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J. Hanifan/Citable Version">Citable Version subpage</a>). <i>While we have done conscientious work, we cannot guarantee that this Main Article, or its citable version, is wholly free of mistakes</i>. <b>By helping to improve this editable Main Article, you will help the process of generating a new, improved citable version.</b> </font><div style="float:right; margin: .1em .5em;">[<span class="plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=L._J._Hanifan&action=edit&section=0"><font size="2">edit intro</font></a></span>]</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ljhanifan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/wiki/images/thumb/3/30/Ljhanifan.jpg/250px-Ljhanifan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="311" class="thumbimage" srcset="/wiki/images/thumb/3/30/Ljhanifan.jpg/375px-Ljhanifan.jpg 1.5x, /wiki/images/3/30/Ljhanifan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="598" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ljhanifan.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span style="font-size:0.8em; color:rgb(125, 125, 125);">© Photo: West Virginia State Archives, used by permission</span> <br /><b>Lyda Judson Hanifan</b></div></div></div> <p><b>L. J. (Lyda Judson) Hanifan</b> (b. February 12, 1879; d. Dec. 11, 1932) is credited with introducing the concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>. <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Robert_Putnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Putnam (page does not exist)">Robert Putnam</a>, in his book <i>Bowling Alone</i> (2000), credits a 1916 paper by Hanifan as the first recorded instance of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Hanifan also authored a book published in 1920 that contains a chapter entitled "Social Capital".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Hanifan was born February 12, 1879, in the timbering camp of Cubana, West Virginia and went on to higher education at West Virginia Wesleyan College. He graduated from West Virginia University with an A.B. degree on October 21, 1907, with no major listed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> In the years following, he attended the University of Chicago and received an A.M. degree from Harvard University in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> He returned to West Virginia where he served school systems in Elkins, Belington, Charleston and Welch, and for nearly 10 years was state supervisor of rural schools. Hanifan authored two books and a number of pamphlets on rural education. A list of his known publications is included on the <a href="/wiki/L._J._Hanifan/Works" title="L. J. Hanifan/Works">Works subpage</a> of this entry. </p><p>According to Robert Putnam, "the first known use of the concept (of social capital) was not by some cloistered theoretician, but by a practical reformer of the Progressive Era—L. J. Hanifan, state supervisor of rural schools in West Virginia. Writing in 1916 to urge the importance of community involvement for successful schools, Hanifan invoked the idea of 'social capital' to explain why."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> "Hanifan's account of social capital," Putnam continues, "anticipated virtually all of the crucial elements in later interpretations, but his conceptual invention apparently attracted no notice from other social commentators and disappeared without a trace" for the next 84 years. Hanifan defined social capital as: </p> <blockquote><p>The tangible substances [that] count for most in the daily lives of people: namely good will, fellowship, sympathy, and social intercourse among the individuals and families who make up a social unit. . . . The individual is helpless socially, if left to himself. If he comes into contact with his neighbor, and they with other neighbors, there will be an accumulation of social capital, which may immediately satisfy his social needs and which may bear a social potentiality sufficient to the substantial improvement of living conditions in the whole community. The community as a whole will benefit by the cooperation of all its parts, while the individual will find in his associations the advantages of the help, the sympathy, and the fellowship of his neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In December of 1917, State Superintendent of Free Schools H. P. Shawkey appointed Hanifan as secretary to the New School Code Commission. The commission developed key provisions of the public education system in West Virginia. The Commission report presented to the West Virginia Legislature in January, 1919, resulted in legislation adopted in February, 1920, establishing the state board of education, creating the 10-month school term, raising teacher's salaries, mandating compulsory attendance for pupils age 6-16, authorizing junior high schools, and among other provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p><p>Hanifan married Mary Pearl Agee (b. Oct 14, 1891; d. Nov 28, 1948) on March 26, 1913, and they had one child, Mary Elkin Hanifan. It also appears that his father was John Hanifan, married three times, and his mother was Sara Taylor. Lyda had two full brothers, Lorenzo and Stark. After serving as Superintendent of Schools in Welch, WV, Hanifan moved to Paducah, KY, where he served as Superintendent of Schools until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. J. Hanifan, "The Rural School Community Center," <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> 67 (1916), 130-138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. J. Hanifan, <i>The Community Center</i> (Boston: Silver, Burdett & Company, 1920).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Rudolph Almasy, Interim Dean of the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, to Roger A. Lohman, personal email communication, January 29, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"L. Judson Hanifan", <i>Progressive West Virginians</i> (Wheeling WV: The Wheeling Intelligencer, 1923), 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Putnam, <i>Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community</i> (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from Putnam, 2000, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John T. Harris, <i>WV Legislative Handbook, 1920</i> (Charleston, WV: Tribune Printing Company, 1920), 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael C. Johanek, University of Pennsylvania, to Roger A. Lohman, personal email communication, January 30, and February 18, 2009; and Dia Mitchell Canter, Hanifan's only grandchild, to Roger A. Lohman, personal email communication, on September 7, 2009 and September 15, 2009.)</span> </li> </ol></div>  </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=L._J._Hanifan&oldid=978138">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=L._J._Hanifan&oldid=978138</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Editable_Main_Articles_with_Citable_Versions" title="Category:Editable Main Articles with Citable Versions">Editable Main Articles with Citable Versions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live" title="Category:CZ Live">CZ Live</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_Workgroup" title="Category:Sociology Workgroup">Sociology Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_Workgroup" title="Category:Politics Workgroup">Politics Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_Workgroup" title="Category:History Workgroup">History Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_Policy_Subgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Category:Social Policy Subgroup">Social Policy Subgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:Articles written in American English">Articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advanced_Articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:Advanced Articles written in American English">Advanced Articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Content" title="Category:All Content">All Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_Content" title="Category:Sociology Content">Sociology Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_Content" title="Category:Politics Content">Politics Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_Content" title="Category:History Content">History Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_tag" title="Category:History tag">History tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Social_Policy_tag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Social Policy tag (page does not exist)">Social Policy tag</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_tag" title="Category:Sociology tag">Sociology tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_tag" title="Category:Politics tag">Politics tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suggestion_Bot_Tag" title="Category:Suggestion Bot Tag">Suggestion Bot Tag</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=L.+J.+Hanifan" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. 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