impact on the level of cost stickiness. However, the management empire building incentives measured by free cash flow has no significant positive impact. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adjustment%20cost" title="adjustment cost">adjustment cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20behavior" title=" cost behavior"> cost behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness" title=" cost stickiness"> cost stickiness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earnings%20target" title=" earnings target"> earnings target</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leverage" title=" leverage"> leverage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management%20empire%20building%20incentive" title=" management empire building incentive"> management empire building incentive</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62172/analysis-of-behavior-and-determinants-of-cost-stickiness-in-manufacturing-companies-in-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62172.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6082</span> The Impacts of Cost Stickiness on the Profitability of Indonesian Firms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dezie%20L.%20Warganegara">Dezie L. Warganegara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dewi%20Tamara"> Dewi Tamara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objectives of this study are to investigate the existence of the sticky cost behaviour of firms listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and to find an evidence on the effects of sticky operating expenses (SG&A expenses) on profitability of firms. For the first objective, this study found that the sticky cost behaviour does exist. For the second objective, this study finds that the stickier the operating expenses the less future profitability of the firms. This study concludes that sticky cost affects negatively to the performance and, therefore, firms should include flexibility in designing the cost structure of their firms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sticky%20costs" title="sticky costs">sticky costs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesia%20Stock%20Exchange%20%28IDX%29" title=" Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX)"> Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=profitability" title=" profitability"> profitability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operating%20%0D%0Aexpenses" title=" operating expenses"> operating expenses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SG%26A" title=" SG&A"> SG&A</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15627/the-impacts-of-cost-stickiness-on-the-profitability-of-indonesian-firms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15627.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6081</span> Protection of Steel Bars in Reinforce Concrete with Zinc Based Coverings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Rajabzadeh%20Gatabi">Hamed Rajabzadeh Gatabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soroush%20Dastgheibifard"> Soroush Dastgheibifard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahsa%20Asnafi"> Mahsa Asnafi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is no doubt that reinforced concrete is known as one of the most significant materials which is used in construction industry for many years. Although, some natural elements in dealing with environment can contribute to its corrosion or failure. One of which is bar or so-called reinforcement failure. So as to combat this problem, one of the oxidization prevention methods investigated was the barrier protection method implemented over the application of an organic coating, specifically fusion-bonded epoxy. In this study comparative method is prepared on two different kinds of covered bars (zinc-riches epoxy and polyamide epoxy coated bars) and also uncoated bar. With the aim of evaluate these reinforced concretes, the stickiness, toughness, thickness and corrosion performance of coatings were compared by some tools like Cu/CuSo4 electrodes, EIS and etc. Different types of concretes were exposed to the salty environment (NaCl 3.5%) and their durability was measured. As stated by the experiments in research and investigations, thick coatings (named epoxies) have acceptable stickiness and strength. Polyamide epoxy coatings stickiness to the bars was a bit better than that of zinc-rich epoxy coatings; nonetheless it was stiffer than the zinc rich epoxy coatings. Conversely, coated bars with zinc-rich epoxy showed more negative oxidization potentials, which take revenge protection of bars by zinc particles. On the whole, zinc-rich epoxy coverings is more corrosion-proof than polyamide epoxy coatings due to consuming zinc elements and some other parameters, additionally if the epoxy coatings without surface defects are applied on the rebar surface carefully, it can be said that the life of steel structures is subjected to increase dramatically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20coating" title="surface coating">surface coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epoxy%20polyamide" title=" epoxy polyamide"> epoxy polyamide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforce%20concrete%20bars" title=" reinforce concrete bars"> reinforce concrete bars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salty%20environment" title=" salty environment"> salty environment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40405/protection-of-steel-bars-in-reinforce-concrete-with-zinc-based-coverings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6080</span> Reliability-Based Life-Cycle Cost Model for Engineering Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Lotfalian">Reza Lotfalian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudarshan%20Martins"> Sudarshan Martins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Radziszewski"> Peter Radziszewski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of reliability on life-cycle cost, including initial and maintenance cost of a system is studied. The failure probability of a component is used to calculate the average maintenance cost during the operation cycle of the component. The standard deviation of the life-cycle cost is also calculated as an error measure for the average life-cycle cost. As a numerical example, the model is used to study the average life cycle cost of an electric motor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=initial%20cost" title="initial cost">initial cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life-cycle%20cost" title=" life-cycle cost"> life-cycle cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintenance%20cost" title=" maintenance cost"> maintenance cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title=" reliability"> reliability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11947/reliability-based-life-cycle-cost-model-for-engineering-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11947.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">605</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6079</span> Effect of Saponin Enriched Soapwort Powder on Structural and Sensorial Properties of Turkish Delight</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ihsan%20Burak%20Cam">Ihsan Burak Cam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayhan%20Topuz"> Ayhan Topuz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Turkish delight has been produced by bleaching the plain delight mix (refined sugar, water and starch) via soapwort extract and powdered sugar. Soapwort extract which contains high amount of saponin, is an additive used in Turkish delight and tahini halvah production to improve consistency, chewiness and color due to its bioactive saponin content by acting as emulsifier. In this study, soapwort powder has been produced by determining optimum process conditions of soapwort extract by using response-surface method. This extract has been enriched with saponin by reverse osmosis (contains %63 saponin in dry bases). Büchi mini spray dryer B-290 was used to produce spray-dried soapwort powder (aw=0.254) from the enriched soapwort concentrate. Processing steps optimization and saponin content enrichment of soapwort extract has been tested on Turkish Delight production. Delight samples, produced by soapwort powder and commercial extract (control), were compared in chewiness, springiness, stickiness, adhesiveness, hardness, color and sensorial characteristics. According to the results, all textural properties except hardness of delights produced by powder were found to be statistically different than control samples. Chewiness, springiness, stickiness, adhesiveness and hardness values of samples (delights produced by the powder / control delights) were determined to be 361.9/1406.7, 0.095/0.251, -120.3/-51.7, 781.9/1869.3, 3427.3g/3118.4g, respectively. According to the quality analysis that has been ran with the end products it has been determined that; there is no statistically negative effect of the soapwort extract and the soapwort powder on the color and the appearance of Turkish Delight. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saponin" title="saponin">saponin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delight" title=" delight"> delight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soapwort%20powder" title=" soapwort powder"> soapwort powder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spray%20drying" title=" spray drying"> spray drying</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62128/effect-of-saponin-enriched-soapwort-powder-on-structural-and-sensorial-properties-of-turkish-delight" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62128.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6078</span> Knowledge Transfer among Cross-Functional Teams as a Continual Improvement Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergio%20Mauricio%20P%C3%A9rez%20L%C3%B3pez">Sergio Mauricio Pérez López</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Rodrigo%20Valencia%20P%C3%A9rez"> Luis Rodrigo Valencia Pérez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20Manuel%20Pe%C3%B1a%20Aguilar"> Juan Manuel Peña Aguilar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adelina%20Morita%20Alexander"> Adelina Morita Alexander</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The culture of continuous improvement in organizations is very important as it represents a source of competitive advantage. This article discusses the transfer of knowledge between companies which formed cross-functional teams and used a dynamic model for knowledge creation as a framework. In addition, the article discusses the structure of cognitive assets in companies and the concept of "stickiness" (which is defined as an obstacle to the transfer of knowledge). The purpose of this analysis is to show that an improvement in the attitude of individual members of an organization creates opportunities, and that an exchange of information and knowledge leads to generating continuous improvements in the company as a whole. This article also discusses the importance of creating the proper conditions for sharing tacit knowledge. By narrowing gaps between people, mutual trust can be created and thus contribute to an increase in sharing. The concept of adapting knowledge to new environments will be highlighted, as it is essential for companies to translate and modify information so that such information can fit the context of receiving organizations. Adaptation will ensure that the transfer process is carried out smoothly by preventing "stickiness". When developing the transfer process on cross-functional teams (as opposed to working groups), the team acquires the flexibility and responsiveness necessary to meet objectives. These types of cross-functional teams also generate synergy due to the array of different work backgrounds of their individuals. When synergy is established, a culture of continuous improvement is created. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20transfer" title="knowledge transfer">knowledge transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=continuous%20improvement" title=" continuous improvement"> continuous improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teamwork" title=" teamwork"> teamwork</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20assets" title=" cognitive assets"> cognitive assets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47200/knowledge-transfer-among-cross-functional-teams-as-a-continual-improvement-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47200.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6077</span> Cytoxicity Studies of Sachets Beverages Using Allium Cepa Test</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ja%E2%80%99Afar%20Umar">Ja’Afar Umar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naziru%20Salisu">Naziru Salisu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The consumption of powdered or industrialized juices has increased globally due to the fast pace of city life. These foods, with their attractive color, odor, and taste, are easily diluted in water and can lead to obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular problems. In a study, 80 purple varieties of onion bulbs were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the Tiara and Bevi mix beverage powder. The viability of the bulbs was tested using the A. cepa toxicity test. The bulbs were divided into five groups, and the root growth was recorded. The mixture was then squashed in a 45% acetic acid solution and examined for chromosomal abnormalities. The chromosomal abnormalities were classified as bridges, c-mitoses, vagrants, fragments, stickiness, bi-nuclei, and multi-polar. The study found that the highest number of dividing cells was in the negative control group, followed by the group treated with BM beverage. The highest number of aberrant cells was in the group treated with TR beverage, followed by BM 5%. Stickiness of cells was observed in both BM and TR 5% beverage concentrations. No lagging chromosome was present in the negative control group. The highest mitotic index was in the negative control group, and bridge fragrance was observed in the groups treated with different beverages. This study highlights the importance of Allium cepa L. in genotoxic substance testing, revealing chromosomal and mitotic abnormalities in root tip cells. The study also reveals that at 5% concentrations, root growth decreases, indicating potential genetic abnormalities in Allium cepa's genetic material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cytotoxicity" title="cytotoxicity">cytotoxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Allium%20cepa" title=" Allium cepa"> Allium cepa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beverages" title=" Beverages"> Beverages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chromosome" title=" Chromosome"> Chromosome</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192756/cytoxicity-studies-of-sachets-beverages-using-allium-cepa-test" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192756.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">16</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6076</span> Effect of Cost Control and Cost Reduction Techniques in Organizational Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babatunde%20Akeem%20Lawal">Babatunde Akeem Lawal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In any organization, the primary aim is to maximize profit, but the major challenges facing them is the increase in cost of operation because of this there is increase in cost of production that could lead to inevitable cost control and cost reduction scheme which make it difficult for most organizations to operate at the cost efficient frontier. The study aims to critically examine and evaluate the application of cost control and cost reduction in organization performance and also to review budget as an effective tool of cost control and cost reduction. A descriptive survey research was adopted. A total number of 40 respondent retrieved were used for the study. The analysis of data collected was undertaken by applying appropriate statistical tools. Regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis with the use of SPSS. Based on the findings; it was evident that cost control has a positive impact on organizational performance and also the style of management has a positive impact on organizational performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organization" title="organization">organization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20reduction" title=" cost reduction"> cost reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20control" title=" cost control"> cost control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=budget" title=" budget"> budget</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=profit" title=" profit"> profit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62265/effect-of-cost-control-and-cost-reduction-techniques-in-organizational-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62265.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">603</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6075</span> Scheduled Maintenance and Downtime Cost in Aircraft Maintenance Management</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Remzi%20Saltoglu">Remzi Saltoglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazmia%20Humaira"> Nazmia Humaira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gokhan%20Inalhan"> Gokhan Inalhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During aircraft maintenance scheduling, operator calculates the budget of the maintenance. Usually, this calculation includes only the costs that are directly related to the maintenance process such as cost of labor, material, and equipment. In some cases, overhead cost is also included. However, in some of those, downtime cost is neglected claiming that grounding is a natural fact of maintenance; therefore, it is not considered as part of the analytical decision-making process. Based on the normalized data, we introduce downtime cost with its monetary value and add its seasonal character. We envision that the rest of the model, which works together with the downtime cost, could be checked with the real life cases, through the review of MRO cost and airline spending in the particular and scheduled maintenance events. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aircraft%20maintenance" title="aircraft maintenance">aircraft maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=downtime" title=" downtime"> downtime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=downtime%20cost" title=" downtime cost"> downtime cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintenance%20cost" title=" maintenance cost"> maintenance cost</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47046/scheduled-maintenance-and-downtime-cost-in-aircraft-maintenance-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47046.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6074</span> A Review of the Factors Causing Cost Overrun in Construction Projects in Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaleem%20Ullah">Kaleem Ullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abd%20Halid%20Bin%20Abdullah"> Abd Halid Bin Abdullah </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines previous literature on cost overrun in construction projects with the specific aim of determining the frequently observed causes of cost overruns in Malaysian construction projects. Cost overrun is one of the major problems in construction projects. Cost overrun is frequently observed in almost every construction projects. This cost overrun in construction projects occurs due to various reasons and many researchers have carried out various studies to identify the cause factors of this issue. The causes of construction cost overrun could vary from country to country because of the difference in political, economic, social and environmental conditions. Likewise, other countries construction projects in Malaysia have also the issue of cost overrun. The concept of cost overrun in construction projects has attracted much attention in recent years and researches are trying to understand the causes of these overruns and their effects to the construction industry as whole. This paper review various research studies carried out in Malaysia which surveyed the cost performance and cause factors of cost overruns in construction projects in Malaysia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cause%20of%20cost%20overrun" title="cause of cost overrun">cause of cost overrun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20overrun" title=" cost overrun"> cost overrun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20industry%20in%20Malaysia" title=" construction industry in Malaysia"> construction industry in Malaysia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effects%20of%20cost%20overrun" title=" effects of cost overrun"> effects of cost overrun</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44973/a-review-of-the-factors-causing-cost-overrun-in-construction-projects-in-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44973.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6073</span> Construction Time - Cost Trade-Off Analysis Using Fuzzy Set Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20S.%20S.%20Kumar">V. S. S. Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Vikram"> B. Vikram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20C.%20S.%20Reddy"> G. C. S. Reddy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Time and cost are the two critical objectives of construction project management and are not independent but intricately related. Trade-off between project duration and cost are extensively discussed during project scheduling because of practical relevance. Generally when the project duration is compressed, the project calls for an increase in labor and more productive equipments, which increases the cost. Thus, the construction time-cost optimization is defined as a process to identify suitable construction activities for speeding up to attain the best possible savings in both time and cost. As there is hidden tradeoff relationship between project time and cost, it might be difficult to predict whether the total cost would increase or decrease as a result of compressing the schedule. Different combinations of duration and cost for the activities associated with the project determine the best set in the time-cost optimization. Therefore, the contractors need to select the best combination of time and cost to perform each activity, all of which will ultimately determine the project duration and cost. In this paper, the fuzzy set theory is used to model the uncertainties in the project environment for time-cost trade off analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20sets" title="fuzzy sets">fuzzy sets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertainty" title=" uncertainty"> uncertainty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qualitative%20factors" title=" qualitative factors"> qualitative factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20making" title=" decision making"> decision making</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14733/construction-time-cost-trade-off-analysis-using-fuzzy-set-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14733.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">652</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6072</span> A Prediction of Electrical Cost for High-Rise Building Construction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Picha%20Sriprachan">Picha Sriprachan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The increase in electricity prices affects the cost of high-rise building construction. The objectives of this research are to study the electrical cost, trend of electrical cost and to forecast electrical cost of high-rise building construction. The methods of this research are: 1) to study electrical payment formats, cost data collection methods, and the factors affecting electrical cost of high-rise building construction, 2) to study the quantity and trend of cumulative percentage of the electrical cost, and 3) to forecast the electrical cost for different types of high-rise buildings. The results of this research show that the average proportion between electrical cost and the value of the construction project is 0.87 percent. The proportion of electrical cost for residential, office and commercial, and hotel buildings are closely proportional. If construction project value increases, the proportion of electrical cost and the value of the construction project will decrease. However, there is a relationship between the amount of electrical cost and the value of the construction project. During the structural construction phase, the amount of electrical cost will increase and during structural and architectural construction phase, electrical cost will be maximum. The cumulative percentage of the electrical cost is related to the cumulative percentage of the high-rise building construction cost in the same direction. The amount of service space of the building, number of floors and the duration of the construction affect the electrical cost of construction. The electrical cost of construction forecasted by using linear regression equation is close to the electrical cost forecasted by using the proportion of electrical cost and value of the project. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-rise%20building%20construction" title="high-rise building construction">high-rise building construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20cost" title=" electrical cost"> electrical cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20phase" title=" construction phase"> construction phase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architectural%20phase" title=" architectural phase"> architectural phase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9483/a-prediction-of-electrical-cost-for-high-rise-building-construction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9483.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">390</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6071</span> Cost Overrun Causes in Public Construction Projects in Saudi Arabia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Mahamid">Ibrahim Mahamid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Al-Ghonamy"> A. Al-Ghonamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Aichouni"> M. Aichouni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is conducted to identify causes of cost deviations in public construction projects in Saudi Arabia from contractors’ perspective. 41 factors that might affect cost estimating accuracy were identified through literature review and discussion with some construction experts. The factors were tabulated in a questionnaire form and a field survey included 51 contractors from the Northern Province of Saudi Arabia was performed. The results show that the top five important causes are: wrong estimation method, long period between design and time of implementation, cost of labor, cost of machinary and absence of construction-cost data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20deviation" title="cost deviation">cost deviation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20construction" title=" public construction"> public construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20estimating" title=" cost estimating"> cost estimating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20Arabia" title=" Saudi Arabia"> Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contractors" title=" contractors"> contractors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22361/cost-overrun-causes-in-public-construction-projects-in-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">475</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6070</span> Chaotic Dynamics of Cost Overruns in Oil and Gas Megaprojects: A Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20J.%20Olaniran">O. J. Olaniran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20E.%20D.%20Love"> P. E. D. Love</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20J.%20Edwards"> D. J. Edwards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Olatunji"> O. Olatunji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Matthews"> J. Matthews</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cost overruns are a persistent problem in oil and gas megaprojects. Whilst the extant literature is filled with studies on incidents and causes of cost overruns, underlying theories to explain their emergence in oil and gas megaprojects are few. Yet, a way to contain the syndrome of cost overruns is to understand the bases of ‘how and why’ they occur. Such knowledge will also help to develop pragmatic techniques for better overall management of oil and gas megaprojects. The aim of this paper is to explain the development of cost overruns in hydrocarbon megaprojects through the perspective of chaos theory. The underlying principles of chaos theory and its implications for cost overruns are examined and practical recommendations proposed. In addition, directions for future research in this fertile area provided. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaos%20theory" title="chaos theory">chaos theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20and%20gas" title=" oil and gas"> oil and gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20overruns" title=" cost overruns"> cost overruns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=megaprojects" title=" megaprojects "> megaprojects </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25395/chaotic-dynamics-of-cost-overruns-in-oil-and-gas-megaprojects-a-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25395.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">559</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6069</span> Identification of Factors Influencing Costs in Green Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazirah%20Zainul%20Abidin">Nazirah Zainul Abidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurul%20Zahirah%20Mokhtar%20Azizi"> Nurul Zahirah Mokhtar Azizi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cost has always been the leading concern in green building development. The perception that construction cost for green building is higher than conventional buildings has only made the discussion of green building cost more difficult. Understanding the factors that will influence the cost of green construction is expected to shed light into what makes green construction more or at par with conventional projects, or perhaps, where cost can be optimised. This paper identifies the elements of cost before shifting the attention to the influencing factors. Findings from past studies uncovered various factors related to cost which are grouped into five focal themes i.e. awareness, knowledge, financial, technical, and government support. A conceptual framework is produced in a form of a flower diagram indicating the cost influencing factors of green building development. These factors were found to be both physical and non-physical aspects of a project. The framework provides ground for the next stage of research that is to further explore how these factors influence the project cost and decision making. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20project" title="green project">green project</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors%20influencing%20cost" title=" factors influencing cost"> factors influencing cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20cost" title=" hard cost"> hard cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20cost" title=" soft cost"> soft cost</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49827/identification-of-factors-influencing-costs-in-green-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49827.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6068</span> Maintenance Alternatives Related to Costs of Wind Turbines Using Finite State Markov Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boukelkoul%20Lahcen">Boukelkoul Lahcen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The cumulative costs for O&M may represent as much as 65%-90% of the turbine's investment cost. Nowadays the cost effectiveness concept becomes a decision-making and technology evaluation metric. The cost of energy metric accounts for the effect replacement cost and unscheduled maintenance cost parameters. One key of the proposed approach is the idea of maintaining the WTs which can be captured via use of a finite state Markov chain. Such a model can be embedded within a probabilistic operation and maintenance simulation reflecting the action to be done. In this paper, an approach of estimating the cost of O&M is presented. The finite state Markov model is used for decision problems with number of determined periods (life cycle) to predict the cost according to various options of maintenance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title="cost">cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20state" title=" finite state"> finite state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Markov%20model" title=" Markov model"> Markov model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operation%20and%20maintenance" title=" operation and maintenance"> operation and maintenance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35860/maintenance-alternatives-related-to-costs-of-wind-turbines-using-finite-state-markov-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35860.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">533</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6067</span> Optimal Replacement Period for a One-Unit System with Double Repair Cost Limits</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min-Tsai%20Lai">Min-Tsai Lai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taqwa%20Hariguna"> Taqwa Hariguna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a periodical replacement model for a system, considering the concept of single and cumulative repair cost limits simultaneously. The failures are divided into two types. Minor failure can be corrected by minimal repair and serious failure makes the system breakdown completely. When a minor failure occurs, if the repair cost is less than a single repair cost limit L1 and the accumulated repair cost is less than a cumulative repair cost limit L2, then minimal repair is executed, otherwise, the system is preventively replaced. The system is also replaced at time T or at serious failure. The optimal period T minimizing the long-run expected cost per unit time is verified to be finite and unique under some specific conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repair-cost%20limit" title="repair-cost limit">repair-cost limit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cumulative%20repair-cost%20limit" title=" cumulative repair-cost limit"> cumulative repair-cost limit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimal%20repair" title=" minimal repair"> minimal repair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periodical%20replacement%20policy" title=" periodical replacement policy"> periodical replacement policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28802/optimal-replacement-period-for-a-one-unit-system-with-double-repair-cost-limits" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28802.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6066</span> Faults in the Projects, Deviation in the Cost</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ahmed">S. Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Dlask"> P. Dlask</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Hasan"> B. Hasan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are several ways to estimate the cost of the construction project: simple and detailed. The process of estimating cost is usually done during the design stage, which should take long-time and the designer must give attention to all details. This paper explain the causes of the deviations occurring in the cost of the construction project, and determines the reasons of these differences between contractual cost and final cost of the construction project, through the study of literature review related to this field, and benefiting from the experience of workers in the field of building (owners, contractors) through designing a questionnaire, and finding the most ten important reasons and explain the relation between the contractual cost and the final cost according to these reasons. The difference between those values will be showed through diagrams drawn using the statistical program. In addition to studying the effects of overrun costs on the advancing of the project, and identify the most five important effects. According to the results, we can propose the right direction for the final cost evaluation and propose some measures that would help to control and adjust the deviation in the costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20projects" title="construction projects">construction projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building" title=" building"> building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title=" cost"> cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=estimating%20costs" title=" estimating costs"> estimating costs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay" title=" delay"> delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overrun" title=" overrun "> overrun </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25664/faults-in-the-projects-deviation-in-the-cost" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25664.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6065</span> A Review of the Major Factors of Cost Overrun in Construction Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Abdelgadir">Hassan Abdelgadir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cost overruns have harmed the economies and reputations of several construction companies around the world. Many project management systems have been developed to keep track of a project's budget. However, due to several cost overrun difficulties in the construction industry, cost management is still deemed inadequate. As a result, the goal of this term paper is to identify and group prospective construction project cost overrun reasons based on their origin groups.Basically, all potential cost overrun elements were rigorously checked through 1iterature analysis before being divided into seven (7) groups of originating components, including project, contract, client, contractor, consultant, labor, and external. Each potential factor was completely defined with examples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20projects" title="construction projects">construction projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20overruns" title=" cost overruns"> cost overruns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20company" title=" construction company"> construction company</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors%20effect%20costoverruns" title=" factors effect costoverruns"> factors effect costoverruns</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173461/a-review-of-the-major-factors-of-cost-overrun-in-construction-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173461.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6064</span> An Analytical Method for Maintenance Cost Estimating Relationships of Helicopters Using Linear Programming</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meesun%20Sun">Meesun Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongmin%20Kim"> Yongmin Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Estimating maintenance cost is crucial in defense management because it affects military budgets and availability of equipment. When it comes to estimating maintenance cost of the deployed equipment, time series forecasting can be applied with the actual historical cost data. It is more difficult issue to estimate maintenance cost of new equipment for which the actual costs are not provided. In this underlying context, this study proposes an analytical method for maintenance cost estimating relationships (CERs) development of helicopters using linear programming. The CERs can be applied to a new helicopter because they use non-cost independent variables such as the number of engines, the empty weight and so on. In the Republic of Korea, the maintenance cost of new equipment has been usually estimated by reflecting maintenance cost to unit price ratio of the legacy equipment. This study confirms that the CERs perform well for the 10 types of airmobile helicopters in terms of mean absolute percentage error by applying leave-one-out cross-validation. The suggested method is very useful to estimate the maintenance cost of new equipment and can help in the affordability assessment of acquisition program portfolios for total life cycle systems management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=affordability%20analysis" title="affordability analysis">affordability analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20estimating%20relationship" title=" cost estimating relationship"> cost estimating relationship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=helicopter" title=" helicopter"> helicopter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20programming" title=" linear programming"> linear programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintenance%20cost" title=" maintenance cost"> maintenance cost</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121012/an-analytical-method-for-maintenance-cost-estimating-relationships-of-helicopters-using-linear-programming" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121012.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6063</span> Matrix Completion with Heterogeneous Cost</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilqar%20Ramazanli">Ilqar Ramazanli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The matrix completion problem has been studied broadly under many underlying conditions. The problem has been explored under adaptive or non-adaptive, exact or estimation, single-phase or multi-phase, and many other categories. In most of these cases, the observation cost of each entry is uniform and has the same cost across the columns. However, in many real-life scenarios, we could expect elements from distinct columns or distinct positions to have a different cost. In this paper, we explore this generalization under adaptive conditions. We approach the problem under two different cost models. The first one is that entries from different columns have different observation costs, but within the same column, each entry has a uniform cost. The second one is any two entry has different observation cost, despite being the same or different columns. We provide complexity analysis of our algorithms and provide tightness guarantees. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matroid%20optimization" title="matroid optimization">matroid optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matrix%20completion" title=" matrix completion"> matrix completion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20algebra" title=" linear algebra"> linear algebra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithms" title=" algorithms"> algorithms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149618/matrix-completion-with-heterogeneous-cost" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149618.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6062</span> Productive Efficiency in Asean Banking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suhartono%20Suhartono">Suhartono Suhartono</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Issue of cost efficiency is then becoming pivotal point because public expect cost of banking operation reducing and benefited of consumers. This study examines the determinants of cost efficiency of banks operating in 8 member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). This study uses economics theory approach to examine the existence of economies of scale in the ASEAN Banking market especially on its impact on cost efficiency. We apply concept of average cost (AC) as a proxy for the cost efficiency. We find that economies of scale is existing in the banking market indicating scale and scope economies should be considered in the industrial policy. The stronger capital position is also positive to efficiency means stronger capitalized banks are more efficient. Bank that remunerates better tend to be more efficient as result economic capital effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20efficiency" title="cost efficiency">cost efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASEAN" title=" ASEAN"> ASEAN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economies%20of%20scale" title=" economies of scale"> economies of scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=issue%20of%20cost" title=" issue of cost "> issue of cost </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29902/productive-efficiency-in-asean-banking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6061</span> Direct Cost of Anesthesia in Traumatic Patients with Massive Bleeding: A Prospective Micro-Costing Study </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asamaporn%20Puetpaiboon">Asamaporn Puetpaiboon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunisa%20Chatmongkolchart"> Sunisa Chatmongkolchart</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nalinee%20Kovitwanawong"> Nalinee Kovitwanawong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osaree%20Akaraborworn"> Osaree Akaraborworn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traumatic patients with massive bleeding require intensive resuscitation. The actual cost of anesthesia per case has never been clarified, so our study aimed to quantify the direct cost, and cost-to-charge ratio of anesthetic care in traumatic patients with intraoperative massive bleeding. This study was a prospective, observational, cost analysis study, conducted in Prince of Songkla University hospital, Thailand, with traumatic patients, of any mechanisms being recruited. Massive bleeding was defined as estimated blood loss of at least one blood volume in 24 hours, or a half of blood volume in 3 hours. The cost components were identified by the micro-costing method, and valued by the bottom-up approach. The direct cost was divided into 4 categories: the labor cost, the capital cost, the material cost and the cost of drugs. From September 2017 to August 2018, 10 patients with multiple injuries were included. Seven patients had motorcycle accidents, two patients fell from a height and another one was in a minibus accident. Two patients died on the operating table, and another two died within 48 hours. The median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was 8. The median intraoperative blood loss was 3,500 ml. The median direct cost, per case, was 250 United States Dollars (2017 exchange rate), and the cost-to-charge ratio was 0.53. In summary, the direct cost was nearly half of the hospital charge, for these traumatic patients with massive bleeding. However, our study did not analyze the indirect cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title="cost">cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost-to-charge%20ratio" title=" cost-to-charge ratio"> cost-to-charge ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-costing" title=" micro-costing"> micro-costing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trauma" title=" trauma"> trauma</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101957/direct-cost-of-anesthesia-in-traumatic-patients-with-massive-bleeding-a-prospective-micro-costing-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101957.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6060</span> Damage Cost for Private Property by Extreme Wind over the past 10 Years in Korea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gou-Moon%20Choi">Gou-Moon Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Woo-Young%20Jung"> Woo-Young Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chan-Young%20Yune"> Chan-Young Yune</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the natural disaster has increased worldwide. In Korea, the damage to life and property caused by a typhoon, heavy rain, heavy snow, and an extreme wind also increases every year. Among natural disasters, the frequency and the strength of wind have increased because sea surface temperature has risen due to the increase of the average temperature of the Earth. In the case of extreme wind disaster, it is impossible to control or reduce the occurrence, and the recovery cost always exceeds the damage cost. Therefore, quantitative estimation of the damage cost for extreme wind needs to be established beforehand to install proactive countermeasures. In this study, the damage cost for private properties was analyzed based on the data for the past 10 years in Korea. The damage cost curve was also suggested for the metropolitan cities and provinces. The result shows the possibility for the regional application of the damage cost curve because the damage cost of the regional area is estimated based on the cost of cities and provinces. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage%20cost" title="damage cost">damage cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extreme%20wind" title=" extreme wind"> extreme wind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20disaster" title=" natural disaster"> natural disaster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20property" title=" private property"> private property</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44424/damage-cost-for-private-property-by-extreme-wind-over-the-past-10-years-in-korea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44424.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">305</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6059</span> Cost Effectiveness and Performance Study of Perpetual Pavement Using ABAQUS</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mansour%20Fakhri">Mansour Fakhri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monire%20Zokaei"> Monire Zokaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Where there are many demolitions on conventional asphalt pavements, heavy costs are paid to repair and reconstruct the pavement roads annually. Recently some research has been done in order to increase the pavement life. Perpetual pavement is regarded as one of them which can improve the pavement life and minimize the maintenance activity and cost. In this research, ABAQUS which is a finite element software is implemented for analyzing and simulation of perpetual pavement. Viscoelastic model of material is used and loading wheel is considered to be dynamic. Effect of different parameters on pavement function has been considered. Because of high primary cost these pavements are not widely used. In this regard, life cost analysis was also carried out to compare perpetual pavement to conventional asphalt concrete pavement. It was concluded that although the initial cost of perpetual pavement is higher than that of conventional asphalt pavement, life cycle cost analysis during 50 years of service life showed that the performance of this pavement is better and the whole life cost of that is less. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ABAQUS" title="ABAQUS">ABAQUS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lifecycle%20cost%20analysis" title=" lifecycle cost analysis"> lifecycle cost analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanistic%20empirical" title=" mechanistic empirical"> mechanistic empirical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perpetual%20pavement" title=" perpetual pavement"> perpetual pavement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33524/cost-effectiveness-and-performance-study-of-perpetual-pavement-using-abaqus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6058</span> Application of Knowledge Discovery in Database Techniques in Cost Overruns of Construction Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mai%20Ghazal">Mai Ghazal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Hammad"> Ahmed Hammad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cost overruns in construction projects are considered as worldwide challenges since the cost performance is one of the main measures of success along with schedule performance. To overcome this problem, studies were conducted to investigate the cost overruns' factors, also projects' historical data were analyzed to extract new and useful knowledge from it. This research is studying and analyzing the effect of some factors causing cost overruns using the historical data from completed construction projects. Then, using these factors to estimate the probability of cost overrun occurrence and predict its percentage for future projects. First, an intensive literature review was done to study all the factors that cause cost overrun in construction projects, then another review was done for previous researcher papers about mining process in dealing with cost overruns. Second, a proposed data warehouse was structured which can be used by organizations to store their future data in a well-organized way so it can be easily analyzed later. Third twelve quantitative factors which their data are frequently available at construction projects were selected to be the analyzed factors and suggested predictors for the proposed model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20management" title="construction management">construction management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20projects" title=" construction projects"> construction projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20overrun" title=" cost overrun"> cost overrun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20performance" title=" cost performance"> cost performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20mining" title=" data mining"> data mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20warehousing" title=" data warehousing"> data warehousing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20discovery" title=" knowledge discovery"> knowledge discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20management" title=" knowledge management"> knowledge management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85161/application-of-knowledge-discovery-in-database-techniques-in-cost-overruns-of-construction-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85161.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">370</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6057</span> Analysing the Cost of Immigrants to the National Health System in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Theodosiou">T. Theodosiou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Polychronidou"> P. Polychronidou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20G.%20Karasavvoglou"> A. G. Karasavvoglou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The latest years the number of immigrants at Greece has increased dramatically. Their impact on the National Health System (NHS) has not been yet thoroughly investigated. This paper analyses the cost of immigrants to the NHS hospitals of the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The data are collected from 2005 to 2011 from five different hospitals and are analysed using linear mixed effects models in order to investigate the effects of nationality and year on the cost of hospitalization and treatment. The results show that generally the Greek nationality patients have a higher mean cost of hospitalization compared to the immigrants and that there is an increasing trend for the cost except for the year 2010. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title="cost">cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eastern%20Macedonia%20and%20Thrace" title=" Eastern Macedonia and Thrace"> Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immigrants" title=" immigrants"> immigrants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20health%20system" title=" national health system"> national health system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38150/analysing-the-cost-of-immigrants-to-the-national-health-system-in-eastern-macedonia-and-thrace" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38150.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6056</span> Contributing to Accuracy of Bid Cost Estimate in Construction Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Alhomidan">Abdullah Alhomidan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is conducted to identify the main factors affecting accuracy of pretender cost estimate in building construction projects in Saudi Arabia from owners’ perspective. 44 factors affecting pretender cost estimate were identified through literature review and discussion with some construction experts. The results show that the top important factors affecting pretender cost estimate accuracy are: level of competitors in the tendering, material price changes, communications with suppliers, communications with client, and estimating method used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20estimate" title="cost estimate">cost estimate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accuracy" title=" accuracy"> accuracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pretender" title=" pretender"> pretender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=estimating" title=" estimating"> estimating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bid%20estimate" title=" bid estimate"> bid estimate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22031/contributing-to-accuracy-of-bid-cost-estimate-in-construction-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">556</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6055</span> Uncertain Time-Cost Trade off Problems of Construction Projects Using Fuzzy Set Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20S.%20S.%20Kumar">V. S. S. Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Vikram"> B. Vikram</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of effective decision support tools that adopted in the construction industry is vital in the world we live in today, since it can lead to substantial cost reduction and efficient resource consumption. Solving the time-cost trade off problems and its related variants is at the heart of scientific research for optimizing construction planning problems. In general, the classical optimization techniques have difficulties in dealing with TCT problems. One of the main reasons of their failure is that they can easily be entrapped in local minima. This paper presents an investigation on the application of meta-heuristic techniques to two particular variants of the time-cost trade of analysis, the time-cost trade off problem (TCT), and time-cost trade off optimization problem (TCO). In first problem, the total project cost should be minimized, and in the second problem, the total project cost and total project duration should be minimized simultaneously. Finally it is expected that, the optimization models developed in this paper will contribute significantly for efficient planning and management of construction project. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20sets" title="fuzzy sets">fuzzy sets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertainty" title=" uncertainty"> uncertainty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20cost%20trade%20off%20problems" title=" time cost trade off problems"> time cost trade off problems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3994/uncertain-time-cost-trade-off-problems-of-construction-projects-using-fuzzy-set-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6054</span> Marketing Factors Influencing the Decision to Choose Low Cost Airlines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noppadol%20Sritragool">Noppadol Sritragool</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objectives of this research were to investigate the decision of passengers who choose to fry with low cost airlines and to study marketing factors which have the influence to the decision to choose each low cost airlines. This paper was a quantitative research technique. A total of 400 low cost airlines’ passengers were interviewed via English questionnaire to collect the respondents’ opinions. The findings revealed that respondents were male and female at a similar proportion. The majority had at least an undergraduate degree, have a lower management level jobs, and had income in the range of 25,000 -35,000 baht per month.. In addition, the findings also revealed that the first three marketing factors influencing the decision of the respondents to choose low-cost airlines were low price, direct flight, and online system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20to%20choose" title="decision to choose">decision to choose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing%20factors" title=" marketing factors"> marketing factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-cost%20airlines" title=" low-cost airlines "> low-cost airlines </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25888/marketing-factors-influencing-the-decision-to-choose-low-cost-airlines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25888.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">427</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=202">202</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=203">203</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20stickiness&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>