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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Legal status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Website" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Website"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Website </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Website-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Website subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Website-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_sourcing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_sourcing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Article sourcing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_sourcing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delivery_to_users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delivery_to_users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Delivery to users </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delivery_to_users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Usage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Usage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-User_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 User location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archiving_of_scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archiving_of_scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Archiving of scientific research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archiving_of_scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sci-Hub</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A-%D9%87%D8%A8" title="ساي-هب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساي-هب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="সাই-হাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাই-হাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="سای-هاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سای-هاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88-%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="സൈ-ഹബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൈ-ഹബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%A8" title="سای-ھەب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سای-ھەب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B-%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ไซ-ฮับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไซ-ฮับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Sci-Hub" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21980377#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scientific research paper file sharing website</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sci-Hub</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Scihub_raven.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official logo of Sci-Hub depicting black raven drawing with reddish key in mouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Scihub_raven.png/50px-Scihub_raven.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Scihub_raven.png/75px-Scihub_raven.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Scihub_raven.png/100px-Scihub_raven.png 2x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="336" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sci-hub_screen_shot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Sci-hub_screen_shot.png/300px-Sci-hub_screen_shot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Sci-hub_screen_shot.png 1.5x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="233" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>English</li><li>Chinese</li><li>Russian</li><li>Portuguese</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">5 September 2011; 13 years ago (2011-09-05)<a href="#cite_note-bio-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a><a href="#cite_note-bio-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Segado-Boj-2022-12-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sci-hub.se/about">sci-hub.se/about</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sci-hub.st/about">sci-hub.st/about</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sci-hub.ru/about">sci-hub.ru/about</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">5 September 2011; 13 years ago (2011-09-05)<a href="#cite_note-motherboard-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Content license</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Hosts material without regard to copyright</td></tr></tbody></table> 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:File_sharing" title="Category:File sharing">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg/80px-Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg/120px-Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg/160px-Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_hosting_service" class="mw-redirect" title="File hosting service">File hosting services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">Peer to peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Web hosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCC" title="XDCC">XDCC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Video on demand sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/123Movies" title="123Movies">123Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeerTube" title="PeerTube">PeerTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putlocker" title="Putlocker">Putlocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">BitTorrent sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1337x" title="1337x">1337x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTDigg" title="BTDigg">BTDigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonoid" title="Demonoid">Demonoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExtraTorrent" title="ExtraTorrent">ExtraTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EZTV" title="EZTV">EZTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsoHunt" title="IsoHunt">isoHunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitGirl_Repacks" title="FitGirl Repacks">FitGirl Repacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KickassTorrents" title="KickassTorrents">KickassTorrents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaa_Torrents" title="Nyaa Torrents">Nyaa Torrents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RARBG" title="RARBG">RARBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutracker.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutracker.org">Rutracker.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Rockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Rockers">Tamil Rockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIFY" title="YIFY">YIFY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YourBittorrent" title="YourBittorrent">YourBittorrent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Academic/scholarly</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">ICanHazPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">File sharing networks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Connect_(file_sharing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Connect (file sharing)">Direct Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella2" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphanet" title="Hyphanet">Hyphanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulseek" title="Soulseek">Soulseek</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">P2P clients</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC%2B%2B" title="DC++">DC++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMule" title="EMule">eMule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filetopia" title="Filetopia">Filetopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">μTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBittorrent" title="QBittorrent">qBittorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareaza" title="Shareaza">Shareaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)" title="Transmission (BitTorrent client)">Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinMX" title="WinMX">WinMX</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Streaming programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_Project" title="Butter Project">Butter Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_(software)" title="Kodi (software)">Kodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcorn_Time" title="Popcorn Time">Popcorn Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrents-Time" title="Torrents-Time">Torrents-Time</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Anonymous file sharing</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darknet (networking)">Darknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_peer-to-peer" title="Private peer-to-peer">Private P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">Proxy server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seedbox" title="Seedbox">Seedbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Development and societal aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_file_sharing" title="Timeline of file sharing">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_issues_with_BitTorrent" title="Legal issues with BitTorrent">BitTorrent issues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_Canada" title="File sharing in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_Japan" title="File sharing in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_Singapore" title="File sharing in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="File sharing in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing#United_States" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Comparisons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">Comparison of BitTorrent clients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BitTorrent_sites" title="Comparison of BitTorrent sites">Comparison of BitTorrent sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_eDonkey_software" title="Comparison of eDonkey software">Comparison of eDonkey software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_clients" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients">Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Usenet_newsreaders" title="Comparison of Usenet newsreaders">Comparison of Usenet newsreaders</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:File_sharing_sidebar" title="Template:File sharing sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:File_sharing_sidebar" title="Template talk:File sharing sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:File_sharing_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:File sharing sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sci-Hub is a <a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow library</a> website that provides free access to millions of <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">research papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">regardless of copyright</a>,<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a> by bypassing publishers' <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywalls</a> in various ways.<a href="#cite_note-Segado-Boj-2022-12-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bohannon-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elbakyan2017-6">[6]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a>, it does not provide access to books. Sci-Hub was founded in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a> in 2011, in response to the high cost of research papers behind paywalls (see <a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a>). The site is extensively used worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bohannon-5">[5]</a> In September 2019, the site's operator(s) said that it served approximately 400,000 requests per day.<a href="#cite_note-roskomsvoboda-7">[7]</a> In addition to its intensive use, Sci-Hub stands out among other shadow libraries because of its easy use/reliability and because of the enormous size of its collection; a 2018 study estimated that Sci-Hub provided access to most of the scholarly publications with issued <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> numbers.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a> On 15 July 2022, Sci-Hub reported that its collection comprised 88,343,822 files.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Since December 2020, the site has paused uploads due to <a href="#India">legal troubles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Sci-Hub and Elbakyan were sued twice for <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> in the United States, in 2015 and 2017, and lost both cases <a href="/wiki/Default_judgment" title="Default judgment">by default</a>, leading to loss of some of its Internet <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain names</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chawla-10">[10]</a> The site has cycled through different domain names since then.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> Sci-Hub has been praised by some in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific</a>, academic, and publishing communities<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-13">[12]</a> for providing access to knowledge generated by the scientific community, which is usually funded by taxpayers (government grants) and with zero <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a> paid to the authors.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Publishers have criticized it for violating copyright,<a href="#cite_note-Bohannon-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[14]</a> reducing the revenue of publishers,<a href="#cite_note-shadowill-16">[15]</a> and potentially being linked to activities compromising universities' <a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">network security</a>, though the cybersecurity threat posed by Sci-Hub may have been exaggerated by publishers.<a href="#cite_note-timeshighereducation.com-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-RussellSanchez-18">[17]</a> Elbakyan questioned the morality of the publishers' business and the legality of their methods in regards to the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">right to science and culture</a> under <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights#Article_27" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Article 27</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, while maintaining that Sci-Hub should be "perfectly legal".<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newtonew2016-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-21">[20]</a> Many Sci-Hub users see Sci-Hub as a <a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">moral imperative</a>, and if the operation of Sci-Hub contradicts the law, it is the law that should be changed rather than banning Sci-Hub.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandra_Elbakyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alexandra_Elbakyan.jpg/170px-Alexandra_Elbakyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alexandra_Elbakyan.jpg/255px-Alexandra_Elbakyan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alexandra_Elbakyan.jpg/340px-Alexandra_Elbakyan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a> at a conference at Harvard (2010)</figcaption></figure> Sci-Hub was created by <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a>, who was born in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-BohannonBio-23">[22]</a> Elbakyan earned her undergraduate degree at <a href="/wiki/Satbayev_Kazakh_National_Technical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Satbayev Kazakh National Technical University">Kazakh National Technical University</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> studying information technology, then worked for a year for a computer security firm in Moscow, then joined a research team at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a> in Germany in 2010 that was working on a <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–computer interface</a>. She then became interested in <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">transhumanism</a> and after attending a transhumanism conference in the United States, Elbakyan spent her remaining time in the country doing a research internship at <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>. She later returned to Kazakhstan, where she started research in a Kazakh university. According to Elbakyan, she experienced difficulty accessing scientific papers relevant to her research project. She began contributing to <a href="/wiki/Online_forums" class="mw-redirect" title="Online forums">online forums</a> dedicated to sharing research papers. In 2011, she developed Sci-Hub to automatically share papers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-torrentfreak.com-25">[24]</a> The site was launched on September 5, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-:8-26">[25]</a> In May 2021, Sci-Hub users collaborated to preserve the website's data, anticipating that the site may go offline.<a href="#cite_note-:11-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> In September 2021, the site celebrated the tenth anniversary of its launch date by uploading on that single day over 2.3 million articles to its database.<a href="#cite_note-motherboard-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-26">[25]</a> Sci-Hub has cycled through domain names, some of which have been blocked by <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registry" title="Domain name registry">domain registry operators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a> Sci-Hub remained reachable via alternative domains such as <a href="/wiki/.io" title=".io">.io</a>,<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a> then <a href="/wiki/.cc" title=".cc">.cc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/.bz" title=".bz">.bz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Sci-Hub has also been accessible at times by directly entering the <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>, or through a <a href="/wiki/.onion" title=".onion">.onion</a> <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a> Hidden Service.<a href="#cite_note-Gardner-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> It is also accessible through a <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> bot. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal status">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement#Legality_of_downloading" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement § Legality of downloading</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a> filed a lawsuit against Sci-Hub, in Elsevier et al. v. Sci-Hub et al., at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schiermeier2017-33">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a> (LibGen) was also a defendant in the case,<a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[14]</a> which may be based in either the Netherlands<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[34]</a> or in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> It was the largest copyright infringement case that had been filed in the U.S., or in the world, at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Greco2017-37">[36]</a> Elsevier alleged that Sci-Hub violated copyright law and induced others to do so, and it alleged violations of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a> as well as inducements to violate that law.<a href="#cite_note-Greco2017-37">[36]</a> Elsevier asked for monetary damages and an <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> to stop the sharing of the papers.<a href="#cite_note-Greco2017-37">[36]</a> Elsevier has used accusations over the alleged security threat that Sci-Hub poses to institutions to encourage educational institutions to block its use.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Elbakyan responded to the case in an interview by accusing Elsevier of violating the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">right to science and culture</a> under <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights#Article_27" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Article 27</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[18]</a> She later wrote a letter to the court about the case describing her reasons for creating Sci-Hub, in which she stated, "Payment of 32 dollars [for each download] is just insane when you need to skim or read tens or hundreds of these papers to do research."<a href="#cite_note-torrentfreak.com-25">[24]</a> At the time the website was hosted in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, Russia, where judgments made by American courts were not enforceable,<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[34]</a> and Sci-Hub did not defend the lawsuit.<a href="#cite_note-Schiermeier2017-33">[32]</a> In June 2017, the court awarded Elsevier <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>15 million in damages for copyright infringement by Sci-Hub and others in a <a href="/wiki/Default_judgment" title="Default judgment">default judgment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schiermeier2017-33">[32]</a> The judgment found that Sci-Hub used accounts of students and academic institutions to access articles through Elsevier's platform <a href="/wiki/ScienceDirect" title="ScienceDirect">ScienceDirect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[34]</a> The judgment also granted the injunction, which led to the loss of the original sci-hub.org domain.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-shadowill-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent-40">[39]</a> In June 2017, the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) filed a lawsuit against Sci-Hub in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia</a>, alleging copyright and trademark infringement; it sought judgment US$4.8 million from Sci-Hub in damages, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a> blocking of the Sci-Hub website.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> On 6 November 2017, the ACS was granted a <a href="/wiki/Default_judgment" title="Default judgment">default judgment</a>, and a permanent injunction was granted against all parties in active concert or participation with Sci-Hub that has notice of the injunction, "including any Internet search engines, web hosting and Internet service providers, domain name registrars, and domain name registries", to cease facilitating access to the service.<a href="#cite_note-Chawla-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFF2017-42">[41]</a> On 23 November 2017, four Sci-Hub domains had been rendered inactive by the court order<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/CloudFlare" class="mw-redirect" title="CloudFlare">CloudFlare</a> account was terminated.<a href="#cite_note-Scientist2018-44">[43]</a> Since 2018, the White House <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the U.S. Trade Representative</a> has cited Sci-Hub as one of the most flagrant "<a href="/wiki/Notorious_market" title="Notorious market">notorious market</a>" sites in the world.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> On 8 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> suspended Sci-Hub's account citing "counterfeit content" as the reason.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> In October 2018, Swedish <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISPs</a> were forced to block access to Sci-Hub after a court case brought by Elsevier; <a href="/wiki/Bahnhof" title="Bahnhof">Bahnhof</a>, a large Swedish ISP, in return soft-blocked the Elsevier website.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> On 26 January 2023, the Sci-Hub <a href="/wiki/.se" title=".se">.se</a> domain name was reported to have been taken down,<a href="#cite_note-TF-20230126-52">[51]</a> but the domain name was reinstated within a week after successful "ownership verification".<a href="#cite_note-TW-20230201-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-TF-20230107-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> In November 2018, Russia's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Supervision_of_Communications,_Information_Technology_and_Mass_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media">Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media</a> blocked Sci-Hub and its mirror websites after a <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Court" title="Moscow City Court">Moscow City Court</a> ruling to comply with Elsevier's and <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>'s complaints regarding intellectual property infringement.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The site moved to another domain and is still available online as of 22 January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-roskomsvoboda-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> On 7 March 2019, following a complaint by Elsevier and Springer Nature, a French court ordered French <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISPs</a> to block access to Sci-Hub and <a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> However, the court order did not affect the academic network <a href="/wiki/Renater" title="Renater">Renater</a>, through which most French academic access to Sci-Hub presumably goes.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> Following the lawsuit by Elsevier in March 2019 in France, Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Son" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Son">John Wiley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> filed a complaint against <a href="/wiki/Proximus" title="Proximus">Proximus</a>, <a href="/wiki/VOO" title="VOO">VOO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brut%C3%A9l%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brutélé (page does not exist)">Brutélé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telenet_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telenet (Belgium)">Telenet</a> to block access to Sci-Hub and LibGen. The publishers claimed to represent more than half of the scientific publishing sector and indicated that over 90% of the contents on the sites <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">infringed copyright laws</a>; they won the lawsuit.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Since then, the two sites have been blocked by those <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a>; visitors are redirected to a stop page by <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Belgium)" title="Federal Police (Belgium)">Belgian Federal Police</a> instead, citing illegality of the site's content under Belgian legislation. The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> included Sci-Hub in its "Piracy Watch List".<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> In December 2020, Elsevier, Wiley and the American Chemical Society filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Sci-Hub and Library Genesis in the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a>. The plaintiffs seek a dynamic injunction which means that any future domain name, IP address, or name-change by the respondents will not require the plaintiffs to return to court for an additional injunction.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-62">[61]</a> The court restricted the sites from uploading, publishing, or making any article available until 6 January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:13-63">[62]</a> In response to the lawsuit, as well as to Elbakyan's claim that the FBI had requested data from her Apple account, Reddit users on the subreddit r/DataHoarder organized to download and <a href="/wiki/Seeding_(computing)" title="Seeding (computing)">seed</a> backups of the articles on Sci-Hub, with the intention of creating a decentralized and uncensorable version of the site.<a href="#cite_note-:11-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> In order to have a better chance of winning a lawsuit presented against her and Sci-Hub by <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a> in India, Elbakyan complied with a preliminary <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> issued by an Indian court, and suspended in 2021 upload of new publications, except for some batch releases of content.<a href="#cite_note-:13-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In India, Sci-hub is being represented by Advocate Nilesh Jain.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> He was interviewed by Hannes Grassegger for the German newspaper <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a> along with Alexandra Elbakyan.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> The High Court agreed on 6 January 2021 to wait before passing any interim order in the case until they hear representations from scientists, researchers, and students.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> A hearing was scheduled for 16 December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:10-62">[61]</a> A key component of Sci-Hub's legal defence is that it provides educational resources to researchers and thus falls under a <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a> exception in India's copyright law. This defence has previously been used by educational institutions to justify the reproduction of copyrighted materials for use by low-income students.<a href="#cite_note-:10-62">[61]</a> A number of Indian academics offered support to Sci-Hub after the lawsuit was filed.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Multiple petitions were filed by scholars in India supporting Sci-Hub in the lawsuit.<a href="#cite_note-:10-62">[61]</a> Another line of defence pursued by Elbakyan and her supporters was that journal publishers did not pay to the authors for copyright transfer, as Indian copyright law requires, and therefore the publishers did not own the copyrights on these articles.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> However, the Indian court rejected these arguments in November of 2022 and scheduled full hearing for July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In response, Sci-Hub legal representatives announced that they will pursue other, perhaps more promising, legal strategies.<a href="#cite_note-TF-20230107-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In February 2021, Elsevier and Springer Nature obtained an injunction on <a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_Group" title="TalkTalk Group">TalkTalk</a> to block the sci-hub.se domain as a result of a ruling handed down by a UK court.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> In March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Police_Intellectual_Property_Crime_Unit" title="Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit">City of London police's Intellectual Property Crime Unit</a> issued a warning to students and universities against accessing the website and to have the website blocked by universities with allegations that the website could steal credentials, mainly to download content from publishers and cause users to "inadvertently download potentially dangerous content" when visited.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> However, the allegation was denied by Elbakyan.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Website">Website</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Website">edit</a>]</div> The site's operation is financed by user donations.<a href="#cite_note-Bohannon-5">[5]</a> The PHP code, setup of the Linux web servers, and maintenance are all done by Elbakyan herself to avoid risk of moles or a broken team compromising the service.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Over the years, various URL addresses and direct IP addresses have been used for Sci-Hub, as dozens of domain names have been confiscated by various legal authorities.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_sourcing">Article sourcing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Article sourcing">edit</a>]</div> Sci-Hub obtains paywalled articles using leaked credentials.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-RussellSanchez-18">[17]</a> The source of the credentials used by Sci-Hub is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-12">[11]</a> Some appear to have been donated,<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] some were apparently sold before going to Sci-Hub,<a href="#cite_note-IGS-81">[80]</a> and some appear to have been obtained via <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> and were then used by Sci-Hub.<a href="#cite_note-Ruff-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-RussellSanchez-18">[17]</a> Elbakyan denied personally sending any phishing emails and said, "The exact source of the passwords was never personally important to me."<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-12">[11]</a> According to The Scholarly Kitchen, a blog established by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Scholarly_Publishing" title="Society for Scholarly Publishing">Society for Scholarly Publishing</a> whose members are involved in legal action against Sci-Hub, credentials used by Sci-Hub to access paywalled articles are correlated to access of other information on university networks (such as <a href="/wiki/Cyber_spying_on_universities" title="Cyber spying on universities">cyber spying on universities</a>) and credential sales in black markets.<a href="#cite_note-SK-83">[82]</a> Several articles have reported that Sci-Hub has penetrated the computer networks of more than 370 universities in 39 countries. These include more than 150 institutions in the U.S., more than 30 in Canada, 39 in the UK, and more than 10 in Sweden. The universities in the UK include <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delivery_to_users">Delivery to users</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Delivery to users">edit</a>]</div> The Sci-Hub website provides access to articles from almost all <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic publishers</a>, including Elsevier, Springer, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>, American Chemical Society, <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley Blackwell</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>, as well as open-access works, and distributes them without regard to publishers' copyrights.<a href="#cite_note-Bohannon-5">[5]</a> It requires neither payments, nor subscriptions, nor registrations.<a href="#cite_note-:3-88">[87]</a>: 10  Users can access works from all sources with a unified interface by entering the <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> in the search bar on the main page or in the Sci-Hub <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a> (like some academic link resolvers), or by appending the Sci-Hub domain to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet domain">domain</a> of a publisher's URL (like some academic proxies).<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Sci-Hub redirects requests for some <a href="/wiki/Gold_open_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold open access">gold open access</a> works, identified as such beyond the metadata available in <a href="/wiki/CrossRef" class="mw-redirect" title="CrossRef">CrossRef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unpaywall" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall">Unpaywall</a>. Some requests require the user to enter a <a href="/wiki/CAPTCHA" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SKhow-90">[89]</a> Papers can also be accessed using a <a href="/wiki/Software_agent" title="Software agent">bot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> service <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> If the paper is in the repository already, the request is served immediately. If the paper is not already in the repository, a wait screen appears while the site presents someone else's credentials on behalf of the user to a series of <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxies</a> until it finds one that has access to the paper, which is then presented to the user and stored in the repository.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruff-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-ALM-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-SKhow-90">[89]</a> Until the end of 2014, Sci-Hub relied on <a href="/wiki/LibGen" class="mw-redirect" title="LibGen">LibGen</a> as storage: papers requested by users were requested from LibGen and served from there if available, otherwise they were fetched by other means and then stored on LibGen.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a> The permanent storage made it possible to serve more users than the previous system of deleting the cached content after 6 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Elbakyan2017-6">[6]</a> Since 2015, Sci-Hub uses its own storage<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a> for the same purpose.<a href="#cite_note-Elbakyan2017-6">[6]</a> As of 2017, Sci-Hub was continuing to redirect requests for <a href="/wiki/Electronic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic books">electronic books</a> to LibGen.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elbakyan2017-6">[6]</a> After the site faced increased legal pressure in 2021, <a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">archivists</a> initiated a rescue mission to secure enduring access to the website and its contents. They organized on a <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> website to coordinate decentralized storage and delivery of Sci-Hub contents using <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-:12-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sci-hub_downloads.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sci-hub_downloads.png/220px-Sci-hub_downloads.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sci-hub_downloads.png/330px-Sci-hub_downloads.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sci-hub_downloads.png/440px-Sci-hub_downloads.png 2x" data-file-width="3105" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption>Download rate for articles on Sci-Hub<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> Elbakyan has released download request logs from Sci-Hub servers covering periods from 2011–2013,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> 2015–2016,<a href="#cite_note-datadryad.org-95">[94]</a> and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Studies of the 2017 Sci-Hub download logs indicated that: <ul><li>less than 1% of all journals contribute to over 50% of all downloads while 50% of the least popular journals contribute to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1% of all downloads. Similar statistics are obtained when the downloads are normalized per article rather than per journal. Such data allowed academic libraries to negotiate reduced subscription costs or cut altogether less popular journals from <a href="/wiki/Big_deal_(subscription_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big deal (subscription model)">big deal</a> contracts.<a href="#cite_note-greshake-97">[96]</a></li> <li>only 11% of all journal publishers are highly requested, while 45% of all publishers are significantly less accessed. Despite this, the oligopoly of publishers is even more remarkable on the level of content consumption, with 80% of all downloads being published through only 9 publishers.<a href="#cite_note-greshake-97">[96]</a></li> <li>1/3 of all articles downloaded were published by Elsevier, which published <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 24% of all journal articles.<a href="#cite_note-greshake-97">[96]</a></li> <li>In 2017, Sci-Hub provided a more reliable access to legal <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> articles, that the journal publishers, which have been prone to "unresolvable DOI's due to issues on publishers’ sides" and to "Open Access publications that disappear behind accidental paywalls".<a href="#cite_note-greshake-97">[96]</a></li> <li>Of 27.8 million download requests via Sci-Hub, 23.2 million of these were for journal articles, 4.7 million (22%) of which were articles from medical journals. The requests for medical literature came mostly from middle- and low-income countries (69%); the countries with the most requests in absolute numbers were India, China, the U.S., Brazil, and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-28-million-Sci-Hub-98">[97]</a> Another 2022 study lent evidence to the argument that the free access to scholarly articles that Sci-Hub provides to developing countries is measurably beneficial to the research conducted in those countries themselves.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a></li></ul> In February 2016, the website claimed to serve over 200,000 requests per day<a href="#cite_note-Bohannon-5">[5]</a>—an increase from an average of 80,000 per day before the "sci-hub.org" domain was blocked in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-:2-100">[99]</a> Server log data gathered from September 2015 to February 2016<a href="#cite_note-Logdatanote-101">[b]</a> and released by Elbakyan in 2016 revealed some usage information. A large amount of Sci-Hub's user activity came from American and European university campuses, and when adjusted for population, usage of Sci-Hub was high for <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>. However, a large proportion of download requests came from <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> such as Iran, China, India, Russia, Brazil, and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Bohannon-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[34]</a> User activity covered all branches of science, engineering, medicine, and humanities.<a href="#cite_note-Bohannon-5">[5]</a> In March 2017, the website had 62 million papers in its collection,<a href="#cite_note-greshake-97">[96]</a> which were found to include 85% of the articles published in paywalled scholarly journals.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a> Although only 69% of all published articles were in the database in March 2017, it has been estimated, based on scholarly citations from articles published between 2015 and July 2017, that at least 96% of requests for paywalled articles are successful.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a> On 27 July 2020, the Sci-Hub website reported that the cumulative number of downloads from the database exceeded one billion, that the average number of downloads per day was 300,000–600,000, and that the database continued its expansion into the pre-digital age, particularly into journal articles published prior to 1980. Among achievements in 2019, Sci-Hub reported the publication of about 15,000 letters by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, most of which were not available free of charge, although their copyrights had expired over 100 years previously. In 2019, Elbakyan also reported plans to allow access to Supplemental Information of journal articles in addition to the main texts, which are already available.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> A multivariable regression study of Sci-Hub downloads in 2018 on/near university campuses (which subscribe to some, but not all, journals) and in the areas lacking PhD-granting institutions, showed that the use of Sci-Hub is driven mostly by necessity (i.e. lack of subscriptions to the needed journals) rather than by convenience (easier search and access via Sci-Hub interface).<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> However, the study used a definition of "necessity" that included avoiding inconveniences such as multi-factor authentication.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sci-Hub" title="Talk:Sci-Hub">disputed</a>] A 2023 study of Sci-Hub usage in Spain instead found that a plurality of surveyed researchers used Sci-Hub for "quick and easy access".<a href="#cite_note-:14-104">[102]</a> In 2019, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Big_deal_(subscription_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big deal (subscription model)">big deal</a> cancellations by several library systems in the world, the wide usage of Sci-Hub was credited as one of the factors that reduced the apparent value of the subscriptions to <a href="/wiki/Toll_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll access">toll access</a> resources.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Journal <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> reported in 2022 that China had the largest number of downloads (25 million downloads in January of 2022 alone), followed by the United States (10 million) and France (6 million).<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> A 2023 study has found that more than 50% of academic researchers use websites like Sci-Hub to avoid paywalls.<a href="#cite_note-Segado-Boj-2022-12-2">[2]</a> Those who do not use Sci-Hub reported the lack of knowledge about the site as the main reason for not using it. Another study, also published in 2023, concluded that Sci-Hub is widely used by students and faculty even at major research universities in developed countries, because Sci-Hub has a larger collection of research articles than any single library in the world and because Sci-Hub provides an easier-to-use interface to retrieve these articles than legal academic libraries. Aside from academic researchers, another large niche of Sci-Hub users are medical professionals outside of university hospitals, who usually do not have access to original publications in medical journals. The same study found the younger researchers and medical professionals use Sci-Hub more frequently than their older colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-:14-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_location">User location</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: User location">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scihub_Feb_2016_pop-adjusted.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Scihub_Feb_2016_pop-adjusted.png/260px-Scihub_Feb_2016_pop-adjusted.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Scihub_Feb_2016_pop-adjusted.png/390px-Scihub_Feb_2016_pop-adjusted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Scihub_Feb_2016_pop-adjusted.png/520px-Scihub_Feb_2016_pop-adjusted.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Number of papers downloaded from Sci-Hub per capita by country (September 2015 to February 2016)<a href="#cite_note-datadryad.org-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bohannon-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> A 2016 analysis of 28 million requests to Sci-Hub published in Science with the title Who's downloading pirated papers? Everyone shows a map of Sci-Hub users with dots all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-28-million-Sci-Hub-98">[97]</a> A 2020 study by researchers from 4 countries on 3 continents found that articles downloaded from Sci-Hub were cited 1.72 times more than papers not downloaded from Sci-Hub;<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> the study's methods and conclusions were disputed by Phil Davis in a Scholarly Kitchen article.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In a 2021 study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Science,_Technology_and_Development_Studies" title="National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies">National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> on the use of Sci-Hub in India, 13,144,241 out of 150,575,861 download requests in 2017 were found to have come from Indian IP addresses. Of the research papers downloaded in India, 1,050,62, or 18.46%, of these are already available in some form of open access. Indian users requested an average of 39,952 downloads per day from Sci-Hub in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> A 2018 study found a relatively low use of Sci-Hub in China. This was attributed to blocking of many Sci-Hub hosting sites by <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a> and the existence of a Chinese twin of Sci-Hub, which is not accessible outside of China and is unknown to Western publishers.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> However, the situation in PR China changed in the next 3 years, and the data released by Elbakyan in February 2022 show the number of Sci-Hub downloads from within China having grown so large that, by then, it was more than for any other country.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> An analysis of locational data from January 2022 indicated that researchers worldwide are accessing papers using Sci-Hub. China, which topped the chart, had more than 25 million downloads in a month. The U.S. was the second largest (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 38% of PRC downloads), and France the third largest (24% of the U.S.). India had the second-highest number of individual users but only ranked fifth in downloads. This study only assessed downloads from the original Sci-Hub websites and excluded replica or "mirror" sites. It therefore did not count downloads from places where the original domain is banned (e.g. the UK). Furthermore. the use of <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPN</a> can skew some results (e.g. possibly India).<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archiving_of_scientific_research">Archiving of scientific research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Archiving of scientific research">edit</a>]</div> Sci-Hub effectively does academic archiving outside the bounds of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a>, and, unlike <a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a> initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, also provides access to academic works that do not have an open access license.<a href="#cite_note-Segado-Boj-2022-12-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Claburn_2020-113">[111]</a> There are data dumps of papers available on Sci-Hub.<a href="#cite_note-eLife-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Researchers have also made their own mirrored repositories of Sci-Hub.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Additionally, in response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, a group of online archivists used Sci-Hub to create an archive of over 5,000 articles about <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronaviruses</a>. They admitted that making the archive openly accessible was illegal but considered it a <a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">moral imperative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bender_2020-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> Sci-Hub's interface is perceived by users as providing a superior user experience and convenience compared to the typical interfaces available to users who have access to a paid subscription.<a href="#cite_note-shadowill-16">[15]</a> In December 2022, in the journal Information Development, an academic researcher survey found, when confronted by a paywall, they try to find an open-access version, then ask colleagues with other credentials, then use <a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow libraries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Segado-Boj-2022-12-2">[2]</a> 57% of respondents have used shadow libraries while 36% of respondents were unaware that shadow libraries exist.<a href="#cite_note-Segado-Boj-2022-12-2">[2]</a> Sci-Hub has been lauded as having "changed how we access knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> It raised awareness about the scientific publishing business models and its ethics of making researchers' institutions pay for their articles to be published, while providing and reviewing them without payment.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Support for open-access <a href="/wiki/Science_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Science publishing">science publishing</a> extends beyond Sci-Hub; <a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a> is an initiative launched by <a href="/wiki/Science_Europe" title="Science Europe">Science Europe</a> on 4 September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> It is an initiative of "cOAlition S",<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> a consortium launched by major national research agencies and funders from twelve European countries. The plan requires scientists and researchers who benefit from state-funded research organisations and institutions to publish their work in open repositories or in journals that are available to all by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-122">[120]</a> The initiative is not a law.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Scientists in some European countries began negotiations with Elsevier and other academic publishers on introducing national open access.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Publishers have been critical of Sci-Hub, some claiming that it is undermining more widely accepted open-access initiatives<a href="#cite_note-ALM-92">[91]</a> and that it ignores how publishers "work hard" to make access for third-world nations easier.<a href="#cite_note-ALM-92">[91]</a> It has also been criticized by librarians for compromising universities' <a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">network security</a> and jeopardizing legitimate access to papers by university staff.<a href="#cite_note-Ruff-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-ALM-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-RussellSanchez-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-SK-83">[82]</a> The cybersecurity threat posed by Sci-Hub has been questioned and the suggestion made that the threat has been exaggerated by large publishers keen to protect their business model by discrediting Sci-Hub or pushing universities to block students access to Sci-Hub.<a href="#cite_note-timeshighereducation.com-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Moreover, even prominent Western institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a> have had to cut down their access to publications due to ever-increasing subscription costs,<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> potentially causing some of the highest use of Sci-Hub to be in American cities with well-known universities (this may, however, be due to the convenience of the site rather than a lack of access).<a href="#cite_note-Bohannon-5">[5]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a>, Sci-Hub can be seen as one venue in a general trend in which research is becoming more accessible.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Many academics, university librarians, and longtime advocates for open scholarly research believe Elbakyan is "giving academic publishers their <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> moment", referring to the illegal music-sharing service that "disrupted and permanently altered the industry".<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-12">[11]</a> For her actions in creating Sci-Hub, Elbakyan has been called a hero and "spiritual successor to <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a>", who in 2010 downloaded millions of academic articles from <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-129">[127]</a> She has also been compared to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-129">[127]</a> She has also been called a "<a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> of science" by <a href="/wiki/Big_Think" title="Big Think">Big Think</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bigthink-130">[128]</a> Elbakyan responded by attacking "a <a href="/wiki/Double_dipping_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double dipping (publishing)">double-dipping model</a>, that benefits only to publishers while creating an illusion of conformance with the Open Access goals",<a href="#cite_note-Newtonew2016-20">[19]</a> in a reference to <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">hybrid open-access journals</a> run by legacy publishers (like Elsevier and ACS), which charge <a href="/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">APCs</a> for some articles to make them <a href="/wiki/Gratis_open_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Gratis open access">gratis open access</a>, while still selling subscriptions and other licenses to access the same journals. In August 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers" title="Association of American Publishers">Association of American Publishers</a> sent a letter to Gabriel J. Gardner, a researcher at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a> who has written papers on Sci-Hub and similar sites. The letter asked Gardner to stop promoting the site, which he had discussed at a session of a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> In response, the publishing institution was highly criticized for trying to silence legitimate research into the topic, and the letter has since been published in full and responded to by the dean of library services at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Long_Beach" title="California State University, Long Beach">Cal State Long Beach</a>, who supported Gardner's work.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> In December 2016, <a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature Publishing Group</a> named Elbakyan as one of the <a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_10" title="Nature's 10">ten people who most mattered in science</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:7-13">[12]</a> Elbakyan received the Award for Access to Scientific Knowledge from the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> in 2023 for her work on Sci-Hub.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/TorrentFreak" title="TorrentFreak">TorrentFreak</a> said that Sci-Hub is the only option for academics in Russia to access to research articles, as fifteen major publishers suspended services in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shadow_libraries" title="Category:Shadow libraries">Category:Shadow libraries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerilla_Open_Access_Manifesto" title="Guerilla Open Access Manifesto">Guerilla Open Access Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12ft.io" class="mw-redirect" title="12ft.io">12ft.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library.nu" title="Library.nu">Library.nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> sci-hub.org was one of the first ones. </li> <li id="cite_note-Logdatanote-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Logdatanote_101-0">^</a> Some November 2015 data was missing due to a domain switch. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bio-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sci-hub.se/alexandra">"Alexandra Elbakyan | Sci-Hub"</a>. Sci-Hub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708043253/https://sci-hub.se/alexandra">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2020. 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Retrieved 14 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Echo&rft.atitle=Les+%C3%A9diteurs+scientifiques+se+liguent+contre+la+piraterie&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecho.be%2Fentreprises%2Ftechnologie%2Fles-editeurs-scientifiques-se-liguent-contre-la-piraterie%2F10172391.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASci-Hub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/december/tradoc_157564.pdf">"Counterfeit and Piracy Watch List"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 13 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TorrentFreak&rft.atitle=Sci-Hub+%26+Libgen+Face+ISP+Blocking+in+India+After+Publishers+File+High+Court+Complaint&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Fsci-hub-libgen-face-isp-blocking-in-india-after-publishers-file-high-court-complaint-201227%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASci-Hub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_62-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElse2021" class="citation journal cs1">Else, Holly (13 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-03659-0">"What Sci-Hub's latest court battle means for research"</a>. Nature. 600 (7889): 370–371. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.600..370E">2021Natur.600..370E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-03659-0">10.1038/d41586-021-03659-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34903875">34903875</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245171076">245171076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=What+Sci-Hub%27s+latest+court+battle+means+for+research&rft.volume=600&rft.issue=7889&rft.pages=370-371&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-021-03659-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245171076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34903875&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.600..370E&rft.aulast=Else&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-021-03659-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASci-Hub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanka2020" class="citation news cs1">Banka, Richa (24 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-hc-asks-libgen-sci-hub-to-stop-uploading-articles-as-they-face-copyright-infringement-charges/story-cRWCB1sGs1yMqR3TCpuvmL.html">"Delhi HC asks Libgen, Sci-Hub to stop uploading articles as they face copyright infringement charges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201227014904/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-hc-asks-libgen-sci-hub-to-stop-uploading-articles-as-they-face-copyright-infringement-charges/story-cRWCB1sGs1yMqR3TCpuvmL.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2020. 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Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sci-Hub+Only+Option+For+Academics+In+Russia+After+Major+Publishers+Pull+Out+%2A+TorrentFreak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Fsci-hub-only-option-for-academics-in-russia-after-major-publishers-pull-out-220405%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASci-Hub" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Alexandra Elbakyan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openaccess.unt.edu/symposium/2016/info/transcript-and-translation-sci-hub-presentation">Why Science is Better with Communism? The Case of Sci-Hub</a> (transcript and translation), Open Access Symposium 2016, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas" title="University of North Texas">University of North Texas</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724015906/http://openaccess.unt.edu/symposium/2016/info/transcript-and-translation-sci-hub-presentation">Archived</a> from the original, 2016-07-24)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2016" class="citation web cs1">McLaughlin, Stephen Reid (19 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128131449/http://www.stephenmclaughlin.net/2016/03/19/sci-hublibgen-in-blogs-and-the-media-a-recent-bibliography/">"Sci-Hub/LibGen in Blogs and the Media"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stephenmclaughlin.net/2016/03/19/sci-hublibgen-in-blogs-and-the-media-a-recent-bibliography/">the original</a> on 28 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sci-Hub%2FLibGen+in+Blogs+and+the+Media&rft.date=2016-03-19&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephenmclaughlin.net%2F2016%2F03%2F19%2Fsci-hublibgen-in-blogs-and-the-media-a-recent-bibliography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASci-Hub" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephenmclaughlin.net/sci-hub/McLaughlin_Sci-Hub-LibGen-Bib_3-2016.pdf">(PDF)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNutt2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_McNutt" title="Marcia McNutt">McNutt, Marcia</a> (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf9419">"My love-hate of Sci-Hub"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 352 (6285). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: 497. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...352..497M">2016Sci...352..497M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf9419">10.1126/science.aaf9419</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27126012">27126012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206650367">206650367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=My+love-hate+of+Sci-Hub&rft.volume=352&rft.issue=6285&rft.pages=497&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaf9419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206650367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27126012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Sci...352..497M&rft.aulast=McNutt&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aaf9419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASci-Hub" class="Z3988"> (Archived from the original)</li> <li>Houle, Louis (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/1892/">Sci-Hub and LibGen: what if… why not?</a> Paper presented at: <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" title="International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions</a> WLIC 2017 – Wrocław, Poland – Libraries. Solidarity. Society. in Session S12 - Satellite Meeting: Serials and Other Continuing Resources Section and Acquisition and Collection Development. In: Open Access: Action Required, 16 – 17 August 2017, Gdańsk (Poland).<a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaraganis2018" class="citation book cs1">Karaganis, Joe, ed. (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/3600/Shadow-LibrariesAccess-to-Knowledge-in-Global">Shadow Libraries: Access to Knowledge in Global Higher Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F11339.001.0001">10.7551/mitpress/11339.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53501-4"><bdi>978-0-262-53501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+Libraries%3A+Access+to+Knowledge+in+Global+Higher+Education&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F11339.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-262-53501-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2F3600%2FShadow-LibrariesAccess-to-Knowledge-in-Global&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASci-Hub" class="Z3988"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia-PuentePastor-RamonAgirreMoran2019" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia-Puente, Maria; Pastor-Ramon, E.; Agirre, Oskia; Moran, Jose M.; Herrera-Peco, Ivan (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/35471?show=full">"The use of Sci-Hub in systematic reviews of the scholarly literature"</a>. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 21 (5): 816. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcid.12815">10.1111/cid.12815</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10810%2F35471">10810/35471</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31328359">31328359</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198134428">198134428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Implant+Dentistry+and+Related+Research&rft.atitle=The+use+of+Sci-Hub+in+systematic+reviews+of+the+scholarly+literature&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=816&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10810%2F35471&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198134428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31328359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcid.12815&rft.aulast=Garcia-Puente&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Pastor-Ramon%2C+E.&rft.au=Agirre%2C+Oskia&rft.au=Moran%2C+Jose+M.&rft.au=Herrera-Peco%2C+Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddi.ehu.es%2Fhandle%2F10810%2F35471%3Fshow%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASci-Hub" class="Z3988"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2016" class="citation journal cs1">Faust, Jeremy Samuel (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annemergmed.2016.05.010">"Sci-Hub: A Solution to the Problem of Paywalls, or Merely a Diagnosis of a Broken System?"</a>. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 68 (1): A15–A17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annemergmed.2016.05.010">10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.05.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Emergency+Medicine&rft.atitle=Sci-Hub%3A+A+Solution+to+the+Problem+of+Paywalls%2C+or+Merely+a+Diagnosis+of+a+Broken+System%3F&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=A15-A17&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.annemergmed.2016.05.010&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.annemergmed.2016.05.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASci-Hub" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookLevine-ClarkKatz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, Eleanor I.; Levine-Clark, Michael; Katz, Peter (18 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320683383">"Sci-Hub: What Is It, and Why Does It Matter to Academic Libraries? An Interview with Michael Levine-Clark and Peter Katz: Edited by Eleanor I. Cook"</a>. The Serials Librarian. 73 (2): 79–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0361526X.2017.1361886">10.1080/0361526X.2017.1361886</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10342%2F6424">10342/6424</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149229195">149229195</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information, and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Data</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Open university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">Open-door academic policy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a></li></ul></li> <li>Definition docs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Definition" title="The Open Definition">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Indices" title="Open Data Indices">Open Data Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Web">Open Web movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intellectual_property_activism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template talk:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intellectual_property_activism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> activism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">Artificial scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">Censorship by copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_site" title="Gripe site">Gripe site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects of file sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_novel" title="Mashup novel">novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopolies_of_knowledge" title="Monopolies of knowledge">Monopolies of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">Music piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_views_on_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">Patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patent debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">trolling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_rights_reversed" title="All rights reversed">All rights reversed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_alternatives" title="Copyright alternatives">Alternative compensation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">Anti-copyright notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_copyleft_works" title="Commercial use of copyleft works">Commercial use of copyleft works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_sell-through" title="Electronic sell-through">Electronic sell-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Libertarian positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patentleft" title="Patentleft">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes instead of patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">contests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share-alike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Anti-copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyright</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyleft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piratbyr%C3%A5n" title="Piratbyrån">Piratbyrån</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Falkvinge" title="Rick Falkvinge">Rick Falkvinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Film" title="Steal This Film">Steal This Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Copy_Bad_Copy" title="Good Copy Bad Copy">Good Copy Bad Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RiP!:_A_Remix_Manifesto" title="RiP!: A Remix Manifesto">RiP!: A Remix Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPB_AFK" title="TPB AFK">TPB AFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internet%27s_Own_Boy" title="The Internet's Own Boy">The Internet's Own Boy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:File_sharing" title="Template:File sharing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:File_sharing" title="Template talk:File sharing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:File_sharing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:File sharing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">Peer-to-peer file sharing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centralized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Connect_(protocol)" title="Direct Connect (protocol)">Direct Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soribada" title="Soribada">Soribada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulseek" title="Soulseek">Soulseek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decentralized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dat_(software)" title="Dat (software)">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastTrack" title="FastTrack">FastTrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fopnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Fopnu">Fopnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphanet" title="Hyphanet">Hyphanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella2" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System" title="InterPlanetary File System">IPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad_network" title="Kad network">Kad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBRY" title="LBRY">LBRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GiFT#OpenFT_protocol" title="GiFT">OpenFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Dark_(P2P)" title="Perfect Dark (P2P)">Perfect Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_(P2P)" title="Share (P2P)">Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinMX" title="WinMX">WinMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winny" title="Winny">Winny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiogalaxy" title="Audiogalaxy">Audiogalaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CuteMX" title="CuteMX">CuteMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LimeWire" title="LimeWire">LimeWire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpheus_(software)" title="Morpheus (software)">Morpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scour_Inc." title="Scour Inc.">Scour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASTE" title="WASTE">WASTE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons of <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">clients</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ADC_Software#Client_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of ADC Software">Advanced Direct Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">BitTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Direct_Connect_software" title="Comparison of Direct Connect software">Direct Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_eDonkey_software" title="Comparison of eDonkey software">eDonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella#Gnutella_features" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella2#Comparison" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hyperlinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed2k_URI_scheme" title="Ed2k URI scheme">eD2k</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_URI_scheme" title="Magnet URI scheme">Magnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalink" title="Metalink">Metalink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">Backup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">Disk sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Game and video sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercasting" title="Peercasting">Peercasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seedbox" title="Seedbox">Seedboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing#In_computer_and_Internet_culture" title="Sharing">Sharing software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Web hosting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freenet#Freesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freesite</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System" title="InterPlanetary File System">IPFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Privacy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_file_sharing_networks" title="Privacy in file sharing networks">Privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet" title="Darknet">Darknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkweb" class="mw-redirect" title="Darkweb">Darkweb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_P2P" class="mw-redirect" title="Private P2P">Private P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">Distributed hash table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkle_tree" title="Merkle tree">Merkle tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAT_traversal" title="NAT traversal">NAT traversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_exchange" title="Peer exchange">Peer exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_protocol_encryption" title="BitTorrent protocol encryption">BitTorrent protocol encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHA-1" title="SHA-1">SHA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHA-2" title="SHA-2">SHA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-seeding" title="Super-seeding">Super-seeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_tracker" title="BitTorrent tracker">BitTorrent tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDP_hole_punching" title="UDP hole punching">UDP hole punching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Transport_Protocol" title="Micro Transport Protocol">Micro Transport Protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academic_publishing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_publishing" title="Template talk:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_publishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and ranking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">University presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy" title="List of academic publishers by preprint policy">Preprint policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides#Academic" title="List of style guides">Style/formatting guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing">Category:Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_documents" title="Category:Scientific documents">Category:Scientific documents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tor_onion_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tor_onion_services" title="Template:Tor onion services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tor_onion_services" title="Template talk:Tor onion services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tor_onion_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tor onion 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height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tor_onion_services" title="Category:Tor onion services">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmia" title="Ahmia">Ahmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_Search" title="Brave Search">Brave Search</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliqz" title="Cliqz">Cliqz</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grams_(search)" title="Grams (search)">Grams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaGer" title="MetaGer">MetaGer</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searx" title="Searx">Searx</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Time_TV" title="Current Time TV">Current Time TV</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung" title="Die Tageszeitung">Die Tageszeitung</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknetlive" title="Darknetlive">Darknetlive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepDotWeb" title="DeepDotWeb">DeepDotWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indymedia" title="Indymedia">Independent Media Center</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File storage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BTDigg" title="BTDigg">BTDigg</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Hosting" title="Freedom Hosting">Freedom Hosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Haven_Project" title="Free Haven Project">Free Haven Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KickassTorrents" title="KickassTorrents">KickassTorrents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_provider" title="Mailbox provider">Email</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitmessage" title="Bitmessage">Bitmessage.ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keybase" title="Keybase">Keybase</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_Mail" title="Proton Mail">Proton Mail</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riseup" title="Riseup">Riseup</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Mail" title="Tor Mail">Tor Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TorChat" title="TorChat">TorChat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">forums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark0de" title="Dark0de">Dark0de</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dread_(forum)" title="Dread (forum)">Dread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_onion_address" title="Facebook onion address"> Facebook</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HackBB" title="HackBB">HackBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hub_(forum)" title="The Hub (forum)">The Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_Farms" title="Kiwi Farms">Kiwi Farms</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Wiki" title="The Hidden Wiki">The Hidden Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain.com" title="Blockchain.com">Blockchain.com</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grams_(search)#Helix" title="Grams (search)">Helix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(online_marketplace)" title="Agora (online marketplace)">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaBay" title="AlphaBay">AlphaBay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_(market)" title="Atlantis (market)">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetyp_Market" title="Archetyp Market">Archetyp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Market_Reloaded" title="Black Market Reloaded">Black Market Reloaded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Market" title="Dream Market">Dream Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_(marketplace)" title="Evolution (marketplace)">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farmer%27s_Market" title="The Farmer's Market">The Farmer's Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_(market)" title="Hansa (market)">Hansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_Market" title="Hydra Market">Hydra Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_Marketplace" title="Sheep Marketplace">Sheep Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace)" title="Silk Road (marketplace)">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TheRealDeal" title="TheRealDeal">TheRealDeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Anonymous_Marketplace" title="Russian Anonymous Marketplace">Russian Anonymous Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Carding_Forum" title="Tor Carding Forum">Tor Carding Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(marketplace)" title="Utopia (marketplace)">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Market" title="White House Market">White House Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Document archives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">Archive.today</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxbin_(darknet)" title="Doxbin (darknet)">Doxbin (darknet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sci-Hub</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Line_Defenders" title="Front Line Defenders">Front Line Defenders</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Quadrature_du_Net" title="La Quadrature du Net">La Quadrature du Net</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecomix" title="Telecomix">Telecomix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubes_OS" title="Qubes OS">Qubes OS</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whonix" title="Whonix">Whonix</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whistleblowing" title="Whistleblowing">Whistleblowing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Denial_of_Secrets" title="Distributed Denial of Secrets">Distributed Denial of Secrets</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Whistleblowing_Press#Filtrala" title="Associated Whistleblowing Press">Filtrala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobaLeaks" title="GlobaLeaks">GlobaLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Whistleblowing_Press#Ljost" title="Associated Whistleblowing Press">Ljost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaat#Nawaatleaks" title="Nawaat">NawaatLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SecureDrop" title="SecureDrop">SecureDrop</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_Action_League#WildLeaks_Project" title="Elephant Action League">WildLeaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boystown_(website)" title="Boystown (website)">Boystown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childs_Play_(website)" title="Childs Play (website)">Childs Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_City" title="Lolita City">Lolita City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playpen_(website)" title="Playpen (website)">Playpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornhub" title="Pornhub">Pornhub</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Video_case" title="Welcome to Video case">Welcome to Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1.1.1.1" title="1.1.1.1">1.1.1.1</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEF_CON" title="DEF CON">DEF CON</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailpile" title="Mailpile">Mailpile</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullvad" title="Mullvad">Mullvad</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njalla" title="Njalla">Njalla</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Service;_Didn%27t_Read" title="Terms of Service; Didn't Read">Terms of Service; Didn't Read</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Sites in italics are now offline or discontinued (not counting ambiguously <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> sites). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)#Onion_services" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.onion" title=".onion">.onion domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor2web" title="Tor2web">Tor2web</a></li> <li> *Maintains additional presence on the surface web </li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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