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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_of_the_lander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_of_the_lander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Selection of the lander</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_of_the_lander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021–2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021–2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>2021–2023</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021–2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>2024–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Program architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Starship HLS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Starship HLS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Starship HLS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Starship HLS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Starship HLS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%8B%AD_HLS" title="스타십 HLS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스타십 HLS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Starship HLS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97_HLS" title="スターシップ HLS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スターシップ HLS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Starship HLS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Starship HLS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E8%89%A6%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BB%E9%99%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="星艦人類登陸系統 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="星艦人類登陸系統" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q98168901#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lunar lander variant of SpaceX Starship</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the SpaceX Starship program designed to deliver crew to the lunar surface. For other information on the Starship upper stage, see <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;"><caption class="infobox-title">Starship HLS</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg/260px-HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg/390px-HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg/520px-HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="7650" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Rendering of Starship HLS on the Moon</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data">SpaceX</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Applications</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">Lunar lander</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft type</th><td class="infobox-data">Crewed, reusable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew capacity</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>2 (<a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a>)</li><li>4 (<a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cislunar_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Cislunar space">Cislunar space</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">50 m (160 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">9 m (30 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Capacity<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">lunar surface</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 kg (220,000 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Production</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">In development</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maiden launch</th><td class="infobox-data">2025 (planned)<sup id="cite_ref-spo-20240109_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spo-20240109-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Related spacecraft</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derived from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flown with</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">SpaceX Super Heavy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Starship HLS</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>3 <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a> engines</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Raptor_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor vacuum">Raptor vacuum</a> engines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_methox_thruster" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX methox thruster">RCS thrusters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_methane" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid methane">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HLS-black_(1079348640239).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/HLS-black_%281079348640239%29.png/120px-HLS-black_%281079348640239%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/HLS-black_%281079348640239%29.png/180px-HLS-black_%281079348640239%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/HLS-black_%281079348640239%29.png/240px-HLS-black_%281079348640239%29.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="117" /></a></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Starship HLS</b> (Human Landing System) is a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">lunar lander</a> variant of the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship spacecraft</a> that is slated to transfer astronauts from a lunar orbit to the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and back. It is being designed and built by <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Human_Landing_System" title="Human Landing System">Human Landing System</a> contract to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> as a critical element of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> to land a crew on the Moon. </p><p>The mission plan calls for a <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship launch vehicle</a> to launch a Starship HLS into <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a>, where it will be refueled by multiple Starship tanker spacecraft before boosting itself into a lunar <a href="/wiki/Near-rectilinear_halo_orbit" title="Near-rectilinear halo orbit">near-rectilinear halo orbit</a> (NRHO). There, it will rendezvous with a crewed <a href="/wiki/Orion_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion spacecraft">Orion spacecraft</a> that will be launched from Earth by a NASA <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> (SLS) launcher. A crew of two astronauts will transfer from Orion to HLS, which will then descend to the lunar surface for a stay of approximately 7 days, including at least five <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">EVAs</a>. It will then return the crew to Orion in NRHO. </p><p>In the third phase of its HLS procurement process, NASA awarded SpaceX a contract in April 2021 to develop, produce, and demonstrate Starship HLS. An uncrewed test flight is planned for 2025 to demonstrate a successful landing on the Moon. Following that test, a crewed flight is expected to occur as part of the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> mission, no earlier than September 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-spo-20240109_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spo-20240109-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA later contracted for an upgraded version of Starship HLS to be used on the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-OptionB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OptionB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starship itself has been in privately funded development by SpaceX since the mid-2010s, but development of the HLS variant is being funded under NASA's Human Landing System contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-sn20210416_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20210416-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starship_Human_Landing_System">Starship Human Landing System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Starship Human Landing System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Starship Human Landing System program includes the development and operational use of several Starship <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship spacecraft</a> variants by SpaceX, including the Starship HLS ship—optimized to operate on and in the vicinity of the Moon—as well as a Starship depot that will store propellant in Earth orbit, and the Starship tanker designed to fly multiple trips to orbit from Earth's surface to transport the necessary fuel & oxygen to the on-orbit depot. The concept of operations for a single lunar human landing mission will involve all three ship variants, as well as docking with another NASA-supplied spacecraft in <a href="/wiki/Near-rectilinear_halo_orbit" title="Near-rectilinear halo orbit">near-rectilinear halo orbit</a> (NRHO) nearer the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the standard Starship spacecraft, both the Starship HLS and Starship depot ships do not <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric reentry">re-enter</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a>, which allows for the removal of the spacecraft's atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Heat_shield" title="Heat shield">heat shield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces" title="Flight control surfaces">flight control surfaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduction in mass <sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows for a smaller number of Starship tanker launches required for refueling once the spacecraft is in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Starship variants, Starship HLS and Starship depot are equipped with six <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a> engines, which are used during launch and the majority of the landing and ascent phases.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When within 100 meters of the lunar surface, the HLS variant is planned to use high‑thrust landing engines located in the mid‑body section of the spacecraft to avoid <a href="/wiki/Plume_impingement" class="mw-redirect" title="Plume impingement">plume impingement</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_regolith" title="Lunar regolith">lunar regolith</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cummings20200611_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cummings20200611-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these engines may not be needed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The landing engines burn gaseous oxygen and methane instead of the liquid oxygen and methane used by the Raptors.<sup id="cite_ref-cummings20200611_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cummings20200611-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-musk20200608_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musk20200608-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50:30">: 50:30 </span></sup>Electrical power is supplied by a band of <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> around the circumference of the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-Burghardt_2021_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burghardt_2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HLS has the capability to <a href="/wiki/Loiter_(aeronautics)" title="Loiter (aeronautics)">loiter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a> for 100 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Burghardt_2021_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burghardt_2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to NASA, minimizing changes in vehicle configuration and making the design and development of Starship HLS as common as possible will benefit future Starship HLS builds by eliminating the need for additional testing, evaluation, and verification of different vehicle designs.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA added this will also allow SpaceX to accelerate vehicle builds to help ensure availability and on time delivery for mission integration.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Starship HLS ship and the Starship depot—<a href="/wiki/Propellant_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Propellant depot">propellant depot</a> that will remain in Earth orbit and collect/store the requisite propellant to refill the HLS ship before departure on a <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">trans-lunar trajectory</a>—will use a special purpose insulating tile that will provide <a href="/wiki/Micrometeoroid_and_orbital_debris" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrometeoroid and orbital debris">micrometeoroid and orbital debris</a> (MMOD) protection as well as insulate the depot from <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation" title="Outgoing longwave radiation">Earth-thermal radiation</a> in order to retain the <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> liquid oxygen and liquid methane for long-duration orbital storage. These in-space insulation tiles are different from the ceramic tiles used on Starships that must reenter Earth's atmosphere, such as the tiles on the Starship propellant tankers that will transport fuel/oxidizer cargo to fill the Starship depot.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn20241031_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn20241031-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7:58–8:18">: 7:58–8:18 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cargo_variant">Cargo variant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cargo variant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2024, NASA reported that work was underway on the cargo specific variant of the lander. NASA expects this variant to be ready and in service by Artemis VII.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cargo variant will be referred to by NASA as Human-class Delivery Landers (HDL) and represent, as of June 2024, the highest capacity landers available to NASA under the current lunar exploration push.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_profiles">Mission profiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mission profiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propellant_transfer_test_campaign">Propellant transfer test campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Propellant transfer test campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, NASA expects that SpaceX will begin a propellant transfer test campaign in approximately March 2025, and complete it during summer 2025. This will require multiple starship launches, and will culminate with a ship-to-ship propellant transfer demonstration prior to the NASA-required Starship HLS <a href="/wiki/Critical_Design_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Design Review">Critical Design Review</a> (CDR) in late-summer 2025. The test campaign will aim for a biweekly launch cadence from a single launch mount, with a stretch goal to obtain weekly launches using two pads.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn20241031_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn20241031-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4:21–5:44">: 4:21–5:44 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_missions">Lunar missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lunar missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the launch of the HLS vehicle from Earth, a Starship configured as a propellant depot would be launched into an <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a> and then be partially or fully filled by between four to fourteen<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starship tanker flights carrying propellant.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, this spacecraft will be used in conjunction with the Starship booster (called <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">Super Heavy</a>) and two additional Starship spacecraft variants, "tanker" and "<a href="/wiki/Propellant_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Propellant depot">propellant depot</a>", that were already planned prior to the NASA HLS contract.<sup id="cite_ref-musk201803journal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musk201803journal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musk said in 2021 that between "four and eight" tanker launches would be required.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) said that SpaceX would "require 16 launches overall",<sup id="cite_ref-Foust_2023_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foust_2023-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2023, a NASA official estimated the number of Starship launches required for one lunar landing to be "in the high teens".<sup id="cite_ref-Foust_2023_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foust_2023-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, SpaceX vice president of customer operations estimated that the number of tanker launches would be "10-ish", though this number is subject to change.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launches will need to be in rapid succession in order to maintain schedule constraints and limit the loss of liquid cryogenic propellants due to boiloff.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Starship HLS vehicle would then launch and rendezvous with the already-loaded propellant depot and refuel before <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">transiting</a> from Earth orbit to Lunar orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20210420-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemis_III_CONOPS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Artemis_III_CONOPS.svg/330px-Artemis_III_CONOPS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Artemis_III_CONOPS.svg/495px-Artemis_III_CONOPS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Artemis_III_CONOPS.svg/660px-Artemis_III_CONOPS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Artemis III Concept of Operations infographic</figcaption></figure> <p>Once HLS is in a <a href="/wiki/Near-rectilinear_halo_orbit" title="Near-rectilinear halo orbit">near-rectilinear halo orbit</a> around the moon, an <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> spacecraft would be launched by a <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> rocket and dock with the waiting Starship HLS lander<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20210420-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IG-2021_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 4, 5">: 4, 5 </span></sup> or NASA <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">lunar Gateway</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a>, in order to take on passengers before descending to the lunar surface and return them after ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IG-2021_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>After two to four of the crew had transferred into the HLS, it would depart and descend to the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IG-2021_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 4, 5">: 4, 5 </span></sup> After lunar surface operations, Starship HLS will lift-off from the Moon and return to lunar orbit to rendezvous with Orion.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IG-2021_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 4, 5">: 4, 5 </span></sup> The crew then transfers back to Orion and departs for Earth. Although not confirmed yet, Starship HLS could, in theory, be refueled in orbit to carry more crews and cargo to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20200501_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20200501-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasapr-20200430_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasapr-20200430-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 2010s, NASA originally planned to use the <a href="/wiki/Orion_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion spacecraft">Orion spacecraft</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> (SLS) to land astronauts on the Moon. The design of the Orion capsule was inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a>, a defunct crewed lunar program of the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-AIAA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIAA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SLS is a launch vehicle NASA developed as replacement for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> following its retirement in 2011, and to bolster Shuttle-related jobs that would otherwise have been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-PL-111-267_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PL-111-267-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SLS is unable to launch Orion into low lunar orbit like the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket did during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The closest to the Moon SLS can launch Orion is into <a href="/wiki/Near-rectilinear_halo_orbit" title="Near-rectilinear halo orbit">near-rectilinear halo orbit</a> (NRHO), an elliptical orbit that approaches the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA's planned <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> station is also slated to be loitered in that orbit in order to be serviceable by Orion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descending to the Moon from NRHO requires considerably more energy than from a low lunar orbit<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only allows a descent once every 6.5 days.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To address these challenges, NASA issued a request for proposals to commercial companies to develop a <a href="/wiki/Human_Landing_System" title="Human Landing System">Human Landing System</a> (HLS) in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20181218_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20181218-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HLS lunar landing vehicles should be able to travel from Earth to NRHO, where they would meet with Orion, land on the Moon, and later return to NRHO to dock with Orion once again.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SpaceX had in its plan to develop a large interplanetary vehicle since the 2000s to fulfill <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_colonization_program" title="SpaceX Mars colonization program">their goal of colonizing Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160927_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160927-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to NASA's request for Human Landing System proposals, SpaceX adapted the design of their base Starship vehicle into a variant suited to carry NASA's mission of landing two astronauts on the Moon from NRHO: the Starship HLS.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_of_the_lander">Selection of the lander</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selection of the lander"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planned_Artemis_III_Mission_Profile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Planned_Artemis_III_Mission_Profile.png/330px-Planned_Artemis_III_Mission_Profile.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Planned_Artemis_III_Mission_Profile.png/495px-Planned_Artemis_III_Mission_Profile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Planned_Artemis_III_Mission_Profile.png/660px-Planned_Artemis_III_Mission_Profile.png 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1622" /></a><figcaption>Mission profile for Artemis III, with Orion and Starship HLS<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IG-2021_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The initial NASA-contracted design work for a NASA-specific Starship variant started in May 2020 when SpaceX was selected for an <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis III</a> program award called "Option A", with selection and funding for full-development occurring in April 2021, when Starship HLS was selected by NASA to land <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">"the first woman and the next man" on the Moon</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-sn20210416_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20210416-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Selection of the Starship lunar lander</dt></dl> <p>In 2021, NASA entered into a firm fixed-price contract with SpaceX valued at <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$2.89 billion</span>, spread over a number of years to develop and manufacture the Starship HLS lunar lander,<sup id="cite_ref-sn20210416_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20210416-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the execution of two operational flights: an uncrewed demonstration mission and a crewed lunar landing.<sup id="cite_ref-ars20210416_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars20210416-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20210420-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starship HLS was first made public when it was initially selected by NASA in April 2020 for a design study as part of their <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>, which aims to land humans on the Moon. SpaceX was one of three teams selected to develop competing lunar lander designs for the Artemis program over a year-long<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20210127_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20210127-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> period starting in May 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20210127_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20210127-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other landers in consideration were <a href="/wiki/Dynetics_HLS" title="Dynetics HLS">Dynetics HLS</a>, proposed by aerospace manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Dynetics" title="Dynetics">Dynetics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Lander_Vehicle" title="Integrated Lander Vehicle">Integrated Lander Vehicle</a>, proposed by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20200501_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20200501-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA intended to later select and fund at most two of these landers to continue to perform initial demonstration flights.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasapr-20200430_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasapr-20200430-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 April 2021, NASA selected only Starship HLS for crewed lunar lander development<sup id="cite_ref-sn20210416_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20210416-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus two lunar demonstration flights – one uncrewed and one crewed – no earlier than 2024. The contract was valued at <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$2.89 billion</span> over a number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-ars20210416_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars20210416-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20210420-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two NASA <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program#Astronauts" title="Artemis program">Artemis astronauts</a> are to land on the first crewed Starship HLS landing.<sup id="cite_ref-nasapr20210416_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasapr20210416-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA had previously stated that it preferred to fund development of multiple Human Landing System proposals with dissimilar capabilities; however, "only one design was selected for an initial uncrewed demonstration and the first crewed landing, due to significant budget constraints" for the human landing system program imposed by the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20210420-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA stated that the unselected proposals – Dynetics HLS and Blue Origin <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Lander_Vehicle" title="Integrated Lander Vehicle">Integrated Lander Vehicle</a> – as well as landers from other companies would be eligible for later lunar landing contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20210420-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Opposition by competing companies</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_Federation,_LLC_v._United_States" title="Blue Origin Federation, LLC v. United States">Blue Origin Federation, LLC v. United States</a></div> <p>On 26 April 2021, Blue Origin and Dynetics separately filed formal protests of the award to SpaceX at the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">US Government Accountability Office</a> (GAO).<sup id="cite_ref-sn20210730_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20210730-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 July 2021, the GAO rejected both protests and found that "NASA did not violate procurement law" in awarding the contract to SpaceX, who bid a much lower cost and more capable human and cargo lunar landing capability for NASA Artemis.<sup id="cite_ref-sn20210730_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20210730-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after GAO rejected the appeal, NASA made the initial $300 million contract payment to SpaceX.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protest action delayed NASA from authorizing work on the contract, and thus delayed the start of work by SpaceX for 95 days.<sup id="cite_ref-verge20210816_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge20210816-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue Origin produced infographic posters that highlight the complexity of Starship HLS, for example the fact that <a href="/wiki/Orbital_propellant_depot" title="Orbital propellant depot">on orbit refuelling</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_fuel" title="Cryogenic fuel">cryogenic fuels</a> like that Starship HLS uses has never been demonstrated, while stating that its design uses "proven technology".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 August 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-sn20210819_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20210819-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_Federation,_LLC_v._United_States" title="Blue Origin Federation, LLC v. United States">Blue Origin filed a lawsuit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Claims" title="United States Court of Claims">US Court of Federal Claims</a> challenging "NASA's unlawful and improper evaluation of proposals".<sup id="cite_ref-verge20210816_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge20210816-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnbc20210816_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20210816-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue Origin asked the court for an injunction to halt further spending by NASA on the existing contract with SpaceX,<sup id="cite_ref-wapo20210816_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo20210816-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and NASA stopped work on the contract on 19 August, after SpaceX had been allowed to work on the NASA-specific parts of Starship HLS for just three weeks since the work had been previously halted in April.<sup id="cite_ref-sn20210819_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20210819-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reactions to the lawsuit were negative, with many criticizing Blue Origin for causing unnecessary delays to the Artemis program.<sup id="cite_ref-ars20210816_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars20210816-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnbc20210820_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc20210820-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 November 2021, the court granted the federal government's motion to dismiss the case,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and NASA announced that it would resume work with SpaceX as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Artemis IV contract ("Option B")</dt></dl> <p>On 23 March 2022, NASA announced it would be exercising an option under the initial SpaceX HLS contract, known as Option B, that would allow a second-generation Starship HLS design to conduct a demonstration mission after Artemis III.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAMarch2022Update_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAMarch2022Update-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 November 2022, NASA announced the Option B award of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1.15 billion</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>, and announced that this crewed landing is to occur as part of <a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OptionB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OptionB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flight will include docking with the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OptionB_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OptionB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Option B HLS will meet NASA's requirements for a "sustainable" HLS. These include the ability to support four crew members and delivering more mass to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-OptionB_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OptionB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Subsequent related NASA contracts</dt></dl> <p>After NASA awarded the Option A contract to SpaceX, Congress subsequently directed NASA to extend the HLS program<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> for a non-SpaceX<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> sustainable HLS. NASA responded by creating "Appendix P", and specified a lander that would be used for <a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a> as its crewed demonstration flight. In May 2023, Blue Origin was awarded $3.4 billion by NASA to develop their <a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon lunar lander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA intends to allow Starship HLS option B and the Blue Moon lander to compete for Artemis missions after Artemis V. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_HLS_docking_system_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Starship_HLS_docking_system_2024.jpg/220px-Starship_HLS_docking_system_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Starship_HLS_docking_system_2024.jpg/330px-Starship_HLS_docking_system_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Starship_HLS_docking_system_2024.jpg/440px-Starship_HLS_docking_system_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Starship HLS docking system being tested</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021–2023"><span id="2021.E2.80.932023"></span>2021–2023</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2021–2023"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="NASA Office of Inspector General">NASA Office of Inspector General</a> (OIG) warned that the HLS development schedule was unrealistic when compared to other major NASA space flight programs.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IG-2021_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 14–15">: 14–15 </span></sup> Stating that space flight programs in the prior 15 years had taken on average 8.5 years from contract award to first operational flight, while the HLS Program was attempting to do so in about half that time.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IG-2021_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 14–15">: 14–15 </span></sup> By contrast, NASA OIG noted that the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Lander</a> took approximately 6 years from contract award to its launch on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> mission while receiving "substantially higher levels of funding" adjusted for inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IG-2021_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> Based on the HLS base period contract award date (May 2020) and the average delay for recent major NASA space flight programs, they estimated that the HLS Program could face up to 3.4 years of delays before operational flights.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_IG-2021_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_IG-2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p><p>In June 2023, NASA's chief of exploration systems development in the HLS development office, Jim Free, said that the Starship HLS's critical design review, required before further funds from the contract could be released to SpaceX, had been delayed until SpaceX completes an in orbital refueling demonstration mission.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of NASA's moon and Mars exploration strategy said that the delay of <a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> from 2025 to 2026 was partly due to "development challenges" with their contractors (SpaceX and Lockheed Martin).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023 the United States Government Accountability Office, in their report to Congress, outlined several challenges that the Artemis program was facing in development.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO_2023_Report_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO_2023_Report-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They noted that as of September 2023 the [NASA] HLS program had delayed 8 out of 13 key events by at least 6 months,<sup id="cite_ref-GAO_2023_Report_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO_2023_Report-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 2 events being delayed to the year of launch (2025 at the time).<sup id="cite_ref-GAO_2023_Report_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO_2023_Report-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GAO also identified the development of the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor engine</a> as a "top risk" for the program and its 2025 timeline, although SpaceX considered the technology behind the Raptor engine to be relatively mature.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO_2023_Report_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO_2023_Report-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GAO noted that SpaceX had made limited progress maturing the technologies needed for in-orbit refueling and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_propellant_depot" title="Orbital propellant depot">cryogenic propellant storage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO_2023_Report_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO_2023_Report-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GAO concluded in their report to Congress that the Artemis III crewed lunar landing is unlikely to occur in 2025, and that a launch date in early 2027 is more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO_2023_Report_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO_2023_Report-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA astronauts tested the elevator concept (crew transfer between the cabin of Starship HLS and the lunar surface) in December 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024–present"><span id="2024.E2.80.93present"></span>2024–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2024–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2024, NASA and SpaceX said that the uncrewed Starship HLS lunar landing and ascent test, was expected to take place in 2025, with Artemis III being delayed to no earlier than September 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-spo-20240109_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spo-20240109-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (November 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The delay was in part due to issues with Orion's heatshield during <a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2024, SpaceX had fully tested the life support system,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and NASA performed a full-scale test of the Starship HLS to Orion – and later Gateway – docking transfer system.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, NASA said SpaceX had accomplished over 30 HLS-specific milestones by defining and testing hardware needed for power generation, communications, guidance and navigation, propulsion, life support, and space environments protection.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 March 2024, SpaceX successfully tested ship-internal cryogenic propellant transfer on <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_integrated_flight_test_3" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 3">Integrated Flight Test 3</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2024, NASA reported that work was underway on a cargo-specific variant of the lander. NASA expects this variant to be ready and in service by Artemis VII.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Science_Subcommittee_on_Space_and_Aeronautics" title="United States House Science Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics">United States House Science Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics</a> on 10 September 2024, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Babin" title="Brian Babin">Brian Babin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haley_Stevens" title="Haley Stevens">Haley Stevens</a> expressed concerns that the pace of license processing under the FAA's Part 450 commercial launch and reentry regulations could impact the Artemis program since both Blue Origin and SpaceX HLS landers will launch using commercial licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Foust_2024_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foust_2024-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a further two-month delay by the FAA of <a href="/wiki/Starship_flight_test_5" title="Starship flight test 5">Starship flight test 5</a>, SpaceX said government paperwork prevented it from flying Starship quickly to meet commitments to the Artemis program.<sup id="cite_ref-spacex.com_2024_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacex.com_2024-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2024, NASA stated that the flight test campaign for the ship-to-ship <a href="/wiki/Propellant_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Propellant transfer">propellant transfer</a> demonstration was slated to start around March 2025 with test completion over the summer when the <a href="/wiki/Critical_Design_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Design Review">design certification review</a> by NASA is to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn20241031_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn20241031-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3:56–4:24">: 3:56–4:24 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_architecture">Program architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Program architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NASA is utilizing a very different approach in contracting for Starship HLS from the legacy <a href="/wiki/Cost-plus_contract" title="Cost-plus contract">cost-plus program process</a> NASA has used on most programs before, including on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> also planned to be used with Artemis. Kent Chojnacki, the deputy program manager for NASA's human spaceflight office, said the contract structure is different and "two completely different approaches." On the SpaceX contract for the initial landing, there are just 27 system requirements. NASA has kept it "as loose as possible while going thru and dictating all the safety standards we'd want, we agreed to all the design and construction standards up front, we agreed to all of the things they would do to ensure the safety of the human element up front, and then we let them go and run." SpaceX is working to a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-price_contract" title="Fixed-price contract">firm fixed price contract</a> and is only paid when the program criteria are met.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn20241031_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn20241031-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 0:55–3:51">: 0:55–3:51 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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.div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> – 1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race#SpaceX_vs._Blue_Origin" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race, SpaceX vs. Blue Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon (spacecraft)</a>, a competing lunar lander by Blue Origin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_crewed_lunar_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese crewed lunar lander">Chinese crewed lunar lander</a>, Chinese lander under development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK (spacecraft)</a>, Soviet lunar lander flown in Earth orbit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the documentation of SpaceX's HLS bid, a conservative figure of 14 tanker flights is used. Musk has stated that with a tanker payload mass of 150 tons, four to eight tanker flights would be necessary, depending on the payload mass on Starship HLS itself and the intended fuel load (since the mission profile may allow for a less than full tank).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starship_HLS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerger2022" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Eric (2 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/05/spacex-engineer-says-nasa-should-plan-for-starships-significant-capability/">"SpaceX engineer says NASA should plan for Starship's "significant" capability"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211210532/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/05/spacex-engineer-says-nasa-should-plan-for-starships-significant-capability/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=SpaceX+engineer+says+NASA+should+plan+for+Starship%27s+%22significant%22+capability&rft.date=2022-05-02&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2F05%2Fspacex-engineer-says-nasa-should-plan-for-starships-significant-capability%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spo-20240109-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spo-20240109_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spo-20240109_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spo-20240109_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2024" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Marcia (9 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-delays-next-artemis-missions-to-2025-and-2026/">"NASA Delays Next Artemis Missions to 2025 and 2026"</a>. <i>SpacePolicyOnline</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110150303/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-delays-next-artemis-missions-to-2025-and-2026/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpacePolicyOnline&rft.atitle=NASA+Delays+Next+Artemis+Missions+to+2025+and+2026&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacepolicyonline.com%2Fnews%2Fnasa-delays-next-artemis-missions-to-2025-and-2026%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OptionB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OptionB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OptionB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OptionB_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OptionB_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2022" class="citation web cs1">Lloyd, Vanessa (15 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-spacex-second-contract-option-for-artemis-moon-landing-0">"NASA Awards SpaceX Second Contract Option for Artemis Moon Landing"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121142814/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-spacex-second-contract-option-for-artemis-moon-landing-0/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Awards+SpaceX+Second+Contract+Option+for+Artemis+Moon+Landing&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-awards-spacex-second-contract-option-for-artemis-moon-landing-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20210416-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sn20210416_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20210416_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20210416_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20210416_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2021" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (16 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-spacex-to-develop-crewed-lunar-lander/">"NASA selects SpaceX to develop crewed lunar lander"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20210523015710/https://spacenews.com/nasa%2Dselects%2Dspacex%2Dto%2Ddevelop%2Dcrewed%2Dlunar%2Dlander/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=NASA+selects+SpaceX+to+develop+crewed+lunar+lander&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fnasa-selects-spacex-to-develop-crewed-lunar-lander%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_IAC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_IAC_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson-MorganChojnackiGaglianoHolcomb2023" class="citation conference cs1">Watson-Morgan, Lisa; Chojnacki, Kent T.; Gagliano, Larry; Holcomb, Shawn V.; Means, Laura; Ortega, Rene; Percy, Thomas K.; Polsgrove, Tara; Woods, Daryl; Vermette, Joe P. (11 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230013222/downloads/DRAFT-%20IAC%20Final_Sept14.pdf"><i>NASA's Human Landing System: A Sustaining Presence on the Moon</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 74th <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Congress" title="International Astronautical Congress">International Astronautical Congress</a>. <i>ntrs.nasa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017054146/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230013222/downloads/DRAFT-%20IAC%20Final_Sept14.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=ntrs.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Human+Landing+System%3A+A+Sustaining+Presence+on+the+Moon&rft.date=2023-09-11&rft.aulast=Watson-Morgan&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Chojnacki%2C+Kent+T.&rft.au=Gagliano%2C+Larry&rft.au=Holcomb%2C+Shawn+V.&rft.au=Means%2C+Laura&rft.au=Ortega%2C+Rene&rft.au=Percy%2C+Thomas+K.&rft.au=Polsgrove%2C+Tara&rft.au=Woods%2C+Daryl&rft.au=Vermette%2C+Joe+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fapi%2Fcitations%2F20230013222%2Fdownloads%2FDRAFT-%2520IAC%2520Final_Sept14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cummings20200611-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cummings20200611_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cummings20200611_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2020" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Cummings, Nick (11 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEnz8V97Qck&t=2100"><i>Human Landing System: Putting Boots Back on the Moon</i></a>. American Astronautical Society. Event occurs at 35:00–36:02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405082840/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEnz8V97Qck&t=2100">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span> – via YouTube. <q>... for the terminal descent of Starship, a few tens of meters before we touch down on the lunar surface, we actually use a high-thrust RCS system, so that we don't impinge on the surface of the Moon with the high-thrust Raptor engines. ... uses the same methane and oxygen propellants as Raptor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Landing+System%3A+Putting+Boots+Back+on+the+Moon&rft.pub=American+Astronautical+Society&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKEnz8V97Qck%26t%3D2100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSesnic2021" class="citation web cs1">Sesnic, Trevor (11 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://everydayastronaut.com/starbase-tour-and-interview-with-elon-musk/">"Starbase Tour and Interview with Elon Musk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Everyday_Astronaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Everyday Astronaut">Everyday Astronaut</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812114027/https://everydayastronaut.com/starbase-tour-and-interview-with-elon-musk/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everyday+Astronaut&rft.atitle=Starbase+Tour+and+Interview+with+Elon+Musk&rft.date=2021-08-11&rft.aulast=Sesnic&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feverydayastronaut.com%2Fstarbase-tour-and-interview-with-elon-musk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musk20200608-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-musk20200608_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusk" class="citation web cs1">Musk, Elon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1270061515094155264">"Forward thrusters are to stabilize ship when landing in high winds. If goal is max payload to Moon per ship, no heatshield or flaps or big gas thruster packs are needed. No need to bring early ships back. They can serve as part of Moon base alpha"</a>. <i>twitter.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902190034/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1270061515094155264">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=twitter.com&rft.atitle=Forward+thrusters+are+to+stabilize+ship+when+landing+in+high+winds.+If+goal+is+max+payload+to+Moon+per+ship%2C+no+heatshield+or+flaps+or+big+gas+thruster+packs+are+needed.+No+need+to+bring+early+ships+back.+They+can+serve+as+part+of+Moon+base+alpha.&rft.aulast=Musk&rft.aufirst=Elon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Felonmusk%2Fstatus%2F1270061515094155264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burghardt_2021-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burghardt_2021_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burghardt_2021_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurghardt2021" class="citation web cs1">Burghardt, Thomas (20 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/04/nasa-starship-first-landings-on-ramp/">"After NASA taps SpaceX's Starship for first Artemis landings, agency looks to on-ramp future vehicles"</a>. <i>NASASpaceFlight.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420213049/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/04/nasa-starship-first-landings-on-ramp/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=After+NASA+taps+SpaceX%27s+Starship+for+first+Artemis+landings%2C+agency+looks+to+on-ramp+future+vehicles&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft.aulast=Burghardt&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2021%2F04%2Fnasa-starship-first-landings-on-ramp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurkowski2023" class="citation web cs1">Kurkowski, Seth (2 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceexplored.com/2023/11/02/leaked-new-spacex-starship-hls-renders-show-a-much-more-refined-design/">"Leaked new SpaceX Starship HLS renders show a much more refined design"</a>. <i>Space Explored</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205081550/https://spaceexplored.com/2023/11/02/leaked-new-spacex-starship-hls-renders-show-a-much-more-refined-design/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space+Explored&rft.atitle=Leaked+new+SpaceX+Starship+HLS+renders+show+a+much+more+refined+design&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft.aulast=Kurkowski&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceexplored.com%2F2023%2F11%2F02%2Fleaked-new-spacex-starship-hls-renders-show-a-much-more-refined-design%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfn20241031-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfn20241031_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfn20241031_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfn20241031_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfn20241031_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson-Smith2024" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Robinson-Smith, Will (31 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyjYETLJjHs"><i>NASA, SpaceX and Axiom Space make key steps towards Artemis 3 Moon landing</i></a> (Media notes). interview with Kent Chojnack, Deputy Program Manager of the NASA Human Spaceflight Office. Spaceflight Now<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%2C+SpaceX+and+Axiom+Space+make+key+steps+towards+Artemis+3+Moon+landing&rft.pub=Spaceflight+Now&rft.date=2024-10-31&rft.aulast=Robinson-Smith&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVyjYETLJjHs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/esdmd/artemis-campaign-development-division/human-landing-system-program/work-underway-on-large-cargo-landers-for-nasas-artemis-moon-missions/">"Work Underway on Large Cargo Landers for NASA's Artemis Moon Missions – NASA"</a>. 19 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Work+Underway+on+Large+Cargo+Landers+for+NASA%27s+Artemis+Moon+Missions+%E2%80%93+NASA&rft.date=2024-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fdirectorates%2Fesdmd%2Fartemis-campaign-development-division%2Fhuman-landing-system-program%2Fwork-underway-on-large-cargo-landers-for-nasas-artemis-moon-missions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/acr24-lunar-surface-cargo.pdf?emrc=660c66">"Lunar Surface Cargo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NASA.gov</i>. 13 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=Lunar+Surface+Cargo&rft.date=2024-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F06%2Facr24-lunar-surface-cargo.pdf%3Femrc%3D660c66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFelonmusk2021" class="citation web cs1">@elonmusk (11 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1425473261551423489">"16 flights is extremely unlikely. Starship payload to orbit is ~150 tons , so max of 8 to fill 1200 ton tanks of lunar Starship. Without flaps & heat shield, Starship is much lighter. Lunar landing legs don't add much (1/6 gravity). May only need 1/2 full, ie 4 tanker flights"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=16+flights+is+extremely+unlikely.+Starship+payload+to+orbit+is+~150+tons+%2C+so+max+of+8+to+fill+1200+ton+tanks+of+lunar+Starship.+Without+flaps+%26+heat+shield%2C+Starship+is+much+lighter.+Lunar+landing+legs+don%27t+add+much+%281%2F6+gravity%29.+May+only+need+1%2F2+full%2C+ie+4+tanker+flights.&rft.date=2021-08-11&rft.au=elonmusk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Felonmusk%2Fstatus%2F1425473261551423489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musk201803journal-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-musk201803journal_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusk2018" class="citation journal cs1">Musk, Elon (1 March 2018). "Making Life Multi-Planetary". <i>New Space</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 2–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NewSp...6....2M">2018NewSp...6....2M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fspace.2018.29013.emu">10.1089/space.2018.29013.emu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Space&rft.atitle=Making+Life+Multi-Planetary&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-11&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fspace.2018.29013.emu&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NewSp...6....2M&rft.aulast=Musk&rft.aufirst=Elon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2023" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (17 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/starship-lunar-lander-missions-to-require-nearly-20-launches-nasa-says/">"Starship lunar lander missions to require nearly 20 launches, NASA says"</a>. <i>SpaceNews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Starship+lunar+lander+missions+to+require+nearly+20+launches%2C+NASA+says&rft.date=2023-11-17&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fstarship-lunar-lander-missions-to-require-nearly-20-launches-nasa-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foust_2023-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foust_2023_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foust_2023_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2023" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (17 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/starship-lunar-lander-missions-to-require-nearly-20-launches-nasa-says/">"Starship lunar lander missions to require nearly 20 launches, NASA says"</a>. <i>SpaceNews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Starship+lunar+lander+missions+to+require+nearly+20+launches%2C+NASA+says&rft.date=2023-11-17&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fstarship-lunar-lander-missions-to-require-nearly-20-launches-nasa-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarwood2024" class="citation web cs1">Harwood, William (9 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nasa-delays-first-artemis-astronaut-flight-to-late-2025-moon-landing-to-2026/">"NASA delays first Artemis astronaut flight to late 2025, moon landing to 2026 - CBS News"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240218121900/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nasa-delays-first-artemis-astronaut-flight-to-late-2025-moon-landing-to-2026/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=NASA+delays+first+Artemis+astronaut+flight+to+late+2025%2C+moon+landing+to+2026+-+CBS+News&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft.aulast=Harwood&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnasa-delays-first-artemis-astronaut-flight-to-late-2025-moon-landing-to-2026%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/starship-lunar-lander-missions-to-require-nearly-20-launches-nasa-says/">"Starship lunar lander missions to require nearly 20 launches, NASA says"</a>. 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Starship+lunar+lander+missions+to+require+nearly+20+launches%2C+NASA+says&rft.date=2023-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fstarship-lunar-lander-missions-to-require-nearly-20-launches-nasa-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsf20210420-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsf20210420_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurghardt2021" class="citation news cs1">Burghardt, Thomas (20 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/04/nasa-starship-first-landings-on-ramp/">"After NASA taps SpaceX's Starship for first Artemis landings, agency looks to on-ramp future vehicles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASASpaceflight.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NASASpaceflight.com">NASASpaceflight.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420213049/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/04/nasa-starship-first-landings-on-ramp/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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SEC. 302 SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM AS FOLLOW-ON LAUNCH VEHICLE TO THE SPACE SHUTTLE [...] (c) MINIMUM CAPABILITY REQUIREMENTS (1) IN GENERAL – The Space Launch System developed pursuant to subsection (b) shall be designed to have, at a minimum, the following: (A) The initial capability of the core elements, without an upper stage, of lifting payloads weighing between 70 tons and 100 tons into low-Earth orbit in preparation for transit for missions beyond low Earth orbit [...] (2) FLEXIBILITY [...] <i>(Deadline)</i> Developmental work and testing of the core elements and the upper stage should proceed in parallel subject to appro-priations. Priority should be placed on the core elements with the goal for operational capability for the core elements not later than December 31, 2016 [...] 42 USC 18323. SEC. 303 MULTI-PURPOSE CREW VEHICLE (a) INITIATION OF DEVELOPMENT (1) IN GENERAL – The Administrator shall continue the development of a multi-purpose crew vehicle to be available as soon as practicable, and no later than for use with the Space Launch System [...] (2) GOAL FOR OPERATIONAL CAPABILITY. It shall be the goal to achieve full operational capability for the transportation vehicle developed pursuant to this subsection by not later than December 31, 2016. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+bold+bet+on+Starship+for+the+Moon+may+change+spaceflight+forever&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2021%2F04%2Ffive-reasons-why-nasas-starship-award-is-a-watershed-moment-in-spaceflight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars20210416-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ars20210416_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars20210416_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2021" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Eric (16 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/04/nasa-selects-spacex-as-its-sole-provider-for-a-lunar-lander/">"NASA selects SpaceX as its sole provider for a lunar lander –  'We looked at what's the best value to the government'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417003215/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/04/nasa-selects-spacex-as-its-sole-provider-for-a-lunar-lander/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=techcrunch.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX%2C+Blue+Origin+and+Dynetics+will+build+human+lunar+landers+for+NASA%27s+next+trip+back+to+the+Moon&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2020%2F04%2F30%2Fspacex-blue-origin-and-dynetics-will-build-human-lunar-landers-for-nasas-next-trip-back-to-the-moon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasapr20210416-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasapr20210416_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2021" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Katherine (16 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/as-artemis-moves-forward-nasa-picks-spacex-to-land-next-americans-on-moon">"As Artemis Moves Forward, NASA Picks SpaceX to Land Next Americans on Moon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA.gov</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416221751/http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/as-artemis-moves-forward-nasa-picks-spacex-to-land-next-americans-on-moon/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=As+Artemis+Moves+Forward%2C+NASA+Picks+SpaceX+to+Land+Next+Americans+on+Moon&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fas-artemis-moves-forward-nasa-picks-spacex-to-land-next-americans-on-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20210730-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sn20210730_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20210730_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2021" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (30 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/gao-denies-blue-origin-and-dynetics-protests-of-nasa-lunar-lander-contract/">"GAO denies Blue Origin and Dynetics protests of NASA lunar lander contract"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918120931/https://spacenews.com/gao-denies-blue-origin-and-dynetics-protests-of-nasa-lunar-lander-contract/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=GAO+denies+Blue+Origin+and+Dynetics+protests+of+NASA+lunar+lander+contract&rft.date=2021-07-30&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fgao-denies-blue-origin-and-dynetics-protests-of-nasa-lunar-lander-contract%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gao.gov/press-release/statement-blue-origin-dynetics-decision">"Statement on Blue Origin-Dynetics Decision"</a>. 30 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918120931/https://www.gao.gov/press-release/statement-blue-origin-dynetics-decision">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Blue+Origin-Dynetics+Decision&rft.date=2021-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fstatement-blue-origin-dynetics-decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/hls-1">"Despite Of Competitor Protests NASA Pays SpaceX $300 Million To Continue Developing A Starship Lunar Lander"</a>. 14 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816125827/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/hls-1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Despite+Of+Competitor+Protests+NASA+Pays+SpaceX+%24300+Million+To+Continue+Developing+A+Starship+Lunar+Lander&rft.date=2021-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tesmanian.com%2Fblogs%2Ftesmanian-blog%2Fhls-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verge20210816-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-verge20210816_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-verge20210816_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/16/22623022/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-sue-nasa-lawsuit-hls-lunar-lander">"Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin sues NASA, escalating its fight for a Moon lander contract"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. 16 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816145930/https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/16/22623022/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-sue-nasa-lawsuit-hls-lunar-lander">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>protest prevented SpaceX from starting its contract for 95 days while the GAO adjudicated the case.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Jeff+Bezos%27+Blue+Origin+sues+NASA%2C+escalating+its+fight+for+a+Moon+lander+contract&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2021%2F8%2F16%2F22623022%2Fjeff-bezos-blue-origin-sue-nasa-lawsuit-hls-lunar-lander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Matt (18 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universetoday.com/152220/musk-says-that-refueling-starship-for-lunar-landings-will-take-8-launches-maybe-4/">"Musk Says That Refueling Starship for Lunar Landings Will Take 8 Launches (Maybe 4)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826020758/https://www.universetoday.com/152220/musk-says-that-refueling-starship-for-lunar-landings-will-take-8-launches-maybe-4/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musk+Says+That+Refueling+Starship+for+Lunar+Landings+Will+Take+8+Launches+%28Maybe+4%29&rft.date=2021-08-18&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F152220%2Fmusk-says-that-refueling-starship-for-lunar-landings-will-take-8-launches-maybe-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20210819-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sn20210819_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn20210819_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2021" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (19 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-suit-stops-work-on-nasa-hls-contract-with-spacex/">"Blue Origin suit stops work on NASA HLS contract with SpaceX"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210819232330/https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-suit-stops-work-on-nasa-hls-contract-with-spacex/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Blue+Origin+suit+stops+work+on+NASA+HLS+contract+with+SpaceX&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fblue-origin-suit-stops-work-on-nasa-hls-contract-with-spacex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnbc20210816-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnbc20210816_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2021" class="citation news cs1">Sheetz, Michael (16 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/16/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-takes-nasa-to-federal-court-over-hls-contract.html">"Bezos' Blue Origin takes NASA to federal court over award of lunar lander contract to SpaceX"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816150200/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/16/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-takes-nasa-to-federal-court-over-hls-contract.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Bezos%27+Blue+Origin+takes+NASA+to+federal+court+over+award+of+lunar+lander+contract+to+SpaceX&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F08%2F16%2Fjeff-bezos-blue-origin-takes-nasa-to-federal-court-over-hls-contract.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo20210816-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wapo20210816_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/08/16/blue-origin-spacex-rivalry-lawsuit-nasa/">"Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin takes its lunar rivalry with Elon Musk's SpaceX to claims court –  the Washington Post"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817133525/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/08/16/blue-origin-spacex-rivalry-lawsuit-nasa/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Jeff+Bezos%27s+Blue+Origin+takes+its+lunar+rivalry+with+Elon+Musk%27s+SpaceX+to+claims+court+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+the+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2021%2F08%2F16%2Fblue-origin-spacex-rivalry-lawsuit-nasa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars20210816-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ars20210816_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2021" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Eric (16 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/08/heres-why-blue-origin-thinks-it-is-justified-in-continuing-to-protest-nasa/">"Here's why Blue Origin thinks it is justified in continuing to protest NASA"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818120831/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/08/heres-why-blue-origin-thinks-it-is-justified-in-continuing-to-protest-nasa/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Here%27s+why+Blue+Origin+thinks+it+is+justified+in+continuing+to+protest+NASA&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2021%2F08%2Fheres-why-blue-origin-thinks-it-is-justified-in-continuing-to-protest-nasa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnbc20210820-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnbc20210820_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2021" class="citation news cs1">Sheetz, Michael (20 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/20/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-losing-top-talent-during-nasa-lander-fight.html">"Top talent departs Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin as NASA lander fight escalates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820233248/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/20/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-losing-top-talent-during-nasa-lander-fight.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Top+talent+departs+Jeff+Bezos%27+Blue+Origin+as+NASA+lander+fight+escalates&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F08%2F20%2Fjeff-bezos-blue-origin-losing-top-talent-during-nasa-lander-fight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack" class="citation web cs1">Mack, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/blue-origin-lawsuit-halts-nasas-artemis-work-with-spacex/">"Blue Origin lawsuit halts NASA's Artemis work with SpaceX"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210914101013/https://www.cnet.com/news/blue-origin-lawsuit-halts-nasas-artemis-work-with-spacex/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Blue+Origin+lawsuit+halts+NASA%27s+Artemis+work+with+SpaceX&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fblue-origin-lawsuit-halts-nasas-artemis-work-with-spacex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheetz2021" class="citation web cs1">Sheetz, Michael (4 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/04/bezos-blue-origin-loses-lawsuit-against-nasa-over-spacex-lunar-lander.html">"Bezos' Blue Origin loses NASA lawsuit over SpaceX $2.9 billion lunar lander contract"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104030923/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/04/bezos-blue-origin-loses-lawsuit-against-nasa-over-spacex-lunar-lander.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Bezos%27+Blue+Origin+loses+NASA+lawsuit+over+SpaceX+%242.9+billion+lunar+lander+contract&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Sheetz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F11%2F04%2Fbezos-blue-origin-loses-lawsuit-against-nasa-over-spacex-lunar-lander.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2021" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Mike (4 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/blue-origin-loses-lawsuit-nasa-moon-lander">"Blue Origin loses federal lawsuit over NASA moon lander contract"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104223021/https://www.space.com/blue-origin-loses-lawsuit-nasa-moon-lander">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Blue+Origin+loses+federal+lawsuit+over+NASA+moon+lander+contract&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fblue-origin-loses-lawsuit-nasa-moon-lander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruitt-Young2021" class="citation web cs1">Pruitt-Young, Sharon (17 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/08/17/1028480777/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-sues-nasa-spacex-lunar-lander-contract-moon">"Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin Sues NASA Over A Lunar Lander Contract Given To Rival SpaceX"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020101029/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/17/1028480777/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-sues-nasa-spacex-lunar-lander-contract-moon">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jeff+Bezos%27+Blue+Origin+Sues+NASA+Over+A+Lunar+Lander+Contract+Given+To+Rival+SpaceX&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft.aulast=Pruitt-Young&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F08%2F17%2F1028480777%2Fjeff-bezos-blue-origin-sues-nasa-spacex-lunar-lander-contract-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargetta2021" class="citation web cs1">Margetta, Robert (4 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-statement-on-artemis-lunar-lander-court-decision">"NASA Statement on Artemis Lunar Lander Court Decision"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104215347/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-statement-on-artemis-lunar-lander-court-decision/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Statement+on+Artemis+Lunar+Lander+Court+Decision&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Margetta&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-statement-on-artemis-lunar-lander-court-decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASAMarch2022Update-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASAMarch2022Update_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuinnessRussellSudnikPotter2022" class="citation web cs1">McGuinness, Jackie; Russell, Jimi; Sudnik, Janet; Potter, Sean (23 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-provides-update-to-astronaut-moon-lander-plans-under-artemis">"NASA Provides Update to Astronaut Moon Lander Plans Under Artemis"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012232853/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-provides-update-to-astronaut-moon-lander-plans-under-artemis/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Provides+Update+to+Astronaut+Moon+Lander+Plans+Under+Artemis&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft.aulast=McGuinness&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft.au=Russell%2C+Jimi&rft.au=Sudnik%2C+Janet&rft.au=Potter%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-provides-update-to-astronaut-moon-lander-plans-under-artemis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStarship+HLS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Shea2023" class="citation web cs1">O’Shea, Claire (19 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-as-second-artemis-lunar-lander-provider">"NASA Selects Blue Origin as Second Artemis Lunar Lander Provider"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519150415/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-as-second-artemis-lunar-lander-provider/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artemis_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artemis_program" title="Template:Artemis program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artemis_program" title="Template talk:Artemis program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artemis_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artemis program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artemis_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Artemis_missions" title="List of Artemis missions">List of missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Artemis_astronauts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Artemis astronauts">astronauts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Ground_Systems" title="Exploration Ground Systems">Exploration Ground Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">Gateway Logistics Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One"><i>Peregrine</i> Mission One</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace_Blue_Ghost" title="Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost"><i>Blue Ghost</i> M1</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemis_program_(original_with_wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of the Artemis program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg/80px-Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg/120px-Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg/160px-Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">Australian Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">State Space Agency of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">Korea Aerospace Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">New Zealand Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">Brazilian Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Space_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Space Commission">Saudi Space Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC-37B" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-37B">SLC-37B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC-40" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-40">SLC-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC-41" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-41">SLC-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC-46" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-46">SLC-46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LC-39A" class="mw-redirect" title="LC-39A">LC-39A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LC-39B" class="mw-redirect" title="LC-39B">LC-39B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_South_Texas_launch_site" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX South Texas launch site">SpaceX Starbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC-3E" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-3E">SLC-3E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC-4E" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-4E">SLC-4E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Landing_System" title="Human Landing System">Human Landing System</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)"> Blue Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Terrain_Vehicle" title="Lunar Terrain Vehicle">Lunar Terrain Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Robotic spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HERACLES_(spacecraft)" title="HERACLES (spacecraft)">HERACLES</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines_Nova-C" title="Intuitive Machines Nova-C">Nova-C</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrine (spacecraft)">Peregrine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)"><i>VIPER</i> rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Artemis_program" title="Category:Artemis program">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SpaceX" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SpaceX" title="Template:SpaceX"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SpaceX" title="Template talk:SpaceX"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SpaceX" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SpaceX"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SpaceX" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_SpaceX" title="History of SpaceX">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_vehicles" title="SpaceX launch vehicles">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_first-stage_boosters" title="List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters">boosters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">Super Heavy booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">upper stage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">lunar lander</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li>Falcon 9 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">"Full Thrust" v1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust#Block_4" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">Block 4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 1e">Falcon 1e</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 5">Falcon 5</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 9 Air">Falcon 9 Air</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_vehicles#BFR_and_ITS" title="SpaceX launch vehicles">BFR and ITS</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/100px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/150px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/200px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="41" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cargo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">Dragon 1 Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2 Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Dragon XL">Dragon XL</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2 Crew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endeavour" title="Crew Dragon Endeavour">C206 <i>Endeavour</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Resilience" title="Crew Dragon Resilience">C207 <i>Resilience</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endurance" title="Crew Dragon Endurance">C210 <i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Freedom" title="Crew Dragon Freedom">C212 <i>Freedom</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Starship prototypes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy#Development" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">first stage booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)#Development" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">upper stage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Grasshopper" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Grasshopper">Grasshopper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F9R_Dev1" class="mw-redirect" title="F9R Dev1">F9R Dev1</a>†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_2_DragonFly" title="Dragon 2 DragonFly">DragonFly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starhopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Starhopper">Starhopper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unflown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F9R_Dev2" class="mw-redirect" title="F9R Dev2">F9R Dev2</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_rocket_engines" title="SpaceX rocket engines">Rocket engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin" title="SpaceX Merlin">Merlin</a> <ul><li>1A</li> <li>1B*</li> <li>1C</li> <li>1D</li> <li>Vacuum</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Kestrel" title="SpaceX Kestrel">Kestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Draco" title="SpaceX Draco">Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperDraco" title="SuperDraco">SuperDraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a> <ul><li>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor#Raptor_2" title="SpaceX Raptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor#Raptor_3" title="SpaceX Raptor">3</a></li> <li>Vacuum</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:SpaceX_missions_and_payloads" title="Template:SpaceX missions and payloads">Lists of missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1#Launch_history" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches">Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019)">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2021)">2020–2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_Technologies#Satellite_constellation" title="Swarm Technologies">SpaceBEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Starlink_and_Starshield_launches" title="List of Starlink and Starshield launches">launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War">in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">Starship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">Launch facilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">CCSFS</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_40" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40">SLC-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">KSC</a> <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">VSFB</a> <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4">SLC-4E</a></li> <li>VSFB <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_6" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6">SLC-6</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site" title="Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site">Omelek Island</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_rocket_development_and_test_facility,_McGregor,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">McGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_high-altitude_test_facility,_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">New Mexico</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_Village,_Texas" title="Boca Chica Village, Texas">Boca Chica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landing sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">Autonomous spaceport drone ships</a></li> <li>Landing Zones <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Zones_1_and_2" title="Landing Zones 1 and 2">LZ-1 and LZ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Space_Launch_Complex_4#LZ-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 4">LZ-4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX#Headquarters,_mission_control,_manufacturing,_and_refurbishment_facilities" title="SpaceX">Headquarters and factory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California" title="Hawthorne, California">Hawthorne, California</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility,_McGregor,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">Rocket development and test facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McGregor,_Texas" title="McGregor, Texas">McGregor, Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_satellite_development_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX satellite development facility">Satellite development facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond, Washington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX#Regional_offices" title="SpaceX">Regional offices</a> <ul><li>Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STARGATE" title="STARGATE">STARGATE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Megan_(ship)" title="Megan (ship)">Megan</a></i> (recovery ship)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shannon_(ship)" title="Shannon (ship)">Shannon</a></i> (recovery ship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_fairing_recovery_program" title="SpaceX fairing recovery program">SpaceX fairing recovery program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contracts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">Gateway Logistics Services</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human Landing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_program" title="Polaris program">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Cargo" title="Rocket Cargo">Rocket Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starshield" title="SpaceX Starshield">Starshield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R&D programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program" title="SpaceX reusable launch system development program">Reusability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_first-stage_landing_tests" title="Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests">Falcon 9 landing tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a> (canceled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">Mars transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (CEO, CTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell" title="Gwynne Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> (President and COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mueller" title="Tom Mueller">Tom Mueller</a> (former VP of Propulsion Development)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_Federation,_LLC_v._United_States" title="Blue Origin Federation, LLC v. United States">Blue Origin Federation, LLC v. United States</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">Commercial astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Countdown:_Inspiration4_Mission_to_Space" title="Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space">Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space</a></i> (2021 docuseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Space" title="Return to Space">Return to Space</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* denotes unflown vehicles or engines, and future missions or sites. † denotes failed missions, destroyed vehicles, and abandoned sites. <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:SpaceX" title="Category:SpaceX">Category</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" title="Template:Crewed lunar spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Crewed lunar spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed lunar spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Crewed lunar spacecraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a></li> <li>Cancelled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LK-1" title="LK-1">LK-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/LK-700" title="LK-700">LK-700</a> (<a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft" title="VA spacecraft">VA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-LOK" title="Soyuz 7K-LOK">LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Future <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo16LM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo 16 LEM"><img alt="Apollo 16 LEM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Apollo16LM.jpg/110px-Apollo16LM.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Apollo16LM.jpg/165px-Apollo16LM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Apollo16LM.jpg/220px-Apollo16LM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li>Canceled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">Lunniy Korabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Future <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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