CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Historical Jesus - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6aaf3947-f41b-4bb1-9281-2992d325eca9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Historical_Jesus","wgTitle":"Historical Jesus","wgCurRevisionId":1258483415,"wgRevisionId":1258483415,"wgArticleId":496253,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2024","Citation overkill", "Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from October 2024","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from October 2024","Quest for the historical Jesus"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Historical_Jesus","wgRelevantArticleId":496253,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q51666","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Historical Jesus - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jesus"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jesus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Historical_Jesus rootpage-Historical_Jesus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Historical+Jesus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Historical+Jesus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Historical+Jesus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Historical+Jesus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_existence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_existence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Historical existence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_existence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Testament_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 New Testament sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pauline_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Pauline epistles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synoptic_Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synoptic_Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Synoptic Gospels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synoptic_Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-biblical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-biblical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Non-biblical sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-biblical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thallos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thallos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Thallos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thallos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Josephus_and_Tacitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Josephus_and_Tacitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Josephus and Tacitus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Josephus_and_Tacitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talmud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talmud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Talmud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talmud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mara_bar_Serapion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mara_bar_Serapion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Mara bar Serapion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mara_bar_Serapion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical-historical_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical-historical_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Critical-historical research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critical-historical_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Critical-historical research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Critical-historical_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Historical reliability of the Gospels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Quest for the historical Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_quest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_quest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 First quest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_quest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_quest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_quest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Second quest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_quest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_quest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_quest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Third quest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_quest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demise_of_authenticity_and_the_"Next_Quest"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demise_of_authenticity_and_the_"Next_Quest""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Demise of authenticity and the "Next Quest" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demise_of_authenticity_and_the_"Next_Quest"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Methods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Methods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Textual,_source_and_form-criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual,_source_and_form-criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Textual, source and form-criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual,_source_and_form-criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criteria_of_authenticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criteria_of_authenticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Criteria of authenticity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criteria_of_authenticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptism_and_crucifixion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism_and_crucifixion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Baptism and crucifixion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Baptism_and_crucifixion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Baptism and crucifixion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Baptism_and_crucifixion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Baptism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crucifixion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crucifixion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Crucifixion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crucifixion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possibly_historical_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possibly_historical_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Possibly historical elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possibly_historical_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portraits_of_the_historical_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portraits_of_the_historical_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Portraits of the historical Jesus </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portraits_of_the_historical_Jesus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Portraits of the historical Jesus subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Portraits_of_the_historical_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainstream_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mainstream views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainstream_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apocalyptic_prophet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocalyptic_prophet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Apocalyptic prophet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apocalyptic_prophet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charismatic_healer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charismatic_healer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Charismatic healer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charismatic_healer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cynic_philosopher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cynic_philosopher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Cynic philosopher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cynic_philosopher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_Messiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Messiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Jewish Messiah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Messiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophet_of_social_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophet_of_social_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 Prophet of social change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophet_of_social_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabbi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.6 Rabbi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-mainstream_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-mainstream_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Non-mainstream views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-mainstream_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Historical Jesus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A" title="يسوع التاريخي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يسوع التاريخي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_hist%C3%B2ric" title="Jesús històric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jesús històric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historick%C3%BD_Je%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1" title="Historický Ježíš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Historický Ježíš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_historiske_Jesus" title="Den historiske Jesus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den historiske Jesus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_von_Nazaret" title="Jesus von Nazaret – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jesus von Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_hist%C3%B3rico" title="Jesús histórico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jesús histórico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuo_de_Nazaret" title="Jesuo de Nazaret – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jesuo de Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C)" title="عیسی (شخصیت تاریخی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عیسی (شخصیت تاریخی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9sus_de_Nazareth" title="Jésus de Nazareth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jésus de Nazareth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_(histoarysk)" title="Jezus (histoarysk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jezus (histoarysk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%81_%EC%98%88%EC%88%98" title="역사적 예수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역사적 예수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijesni_Isus" title="Povijesni Isus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijesni Isus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesus_sebagai_tokoh_dalam_sejarah" title="Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_historic" title="Jesus historic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jesus historic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%B9_storico" title="Gesù storico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gesù storico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesoa_ara-tantara" title="Jesoa ara-tantara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jesoa ara-tantara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%89" title="يسوع التاريخى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يسوع التاريخى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_(historisch)" title="Jezus (historisch) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jezus (historisch)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B6%E3%83%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9" title="ナザレのイエス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナザレのイエス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiises_faan_Nazareth" title="Jiises faan Nazareth – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jiises faan Nazareth" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9sus_d%27_Nazareth" title="Jésus d' Nazareth – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jésus d' Nazareth" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_vun_Nazaret" title="Jesus vun Nazaret – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jesus vun Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_historyczny" title="Jezus historyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jezus historyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_hist%C3%B3rico" title="Jesus histórico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jesus histórico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isus_cel_istoric" title="Isus cel istoric – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Isus cel istoric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Исторический Иисус Христос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исторический Иисус Христос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Historical Jesus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorijski_Isus" title="Istorijski Isus – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Istorijski Isus" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historijski_Isus" title="Historijski Isus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historijski Isus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiallinen_Jeesus" title="Historiallinen Jeesus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Historiallinen Jeesus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarih%C3%AE_%C4%B0sa" title="Tarihî İsa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tarihî İsa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81" title="Історичний Ісус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історичний Ісус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3" title="历史中的耶稣 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="历史中的耶稣" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51666#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Historical_Jesus" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Historical_Jesus" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Historical_Jesus" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&oldid=1258483415" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Historical_Jesus&id=1258483415&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistorical_Jesus">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistorical_Jesus">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Historical_Jesus&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jesus_and_history" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historical_Jesus" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51666" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jesus as a historical person</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus"><img alt="Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/200px-JesusYeshua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/300px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/400px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="234" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation_of_Christ" title="Humiliation of Christ">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Heavenly Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_Christ" title="Intercession of Christ">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">Apparitions and visions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">Masih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_Quran" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran">Names and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27s_death" title="Islamic views on Jesus's death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Isa" title="Islamic eschatology">End times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background to the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language spoken by Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Jesus's race</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health of Jesus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus in history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Reliability of the Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Jesus myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Perspectives on Jesus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Bar-Serapion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus in culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus" title="Template:Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus" title="Template talk:Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The term "historical Jesus" refers to the life and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">teachings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as interpreted through <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">critical historical methods</a>, in contrast to what are traditionally <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">religious interpretations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crossley_2023-2">[2]</a> It also considers the <a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">historical and cultural contexts</a> in which Jesus lived.<a href="#cite_note-Levine_1-2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webb_2009-6">[6]</a> Virtually all scholars of antiquity accept that <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus was a historical figure</a>, and the idea that <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Jesus was a mythical figure</a> has been consistently rejected by the scholarly consensus as a <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">fringe theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman285-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Price-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-GrantMajority-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Scholars differ about the beliefs and teachings of Jesus as well as the accuracy of the biblical accounts, with only two events being supported by nearly universal scholarly consensus: <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Jesus was baptized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Jesus was crucified</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JDunn339-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hertzog1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crossan145-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAPowell168-15">[15]</a> Reconstructions of the historical Jesus are based on the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">several non-biblical sources</a> also support his historical existence.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Voorst-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Camber121-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chil460-18">[18]</a> Since the 18th century, three separate scholarly <a href="/wiki/Quests_for_the_historical_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quests for the historical Jesus">quests for the historical Jesus</a> have taken place, each with distinct characteristics and developing new and different research criteria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III19979–13-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlanP19-20">[20]</a> Historical Jesus scholars typically contend that he was a <a href="/wiki/Galilean" title="Galilean">Galilean</a> Jew and living in a time of <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messianic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> expectations.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders93-21">[21]</a> Some scholars credit the apocalyptic declarations of the gospels to him, while others portray his "<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a>" as a <a href="/wiki/Realized_eschatology" title="Realized eschatology">moral one</a>, and not apocalyptic in nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998-22">[22]</a> The portraits of Jesus that have been constructed through history using these processes have often differed from each other, and from the image portrayed in the gospel accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025-23">[23]</a> Such portraits include that of Jesus as an apocalyptic <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">charismatic</a> healer, <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a> philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish messiah">Jewish messiah</a>, prophet of social change,<a href="#cite_note-Cradel124-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CambHist23-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webb_2009-6">[6]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Köstenberger-27">[27]</a> There is little scholarly agreement on a single portrait, nor the methods needed to construct it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth2-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porter74-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levine_1-2-3">[3]</a> but there are overlapping attributes among the various portraits, and scholars who differ on some attributes may agree on others.<a href="#cite_note-Cradel124-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CambHist23-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-familiar20-30">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_existence">Historical existence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical existence">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a></div> Virtually all scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman285-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Price-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Michael Grant</a> asserts that if conventional standards of historical criticism are applied to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, "we can no more reject Jesus' existence than we can reject the existence of a mass of <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> personages whose reality as historical figures is never questioned."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> There is no indication that writers in antiquity who opposed Christianity questioned the existence of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Rahner730-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-voorst15-34">[34]</a> Since the 1970s, various scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Jeremias" title="Joachim Jeremias">Joachim Jeremias</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Gerd Theissen</a> have traced elements of Christianity to currents in first-century Judaism and have discarded nineteenth-century minority views that Jesus was based on previous pagan deities.<a href="#cite_note-Mythicists-35">[35]</a> Mentions of Jesus in extra-biblical texts exist and are supported as genuine by the majority of historians.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman285-8">[8]</a> Differences between the content of the Jewish Messianic prophecies and the life of Jesus undermine the idea that Jesus was invented as a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> or Peshar.<a href="#cite_note-Eddy_&_Boyd-36">[36]</a>: 344–351  The presence of details of Jesus' life in Paul, and the differences between letters and Gospels, are sufficient for most scholars to dismiss mythicist claims concerning Paul.<a href="#cite_note-Eddy_&_Boyd-36">[36]</a>: 208–233 <a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Theissen says "there is broad scholarly consensus that we can best find access to the historical Jesus through the Synoptic tradition."<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a> adds: "To dismiss the Gospels from the historical record is neither fair nor scholarly."<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman285-8">[8]</a>: 73  One book argues that if Jesus did not exist, "the origin of the faith of the early Christians remains a perplexing mystery."<a href="#cite_note-Eddy_&_Boyd-36">[36]</a>: 233  Eddy and Boyd say the best history can assert is probability, yet the probability of Jesus having existed is so high, Ehrman says "virtually all historians and scholars have concluded Jesus did exist as a historical figure."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[39]</a>: 12, 21 <a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> writes: "Today nearly all historians, whether Christians or not, accept that Jesus existed".<a href="#cite_note-Stanton145-41">[41]</a> In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, Ehrman wrote: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees."<a href="#cite_note-Bart_Ehrman_Jesus-42">[42]</a>: 15–22  The <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a> is the proposition that Jesus of Nazareth never existed, or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">founding of Christianity</a> and the accounts in the gospels.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In the 21st century, there have been <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory#Further_reading" title="Christ myth theory">a number of books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory#Documentaries" title="Christ myth theory">documentaries</a> on this subject. For example, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Doherty" title="Earl Doherty">Earl Doherty</a> has written that Jesus may have been a real person, but that the biblical accounts of him are almost entirely fictional.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[39]</a>: 12 <a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Many proponents use a <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory#Overview_of_main_mythicist_arguments" title="Christ myth theory">three-fold argument</a> first developed in the 19th century: that the New Testament has no historical value with respect to Jesus's existence, that there are no non-Christian references to Jesus from the first century, and that Christianity had pagan and/or mythical roots.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Contemporary scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed, and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholar">biblical scholars</a> and classical historians view the theories of his nonexistence as effectively refuted.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman285-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-GrantMajority-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurridgeGould200434-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-voorst16-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-DunnPaul35-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Robert M. Price</a>, an atheist who denies the existence of Jesus, agrees that his perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Michael Grant</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Classicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicist">classicist</a> and historian) states that "In recent years, no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non-historicity of Jesus, or at any rate very few have, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary."<a href="#cite_note-GrantMajority-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Burridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Burridge">Richard A. Burridge</a> states, "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church's imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that anymore."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurridgeGould200434-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eddy_&_Boyd-36">[36]</a>: 24–26  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_century_Iudaea_province.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/240px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/360px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/480px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea Province</a> during the 1st century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></div> The New Testament represents sources that have become <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canonical</a> for Christianity, and there are many <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic Gospels">apocryphal texts</a> that are examples of the wide variety of writings in the first centuries <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> that are related to Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Non-Christian sources that are used to study and establish the historicity of Jesus include Jewish sources such as <a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a>, and Roman sources such as <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Camber121-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chil460-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_sources">New Testament sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Testament sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pauline_epistles">Pauline epistles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pauline epistles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></div> The Pauline epistles are dated to between AD 50 and 60 (i.e., approximately twenty to thirty years after the generally accepted time period for the death of Jesus), and are the earliest surviving Christian texts that include information about Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Adams94-54">[54]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> provides little <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">biographical information about Jesus</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> compared to the Gospels, he was a contemporary of Jesus and does make it clear that he considers Jesus to have been a real person<a href="#cite_note-56">[note 1]</a> and a Jew.<a href="#cite_note-Tuckett126-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-JRDunn143-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-McK38-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Furnish19-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[note 2]</a> Moreover, he claims to have met with <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a>, the brother of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[note 3]</a> Paul states that he personally knew and interacted with eyewitnesses of Jesus such as his most intimate disciples (Peter and John) and family members (his brother James) starting around 35 or 36 AD, within just a few years after the crucifixion, and got some direct information about his life from them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012144–146-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> From Paul's writings alone, a fairly full outline of the life of Jesus can be found: his descent from Abraham and David, his upbringing in the Jewish Law, gathering together disciples, including Cephas (Peter) and John, having a brother named James, living an exemplary life, the Last Supper and betrayal, numerous details surrounding his death and resurrection (e.g. crucifixion, Jewish involvement in putting him to death, burial, resurrection, seen by Peter, James, the twelve and others) along with numerous quotations referring to notable teachings and events found in the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eddy_&_Boyd-36">[36]</a>: 209–228  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synoptic_Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synoptic Gospels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/170px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/255px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/340px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>An 11th-century Byzantine manuscript containing the opening of the Gospel of Luke</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></div> The Synoptic Gospels are the primary sources of historical information about Jesus and of the religious movement he founded.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders93-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vermes-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[note 4]</a> These religious gospels – the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> – recount the life, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a> of a Jew named Jesus who spoke <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> and wore <a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">tzitzit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> There are different hypotheses regarding the origin of the texts because the gospels of the New Testament were <a href="/wiki/Language_of_the_New_Testament" title="Language of the New Testament">written in Greek</a> for <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Greek-speaking communities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> and were later translated into Syriac, Latin, and Coptic.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> The fourth gospel, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, differs greatly from the Synoptic Gospels and scholars generally consider it to be less useful for reconstructions of the life of Jesus than the Synoptic Gospels. As James Crossley and Robert J. Myles explain, John "is of limited use for reconstructing the life of the historical Jesus."<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> However, since the third quest, John's gospel is seen as having more reliability than previously thought or is sometimes seen as even more reliable than the synoptics.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> For example, certain sayings in John are as old as or older than their synoptic counterparts, his representation of the topography around <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> is often superior to that of the synoptics, his testimony that Jesus was executed before, rather than on, Passover, might well be more accurate, and his presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are more historically plausible than their synoptic parallels.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Historians often study the <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a> when studying the reliability of the gospels, as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a> was seemingly written by the same author as the Gospel of Luke.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-biblical_sources">Non-biblical sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-biblical sources">edit</a>]</div> In addition to biblical sources, there are a number of mentions of Jesus in non-Christian sources.<a href="#cite_note-Blomberg431-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Van_Voorst-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thallos">Thallos</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thallos">edit</a>]</div> Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">Frederick Fyvie Bruce</a> says the earliest mention of Jesus outside the New Testament occurs <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 55 AD from a historian named <a href="/wiki/Thallus_(historian)" title="Thallus (historian)">Thallos</a>. Thallos' history, like the vast majority of ancient literature, has been lost but not before it was quoted by <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Sextus Julius Africanus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 160 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 240 AD), a Christian writer, in his History of the World (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 220). This book likewise was lost, but not before one of its citations of Thallos was taken up by the Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a> in his Chronicle (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800). There is no means by which certainty can be established concerning this or any of the other lost references, partial references, and questionable references that mention some aspect of Jesus' life or death, but in evaluating evidence, it is appropriate to note they exist.<a href="#cite_note-Frederick_Fyvie_Bruce-82">[78]</a>: 29–33 <a href="#cite_note-VVoorst39-83">[79]</a>: 20–23  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Josephus_and_Tacitus">Josephus and Tacitus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Josephus and Tacitus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus on Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus on Christ</a></div> There are two passages in the writings of the Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, and one from the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, that are generally considered good evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Blomberg431-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-VVoorst39-83">[79]</a> Josephus' <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>, written around AD 93–94, includes two references to the biblical Jesus in Books <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_3" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">18</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">20</a>. The general scholarly view is that while the longer passage, known as the <a href="/wiki/Testimonium_Flavianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimonium Flavianum">Testimonium Flavianum</a>, is most likely not authentic in its entirety, it is broadly agreed upon that it originally consisted of an authentic nucleus, which was then subject to Christian interpolation.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> Of the other mention in Josephus, Josephus scholar <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Feldman" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis H. Feldman">Louis H. Feldman</a> has stated that "few have doubted the genuineness" of Josephus' reference to Jesus in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Antiquities 20, 9, 1</a> ("the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James"). Paul references meeting and interacting with James, Jesus' brother, and since this agreement between the different sources supports Josephus' statement, the statement is only disputed by a small number of scholars.<a href="#cite_note-JospehusM662-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Roman historian</a> Tacitus referred to "Christus" and his execution by <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a> (written c. AD 116), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">book 15, chapter 44</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Robert E. Van Voorst</a> states that the very negative tone of Tacitus' comments on Christians makes the passage extremely unlikely to have been forged by a Christian scribe<a href="#cite_note-VVoorst39-83">[79]</a> and the Tacitus reference is now widely accepted as an independent confirmation of Jesus's crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-EddyB127-92">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Talmud">Talmud</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Talmud">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Jesus in the Talmud</a></div> Other considerations outside Christendom include the possible mentions of Jesus in the Talmud. The Talmud speaks in some detail of the conduct of criminal cases of Israel whose texts were gathered together from 200 to 500 CE. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Maier_(talmudic_scholar)" title="Johann Maier (talmudic scholar)">Johann Maier</a> and Bart D. Ehrman argue this material is too late to be of much use. Ehrman explains that "Jesus is never mentioned in the oldest part of the Talmud, the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, but appears only in the later commentaries of the Gemara."<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bart_Ehrman_Jesus-42">[42]</a>: 67–69  Jesus is not mentioned by name, but there is a subtle attack on the virgin birth that refers to the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Pantera</a> (Ehrman says, "In Greek the word for virgin is parthenos"), and a reference to Jesus' miracles as "black magic" learned when he lived in Egypt (as a toddler). Ehrman writes that few contemporary scholars treat this as historical.<a href="#cite_note-Bart_Ehrman_Jesus-42">[42]</a>: 67 <a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mara_bar_Serapion">Mara bar Serapion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mara bar Serapion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion on Jesus</a></div> There is only one <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> writer who refers positively to Jesus and that is <a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion" title="Mara bar Serapion">Mara bar Serapion</a>, a Syriac Stoic, who wrote a letter to his son, who was also named Serapion, from a Roman prison. He speaks of the execution of 'the wise <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">king of the Jews</a>' and compares his death to that of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> at the hands of the Athenians. He links the death of the 'wise king' to the Jews being driven from their kingdom. He also states that the 'wise king' lives on because of the "new laws he laid down". The dating of the letter is disputed but was probably soon after 73 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199876-95">[91]</a> Scholars such as Robert Van Voorst see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the "king of the Jews" is about the death of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-VVoorst53-96">[92]</a> Others such as <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig A. Evans</a> see less value in the letter, given its uncertain date, and the ambiguity in the reference.<a href="#cite_note-Evans41-97">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical-historical_research">Critical-historical research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Critical-historical research">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical criticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Biblical hermeneutics</a></div> Historical criticism, also known as the historical-critical method or higher criticism, is a branch of criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand "the world behind the text".<a href="#cite_note-Handbook,_78-98">[94]</a> The primary goal of historical criticism is to discover the text's primitive or original meaning in its original historical context and its literal sense. Historical criticism began in the 17th century and gained popular recognition in the 19th and 20th centuries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical reliability of the Gospels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></div> The historical reliability of the gospels refers to the reliability and historic character of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel#Canonical_gospels" title="Gospel">four New Testament gospels</a> as historical documents. Historical reliability is not dependent on a source being inerrant or void of agendas since there are sources that are considered generally reliable despite having such traits (e.g. Josephus).<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> The question of reliability is a matter of ongoing debate.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jesus_1995-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion-online.org-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Historians subject the gospels to critical analysis by differentiating authentic, reliable information from possible inventions, exaggerations, and alterations.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders93-21">[21]</a> Since there are more <a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament" title="Textual variants in the New Testament">textual variants</a> (200,000–400,000) than words in the New Testament,<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> scholars use <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> to determine which gospel variants could theoretically be taken as original. To answer this question, scholars have to ask <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels#Formation_and_sources" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">who wrote the gospels</a>, when they wrote them, what was their objective in writing them,<a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-Eddy08-107">[103]</a> what sources the authors used, how reliable these sources were, and how far removed in time the sources were from the stories they narrate, or if they were altered later. Scholars may also look into the <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">internal evidence</a> of the documents, to see if, for example, a document has misquoted texts from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, has made incorrect claims about geography, if the author appears to have hidden information, or if the author has fabricated a prophecy. Finally, scholars turn to external sources, including the testimony of early church leaders, to writers outside the church, primarily Jewish and Greco-Roman historians, who would have been more likely to have criticized the church, and to archaeological evidence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Quest for the historical Jesus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil painting of Reimarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus.jpg/180px-Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus.jpg/270px-Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus.jpg/360px-Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus" title="Hermann Samuel Reimarus">Hermann Samuel Reimarus</a> (1694–1768) studied the historical Jesus.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></div> Conventionaly since the 18th century, three scholarly quests for the historical Jesus are distinguished, each with distinct characteristics and based on different research criteria, which were often developed during each specific phase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III19979–13-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20021–6-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlanP19-20">[20]</a> These quests are distinguished from pre-Enlightenment approaches because they rely on the <a href="/wiki/Historical-critical_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical-critical method">historical-critical method</a> to study biblical narratives. While <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">textual analysis of biblical sources</a> had taken place for centuries, these quests introduced new methods and specific techniques in the attempt to establish the historical validity of their conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-criteria100-109">[105]</a> According to Tucker Ferda, it is by now "conventional wisdom that the traditional threefold division of the quest for Jesus [...] is flawed".<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> The threefold terminology uses the literature selectively, poses an incorrect periodization of research, and fails to note that the quest did not begin with Reimarus, as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> had claimed, but started earlier, with critical questions regarding the Christian origins narrative.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_quest">First quest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First quest">edit</a>]</div> The scholarly effort to reconstruct an "authentic" historical picture of Jesus was a product of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> skepticism of the late eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20021-115">[111]</a> Bible scholar <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Gerd Theissen</a> explains that "It was concerned with presenting a historically true life of Jesus that functioned theologically as a critical force over against [established Roman Catholic] Christology."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20021-115">[111]</a> The first scholar to separate the historical Jesus from the theological Jesus in this way was philosopher, writer, classicist, Hebraist and Enlightenment free thinker <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus" title="Hermann Samuel Reimarus">Hermann Samuel Reimarus</a> (1694–1768).<a href="#cite_note-Ulrich_Groetsch-116">[112]</a> Copies of Reimarus' writings were discovered by <a href="/wiki/G._E._Lessing" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. Lessing">G. E. Lessing</a> (1729–1781) in the library at Wolfenbüttel where Lessing was the librarian. Reimarus had left permission for his work to be published after his death, and Lessing did so between 1774 and 1778, publishing them as Die Fragmente eines unbekannten Autors (The Fragments of an Unknown Author). Over time, they came to be known as the Wolfenbüttel Fragments after the library where Lessing worked. Reimarus distinguished between what Jesus taught and how he is portrayed in the New Testament. According to Reimarus, Jesus was a political <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a> who failed at creating political change and was executed. His disciples then stole the body and invented the story of the resurrection for personal gain.<a href="#cite_note-Ulrich_Groetsch-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_R._Law1-117">[113]</a>: 46–48  Reimarus' controversial work prompted a response from "the father of historical critical research" Johann Semler in 1779, Beantwortung der Fragmente eines Ungenannten (Answering the Fragments of an Unknown).<a href="#cite_note-H._Rollman-118">[114]</a> Semler refuted Reimarus' arguments, but it was of little consequence. Reimarus' writings had already made lasting changes by making it clear criticism could exist independently of theology and faith, and by founding historical Jesus studies within that non-sectarian view.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_R._Law1-117">[113]</a>: 48  According to <a href="/wiki/Homer_W._Smith" title="Homer W. Smith">Homer W. Smith</a>, the work of Lessing and others culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a>'s Das Leben Jesu ('The Life of Jesus', 1835), in which Strauss expresses his conclusion that Jesus existed, but that his godship is the result of "a historic nucleus [being] worked over and reshaped into an ideal form by the first Christians under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> models and the idea of the messiah found in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>."<a href="#cite_note-:0-120">[116]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-D0116-0041-019,_Albert_Schweitzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-D0116-0041-019%2C_Albert_Schweitzer.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-D0116-0041-019%2C_Albert_Schweitzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-D0116-0041-019%2C_Albert_Schweitzer.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-D0116-0041-019%2C_Albert_Schweitzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-D0116-0041-019%2C_Albert_Schweitzer.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-D0116-0041-019%2C_Albert_Schweitzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a>, whose book coined the phrase Quest [for] the Historical Jesus</figcaption></figure> The enthusiasm shown during the first quest diminished after <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a>'s critique of 1906 in which he pointed out various shortcomings in the approaches used at the time. After Schweitzer's Von Reimarus zu Wrede was translated and published in English as <a href="/wiki/The_Quest_of_the_Historical_Jesus" title="The Quest of the Historical Jesus">The Quest of the Historical Jesus</a> in 1910, the book's title provided the label for the field of study for eighty years.<a href="#cite_note-Frank_Leslie_Cross-121">[117]</a>: 779–  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_quest">Second quest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Second quest">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus#Second_quest" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">second quest</a> began in 1953 and introduced a number of new techniques, but faded away in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-voorst2-122">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_quest">Third quest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Third quest">edit</a>]</div> In the 1980s a number of scholars gradually began to introduce new research ideas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III19979–13-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Symbol41-123">[119]</a> initiating a <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus#Third_quest" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">third quest</a> characterized by the latest research approaches.<a href="#cite_note-voorst2-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-criteria28-124">[120]</a> One of the modern aspects of the third quest has been the role of archaeology; <a href="/wiki/James_Charlesworth" class="mw-redirect" title="James Charlesworth">James Charlesworth</a> states that modern scholars now want to use archaeological discoveries that clarify the nature of life in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judea">Judea</a> during the time of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth11-125">[121]</a> A further characteristic of the third quest has been the interdisciplinary and global nature of its scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-ChiltonJacob-126">[122]</a> While the first two quests were mostly carried out by European Protestant theologians, a modern aspect of the third quest is the worldwide influx of scholars from multiple disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-ChiltonJacob-126">[122]</a> More recently, historicists have focused their attention on the historical writings associated with the era in which Jesus lived<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> or on the evidence concerning his family.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> By the end of the twentieth century, scholar Tom Holmén writes that Enlightenment skepticism had given way to a more "trustful attitude toward the historical reliability of the sources ... [Currently] the conviction of Sanders, (we know quite a lot about Jesus) characterizes the majority of contemporary studies."<a href="#cite_note-Tom_Holmén-133">[129]</a>: 43  Reflecting this shift, the phrase "quest for the historical Jesus" has largely been replaced by life of Jesus research.<a href="#cite_note-William_Telford-134">[130]</a>: 33  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demise_of_authenticity_and_the_"Next_Quest"">Demise of authenticity and the "Next Quest"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demise of authenticity and the "Next Quest"">edit</a>]</div> Since the late 1900s, concerns have been growing about the usefulness of the criteria of authenticity.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> According to Le Donne, the usage of such criteria is a form of "<a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>".<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)"> James DG Dunn</a>, "What we actually have in the earliest retellings of what is now the Synoptic tradition...are the memories of the first disciples-not Jesus himself, but the remembered Jesus. The idea that we can get back to an objective historical reality, which we can wholly separate and disentangle from the disciples' memories...is simply unrealistic."<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> According to Chris Keith, a historical Jesus is "ultimately unattainable, but can be hypothesized on the basis of the interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a>, and as part of a larger process of accounting for how and why early Christians came to view Jesus in the ways that they did." According to Keith, "these two models are methodologically and epistemologically incompatible," calling into question the methods and aim of the first model.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> In 2021, James Crossley (editor of the <a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_Historical_Jesus" title="Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus">Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus</a>) announced that historical Jesus scholarship now had moved to the era of the Next Quest. The Next Quest has moved on from the criteria, obsessions with the uniqueness of Jesus, and the <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">supersessionism</a> still implicit in scholarly questions of the Jewishness of Jesus. Instead, sober scholarship now focuses on treating the subject matter as part of the wider human phenomenon of religion, cultural comparison, class relations, slave culture and economy, and the social history of historical Jesus scholarship and wider reception histories of the historical Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The book by Crossley and Robert J. Myles, Jesus: A Life in Class Conflict, is indicative of this new tendency.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> Others have criticized claims of a Fourth Quest and had a more measured response to critique of the criteria. The actual problem is arguably that critics use them inappropriately, trying to describe the history of minute portions of the Gospel text, rather than a true flaw in the historical logic of the criteria. According to Tucker Ferda, "...criticisms of the criteria have sometimes produced rather grandiose claims about their "uselessness," which do not seem justified when one looks at the kind of argument that those same critics will use when making positive claims about the historical Jesus...criticisms of the notion of "authenticity" or "historicity" can create the impression that there is more disagreement with earlier research than is actually the case."<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">Criterion of multiple attestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">Criterion of embarrassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_dissimilarity" title="Criterion of dissimilarity">Criterion of dissimilarity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual,_source_and_form-criticism">Textual, source and form-criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Textual, source and form-criticism">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus#First_quest" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">first quest</a>, which started in 1778, was almost entirely based on <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a>. This took the form of textual and source criticism originally, which were supplemented with <a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">form criticism</a> in 1919, and <a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">redaction criticism</a> in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-criteria100-109">[105]</a> Form criticism began as an attempt to trace the history of the biblical material during the oral period before it was written in its current form, and may be seen as starting where textual criticism ends.<a href="#cite_note-Westdic215-142">[138]</a> Form criticism views Gospel writers as editors, not authors. Redaction criticism may be viewed as the child of source criticism and form criticism.<a href="#cite_note-DHar96-143">[139]</a> and views the Gospel writers as authors and early theologians and tries to understand how the redactor(s) has (have) molded the narrative to express their own perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-DHar96-143">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criteria_of_authenticity">Criteria of authenticity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Criteria of authenticity">edit</a>]</div> When form criticism questioned the historical reliability of the Gospels, scholars began looking for other criteria. Taken from other areas of study such as source criticism, the "criteria of authenticity" emerged gradually, becoming a distinct branch of methodology associated with life of Jesus research.<a href="#cite_note-Tom_Holmén-133">[129]</a>: 43–54  The criteria are a variety of rules used to determine if some event or person is more or less likely to be historical. These criteria are primarily, though not exclusively, used to assess the sayings and actions of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Donald_L._Denton,_Jr.-144">[140]</a>: 193–199 <a href="#cite_note-Tobias_Hägerland-145">[141]</a>: 3–33  In view of the skepticism produced in the mid-twentieth century by form criticism concerning the historical reliability of the gospels, the burden shifted in historical Jesus studies from attempting to identify an authentic life of Jesus to attempting to prove authenticity. The criteria developed within this framework, therefore, are tools that provide arguments solely for authenticity, not inauthenticity.<a href="#cite_note-Tom_Holmén-133">[129]</a>: 43  In 1901, the application of criteria of authenticity began with dissimilarity. It was often applied unevenly with a preconceived goal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20021-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tom_Holmén-133">[129]</a>: 40–45  In the early decades of the twentieth century, <a href="/wiki/F._C._Burkitt" class="mw-redirect" title="F. C. Burkitt">F. C. Burkitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/B._H._Streeter" title="B. H. Streeter">B. H. Streeter</a> provided the foundation for multiple attestation. The Second Quest introduced the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-criteria100-109">[105]</a> By the 1950s, coherence was also included. By 1987, D. Polkow lists 25 separate criteria being used by scholars to test for historical authenticity including the criterion of "historical plausibility".<a href="#cite_note-criteria100-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donald_L._Denton,_Jr.-144">[140]</a>: 193–199  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus#Criticism" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus § Criticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></div> A number of scholars have criticized the various approaches used in the study of the historical Jesus—on one hand, for the lack of rigor in research methods; on the other, for being driven by "specific agendas" that interpret ancient sources to fit specific goals.<a href="#cite_note-Allison59-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meier2009-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarshQ-148">[144]</a> By the 21st century, the "<a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible#Biblical_maximalism" title="Historicity of the Bible">maximalist</a>" approaches of the 19th century, which accepted all the gospels, and the "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_minimalism" title="Biblical minimalism">minimalist</a>" trends of the early 20th century, which totally rejected them, were abandoned and scholars began to focus on what is historically probable and plausible about Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Meier124-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keener163-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borg4-151">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baptism_and_crucifixion">Baptism and crucifixion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Baptism and crucifixion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilate_Inscription.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pilate_Inscription.JPG/220px-Pilate_Inscription.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pilate_Inscription.JPG/330px-Pilate_Inscription.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pilate_Inscription.JPG/440px-Pilate_Inscription.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pilate_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilate Stone">Pilate Stone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>, now at the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a></figcaption></figure> There is widespread disagreement among scholars on the details of the life of Jesus mentioned in the gospel narratives, and on the meaning of his teachings.<a href="#cite_note-MAPowell168-15">[15]</a> Scholars differ on the historicity of specific episodes described in the biblical accounts of Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-MAPowell168-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025-23">[23]</a> but almost all modern scholars consider his <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism</a> and crucifixion to be historical facts.<a href="#cite_note-JDunn339-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Verhoof39-152">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism">Baptism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Baptism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a></div> The existence of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> within the same time frame as Jesus, and his eventual execution by <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> is attested to by 1st-century Roman-Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and the overwhelming majority of modern scholars view Josephus' accounts of the activities of John the Baptist as authentic.<a href="#cite_note-AmyJill55-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> One of the arguments in favor of the historicity of the Baptism of Jesus by John is the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a>, i.e. that it is a story which the early Christian Church would have never wanted to invent, as it implies that Jesus was subservient to John.<a href="#cite_note-Powell47-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whois31-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Casey35-157">[153]</a> Another argument used in favour of the historicity of the baptism is that multiple accounts refer to it, usually called the criterion of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_attestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple attestation">multiple attestation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy29-158">[154]</a> Technically, multiple attestation does not guarantee authenticity, but only determines antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> However, for most scholars, together with the criterion of embarrassment it lends credibility to the baptism of Jesus by John being a historical event.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy29-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Crucifixion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></div> <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a> views the crucifixion of Jesus as a historical fact and states that based on the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a>, Christians would not have invented the painful death of their leader.<a href="#cite_note-JMeier126-163">[159]</a> Meier states that a number of other criteria – the criterion of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_attestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple attestation">multiple attestation</a> (i.e., confirmation by more than one source), the criterion of coherence (i.e., that it fits with other historical elements) and the criterion of rejection (i.e., that it is not disputed by ancient sources) – help establish the crucifixion of Jesus as a historical event.<a href="#cite_note-JMeier126-163">[159]</a> Eddy and Boyd state that it is now firmly established that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus – referring to the mentions in Josephus and Tacitus.<a href="#cite_note-EddyB127-92">[88]</a> Most scholars in the third <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">quest for the historical Jesus</a> consider the crucifixion indisputable,<a href="#cite_note-Crossan145-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-JMeier126-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman136-165">[161]</a> as do Bart Ehrman,<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman136-165">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">John Dominic Crossan</a><a href="#cite_note-Crossan145-14">[14]</a> and James Dunn.<a href="#cite_note-JDunn339-12">[12]</a> Although scholars agree on the historicity of the crucifixion, they differ on the reason and context for it, e.g. both E. P. Sanders and <a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Paula Fredriksen</a> support the historicity of the crucifixion, but contend that Jesus did not foretell his own crucifixion, and that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_predicts_his_death" title="Jesus predicts his death">his prediction of the crucifixion</a> is a Christian story.<a href="#cite_note-Ernest125-166">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Géza Vermes</a> also views the crucifixion as a historical event but believes this was due to Jesus’ challenging of Roman authority.<a href="#cite_note-Ernest125-166">[162]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Maurice Casey</a> and John P. Meier state that Jesus did predict his death, and this actually strengthened his followers' belief in his Resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion" title="Mara bar Serapion">Mara bar Serapion</a> is the only source from the ancient world that mentions the execution of Jesus for the charge of "King of the Jews". Bart Ehrman states that Jesus portrayed himself as the leader of the future Kingdom and that a number of criteria – the criterion of multiple attestation and criterion of dissimilarity – establishes the crucifixion of Jesus as a enemy of state.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possibly_historical_elements">Possibly historical elements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Possibly historical elements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_interpretation_of_Gospel_elements" title="Scholarly interpretation of Gospel elements">Scholarly interpretation of Gospel elements</a></div> In addition to the two historical elements of baptism and crucifixion, scholars attribute varying levels of certainty to various other aspects of the life of Jesus, although there is no universal agreement among scholars on these items:<a href="#cite_note-Evans37-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[note 5]</a> <ul><li>Jesus was a <a href="/wiki/Galilean" title="Galilean">Galilean</a> Jew who was born between 7 and 2 BC and died 30–36 AD.<a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a></li> <li>Jesus lived only in Galilee and Judea:<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> Most scholars reject that there is any evidence that an adult Jesus traveled or studied outside Galilee and Judea. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Borg" title="Marcus Borg">Marcus Borg</a> states that the suggestions that an adult Jesus traveled to Egypt or India are "without historical foundation".<a href="#cite_note-Dunn303-179">[174]</a> John Dominic Crossan states that none of the theories presented to fill the gap of 15–18 years between Jesus's early life and the start of his ministry have been supported by modern scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Voorst117118-181">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> refers to "Jesus the Nazarene" several times and scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Kostenberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas Kostenberger">Andreas Kostenberger</a> and Robert Van Voorst hold that some of these references are to Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009107–109-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Voorst117118-181">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> is not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the Christian gospels portray it as an insignificant village, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#1:46" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 1:46</a> asking "Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?"<a href="#cite_note-Redford32-183">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Craig_S._Keener" title="Craig S. Keener">Craig S. Keener</a> states that it is rarely disputed that Jesus was from Nazareth, an obscure small village not worthy of invention.<a href="#cite_note-Redford32-183">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> Gerd Theissen concurs with that conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998165"Our_conclusion_must_be_that_Jesus_came_from_Nazareth."-185">[180]</a></li> <li>Jesus spoke Aramaic, and may have also spoken Hebrew and Greek.<a href="#cite_note-BarrLang-186">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porter110-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> The languages spoken in Galilee and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judea">Judea</a> during the 1st century include the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> Aramaic and Hebrew languages as well as Greek, with Aramaic being the predominant language.<a href="#cite_note-BarrLang-186">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porter110-187">[182]</a></li> <li>Jesus called disciples: John P. Meier sees the calling of disciples a natural consequence of the information available about Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Evans37-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hertzog1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAPowell117-190">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a> accepts that there were twelve disciples, but holds that the list of their names cannot be determined with certainty. John Dominic Crossan disagrees, stating that Jesus did not call disciples and had an "open to all" egalitarian approach, imposed no hierarchy and preached to all in equal terms.<a href="#cite_note-Hertzog1-13">[13]</a> However, James Crossley and Robert J. Myles and the emerging consensus disagree with Crossan, arguing that "we should dispel romantic notions that this movement was proudly egalitarian and progressive in the sense of the 'radical liberalism' of today" and instead point out that the core Twelve may have been "a central committee or politburo with membership sometimes changing."<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a></li> <li>Jesus caused a <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">controversy at the Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Evans37-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hertzog1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAPowell117-190">[185]</a></li> <li>After his death his disciples continued, and some of his disciples were persecuted.<a href="#cite_note-Evans37-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hertzog1-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Jesus had a <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossleyMyles2023-193">[188]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li></ul> Some scholars have proposed further additional historical possibilities such as: <ul><li>An approximate <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">chronology of Jesus</a> can be estimated from non-Christian sources, and confirmed by correlating them with New Testament accounts.<a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-lion40-194">[189]</a></li> <li>Claims about the <a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">appearance or ethnicity of Jesus</a> are mostly subjective, based on cultural stereotypes and societal trends rather than on scientific analysis.<a href="#cite_note-Kidd18-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-LHoulden63-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perkinson30-197">[192]</a></li> <li>The baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist can be dated approximately from Josephus' references (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_5" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Antiquities 18.5.2</a>) to a date before AD 28–35.<a href="#cite_note-AmyJill55-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-fox25-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoehner125-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>]</li> <li>The main topic of his teaching was the <a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a>, and he presented this teaching in <a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">parables</a> that were surprising and sometimes confounding.<a href="#cite_note-5GIntro-202">[197]</a></li> <li>Jesus taught an ethic of forgiveness, as expressed in aphorisms such as "<a href="/wiki/Turn_the_other_cheek" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn the other cheek">turn the other cheek</a>" or "go the extra mile".<a href="#cite_note-5GIntro-202">[197]</a> Within the traditional ethic of "Christian forgiveness" there are differing views regarding the nature of forgiveness as taught by Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li>The date of the crucifixion of Jesus was earlier than 36 AD, based on the dates of the prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> who was governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a> from 26 AD until 36 AD.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portraits_of_the_historical_Jesus">Portraits of the historical Jesus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Portraits of the historical Jesus">edit</a>]</div> Scholars involved in the third and next quests for the historical Jesus have constructed a variety of portraits and profiles for Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Cradel124-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CambHist23-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> However, there is little scholarly agreement on the portraits, or the methods used in constructing them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth2-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porter74-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997197-208">[203]</a> The portraits of Jesus that have been constructed in the quest for the historical Jesus have often differed from each other, and from the image portrayed in the gospel accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025-23">[23]</a> These portraits include that of Jesus as an apocalyptic prophet, charismatic healer, Cynic philosopher, Jewish Messiah and prophet of social change,<a href="#cite_note-Cradel124-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CambHist23-25">[25]</a> but there is little scholarly agreement on a single portrait, or the methods needed to construct it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth2-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porter74-29">[29]</a> There are, however, overlapping attributes among the various portraits, and scholars who differ on some attributes may agree on others.<a href="#cite_note-Cradel124-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CambHist23-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-familiar20-30">[30]</a> The conception of a "Historical Jesus" is limited to the abductions from modern scholars on the sources and the results can only produce fragments of what the "real Jesus" or "Jesus of history" may have been.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> Such conceptions are merely a sketch or model which may inform about but never will be the real Jesus of history; similar to how models exist in the natural sciences that inform about phenomena without specifying a particular object.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> W.R. Herzog has stated that: "What we call the historical Jesus is the composite of the recoverable bits and pieces of historical information and speculation about him that we assemble, construct, and reconstruct. For this reason, the historical Jesus is, in Meier's words, 'a modern abstraction and construct.'"<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> Contemporary scholarship, representing the "third quest" and the "next quest" places Jesus firmly in the Jewish tradition. Jesus was a Jewish preacher who taught that he was the path to <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">everlasting</a> life, and the Kingdom of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998-22">[22]</a> A primary criterion used to discern historical details in the "third quest" is that of plausibility, relative to Jesus' Jewish context and to his influence on Christianity. Contemporary scholars of the "third quest" include E. P. Sanders, Géza Vermes, Gerd Theissen, Christoph Burchard, and <a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">John Dominic Crossan</a>. In contrast to the Schweitzerian view, certain North American scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Burton_Mack" class="mw-redirect" title="Burton Mack">Burton Mack</a>, advocate for a non-eschatological Jesus, one who is more of a Cynic sage than an apocalyptic preacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz19981–15-212">[207]</a> Given that Jesus was poor, long-established historiographical approaches associated with the study of the poor in the past, such as <a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">microhistory</a>, are relevant to the study of his life.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainstream_views">Mainstream views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mainstream views">edit</a>]</div> Despite the significant differences among scholars on what constitutes a suitable portrait for Jesus, the mainstream views supported by a number of scholars may be grouped together based on certain distinct, primary themes.<a href="#cite_note-Cradel124-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CambHist23-25">[25]</a> These portraits often include overlapping elements, and there are also differences among the followers of each portrait. The subsections below present the main portraits that are supported by multiple mainstream scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Cradel124-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CambHist23-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apocalyptic_prophet">Apocalyptic prophet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Apocalyptic prophet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bart_Ehrman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bart_Ehrman.jpg/170px-Bart_Ehrman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bart_Ehrman.jpg/255px-Bart_Ehrman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bart_Ehrman.jpg/340px-Bart_Ehrman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a></figcaption></figure> The apocalyptic prophet view primarily emphasizes Jesus preparing his fellow Jews for the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End Times</a>. The first proponent of this hypothesis was <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> in his 1906 book <a href="/wiki/The_Quest_of_the_Historical_Jesus" title="The Quest of the Historical Jesus">The Quest of the Historical Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> The works of E. P. Sanders and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Maurice Casey</a> place Jesus within the context of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatological tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997136-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_15-216">[211]</a>: 169–204 <a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-217">[212]</a>: 199–235  Bart D. Ehrman aligns himself with Schweitzer's view that Jesus expected an apocalypse during his own generation, and he bases some of his views on the argument that the earliest gospel sources (for which he assumes <a href="/wiki/Markan_priority" class="mw-redirect" title="Markan priority">Markan priority</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a>, chapters 4 and 5, probably written by the end of AD 52, present Jesus as far more apocalyptic than other Christian sources produced towards the end of the 1st century, contending that the apocalyptic messages were progressively toned down.<a href="#cite_note-EhrmanAp130-218">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Dale C. Allison Jr.</a> does not see Jesus as advocating specific timetables for the End Times, but sees him as preaching his own doctrine of "apocalyptic eschatology" derived from post-exilitic Jewish teachings,<a href="#cite_note-DaleA32-219">[214]</a> and views the apocalyptic teachings of Jesus as a form of <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-familiar20-30">[30]</a> Other scholars follow most themes of the apocalyptic portrait, but take such teachings of Jesus as relating to the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> and not the end of the world<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] due to the wider significance of the Temple in Judaism that would warrant apocalyptic language.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> The characterization of Jesus as an apocalyptic or millenarian prophet can also be combined with other categories, such as in the work of James Crossley and Robert J. Myles (see below) who regard the end-time teaching of Jesus as a culturally credible way of responding to social and material upheaval in Galilee and Judea.<a href="#cite_note-Crossley_2023-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charismatic_healer">Charismatic healer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Charismatic healer">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Borg_speaking_in_Mansfield_College_chapel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Marcus_Borg_speaking_in_Mansfield_College_chapel.JPG/170px-Marcus_Borg_speaking_in_Mansfield_College_chapel.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Marcus_Borg_speaking_in_Mansfield_College_chapel.JPG/255px-Marcus_Borg_speaking_in_Mansfield_College_chapel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Marcus_Borg_speaking_in_Mansfield_College_chapel.JPG/340px-Marcus_Borg_speaking_in_Mansfield_College_chapel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Borg" title="Marcus Borg">Marcus Borg</a></figcaption></figure> The charismatic healer portrait positions Jesus as a pious and holy man in the view of Géza Vermes, whose profile draws on the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> representations of Jewish figures such as <a href="/wiki/Hanina_ben_Dosa" title="Hanina ben Dosa">Hanina ben Dosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honi_HaMe%27agel" title="Honi HaMe'agel">Honi the Circle Drawer</a> and presents Jesus as a Hasid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997108-227">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Borg" title="Marcus Borg">Marcus Borg</a> views Jesus as a charismatic "man of the spirit", a mystic or visionary who acts as a conduit for the "Spirit of God". Borg sees this as a well-defined religious personality type, whose actions often involve healing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III199798-229">[224]</a> Borg sees Jesus as a non-eschatological figure who did not intend to start a new religion, but his message set him at odds with the Jewish powers of his time based on the "politics of holiness".<a href="#cite_note-familiar20-30">[30]</a> Both Sanders and Casey agree that Jesus was also a charismatic healer in addition to an apocalyptic prophet.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders_15-216">[211]</a>: 132–168 <a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-217">[212]</a>: 237–279  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cynic_philosopher">Cynic philosopher</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cynic philosopher">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism (philosophy)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11_08_6972_John_Dominic_Crossan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/11_08_6972_John_Dominic_Crossan.jpg/220px-11_08_6972_John_Dominic_Crossan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/11_08_6972_John_Dominic_Crossan.jpg/330px-11_08_6972_John_Dominic_Crossan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/11_08_6972_John_Dominic_Crossan.jpg/440px-11_08_6972_John_Dominic_Crossan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">John Dominic Crossan</a></figcaption></figure> In the Cynic philosopher profile, Jesus is presented as a Cynic, a traveling sage and philosopher preaching a cynical and radical message of change to abolish the existing hierarchical structure of the society of his time.<a href="#cite_note-familiar20-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScottK117-230">[225]</a> In <a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">John Dominic Crossan</a>'s view Jesus was crucified not for religious reasons but because his social teachings challenged the seat of power held by the Jewish authorities.<a href="#cite_note-ScottK117-230">[225]</a> Crossan believes Galilee was a place where Greek and Jewish culture heavily interacted,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaac2017127,_156-231">[226]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadara</a>, a day's walk from <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, being a center of Cynic philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burton_L._Mack" title="Burton L. Mack">Burton Mack</a> also holds that Jesus was a Cynic whose teachings were so different from those of his time that they shocked the audience and forced them to think, but Mack views his death as accidental and not due to his challenge to Jewish authority.<a href="#cite_note-familiar20-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_Messiah">Jewish Messiah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Jewish Messiah">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah in Judaism</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah">Jewish Messiah</a> portrait of <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a> places Jesus within the Jewish context of "exile and return", a notion he uses to build on his view of the 1st-century concept of hope.<a href="#cite_note-familiar20-30">[30]</a> Wright believes that Jesus was the Messiah and argues that the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a> was a physical and historical event.<a href="#cite_note-ScottK117-230">[225]</a> Wright's portrait of Jesus is closer to the traditional Christian views than many other scholars, and when he departs from the Christian tradition, his views are still close to them.<a href="#cite_note-ScottK117-230">[225]</a> Like Wright, <a href="/wiki/Markus_Bockmuehl" title="Markus Bockmuehl">Markus Bockmuehl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stuhlmacher" title="Peter Stuhlmacher">Peter Stuhlmacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brant_Pitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brant Pitre">Brant J. Pitre</a> support the view that Jesus came to announce the end of the Jewish spiritual exile and usher in a new messianic era in which God would improve this world through the faith of his people.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prophet_of_social_change">Prophet of social change</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Prophet of social change">edit</a>]</div> The prophet of social change portrait positions Jesus primarily as someone who challenged the traditional social structures of his time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997137–38-236">[231]</a> Gerd Theissen sees three main elements to the activities of Jesus as he effected social change: his positioning as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">Son of man</a>, the core group of disciples that followed him, and his localized supporters as he journeyed through Galilee and Judea. <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Horsley" title="Richard A. Horsley">Richard A. Horsley</a> goes further and presents Jesus as a more radical reformer who initiated a <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997137–138-237">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Kaylor_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kaylor (professor)">David Kaylor</a>'s ideas are close to those of Horsley, but have a more religious focus and base the actions of Jesus on covenant theology and his desire for justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997137–138-237">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sch%C3%BCssler_Fiorenza" title="Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza">Elisabeth Fiorenza</a> has presented a feminist perspective which sees Jesus as a social reformer whose actions such as the acceptance of women followers resulted in the liberation of some women of his time.<a href="#cite_note-ScottK117-230">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997161–163-238">[233]</a> James Crossley and Robert J. Myles advocate a nuanced historical materialist perspective of Jesus as a religious organizer who responded to the intersecting material conditions of Galilee and Judea in culturally credible ways such as through intra-Jewish legal debate and a revolutionary millenarian proclamation.<a href="#cite_note-Crossley_2023-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/S._G._F._Brandon" title="S. G. F. Brandon">S. G. F. Brandon</a>, Fernando Bermejo Rubio, and <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a> argue that Jesus was an anti-Roman revolutionary that tried to overthrow Roman rule in Palestine and re-establish the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rabbi">Rabbi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Rabbi">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> portrait advances the idea that Jesus was simply a rabbi who sought to reform certain ideas within Judaism. This idea can be traced to the late nineteenth century, when various liberal Jews sought to emphasize the Jewish nature of Jesus, and saw him as something of a proto-<a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Jew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> Perhaps the most prominent of these was Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Emil G. Hirsch</a>, who in The Doctrine of Jesus wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We quote the rabbis of the Talmud; shall we then, not also quote the rabbi of Bethlehem? Shall not he in whom there burned, if it burned in anyone, the spirit and the light of Judaism, be reclaimed by the synagogue?<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Bruce Chilton</a>, in his book Rabbi Jesus: An Intimate Biography, painted Jesus as a devout student of John the Baptist who came to see it as his mission to restore the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a> to purity, and purge the Romans and the corrupt priests from its midst.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Jaroslav Pelikan</a>, in The Illustrated Jesus Through the Centuries stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Alongside <a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a>, "God with us" – the Hebrew title given to the child in the prophecy of Isaiah (7:14) and applied by Matthew (1:23) to Jesus, but not used to address him except in such apostrophes as the medieval antiphon Veni, Veni, Immanuel that forms the epigraph to this chapter – four Aramaic words appear as titles for Jesus: Rabbi, or teacher; Amen, or prophet; Messias, or Christ; and <a href="/wiki/Mar_(title)" title="Mar (title)">Mar</a>, or Lord.</blockquote> The most neutral and least controversial of these words is probably Rabbi, along with the related Rabbouni. Except for two passages, the Gospels apply the Aramaic word only to Jesus; and if we conclude that the title "teacher" or "master" (didaskalos in Greek) was intended as a translation of that Aramaic name, it seems safe to say that it was as Rabbi that Jesus was known and addressed.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-26">[26]</a> The conservative evangelical scholar <a href="/wiki/Andreas_J._K%C3%B6stenberger" title="Andreas J. Köstenberger">Andreas J. Köstenberger</a> in Jesus as Rabbi in the Fourth Gospel also reached the conclusion that Jesus was seen by his contemporaries as a rabbi.<a href="#cite_note-Köstenberger-27">[27]</a> In 2012, the book <a href="/wiki/Kosher_Jesus" title="Kosher Jesus">Kosher Jesus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Shmuley_Boteach" title="Shmuley Boteach">Shmuley Boteach</a> was published in which Boteach takes the position that Jesus was a wise and learned <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>-observant Jewish rabbi. Boteach says he was a beloved member of the Jewish community. At the same time, Jesus is said to have despised the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> for their cruelty, and to have fought them courageously. The book states that the Jews had nothing whatsoever to do with the murder of Jesus, but rather that the blame for his trial and killing lies with the Romans and <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>. Boteach states clearly that he does not believe in Jesus as the Jewish Messiah. At the same time, Boteach argues that "Jews have much to learn from Jesus – and from Christianity as a whole – without accepting Jesus' divinity. There are many reasons for accepting Jesus as a man of great wisdom, beautiful ethical teachings, and profound Jewish patriotism."<a href="#cite_note-auto3-245">[240]</a> He concludes by writing, as to <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Christian values">Judeo-Christian values</a>, that "the hyphen between Jewish and Christian values is Jesus himself."<a href="#cite_note-more-246">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-mainstream_views">Non-mainstream views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Non-mainstream views">edit</a>]</div> Other portraits have been presented by individual scholars: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Witherington">Ben Witherington</a> supports the "Wisdom Sage" view and states that Jesus is best understood as a teacher of wisdom who saw himself as the embodiment or incarnation of God's Wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-ScottK117-230">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997161–163-238">[233]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a>'s portrait of Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal Jew">Marginal Jew</a> is built on the view that Jesus knowingly marginalized himself in a number of ways, first by abandoning his profession as a carpenter and becoming a preacher with no means of support, then arguing against the teachings and traditions of the time while he had no formal rabbinic training.<a href="#cite_note-familiar20-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScottK117-230">[225]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg/220px-Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg/330px-Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg/440px-Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Before_Unraveled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> in the cave they were found, before being removed by archaeologists</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Robert Eisenman</a> proposed that <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, and that the image of Jesus of the gospels was constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a> as pro-Roman propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby" title="Hyam Maccoby">Hyam Maccoby</a> proposed that Jesus was a <a href="/wiki/Pharisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisee">Pharisee</a>, that the positions ascribed to the Pharisees in the Gospels are very different from what we know of them, and in fact their opinions were very similar to those ascribed to Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> Harvey Falk also sees Jesus as proto-Pharisee or <a href="/wiki/Essene" class="mw-redirect" title="Essene">Essene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Smith" title="Morton Smith">Morton Smith</a> views Jesus as a <a href="/wiki/Jesus_the_Magician" title="Jesus the Magician">magician</a>, a view based on the presentation of Jesus in later Jewish sources and on (dubious) apocryphal writings such as the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Gospel of Mark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> saw Jesus as championing <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a> (although Tolstoy never actually used the term "Christian anarchism"; reviews of his book following its publication in 1894 coined the term.)<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a></li> <li>It has been suggested by psychiatrists <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Panizza" title="Oskar Panizza">Oskar Panizza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> George de Loosten,<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> William Hirsch,<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Sargant" title="William Sargant">William Sargant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Storr" title="Anthony Storr">Anthony Storr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raj_Persaud" title="Raj Persaud">Raj Persaud</a>,<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> psychologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Binet-Sangl%C3%A9" title="Charles Binet-Sanglé">Charles Binet-Sanglé</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> and others that <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Jesus had a mental disorder or psychiatric condition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> This theory is based on the fact that the Gospel of Mark (Mark 3:21) reports that When his family heard this they went out to restrain him, for they said, ″He is out of his mind.″<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Witwicki" title="Władysław Witwicki">Władysław Witwicki</a> states that Jesus had difficulties communicating with the outside world and suffered from dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder), which made him a schizothymic or even schizophrenic type.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> In 1998–2000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> author Leszek Nowak (born 1962) from <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> authored a study in which, based on his own history of delusions of mission and overvalued ideas, and information communicated in the Gospels, made an attempt at reconstructing Jesus’ psyche<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> with the view of the apocalyptic prophet.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Biblical manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a>, a census of Judaea which was taken by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria, upon the imposition of direct Roman rule in AD 6.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_dissimilarity" title="Criterion of dissimilarity">Criterion of dissimilarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Jesus in comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality of Jesus">Sexuality of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_interpretation_of_Gospel_elements" title="Scholarly interpretation of Gospel elements">Scholarly interpretation of Gospel elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(TV_series)" title="Son of God (TV series)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Sixteen_Crucified_Saviors" title="The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors">The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Galatians#4:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians">Galatians 4:4</a>, Paul states that Jesus was "<a href="/wiki/Incarnation_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarnation of Jesus">born of a woman</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Romans#1:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Romans">Romans 1:3</a>, Paul states that Jesus was "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">born under the law</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> That Jesus had a brother named James is corroborated by Josephus.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Ehrman says, "There is historical information about Jesus in the Gospels."<a href="#cite_note-Bart_Ehrman_Jesus-42">[42]</a>: 14  </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Additional elements: <ul><li>Bible scholars James Beilby and Paul Eddy write that consensus is "elusive but not entirely absent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200947-171">[167]</a> According to Beilby and Eddy, "Jesus was a first-century Jew, who was baptized by John, went about teaching and preaching, had followers, was believed to be a miracle worker and exorcist, went to Jerusalem where there was an "incident", was subsequently arrested, convicted and crucified."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200948–49-172">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Amy-Jill Levine</a> has stated that "there is a consensus of sorts on the basic outline of Jesus' life. Most scholars agree that Jesus was baptized by John, debated with fellow Jews on how best to live according to God’s will, engaged in healings and exorcisms, taught in parables, gathered male and female followers in Galilee, went to Jerusalem, and was crucified by Roman soldiers during the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> (26–36 CE)."<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a></li></ul> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA779">The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 779–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=779-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossley_2023-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crossley_2023_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossley_2023_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossley_2023_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2023" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, James and Robert J. Myles (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnhuntpublishing.com/zer0-books/our-books/jesus-life-class-conflict">Jesus: A Life in Class Conflict</a>. Zer0 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80341-082-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80341-082-1"><bdi>978-1-80341-082-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Life+in+Class+Conflict&rft.pub=Zer0+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-80341-082-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=James+and+Robert+J.+Myles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnhuntpublishing.com%2Fzer0-books%2Four-books%2Fjesus-life-class-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine_1-2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levine_1-2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine_1-2_3-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Amy-Jill Levine</a> in The Historical Jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. 2006 Princeton Univ Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6">978-0-691-00992-6</a> pp. 1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1999), Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195124731" title="Special:BookSources/0195124731">0195124731</a> Oxford University Press pp. ix–xi </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Ehrman, Bart (2003). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2">0-19-515462-2</a>, chapters 13, 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb_2009-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_2009_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_2009_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebbBock2024" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Robert; Bock, Darrell, eds. (13 March 2024). Key Events in the Life of the Historical Jesus: A Collaborative Exploration of Context and Coherence. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161501449" title="Special:BookSources/9783161501449"><bdi>9783161501449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Events+in+the+Life+of+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Collaborative+Exploration+of+Context+and+Coherence&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft.isbn=9783161501449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2011" class="citation journal cs1">Law, Stephen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdcnet.org/faithphil/content/faithphil_2011_0028_0002_0129_0151">"Evidence, Miracles, and the Existence of Jesus"</a>. Faith and Philosophy. 28 (2): 129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Ffaithphil20112821">10.5840/faithphil20112821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faith+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Evidence%2C+Miracles%2C+and+the+Existence+of+Jesus&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Ffaithphil20112821&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Ffaithphil%2Fcontent%2Ffaithphil_2011_0028_0002_0129_0151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman285-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman285_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman285_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman285_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman285_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman285_8-4">e</a> In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a> (a secular agnostic) wrote: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on certain and clear evidence." B. Ehrman, 2011 Forged: writing in the name of God <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6">978-0-06-207863-6</a>. pp. 256–257 </li> <li id="cite_note-Price-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_9-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Robert M. Price</a> (an atheist who denies the existence of Jesus) agrees that this perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars: Robert M. Price "Jesus at the Vanishing Point" in The Historical Jesus: Five Views edited by James K. Beilby & Paul Rhodes Eddy, 2009 InterVarsity, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/028106329X" title="Special:BookSources/028106329X">028106329X</a> p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-GrantMajority-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GrantMajority_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GrantMajority_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GrantMajority_10-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Michael Grant</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Classicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicist">classicist</a>) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non-historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." in Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels by Michael Grant (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1898799881" title="Special:BookSources/1898799881">1898799881</a> p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurridgeGould2004">Burridge & Gould 2004</a>, p. 34. "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that anymore." </li> <li id="cite_note-JDunn339-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JDunn339_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JDunn339_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JDunn339_12-2">c</a> Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2">0-8028-3931-2</a> p. 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent". </li> <li id="cite_note-Hertzog1-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hertzog1_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hertzog1_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hertzog1_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hertzog1_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hertzog1_13-4">e</a> Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus by William R. Herzog (2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664225284" title="Special:BookSources/0664225284">0664225284</a> pp. 1–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossan145-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crossan145_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossan145_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossan145_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossan1995" class="citation book cs1">Crossan, John Dominic (1995). Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. HarperOne. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061662-5"><bdi>978-0-06-061662-5</bdi></a>. <q>That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus ... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Revolutionary+Biography&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-06-061662-5&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAPowell168-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAPowell168_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAPowell168_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAPowell168_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1998" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Mark Allan (1998). Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 168–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History%3A+How+Modern+Historians+View+the+Man+from+Galilee&rft.pages=168-173&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25703-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Voorst-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Voorst_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Voorst_16-1">b</a> Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9">0-8028-4368-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Camber121-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Camber121_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camber121_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockmuehl2001" class="citation book cs1">Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bock_574">The Cambridge Companion to Jesus</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bock_574/page/n138">121</a>–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521796781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521796781"><bdi>978-0521796781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=121-125&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521796781&rft.aulast=Bockmuehl&rft.aufirst=Markus+N.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00bock_574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chil460-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chil460_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chil460_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiltonEvans1998" class="citation book cs1">Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig A. (1998). Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research. BRILL. pp. 460–470. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004111424" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004111424"><bdi>978-9004111424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+Evaluations+of+the+State+of+Current+Research&rft.pages=460-470&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9004111424&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III19979–13-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III19979–13_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III19979–13_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III19979–13_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitherington_III1997">Witherington III 1997</a>, pp. 9–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-AlanP19-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlanP19_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlanP19_20-1">b</a> Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell, Westminster John Knox Press (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664257038" title="Special:BookSources/0664257038">0664257038</a> pp. 19–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders93-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders93_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders93_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders93_21-2">c</a> Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025_23-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenWinter2002">Theissen & Winter 2002</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cradel124-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cradel124_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cradel124_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cradel124_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cradel124_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cradel124_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cradel124_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cradel124_24-6">g</a> The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a> pp. 124–125 </li> <li id="cite_note-CambHist23-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CambHist23_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CambHist23_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CambHist23_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CambHist23_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CambHist23_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CambHist23_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CambHist23_25-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellYoung2006" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M., eds. (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81239-9"><bdi>978-0-521-81239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81239-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelikan" class="citation web cs1">Pelikan, Jaroslav. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/jesus/rabbi.html">"Jesus as Rabbi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Retrieved 3 March 2020. <q>four Aramaic words appear as titles for Jesus: Rabbi, or teacher; Amen, or prophet; Messias, or Christ; and Mar, or Lord</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Jesus+as+Rabbi&rft.aulast=Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Freligion%2Fjesus%2Frabbi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Köstenberger-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Köstenberger_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Köstenberger_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöstenberger1998" class="citation journal cs1">Köstenberger, Andreas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fbullbiblrese.8.1.0097">"Jesus as Rabbi in the Fourth Gospel"</a>. Bulletin for Biblical Research. 8: 97–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fbullbiblrese.8.1.0097">10.5325/bullbiblrese.8.1.0097</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26422158">26422158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203287514">203287514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=Jesus+as+Rabbi+in+the+Fourth+Gospel&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=97-128&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203287514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26422158%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fbullbiblrese.8.1.0097&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6stenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5325%252Fbullbiblrese.8.1.0097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlesworth2-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth2_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth2_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth2_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworthPokorny2009" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H.; Pokorny, Petr, eds. (2009). Jesus Research: An International Perspective (Princeton–Prague Symposia Series on the Historical Jesus). Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6353-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6353-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-6353-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Research%3A+An+International+Perspective+%28Princeton%E2%80%93Prague+Symposia+Series+on+the+Historical+Jesus%29&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6353-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter74-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porter74_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter74_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter74_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorterHayesTombs2004" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Stanley E.; Hayes, Michael A.; Tombs, David (2004). Images of Christ (Academic Paperback). <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04460-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04460-0"><bdi>978-0-567-04460-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Christ+%28Academic+Paperback%29&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-04460-0&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=Tombs%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-familiar20-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-familiar20_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-familiar20_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-familiar20_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-familiar20_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-familiar20_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-familiar20_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-familiar20_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-familiar20_30-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClymond2004" class="citation book cs1">McClymond, Michael James (2004). Familiar Stranger: An Introduction to Jesus of Nazareth. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 16–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2680-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2680-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-2680-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+Stranger%3A+An+Introduction+to+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pages=16-22&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2680-0&rft.aulast=McClymond&rft.aufirst=Michael+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Jesus Now and Then by Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802809774" title="Special:BookSources/0802809774">0802809774</a> p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1992" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1992) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesushistorians000gran">Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels</a> (1st Collier Books ed.). New York: Collier Books. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0020852517" title="Special:BookSources/0020852517"><bdi>0020852517</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25833417">25833417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+An+Historian%27s+Review+of+the+Gospels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=208&rft.edition=1st+Collier+Books&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25833417&rft.isbn=0020852517&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesushistorians000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahner730-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Rahner730_33-0">^</a> Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860120066" title="Special:BookSources/0860120066">0860120066</a> pp. 730–731 </li> <li id="cite_note-voorst15-34"><a href="#cite_ref-voorst15_34-0">^</a> Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Eerdmans Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802843689" title="Special:BookSources/0802843689">0802843689</a> p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mythicists-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Mythicists_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_F._McGrath" class="citation web cs1">James F. McGrath, James F. McGrath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2011-10/fringe-view">"Fringe view: The world of Jesus mythicism..."</a> The Christian Century. Christian Century. Retrieved 21 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Century&rft.atitle=Fringe+view%3A+The+world+of+Jesus+mythicism...&rft.aulast=James+F.+McGrath&rft.aufirst=James+F.+McGrath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiancentury.org%2Farticle%2F2011-10%2Ffringe-view&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eddy_&_Boyd-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eddy_&_Boyd_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eddy_&_Boyd_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eddy_&_Boyd_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eddy_&_Boyd_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eddy_&_Boyd_36-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801031144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801031144"><bdi>978-0801031144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0801031144&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Paul+Rhodes&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Gregory+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sykes" title="Stephen Sykes">Sykes, Stephen W.</a> (2007). "Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus". Sacrifice and Redemption. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521044608" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521044608">978-0521044608</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1996" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZsPnwEACAAJ">The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide</a>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800631222" title="Special:BookSources/978-0800631222"><bdi>978-0800631222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0800631222&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZsPnwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Did_Jesus_Exist%3F_(Ehrman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Did Jesus Exist? (Ehrman)">Did Jesus exist?</a>, Bart Ehrman, 2012, Chapter 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Van Voorst 2000, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanton145-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanton145_41-0">^</a> The Gospels and Jesus by <a href="/wiki/Graham_Stanton" title="Graham Stanton">Graham Stanton</a>, 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192132415" title="Special:BookSources/0192132415">0192132415</a> Oxford University Press, p. 145: </li> <li id="cite_note-Bart_Ehrman_Jesus-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bart_Ehrman_Jesus_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bart_Ehrman_Jesus_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bart_Ehrman_Jesus_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bart_Ehrman_Jesus_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2012" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2012). Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062206442" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062206442"><bdi>978-0062206442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F%3A+The+Historical+Argument+for+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0062206442&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a>, Did Jesus Exist? Harper Collins, 2012, p. 12, "Earl Doherty defines the view...In simpler terms, the historical Jesus did not exist. Or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity." Further quoting as representative the fuller definition provided by Doherty in Jesus: Neither God Nor Man. Age of Reason, 2009, pp. vii–viii: it is "the theory that no historical Jesus worthy of the name existed, that Christianity began with a belief in a spiritual, mythical figure, that the gospels are essentially allegory and fiction, and that no single identifiable person lay at the root of the Galilean preaching tradition." </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Dawkins2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a>. Lulu.com. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1430312307" title="Special:BookSources/978-1430312307"><bdi>978-1430312307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1430312307&rft.au=Richard+Dawkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/God_is_Not_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="God is Not Great">God is Not Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, 2007, Chapter 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> "The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David" <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Thompson" title="Thomas L. Thompson">Thomas L. Thompson</a> Basic Book Perseus Books' 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> "Jesus Outside the New Testament" Robert E. Van Voorst, 2000, pp. 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Price, Robert M. (2009). "Jesus at the Vanishing Point". In Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (eds.). The Historical Jesus: Five Views. InterVarsity Press. pp. 55–83. ISBN 978-0-8308-3868-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurridgeGould200434-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurridgeGould200434_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurridgeGould200434_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurridgeGould2004">Burridge & Gould 2004</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-voorst16-50"><a href="#cite_ref-voorst16_50-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Robert E. Van Voorst</a> Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802843689" title="Special:BookSources/0802843689">0802843689</a> p.16 states: "biblical scholars and classical historians regard theories of non-existence of Jesus as effectively refuted" </li> <li id="cite_note-DunnPaul35-51"><a href="#cite_ref-DunnPaul35_51-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_D._G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. G. Dunn">James D. G. Dunn</a> "Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus" in Sacrifice and Redemption edited by S. W. Sykes (2007) Cambridge University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052104460X" title="Special:BookSources/052104460X">052104460X</a> pp. 35–36 states that the theories of the non-existence of Jesus are "a thoroughly dead thesis" </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Robert M. Price "Jesus at the Vanishing Point" in The Historical Jesus: Five Views edited by James K. Beilby & Paul Rhodes Eddy, 2009 InterVarsity, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/028106329X" title="Special:BookSources/028106329X">028106329X</a> p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1996" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1996). The Historical Jesus. Minneapolis MN: Fortress Press. pp. 17–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3122-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3122-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-3122-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus&rft.place=Minneapolis+MN&rft.pages=17-62&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3122-2&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams94-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Adams94_54-0">^</a> Edward Adams in The Cambridge Companion to Jesus by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521796784" title="Special:BookSources/0521796784">0521796784</a> pp. 94–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgROZMp4zDMC&pg=PA202">The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition</a>. Baker Academic. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-3114-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+Tradition&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Paul+Rhodes&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWgROZMp4zDMC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuckett126-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Tuckett126_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckett2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_M._Tuckett" title="Christopher M. Tuckett">Tuckett, Christopher M.</a> (2001). Markus N. A. Bockmuehl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521796781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521796781"><bdi>978-0521796781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=122-126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521796781&rft.aulast=Tuckett&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRDunn143-58"><a href="#cite_ref-JRDunn143_58-0">^</a> Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making by James D. G. Dunn (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802839312" title="Special:BookSources/0802839312">0802839312</a> p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-McK38-59"><a href="#cite_ref-McK38_59-0">^</a> Jesus Christ in History and Scripture by Edgar V. McKnight 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865546770" title="Special:BookSources/0865546770">0865546770</a> p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Furnish19-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Furnish19_60-0">^</a> Jesus according to Paul by Victor Paul Furnish 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521458242" title="Special:BookSources/0521458242">0521458242</a> pp. 19–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Galatians#1:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians">Galatians 1:19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2007" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Caherine M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusf00cath/page/140">The Historical Jesus For Dummies</a>. For Dummies. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusf00cath/page/140">140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470167854" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470167854"><bdi>978-0470167854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+For+Dummies&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=For+Dummies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0470167854&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Caherine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaljesusf00cath%2Fpage%2F140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012144–146-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012144–146_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 144–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2016" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Craig (2016). "Mythicism and the Public Jesus of History". Christian Research Journal. 39 (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Mythicism+and+the+Public+Jesus+of+History.&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongenecker2020" class="citation book cs1">Longenecker, Bruce, ed. (2020). The New Cambridge Companion to St. Paul. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108438285" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108438285"><bdi>978-1108438285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Companion+to+St.+Paul&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1108438285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805444823" title="Special:BookSources/0805444823">0805444823</a> pp. 441–442 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jesus">"Jesus Christ"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 27 November 2010. <q>The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica.+2010.+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermes-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Vermes_70-0">^</a> Vermes, Geza. The authentic gospel of Jesus. London, Penguin Books. 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/luke/8?43">"Luke, Chapter 8 | USCCB"</a>. bible.usccb.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bible.usccb.org&rft.atitle=Luke%2C+Chapter+8+%26%23124%3B+USCCB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.usccb.org%2Fbible%2Fluke%2F8%3F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/matthew/14?36=">"Matthew, Chapter 14 | USCCB"</a>. bible.usccb.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bible.usccb.org&rft.atitle=Matthew%2C+Chapter+14+%26%23124%3B+USCCB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.usccb.org%2Fbible%2Fmatthew%2F14%3F36%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Mark Allan Powell (editor), The New Testament Today, p. 50 (Westminster John Knox Press, 1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25824-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25824-7">0-664-25824-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Stanley E. Porter (editor), Handbook to Exegesis of the New Testament, p. 68 (Leiden, 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09921-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09921-2">90-04-09921-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossleyMyles2023">Crossley & Myles 2023</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Historical Criticism". The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus. Routledge. 2008. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415880886" title="Special:BookSources/9780415880886"><bdi>9780415880886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Criticism&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415880886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesSanders2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, W. D.; Sanders, E.P. (2008). "20. Jesus: From the Jewish Point of View". In Horbury, William; Davies, W.D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Cambridge History of Judaism. Volume 3: The Early Roman period. Cambridge Univiversity Press. p. 620. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521243773" title="Special:BookSources/9780521243773"><bdi>9780521243773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=20.+Jesus%3A+From+the+Jewish+Point+of+View&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism.+Volume+3%3A+The+Early+Roman+period&rft.pages=620&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univiversity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521243773&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+E.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC">The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide</a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8"><bdi>978-1-4514-0863-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0863-8&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZU97DQMH6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2013" class="citation book cs1">Green, Joel B. (2013). Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels (2nd ed.). IVP Academic. p. 541. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830824564" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830824564"><bdi>978-0830824564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Jesus+and+the+Gospels&rft.pages=541&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0830824564&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joel+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blomberg431-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blomberg431_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blomberg431_81-1">b</a> Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3">0-8054-4482-3</a> pp. 431–436 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frederick_Fyvie_Bruce-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Frederick_Fyvie_Bruce_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1974" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesuschristianor0000bruc">Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament</a>. London: Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80281-575-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80281-575-0"><bdi>978-0-80281-575-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+Christian+Origins+Outside+the+New+Testament&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-80281-575-0&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Fyvie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesuschristianor0000bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VVoorst39-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VVoorst39_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VVoorst39_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VVoorst39_83-2">c</a> Robert E. Van Voorst, Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2000. pp. 39–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreckenbergKurt_Schubert1992" class="citation book cs1">Schreckenberg, Heinz; Kurt Schubert (1992). Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-2653-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-2653-6"><bdi>978-90-232-2653-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Traditions+in+Early+Christian+Literature&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-232-2653-6&rft.aulast=Schreckenberg&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft.au=Kurt+Schubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostenbergerL._Scott_KellumCharles_L._Quarles2009" class="citation book cs1">Kostenberger, Andreas J.; L. Scott Kellum; Charles L. Quarles (2009). The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament. B&H Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-4365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle%2C+the+Cross%2C+and+the+Crown%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3&rft.aulast=Kostenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=L.+Scott+Kellum&rft.au=Charles+L.+Quarles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JospehusM662-86"><a href="#cite_ref-JospehusM662_86-0">^</a> The new complete works of Josephus by Flavius Josephus, William Whiston, Paul L. Maier <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-2924-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-2924-2">0-8254-2924-2</a> pp. 662–663 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Josephus XX by <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Feldman" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis H. Feldman">Louis H. Feldman</a> 1965, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674995023" title="Special:BookSources/0674995023">0674995023</a> p. 496 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9">0-8028-4368-9</a>. p. 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Flavius Josephus; Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6">978-0-8254-3260-6</a> pp. 284–285 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="/wiki/P._E._Easterling" title="P. E. Easterling">P. E. Easterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._J._Kenney" title="E. J. Kenney">E. J. Kenney</a> (general editors), The Cambridge History of Latin Literature, p. 892 (Cambridge University Press, 1982, reprinted 1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-21043-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-21043-7">0-521-21043-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckett2001" class="citation book cs1">Tuckett, Christopher (2001). "8. Sources and Methods". The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521796781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521796781"><bdi>978-0521796781</bdi></a>. <q>Tacitus' reference to Jesus is extremely brief, but it shows no evidence of later Christian influence and hence is widely accepted as genuine. It does then provide independent, non-Christian evidence at least for Jesus' existence and his execution under Pilate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+Sources+and+Methods&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521796781&rft.aulast=Tuckett&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EddyB127-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EddyB127_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EddyB127_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Eddy; Boyd (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. Baker Academic. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-3114-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+Tradition&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4&rft.au=Eddy&rft.au=Boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maier, Johann (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TbkPAQAAIAAJ">Jesus von Nazareth in der talmudischen Überlieferung</a> (in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, [Abt. Verlag]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-04901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-04901-1"><bdi>978-3-534-04901-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+von+Nazareth+in+der+talmudischen+%C3%9Cberlieferung&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft%2C+%5BAbt.+Verlag%5D&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-534-04901-1&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTbkPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson" class="citation web cs1">Davidson, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.43a">"Sanhedrin 43a"</a>. sefaria.org. <a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a>. Retrieved 17 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Sanhedrin+43a&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSanhedrin.43a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199876-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199876_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-VVoorst53-96"><a href="#cite_ref-VVoorst53_96-0">^</a> Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence by Robert E. Van Voorst 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9">0-8028-4368-9</a> pp. 53–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans41-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans41_97-0">^</a> Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies by Craig A. Evans 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04118-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04118-9">978-0-391-04118-9</a> p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook,_78-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook,_78_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoulenSoulen,_R._Kendall2001" class="citation book cs1">Soulen, Richard N.; Soulen, R. Kendall (2001). Handbook of biblical criticism (3rd., rev. and expanded ed.). Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22314-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22314-4"><bdi>978-0-664-22314-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+biblical+criticism&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Ky.&rft.pages=78&rft.edition=3rd.%2C+rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22314-4&rft.aulast=Soulen&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft.au=Soulen%2C+R.+Kendall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrmanEvansStewart2020" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D.; Evans, Craig A.; Stewart, Robert B. (2020). Can we trust the Bible on the Historical Jesus?. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 12–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664265854" title="Special:BookSources/9780664265854"><bdi>9780664265854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+we+trust+the+Bible+on+the+Historical+Jesus%3F&rft.pages=12-18&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780664265854&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrmanEvansStewart2020" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D.; Evans, Craig A.; Stewart, Robert B. (2020). Can we trust the Bible on the Historical Jesus?. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664265854" title="Special:BookSources/9780664265854"><bdi>9780664265854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+we+trust+the+Bible+on+the+Historical+Jesus%3F&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780664265854&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993) p. 13-14 "First, the New Testament Gospels are now viewed as useful, if not essentially reliable, historical sources. Gone is the extreme skepticism that for so many years dominated gospel research. Representative of many is the position of E. P. Sanders and Marcus Borg, who have concluded that it is possible to recover a fairly reliable picture of the historical Jesus." </li> <li id="cite_note-Jesus_1995-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Jesus_1995_102-0">^</a> “The Historical Figure of Jesus," Sanders, E.P., Penguin Books: London, 1995, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-103"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_103-0">^</a> Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word (Vol. II): Meditations on the Gospel According to St. Matthew – Dr Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, Ignatius Press, Introduction </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-online.org-104"><a href="#cite_ref-religion-online.org_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Robert M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102923/http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230">"A Historical Introduction to the New Testament (Harper and Row, 1963)"</a>. Religion-Online.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230">the original</a> on 21 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion-Online.org&rft.atitle=A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament+%28Harper+and+Row%2C+1963%29&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Fshowchapter.asp%3Ftitle%3D1116%26C%3D1230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Blomberg, Craig L. (2007). The Historical Reliability of the Gospels (2. ed.). IVP Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830828074" title="Special:BookSources/9780830828074"><bdi>9780830828074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Gospels&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780830828074&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Prof.BartEhrman-MisquotingJesus/page/n99/">Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper San Francisco">Harper San Francisco</a>. pp. 89–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Jesus%3A+The+Story+Behind+Who+Changed+the+Bible+and+Why&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Harper+San+Francisco&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FProf.BartEhrman-MisquotingJesus%2Fpage%2Fn99%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhodes-Eddy08-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes-Eddy08_107-0">^</a> Paul Rhodes Eddy & Gregory A. Boyd, The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. (2008, Baker Academic). 309-262.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20021–6-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20021–6_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenWinter2002">Theissen & Winter 2002</a>, pp. 1–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-criteria100-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-criteria100_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-criteria100_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-criteria100_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-criteria100_109-3">d</a> Criteria for Authenticity in Historical–Jesus Research by Stanley E. Porter 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567043606" title="Special:BookSources/0567043606">0567043606</a> pp. 100–120 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerda2024" class="citation book cs1">Ferda, Tucker (2024). Jesus and His Promised Second Coming: Jewish Eschatology and Christian Origins. Eerdmans. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802879905" title="Special:BookSources/9780802879905"><bdi>9780802879905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+His+Promised+Second+Coming%3A+Jewish+Eschatology+and+Christian+Origins&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780802879905&rft.aulast=Ferda&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerda2024" class="citation book cs1">Ferda, Tucker (2024). Jesus and His Promised Second Coming: Jewish Eschatology and Christian Origins. Eerdmans. p. 29-30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802879905" title="Special:BookSources/9780802879905"><bdi>9780802879905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+His+Promised+Second+Coming%3A+Jewish+Eschatology+and+Christian+Origins&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780802879905&rft.aulast=Ferda&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird1992" class="citation book cs1">Baird, William (1992). From Deism to Tubingen, vol. 1 of History of New Testament Research. Fortress Press. p. 3-57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800626266" title="Special:BookSources/978-0800626266"><bdi>978-0800626266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Deism+to+Tubingen%2C+vol.+1+of+History+of+New+Testament+Research&rft.pages=3-57&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0800626266&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaget2001" class="citation book cs1">Paget, James (2001). "Quests for the Historical Jesus" in The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. Cambridge University Press. p. 140-141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521796781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521796781"><bdi>978-0521796781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Quests+for+the+Historical+Jesus%22+in+The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=140-141&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521796781&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch2011" class="citation book cs1">Birch, Jonathan (2011). "The Road to Reimarus: Origins of the Quest of the Historical Jesus" in Holy Land as Homeland?. Sheffield Phoenix Press. p. 19-47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1907534324" title="Special:BookSources/978-1907534324"><bdi>978-1907534324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Road+to+Reimarus%3A+Origins+of+the+Quest+of+the+Historical+Jesus%22+in+Holy+Land+as+Homeland%3F&rft.pages=19-47&rft.pub=Sheffield+Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1907534324&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20021-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20021_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20021_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20021_115-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenWinter2002">Theissen & Winter 2002</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulrich_Groetsch-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_Groetsch_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_Groetsch_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroetsch2015" class="citation book cs1">Groetsch, Ulrich (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbrGrQEACAAJ">Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1768): Classicist, Hebraist, Enlightenment Radical in Disguise</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27299-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27299-6"><bdi>978-90-04-27299-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermann+Samuel+Reimarus+%281694%E2%80%931768%29%3A+Classicist%2C+Hebraist%2C+Enlightenment+Radical+in+Disguise&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27299-6&rft.aulast=Groetsch&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbrGrQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_R._Law1-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_R._Law1_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_R._Law1_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2012" class="citation book cs1">Law, David R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdZshKnGRCMC">"A Brief history of Historical criticism: the nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century"</a>. The Historical-Critical Method: A Guide for the Perplexed. New York: T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-56740-012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-56740-012-3"><bdi>978-0-56740-012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Brief+history+of+Historical+criticism%3A+the+nineteenth+century+to+the+mid-twentieth+century&rft.btitle=The+Historical-Critical+Method%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-56740-012-3&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdZshKnGRCMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H._Rollman-118"><a href="#cite_ref-H._Rollman_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollman1998" class="citation book cs1">Rollman, H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkmcaVKsXbgC">"Johann Salomo Semler"</a>. In McKim, Donald K. (ed.). Handbook of Major Bible Interpreters. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. pp. 43–45, 355–359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-83081-452-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-83081-452-7"><bdi>978-0-83081-452-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johann+Salomo+Semler&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Major+Bible+Interpreters&rft.place=Downers+Grove&rft.pages=43-45%2C+355-359&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-83081-452-7&rft.aulast=Rollman&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkmcaVKsXbgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Colin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkmcaVKsXbgC">"Reimarus, Hermann Samuel"</a>. In McKim, Donald K. (ed.). Historical Handbook of Major Biblical Interpreters. Downer's Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. pp. 346–350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1452-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1452-7"><bdi>978-0-8308-1452-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reimarus%2C+Hermann+Samuel&rft.btitle=Historical+Handbook+of+Major+Biblical+Interpreters&rft.place=Downer%27s+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=346-350&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1452-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkmcaVKsXbgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-120"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1952" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Homer W. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manhisgods00smit">Man and His Gods</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grosset_%26_Dunlap" title="Grosset & Dunlap">Grosset & Dunlap</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manhisgods00smit/page/385">385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+His+Gods&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Grosset+%26+Dunlap&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Homer+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanhisgods00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank_Leslie_Cross-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_Leslie_Cross_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA779">The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-voorst2-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voorst2_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voorst2_122-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Robert E. Van Voorst</a> Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9">0-8028-4368-9</a> pp. 2–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Symbol41-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Symbol41_123-0">^</a> The Symbolic Jesus: Historical Scholarship, Judaism and the Construction of Contemporary Identity by William Arnal, Routledge 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845530071" title="Special:BookSources/1845530071">1845530071</a> pp. 41–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-criteria28-124"><a href="#cite_ref-criteria28_124-0">^</a> Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research by Stanley E. Porter, Bloomsbury 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567043606" title="Special:BookSources/0567043606">0567043606</a> pp. 28–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlesworth11-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth11_125-0">^</a> "Jesus Research and Archaeology: A New Perspective" by James H. Charlesworth in Jesus and archaeology edited by James H. Charlesworth 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4880-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4880-X">0-8028-4880-X</a> pp. 11–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-ChiltonJacob-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChiltonJacob_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChiltonJacob_126-1">b</a> Soundings in the Religion of Jesus: Perspectives and Methods in Jewish and Christian Scholarship by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Bruce Chilton</a>, Anthony Le Donne, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Jacob Neusner</a> (2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0800698010" title="Special:BookSources/0800698010">0800698010</a> p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Mason, Steve (2002), "Josephus and the New Testament" (Baker Academic) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Tabor, James (2012)"Paul and Jesus: How the Apostle Transformed Christianity" (Simon & Schuster) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Eisenman, Robert (1998), "James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls" (Watkins) </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Butz, Jeffrey "The Brother of Jesus and the Lost Teachings of Christianity" (Inner Traditions) </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Tabor, James (2007), "The Jesus Dynasty: The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity" </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2007" class="citation journal cs1">Price, Robert M. (14 September 2007). "The New Testament Code: The Cup of the Lord, The Damascus Covenant, and the Blood of Christ – By Robert Eisenman". Religious Studies Review. 33 (2): 153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-0922.2007.00176_38.x">10.1111/j.1748-0922.2007.00176_38.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0319-485X">0319-485X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+New+Testament+Code%3A+The+Cup+of+the+Lord%2C+The+Damascus+Covenant%2C+and+the+Blood+of+Christ+%E2%80%93+By+Robert+Eisenman&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1748-0922.2007.00176_38.x&rft.issn=0319-485X&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tom_Holmén-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tom_Holmén_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tom_Holmén_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tom_Holmén_133-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tom_Holmén_133-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmén2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmén, Tom (2008). Evans, Craig A. (ed.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97569-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97569-8"><bdi>978-0-415-97569-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97569-8&rft.aulast=Holm%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_Telford-134"><a href="#cite_ref-William_Telford_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelford1998" class="citation book cs1">Telford, William R. (1998). "Major trends and interpretive issues in the study of Jesus". In Chilton, Bruce David; Evans, Craig Alan (eds.). Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research. Boston, Massachusetts: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11142-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11142-5"><bdi>90-04-11142-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Major+trends+and+interpretive+issues+in+the+study+of+Jesus&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+Evaluations+of+the+State+of+Current+Research&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-11142-5&rft.aulast=Telford&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeithLe_Donne2012" class="citation cs2">Keith, Chris; Le Donne, Anthony, eds. (2012), Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity, Bloomsbury Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Criteria%2C+and+the+Demise+of+Authenticity&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Thinkapologtics.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chab123.wordpress.com/2015/01/08/book-review-jesus-criteria-and-the-demise-of-authenticity-chris-keith-and-anthony-le-donne/">Book Review: Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity, by Chris Keith and Anthony Le Donne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419233959/https://chab123.wordpress.com/2015/01/08/book-review-jesus-criteria-and-the-demise-of-authenticity-chris-keith-and-anthony-le-donne/">Archived</a> 2019-04-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G (2003). Christianity in the making Volume 1. Jesus Remembered. William B. Eerdmans. p. 130-131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+the+making+Volume+1.+Jesus+Remembered&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Chris Keith (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0142064X16637777">The Narratives of the Gospels and the Historical Jesus: Current Debates, Prior Debates and the Goal of Historical Jesus Research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824111559/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0142064X16637777">Archived</a> 2021-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal for the Study of the New Testament. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> James Crossley (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jshj/19/3/article-p261_261.xml">The Next Quest for the Historical Jesus</a>, Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607111843/https://brill.com/view/journals/jshj/19/3/article-p261_261.xml">Archived</a> 2022-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossleyMyles2023">Crossley & Myles 2023</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerda2018" class="citation book cs1">Ferda, Tucker (2018). Jesus, the Gospels, and the Galilean Crisis: The Origins, Reception, and Value of an Influential Hypothesis. T&T Clark. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567679932" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567679932"><bdi>978-0567679932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+the+Gospels%2C+and+the+Galilean+Crisis%3A+The+Origins%2C+Reception%2C+and+Value+of+an+Influential+Hypothesis&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0567679932&rft.aulast=Ferda&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westdic215-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Westdic215_142-0">^</a> The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology by Alan Richardson 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664227481" title="Special:BookSources/0664227481">0664227481</a> pp. 215–216 </li> <li id="cite_note-DHar96-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DHar96_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHar96_143-1">b</a> Interpreting the New Testament by Daniel J. Harrington (1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814651240" title="Special:BookSources/0814651240">0814651240</a> pp. 96–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Donald_L._Denton,_Jr.-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_L._Denton,_Jr._144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_L._Denton,_Jr._144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton2004" class="citation book cs1">Denton, Donald L. Jr. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zw7UAwAAQBAJ">"Appendix 1"</a>. Historiography and Hermeneutics in Jesus Studies: An Examination of the Work of John Dominic Crossan and Ben F. Meyer. New York: T&T Clark Int. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-56708-203-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-56708-203-9"><bdi>978-0-56708-203-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+1&rft.btitle=Historiography+and+Hermeneutics+in+Jesus+Studies%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Work+of+John+Dominic+Crossan+and+Ben+F.+Meyer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+Int.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-56708-203-9&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZw7UAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tobias_Hägerland-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Tobias_Hägerland_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHägerland2016" class="citation book cs1">Hägerland, Tobias, ed. (2016). "Problems of Method for studying Jesus and the scriptures". Jesus and the Scriptures: Problems, Passages and Patterns. New York: Bloomsbury T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-56766-502-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-56766-502-7"><bdi>978-0-56766-502-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Problems+of+Method+for+studying+Jesus+and+the+scriptures&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Scriptures%3A+Problems%2C+Passages+and+Patterns&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-56766-502-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allison59-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Allison59_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2009" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Dale (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzOfssjUsIIC&q=dale+allison+We+wield+our+criteria+to+get+what+we+want&pg=PA59">The Historical Christ and the Theological Jesus</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6262-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6262-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-6262-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 January 2011. <q>We wield our criteria to get what we want.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Christ+and+the+Theological+Jesus&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6262-4&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzOfssjUsIIC%26q%3Ddale%2Ballison%2BWe%2Bwield%2Bour%2Bcriteria%2Bto%2Bget%2Bwhat%2Bwe%2Bwant%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meier2009-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Meier2009_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_P._Meier2009" class="citation book cs1">John P. Meier (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=igMXmZ055ooC&pg=PA6">A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Law and Love</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14096-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14096-5"><bdi>978-0-300-14096-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew%3A+Rethinking+the+Historical+Jesus%2C+Law+and+Love&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14096-5&rft.au=John+P.+Meier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DigMXmZ055ooC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarshQ-148"><a href="#cite_ref-MarshQ_148-0">^</a> Clive Marsh, "Diverse Agendas at Work in the Jesus Quest" in Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus by Tom Holmen and Stanley E. Porter (2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004163727" title="Special:BookSources/9004163727">9004163727</a> pp. 986–1002 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meier124-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Meier124_149-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a> "Criteria: How do we decide what comes from Jesus?" in The Historical Jesus in Recent Research by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1575061007" title="Special:BookSources/1575061007">1575061007</a> p. 124 "Since in the quest for the historical Jesus almost anything is possible, the function of the criteria is to pass from the merely possible to the really probable, to inspect various probabilities, and to decide which candidate is most probable. Ordinarily, the criteria can not hope to do more." </li> <li id="cite_note-Keener163-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Keener163_150-0">^</a> The Historical Jesus of the Gospels by Craig S. Keener (2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802868886" title="Special:BookSources/0802868886">0802868886</a> p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-Borg4-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Borg4_151-0">^</a> Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship by Marcus J. Borg (1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563380943" title="Special:BookSources/1563380943">1563380943</a> pp. 4–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Verhoof39-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Verhoof39_152-0">^</a> Jesus of Nazareth by Paul Verhoeven (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1583229051" title="Special:BookSources/1583229051">1583229051</a> p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-AmyJill55-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmyJill55_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmyJill55_153-1">b</a> Craig Evans, 2006 "Josephus on John the Baptist" in The Historical Jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6">978-0-691-00992-6</a> pp. 55–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> The new complete works of Josephus by Flavius Josephus, William Whiston, Paul L. Maier <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-2924-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-2924-2">0-8254-2924-2</a> pp. 662–663 </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell47-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell47_155-0">^</a> Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8">0-664-25703-8</a> p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Whois31-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Whois31_156-0">^</a> Who Is Jesus? by John Dominic Crossan, Richard G. Watts 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664258425" title="Special:BookSources/0664258425">0664258425</a> pp. 31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Casey35-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Casey35_157-0">^</a> Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching by Maurice Casey 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-64517-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-64517-7">0-567-64517-7</a> p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy29-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy29_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy29_158-1">b</a> John the Baptist: prophet of purity for a new age by Catherine M. Murphy 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5933-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5933-0">0-8146-5933-0</a> pp. 29–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies by Craig A. Evans 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5">0-391-04118-5</a> p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity by Delbert Royce Burkett 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00720-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00720-8">0-521-00720-8</a> pp. 247–248 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Who is Jesus? by Thomas P. Rausch 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5078-3">978-0-8146-5078-3</a> p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> The relationship between John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth: A Critical Study by Daniel S. Dapaah 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-3109-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-3109-6">0-7618-3109-6</a> p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-JMeier126-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JMeier126_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMeier126_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMeier126_163-2">c</a> John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in The Historical Jesus in Recent Research by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-100-7">1-57506-100-7</a> pp. 126–128, 132–136 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Blomberg, Craig L. (2009). Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3">0-8054-4482-3</a> pp. 211–214 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman136-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman136_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman136_165-1">b</a> Ehrman, Bart D. (2008). A Brief Introduction to the New Testament. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-536934-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-536934-3">0-19-536934-3</a> p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ernest125-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ernest125_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ernest125_166-1">b</a> A Century of Theological and Religious Studies in Britain, 1902–2002 by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nicholson" title="Ernest Nicholson">Ernest Nicholson</a> 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-726305-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-726305-4">0-19-726305-4</a> pp. 125–126 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Maurice (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC&q=Predicted">Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching</a>. A&C Black. p. 507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXK0auknD0YC%26q%3DPredicted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1991" class="citation book cs1">Meier, John P. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zODYAAAAMAAJ">A Marginal Jew: The roots of the problem and the person</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9"><bdi>978-0-385-26425-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew%3A+The+roots+of+the+problem+and+the+person&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-385-26425-9&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzODYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErhman1999" class="citation book cs1">Erhman, Bart (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vzszmQEACAAJ">Jesus:the apocalyptic prophet of the new millenium</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195124743" title="Special:BookSources/9780195124743"><bdi>9780195124743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3Athe+apocalyptic+prophet+of+the+new+millenium&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780195124743&rft.aulast=Erhman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvzszmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans37-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans37_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans37_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans37_170-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans37_170-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiltonEvans2002" class="citation book cs1">Chilton, Bruce D.; Evans, Craig A. (2002). Authenticating the Activities of Jesus. Boston: Brill. pp. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04164-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04164-9"><bdi>0-391-04164-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authenticating+the+Activities+of+Jesus&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=3-7&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-391-04164-9&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce+D.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200947-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200947_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009">Beilby & Eddy 2009</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200948–49-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200948–49_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009">Beilby & Eddy 2009</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2006" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Amy-Jill (2006). The Historical Jesus in Context. Princeton University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00992-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Context&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00992-6&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Amy-Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChronosPaul-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVardamanYamauchi1989" class="citation book cs1">Vardaman, Jerry; Yamauchi, Edwin M. (1989). Chronos, Kairos, Christos. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. pp. 113–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1"><bdi>0-931464-50-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronos%2C+Kairos%2C+Christos&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pages=113-129&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-931464-50-1&rft.aulast=Vardaman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.au=Yamauchi%2C+Edwin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009" class="citation book cs1">Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, Leonard Scott; Quarles, Charles Leland (2009). The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament. B&H. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-4365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle%2C+the+Cross%2C+and+the+Crown%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=B%26H&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6stenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=Kellum%2C+Leonard+Scott&rft.au=Quarles%2C+Charles+Leland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Geoffrey Blainey; <a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Christianity" title="A Short History of Christianity">A Short History of Christianity</a>; Viking; 2011; p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Green, Joel B.; McKnight, Scot; Marshall, I. Howard (1992), Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels. InterVarsity Press. p. 442 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn303-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn303_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnMcKnight2005" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; McKnight, Scot, eds. (2005). The Historical Jesus in Recent Research. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-100-7"><bdi>1-57506-100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Recent+Research&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57506-100-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossanWatts1999" class="citation book cs1">Crossan, John Dominic; Watts, Richard G. (1999). Who is Jesus?. Westminster John Knox. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25842-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25842-5"><bdi>0-664-25842-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+is+Jesus%3F&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-664-25842-5&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rft.au=Watts%2C+Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voorst117118-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voorst117118_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voorst117118_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorst2000" class="citation book cs1">Voorst, Robert Van (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9"><bdi>0-8028-4368-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8028-4368-9&rft.aulast=Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009107–109-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009107–109_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009">Kostenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, pp. 107–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-Redford32-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Redford32_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redford32_183-1">b</a> The Life and Ministry of Jesus by Douglas Redford 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7847-1900-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7847-1900-4">0-7847-1900-4</a> p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2012" class="citation book cs1">Keener, Craig S. (2012). The Historical Jesus of the Gospels. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6888-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6888-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-6888-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+of+the+Gospels&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6888-6&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998165"Our_conclusion_must_be_that_Jesus_came_from_Nazareth."-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998165"Our_conclusion_must_be_that_Jesus_came_from_Nazareth."_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 165, "Our conclusion must be that Jesus came from Nazareth.". </li> <li id="cite_note-BarrLang-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BarrLang_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BarrLang_186-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Barr_(biblical_scholar)" title="James Barr (biblical scholar)">James Barr</a>, Which language did Jesus speak, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 1970; 53(1) pp. 9–29 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2973">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203184449/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2973">Archived</a> 2018-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter110-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porter110_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter110_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1997" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Stanley E. (1997). Handbook to exegesis of the New Testament. Leiden: Brill. pp. 110–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09921-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09921-2"><bdi>90-04-09921-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+exegesis+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=110-112&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-09921-2&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmannLarue1986" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, R. Joseph; Larue, Gerald A. (1986). Jesus in History and Myth. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-332-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-332-3"><bdi>0-87975-332-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+History+and+Myth&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-87975-332-3&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=R.+Joseph&rft.au=Larue%2C+Gerald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Barr_(biblical_scholar)" title="James Barr (biblical scholar)">James Barr</a>'s review article Which language did Jesus speak (referenced above) states that Aramaic has the widest support among scholars. </li> <li id="cite_note-MAPowell117-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAPowell117_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAPowell117_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1998" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Mark Allan (1998). Jesus as a Figure in History. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8"><bdi>0-664-25703-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-664-25703-8&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossleyMyles2023">Crossley & Myles 2023</a>, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A. (2003). Jesus and the Ossuaries. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918954-88-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-918954-88-6"><bdi>0-918954-88-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Ossuaries&rft.place=Waco%2C+TX&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-918954-88-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossleyMyles2023-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossleyMyles2023_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossleyMyles2023">Crossley & Myles 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-lion40-194"><a href="#cite_ref-lion40_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2012" class="citation book cs1">Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, Leonard Scott; Quarles, Charles Leland (2012). The Lion and the Lamb. Nashville, TN: B&H. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-7708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-7708-3"><bdi>978-1-4336-7708-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion+and+the+Lamb&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=B%26H&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4336-7708-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6stenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=Kellum%2C+Leonard+Scott&rft.au=Quarles%2C+Charles+Leland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kidd18-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Kidd18_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Colin (2006). The Forging of Races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79324-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79324-6"><bdi>0-521-79324-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+Races%3A+race+and+scripture+in+the+Protestant+Atlantic+world&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-79324-6&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LHoulden63-196"><a href="#cite_ref-LHoulden63_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoulden2005" class="citation book cs1">Houlden, J. L. (2005). Jesus: the complete guide. Bloomsbury. pp. 63–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8011-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8011-X"><bdi>0-8264-8011-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+the+complete+guide&rft.pages=63-100&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8264-8011-X&rft.aulast=Houlden&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perkinson30-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Perkinson30_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Perkinson, Stephen (2009). The Likeness of the King. University of Chicago Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-65879-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-65879-7"><bdi>978-0-226-65879-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Likeness+of+the+King&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-65879-7&rft.aulast=Perkinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fox25-198"><a href="#cite_ref-fox25_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillman2003" class="citation book cs1">Gillman, Florence Morgan (2003). Herodias. Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier. pp. 25–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5108-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5108-9"><bdi>0-8146-5108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodias&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+MN&rft.pages=25-30&rft.pub=Michael+Glazier&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8146-5108-9&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Florence+Morgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoehner125-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoehner125_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoehner1980" class="citation book cs1">Hoehner, Harold W. (1980). Herod Antipas. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. pp. 125–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-42251-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-42251-5"><bdi>0-310-42251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod+Antipas&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=125-127&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-310-42251-5&rft.aulast=Hoehner&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2001" class="citation book cs1">Novak, Ralph Martin (2001). Christianity and the Roman Empire. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity. pp. 302–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56338-347-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56338-347-0"><bdi>1-56338-347-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=302-303&rft.pub=Trinity&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56338-347-0&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoehner1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hoehner" title="Harold Hoehner">Hoehner, Harold W.</a> (1978). Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ. Zondervan. pp. 29–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-26211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-26211-4"><bdi>978-0-310-26211-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+Aspects+of+the+Life+of+Christ&rft.pages=29-37&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-310-26211-4&rft.aulast=Hoehner&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5GIntro-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-5GIntro_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-5GIntro_202-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a>, Roy W. Hoover, and the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> (1993). The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco, pp. 1–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cocwp.org/2014/05/04/views-forgiveness/">VIEWS ON FORGIVENESS</a> South Seminole Church Of Christ. April 20, 2003. Accessed January 21, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2003" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Warren (2003). Pontius Pilate. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5113-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5113-5"><bdi>0-8146-5113-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontius+Pilate&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+MN&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8146-5113-5&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World. London: Psychology Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30585-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30585-3"><bdi>0-415-30585-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jews+in+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-30585-3&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2003" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (2003). Backgrounds of Early Christianity. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2221-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2221-5"><bdi>0-8028-2221-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backgrounds+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8028-2221-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus by William R. Herzog (Jul 4, 2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664225284" title="Special:BookSources/0664225284">0664225284</a> p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997197-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997197_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitherington_III1997">Witherington III 1997</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2014" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Daniel (2014). "Jesus, An Emerging Jewish Mosaic". In Charlesworth, James; Rhea, Brian; Pokorný, Petr (eds.). Jesus Research: New Methodologies and Perceptions: The Second Princeton-Prague Symposium on Jesus Research. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 76–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802867285" title="Special:BookSources/9780802867285"><bdi>9780802867285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus%2C+An+Emerging+Jewish+Mosaic&rft.btitle=Jesus+Research%3A+New+Methodologies+and+Perceptions%3A+The+Second+Princeton-Prague+Symposium+on+Jesus+Research&rft.pages=76-78&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780802867285&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrmanEvansStewart2020" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D.; Evans, Craig A.; Stewart, Robert B. (2020). Can we trust the Bible on the Historical Jesus? (First ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 6–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664265854" title="Special:BookSources/9780664265854"><bdi>9780664265854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+we+trust+the+Bible+on+the+Historical+Jesus%3F&rft.pages=6-8&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780664265854&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Herzog, W. R. (2005). Prophet and teacher: An introduction to the historical Jesus. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz19981–15-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz19981–15_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, pp. 1–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeggitt2019" class="citation journal cs1">Meggitt, Justin J. (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289048">"'More Ingenious than Learned'? Examining the Quest for the Non-Historical Jesus"</a>. New Testament Studies. 65 (4): 458–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688519000213">10.1017/S0028688519000213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203247861">203247861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=%27More+Ingenious+than+Learned%27%3F+Examining+the+Quest+for+the+Non-Historical+Jesus&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=458-459&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688519000213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203247861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meggitt&rft.aufirst=Justin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F289048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer1906" class="citation book cs1">Schweitzer, Albert (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Vn8AQAAQBAJ">The Quest of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-36048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-36048-2"><bdi>978-0-557-36048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+of+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Critical+Study+of+Its+Progress+from+Reimarus+to+Wrede&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=1906&rft.isbn=978-0-557-36048-2&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Vn8AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997136-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997136_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitherington_III1997">Witherington III 1997</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_15-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_15_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_15_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1993). The Historical Figure of Jesus. London; New York; Ringwood, Australia; Toronto, Ontario; and Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014499-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014499-4"><bdi>978-0-14-014499-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.place=London%3B+New+York%3B+Ringwood%2C+Australia%3B+Toronto%2C+Ontario%3B+and+Auckland%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014499-4&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casey2010-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_217-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Casey, Maurice</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC&q=Mary+Magdalene+supported+Jesus%27s+ministry&pg=PA194">Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching</a>. New York and London: T & T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXK0auknD0YC%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene%2Bsupported%2BJesus%2527s%2Bministry%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EhrmanAp130-218"><a href="#cite_ref-EhrmanAp130_218-0">^</a> Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium by Bart D. Ehrman (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195124731" title="Special:BookSources/0195124731">0195124731</a> Oxford University Press pp. </li> <li id="cite_note-DaleA32-219"><a href="#cite_ref-DaleA32_219-0">^</a> Dale Allison, Constructing Jesus: Memory, Imagination, and History 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801035856" title="Special:BookSources/0801035856">0801035856</a> p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a>, Jesus and the Victory of God (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996), pp. 329–365 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Green, J.B., Brown, J., & Perrin, N. (2018). Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. IVP. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Kinman, B. (1999). Parousia, Jesus "A-Triumphal" Entry, and the Fate of Jerusalem. Journal of Biblical Literature, 118(2), 279-294 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a href="/wiki/R._T._France" title="R. T. France">R. T. France</a>, The Gospel of Mark, New International Greek Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002), 498–543 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael F. Bird">Michael F. Bird</a> (2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logos.com/grow/hall-the-olivet-discourse//">The Olivet Discourse: Second Coming Prophesy or Prophetic Warning against Jerusalem?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> J. Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 111-14 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="/wiki/N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a> (2018), Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay, page 51-52, University of St. Andrews </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997108-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997108_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitherington_III1997">Witherington III 1997</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Vermes, Geza, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_the_Jew" title="Jesus the Jew">Jesus the Jew</a>: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels, Minneapolis, Fortress Press 1973. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III199798-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III199798_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitherington_III1997">Witherington III 1997</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-ScottK117-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScottK117_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottK117_230-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottK117_230-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottK117_230-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottK117_230-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottK117_230-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottK117_230-6">g</a> The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a> pp. 117–125 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaac2017127,_156-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaac2017127,_156_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaac2017">Isaac 2017</a>, p. 127, 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus</a> (3rd century BC), <a href="/wiki/Meleager_of_Gadara" title="Meleager of Gadara">Meleager</a> (1st century BC), and <a href="/wiki/Oenomaus_of_Gadara" title="Oenomaus of Gadara">Oenomaus</a> (2nd century CE), all came from Gadara. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> John Dominic Crossan, (1991), The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-061629-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-061629-6">0-06-061629-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Dr Craig L Blomberg (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805444823" title="Special:BookSources/0805444823">0805444823</a> p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitre2005" class="citation book cs1">Pitre, Brant James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQH8wAEACAAJ">Jesus, the Tribulation, and the End of the Exile: Restoration Eschatology and the Origin of the Atonement</a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148751-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148751-4"><bdi>978-3-16-148751-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+the+Tribulation%2C+and+the+End+of+the+Exile%3A+Restoration+Eschatology+and+the+Origin+of+the+Atonement&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148751-4&rft.aulast=Pitre&rft.aufirst=Brant+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQH8wAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997137–38-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997137–38_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitherington_III1997">Witherington III 1997</a>, pp. 137–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997137–138-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997137–138_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997137–138_237-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitherington_III1997">Witherington III 1997</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997161–163-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997161–163_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington_III1997161–163_238-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitherington_III1997">Witherington III 1997</a>, pp. 161–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon1967" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, Samuel George Frederick (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tIC7AAAAIAAJ">Jesus and the Zealots: A Study of the Political Factor in Primitive Christianity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Zealots%3A+A+Study+of+the+Political+Factor+in+Primitive+Christianity&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Samuel+George+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtIC7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubio2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rubio, Fernando Bermejo (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Hl7DwAAQBAJ">La invención de Jesús de Nazaret: Historia, ficción, historiografía</a> (in Spanish). Siglo XXI de España Editores. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-323-1921-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-323-1921-1"><bdi>978-84-323-1921-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+invenci%C3%B3n+de+Jes%C3%BAs+de+Nazaret%3A+Historia%2C+ficci%C3%B3n%2C+historiograf%C3%ADa&rft.pub=Siglo+XXI+de+Espa%C3%B1a+Editores&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-84-323-1921-1&rft.aulast=Rubio&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Bermejo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Hl7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2013" class="citation book cs1">Aslan, Reza (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrK5K4DeDbwC&q=zealot">Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Publishing Group">Random House Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60353-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60353-5"><bdi>978-0-679-60353-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zealot%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-679-60353-5&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrK5K4DeDbwC%26q%3Dzealot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffic2016" class="citation web cs1">Moffic, Evan (3 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/9370694/amp">"Was Jesus a Reform Rabbi?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Was+Jesus+a+Reform+Rabbi%3F&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft.aulast=Moffic&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.huffpost.com%2Fus%2Fentry%2F9370694%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Matthew (2007). From Rebel to Rabbi: Reclaiming Jesus and the Making of Modern Jewish Culture. Stanford University Press. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Rebel+to+Rabbi%3A+Reclaiming+Jesus+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Jewish+Culture&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Chilton, Bruce (2002), "Rabbi Jesus: An Intimate Biography" </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-245"><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Allen_Greene2012" class="citation web cs1">Richard Allen Greene (5 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226195211/https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/05/jews-reclaim-jesus-as-one-of-their-own/">"Jews reclaim Jesus as one of their own"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/05/jews-reclaim-jesus-as-one-of-their-own/">the original</a> on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Jews+reclaim+Jesus+as+one+of+their+own&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft.au=Richard+Allen+Greene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligion.blogs.cnn.com%2F2012%2F04%2F05%2Fjews-reclaim-jesus-as-one-of-their-own%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-more-246"><a href="#cite_ref-more_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_de_Vries2012" class="citation web cs1">Paul de Vries (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianpost.com/news/koshering-jesus-more-an-evangelical-review-of-shmuley-boteachs-kosher-jesus.html">"Koshering Jesus More: An Evangelical Review of Shmuley Boteach's 'Kosher Jesus'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Post">Christian Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Post&rft.atitle=Koshering+Jesus+More%3A+An+Evangelical+Review+of+Shmuley+Boteach%27s+%27Kosher+Jesus%27&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.au=Paul+de+Vries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Fkoshering-jesus-more-an-evangelical-review-of-shmuley-boteachs-kosher-jesus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> James the Brother of Jesus, Penguin, 1997–98, pp. 51–153 and 647–816. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertmprice.mindvendor.com/reviews/maccoby_pharisee.htm">"Review – Hyam Maccoby, Jesus the Pharisee reviewed by Robert M. Price"</a>. www.robertmprice.mindvendor.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.robertmprice.mindvendor.com&rft.atitle=Review+%E2%80%93+Hyam+Maccoby%2C+Jesus+the+Pharisee+reviewed+by+Robert+M.+Price&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertmprice.mindvendor.com%2Freviews%2Fmaccoby_pharisee.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Falk, Harvey (2003) "Jesus the Pharisee: A New Look at the Jewishness of Jesus" </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Mark Allan Powell, Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee p. 56; Morton Smith, Jesus the magician: charlatan or Son of God? </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Thomas_Stead1894" class="citation book cs1">William Thomas Stead, ed. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O40-YRkO0t8C&q=%22christian+anarchism%22">The review of reviews, Volume 9, 1894, p. 306</a>. Retrieved 20 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+review+of+reviews%2C+Volume+9%2C+1894%2C+p.+306&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO40-YRkO0t8C%26q%3D%2522christian%2Banarchism%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanizza1898" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panizza, Oskar (1898). "Christus in psicho-patologischer Beleuchtung". Zürcher Diskuszjonen (in German). 5 (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/782007054">782007054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z%C3%BCrcher+Diskuszjonen&rft.atitle=Christus+in+psicho-patologischer+Beleuchtung&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F782007054&rft.aulast=Panizza&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDüsterberg1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Düsterberg, Rolf (1988). Die gedrukte Freiheit: Oskar Panizza und die Zürcher Diskussjonen. Europäische Hochschulschriften; Reihe 1, Deutsche Sprache und Literatur; 1098 (in German). Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang. pp. 40–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8204-0288-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-8204-0288-8"><bdi>3-8204-0288-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+gedrukte+Freiheit%3A+Oskar+Panizza+und+die+Z%C3%BCrcher+Diskussjonen&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.series=Europ%C3%A4ische+Hochschulschriften%3B+Reihe+1%2C+Deutsche+Sprache+und+Literatur%3B+1098&rft.pages=40-91&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=3-8204-0288-8&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCsterberg&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller, Jürgen (1990). Oskar Panizza: Versuch einer immamenten Interpretation (in German). Würzburg. pp. 248–256. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/923572143">923572143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oskar+Panizza%3A+Versuch+einer+immamenten+Interpretation&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg&rft.pages=248-256&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F923572143&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Loosten1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Loosten, George (1905). Jesus Christus vom Standpunkte des Psychiaters = Jesus Christ from the Standpoint of a Psychiatrist (in German). Bamberg: Handels-Druckerei. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31247627">31247627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Christus+vom+Standpunkte+des+Psychiaters+%3D+Jesus+Christ+from+the+Standpoint+of+a+Psychiatrist&rft.place=Bamberg&rft.pub=Handels-Druckerei&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31247627&rft.aulast=de+Loosten&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch1912" class="citation book cs1">Hirsch, William (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionandcivi00hirsgoog">Religion and civilization – the conclusions of a psychiatrist</a>. New York: Truth Seeker. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/12002696">12002696</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39864035">39864035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+civilization+%E2%80%93+the+conclusions+of+a+psychiatrist&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Truth+Seeker&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39864035&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F12002696&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionandcivi00hirsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargant1974" class="citation journal cs1">Sargant, William (22 August 1974). "The movement in psychiatry away from the philosophical". <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>: 14. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>. <q>Perhaps, even earlier, Jesus Christ might simply have returned to his carpentry following the use of modern [psychiatric] treatments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+movement+in+psychiatry+away+from+the+philosophical&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1974-08-22&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Sargant&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorr1997" class="citation book cs1">Storr, Anthony (1997). Feet of Clay; Saints, Sinners, and Madmen: A Study of Gurus. New York: Free Press Paperbacks. pp. 141–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6848-3495-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6848-3495-5"><bdi>978-0-6848-3495-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feet+of+Clay%3B+Saints%2C+Sinners%2C+and+Madmen%3A+A+Study+of+Gurus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=141-147&rft.pub=Free+Press+Paperbacks&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-6848-3495-5&rft.aulast=Storr&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1327262/Anthony-Storr.html">"Obituary: Anthony Storr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. 21 March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1327262/Anthony-Storr.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Anthony+Storr&rft.date=2001-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1327262%2FAnthony-Storr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorr2015" class="citation book cs1">Storr, Anthony (19 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813081350/https://www.storytel.com/sg/en/books/607352-Feet-Of-Clay-The-Power-and-Charisma-of-Gurus">Feet Of Clay: The Power and Charisma of Gurus</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501122088" title="Special:BookSources/9781501122088"><bdi>9781501122088</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storytel.com/sg/en/books/607352-Feet-Of-Clay-The-Power-and-Charisma-of-Gurus">the original</a> on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feet+Of+Clay%3A+The+Power+and+Charisma+of+Gurus&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.isbn=9781501122088&rft.aulast=Storr&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.storytel.com%2Fsg%2Fen%2Fbooks%2F607352-Feet-Of-Clay-The-Power-and-Charisma-of-Gurus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersaud1993" class="citation web cs1">Persaud, Raj (27 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/health-a-madman-can-look-a-lot-like-a-messiah-there-is-no-easy-way-for-cult-followers-to-tell-if-1457692.html">"Health: A madman can look a lot like a messiah: There is no easy way for cult followers to tell if their leader is sane, says Raj Persaud"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 25 October 2018. <q>Two thousand years ago Jesus received a crown of thorns. Today the Messianic have electro-convulsive therapy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Health%3A+A+madman+can+look+a+lot+like+a+messiah%3A+There+is+no+easy+way+for+cult+followers+to+tell+if+their+leader+is+sane%2C+says+Raj+Persaud&rft.date=1993-04-27&rft.aulast=Persaud&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fhealth-and-families%2Fhealth-news%2Fhealth-a-madman-can-look-a-lot-like-a-messiah-there-is-no-easy-way-for-cult-followers-to-tell-if-1457692.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinet-Sanglé1908–1915" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Binet-Sanglé, Charles (1908–1915). La folie de Jésus = The Madness of Jesus (in French). Vol. 1–4. Paris: A. Maloine. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/08019439">08019439</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4560820">4560820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+folie+de+J%C3%A9sus+%3D+The+Madness+of+Jesus&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Maloine&rft.date=1908%2F1915&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4560820&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F08019439&rft.aulast=Binet-Sangl%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayCunninghamPrice2011" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Evan D.; Cunningham, Miles G.; Price, Bruce H. (September 2011). "The Role of Psychotic Disorders in Religious History Considered". Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 24 (4): 410–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.neuropsych.11090214">10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11090214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7222">1545-7222</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823065628">823065628</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23224447">23224447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neuropsychiatry+and+Clinical+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Psychotic+Disorders+in+Religious+History+Considered&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=410-426&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823065628&rft.issn=1545-7222&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23224447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.neuropsych.11090214&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Evan+D.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Miles+G.&rft.au=Price%2C+Bruce+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <a href="/wiki/New_English_Translation" title="New English Translation">New English Translation</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitlak2015" class="citation journal cs1">Citlak, Amadeusz (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.tnkul.pl/index.php/jpepsi/article/view/769/764">"Psychobiography of Jesus Christ in view of Władysław Witwicki's theory of cratism"</a>. Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration. 21 (1–2): 155–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fpepsi-2015-0007">10.2478/pepsi-2015-0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2300-0945">2300-0945</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151801662">151801662</a>. Retrieved 21 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Perspectives+of+Economic+Political+and+Social+Integration&rft.atitle=Psychobiography+of+Jesus+Christ+in+view+of+W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw+Witwicki%27s+theory+of+cratism&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=155-184&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151801662%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2300-0945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fpepsi-2015-0007&rft.aulast=Citlak&rft.aufirst=Amadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.tnkul.pl%2Findex.php%2Fjpepsi%2Farticle%2Fview%2F769%2F764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Karina Jarzyńska (racjonalista.pl), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racjonalista.pl/kk.php/s,5828">"Jezus jako egocentryczny schizotymik"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322065654/http://www.racjonalista.pl/kk.php/s,5828">Archived</a> 2019-03-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nowak, Leszek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119191924/http://www.opracowanie.eu/index.htm">"Prywatna Witryna Internetowa Leszka Nowaka"</a> [Private Website of Leszek Nowak]. opracowanie.eu (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opracowanie.eu/index.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opracowanie.eu&rft.atitle=Prywatna+Witryna+Internetowa+Leszka+Nowaka&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opracowanie.eu%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nowak, Leszek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201105355/http://opracowanie.eu/pomylka_2.htm">"Wielka pomyłka i rozczarowanie wczesnego chrześcijaństwa"</a> [A great mistake and disappointment of early Christianity]. opracowanie.eu (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opracowanie.eu/pomylka_2.htm">the original</a> on 1 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opracowanie.eu&rft.atitle=Wielka+pomy%C5%82ka+i+rozczarowanie+wczesnego+chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84stwa&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opracowanie.eu%2Fpomylka_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Barnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul W. Barnett">Barnett, Paul W.</a> (1997). Jesus and the Logic of History. <a href="/wiki/New_Studies_in_Biblical_Theology" title="New Studies in Biblical Theology">New Studies in Biblical Theology</a>. Vol. 3. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-512-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-512-2"><bdi>978-0-85111-512-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Logic+of+History&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.series=New+Studies+in+Biblical+Theology&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-85111-512-2&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Bauckham, Richard</a> (2011). Jesus: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957527-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957527-5"><bdi>978-0-19-957527-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957527-5&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009" class="citation book cs1">Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul Rhodes (2009). "The Quest for the Historical Jesus: An Introduction". In Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul Rhodes (eds.). The Historical Jesus: Five Views. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-83083-868-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-83083-868-4"><bdi>978-0-83083-868-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+An+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+Five+Views&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-83083-868-4&rft.aulast=Beilby&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft.au=Eddy%2C+Paul+Rhodes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyarin2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Boyarin, Daniel</a> (2012). The Jewish Gospels: the Story of the Jewish Christ. The New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-878-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-878-4"><bdi>978-1-59558-878-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Gospels%3A+the+Story+of+the+Jewish+Christ&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-878-4&rft.aulast=Boyarin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym">The Death of the Messiah: from Gethsemane to the Grave</a>. New York: Anchor Bible. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49449-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49449-6"><bdi>978-0-385-49449-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+the+Messiah%3A+from+Gethsemane+to+the+Grave&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Bible&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-385-49449-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathofmessiahvo00raym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond Edward; Fitzmyer, Joseph A.; Murphy, Roland Edmund (1990). The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-614934-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-614934-0"><bdi>0-13-614934-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Jerome+Biblical+Commentary&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-13-614934-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft.au=Fitzmyer%2C+Joseph+A.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Roland+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurridgeGould2004" class="citation book cs1">Burridge, Richard A.; Gould, Graham (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr">Jesus Now and Then</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802809773" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802809773"><bdi>978-0802809773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Now+and+Then&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0802809773&rft.aulast=Burridge&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Gould%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusnowthen0000burr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Craffert, Pieter F. and Botha, Pieter J. J. "Why Jesus Could Walk On The Sea But He Could Not Read And Write." Neotestamenica. 39.1, 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock2002" class="citation book cs1">Bock, Darrell L. (2002). Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2451-1"><bdi>978-0-8010-2451-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Guide+to+Sources+and+Methods&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2451-1&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Darrell+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossan1994" class="citation book cs1">Crossan, John Dominic (1994). Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. San Francisco: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-061661-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-061661-X"><bdi>0-06-061661-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Revolutionary+Biography&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-06-061661-X&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossleyMyles2023" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, James; Myles, Robert J. (2023). Jesus: A Life in Class Conflict. Zero. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80341-082-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80341-082-1"><bdi>978-1-80341-082-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Life+in+Class+Conflict&rft.pub=Zero&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-80341-082-1&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Myles%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2005" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2005). "The Tradition". In Dunn, James D. G.; McKnight, Scot (eds.). The Historical Jesus in Recent Research. Eisenbrauns.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Recent+Research&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1999" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm">Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</a>. New York: Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512473-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512473-6"><bdi>978-0-19-512473-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512473-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusapocalyptic00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiensy2007" class="citation book cs1">Fiensy, David A. (2007). Jesus the Galilean: soundings in a first century life. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-313-3"><bdi>978-1-59333-313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+Galilean%3A+soundings+in+a+first+century+life&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Gorgias&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-313-3&rft.aulast=Fiensy&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen2000" class="citation book cs1">Fredriksen, Paula (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusofnazarethk00paul_0">Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity</a>. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76746-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76746-6"><bdi>978-0-679-76746-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%2C+King+of+the+Jews%3A+A+Jewish+Life+and+the+Emergence+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-679-76746-6&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusofnazarethk00paul_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gnilka, Joachim.; Jesus of Nazareth: Message and History, Hendrickson Publishers, 1997.</li> <li>Gowler, David B.; What Are They Saying About the Historical Jesus?, Paulist Press, 2007,</li> <li>Loke, Andrew Ter Ern. The Origin of Divine Christology. Cambridge University Press. 2017.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1977" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1977). Jesus: A Historian's Review of the Gospels. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-14889-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-14889-7"><bdi>0-684-14889-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Historian%27s+Review+of+the+Gospels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-684-14889-7&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actsofjesuswhatd00robe">The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus</a>. San Francisco: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-062978-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-062978-6"><bdi>978-0-06-062978-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+Jesus%3A+The+Search+for+the+Authentic+Deeds+of+Jesus&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-06-062978-6&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factsofjesuswhatd00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHARRIS1991" class="citation book cs1">HARRIS, William V. (1991). Ancient Literacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-03380-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-03380-9"><bdi>0-674-03380-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Literacy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-674-03380-9&rft.aulast=HARRIS&rft.aufirst=William+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández_ValenciaGómez_Erazo2024" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hernández Valencia, Juan Sebastián; Gómez Erazo, Manuel David (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18566%2Fcueteo.v51n116.a01">"La tercerca investigación del Jesús histórico y sus agendas: fase metacrítica de la investigación"</a>. Cuestiones Teológicas (in Spanish). 51 (116). Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana: 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18566%2Fcueteo.v51n116.a01">10.18566/cueteo.v51n116.a01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0120-131X">0120-131X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuestiones+Teol%C3%B3gicas&rft.atitle=La+tercerca+investigaci%C3%B3n+del+Jes%C3%BAs+hist%C3%B3rico+y+sus+agendas%3A+fase+metacr%C3%ADtica+de+la+investigaci%C3%B3n&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=116&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18566%2Fcueteo.v51n116.a01&rft.issn=0120-131X&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez+Valencia&rft.aufirst=Juan+Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez+Erazo%2C+Manuel+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18566%252Fcueteo.v51n116.a01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Isaac" title="Benjamin Isaac">Isaac, Benjamin</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAtDwAAQBAJ">Empire and Ideology in the Graeco-Roman World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13589-5"><bdi>978-1-107-13589-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Ideology+in+the+Graeco-Roman+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-13589-5&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009" class="citation book cs1">Kostenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott; Quarles, Charles L. (2009). The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament. B&H Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-4365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle%2C+the+Cross%2C+and+the+Crown%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3&rft.aulast=Kostenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=Kellum%2C+L.+Scott&rft.au=Quarles%2C+Charles+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">Meier, John P.</a> <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier#A_Marginal_Jew:_Rethinking_the_Historical_Jesus" title="John P. Meier">A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus</a>, Doubleday, <ul><li>v. 1, The Roots of the Problem and the Person, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-26425-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-26425-9">0-385-26425-9</a></li> <li>v. 2, Mentor, Message, and Miracles, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-46992-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-46992-6">0-385-46992-6</a></li> <li>v. 3, Companions and Competitors, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-46993-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-46993-4">0-385-46993-4</a></li> <li>v. 4, Law and Love, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14096-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14096-5">978-0-300-14096-5</a></li> <li>v. 5, Probing the Authenticity of the Parables, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21190-0">978-0-300-21190-0</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_O%27Collins" title="Gerald O'Collins">O'Collins, G.</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesus:_A_Portrait" title="Jesus: A Portrait">Jesus: A Portrait</a>. Darton, Longman and Todd: 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0232527193" title="Special:BookSources/978-0232527193">978-0232527193</a></li> <li>O'Collins, G. <a href="/wiki/Christology:_A_Biblical,_Historical,_and_Systematic_Study_of_Jesus" title="Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus">Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus</a>. OUP: 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199557875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199557875">978-0199557875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> Jesus and Judaism. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 1987.</li> <li>Sanders, E. P. The Historical Figure of Jesus. Lane The Penguin Press: 1993.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Schweitzer, Albert</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questhistorical00schwgoog">The Quest of the Historical Jesus</a>. London: Adam and Charles Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pub=London%3A+Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquesthistorical00schwgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenWinter2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Theissen, Gerd</a>; Winter, Dagmar (2002). The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22537-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22537-3"><bdi>0-664-22537-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Plausible+Jesus%3A+The+Question+of+Criteria&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-664-22537-3&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Winter%2C+Dagmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; <a href="/wiki/Annette_Merz" title="Annette Merz">Merz, Annette</a> (1998). The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide. SCM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780334026969" title="Special:BookSources/9780334026969"><bdi>9780334026969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pub=SCM&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780334026969&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" class="citation book cs1">Van Voorst, R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC">Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</a>. Studying the Historical Jesus. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-4368-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.series=Studying+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwzliMSRGGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermès2001" class="citation book cs1">Vermès, Géza (2001). Jesus the Jew. SCM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02839-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-02839-6"><bdi>0-334-02839-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+Jew&rft.pub=SCM&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-334-02839-6&rft.aulast=Verm%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitherington_III1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Witherington III, Ben</a> (1997) [1995]. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth (2nd ed.). InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0830815449" title="Special:BookSources/0830815449"><bdi>0830815449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Quest%3A+The+Third+Search+for+the+Jew+of+Nazareth&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0830815449&rft.aulast=Witherington+III&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Wright, N. T.</a> Christian Origins and the Question of God, a projected six-volume series of which three have been published under: <ul><li>v. 1, The New Testament and the People of God. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 1992.;</li> <li>v. 2, Jesus and the Victory of God. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 1997.;</li> <li>v. 3, The Resurrection of the Son of God. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 2003.</li></ul></li> <li>Wright, N. T. The Challenge of Jesus: Rediscovering who Jesus was and is. IVP 1996</li> <li>Yaghjian, Lucretia. "Ancient Reading," in Richard Rohrbaugh, ed., The Social Sciences in New Testament Interpretation. Hendrickson Publishers: 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-410-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56563-410-1">1-56563-410-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Historical_Jesus" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ">"Jesus Christ"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. The first section, on Jesus' life and ministry</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220095403/http://www.brill.com/journal-study-historical-jesus">Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Bible_and_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Bible_and_history" title="Template:The Bible and history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Bible_and_history" title="Template talk:The Bible and history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Bible_and_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Bible and history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Bible_and_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">The Bible and history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Jesus in comparative mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/80px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/160px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">sources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artifacts_in_biblical_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artifacts in biblical archaeology">List of artifacts in biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of burial places of biblical figures">List of burial places of biblical figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts" title="List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts">List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">List of New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">List of New Testament uncials</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historiography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historiography" title="Template:Historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historiography" title="Template talk:Historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historians" title="List of historians">list</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_historians_by_area_of_study" title="List of historians by area of study">by area of study</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians" title="Category:Historians">historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historicity" title="Category:Historicity">historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history" title="Category:Theories of history">theories of history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_source" title="Historical source">Historical sources</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">Primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">Secondary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">Tertiary sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">Facsimiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_document" title="Historical document">Historical documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logbook" title="Logbook">Logbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_diary" title="War diary">War diaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_record" title="Service record">Service records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fields_of_study" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Fields of study</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">Local history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">Microhistory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science">template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicology" title="Codicology">Books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorography" title="Chorography">Chorography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">dating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">Diplomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedistics" title="Encyclopaedistics">Encyclopaedistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics (Money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">Oral history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">preservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">Ecology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geistesgeschichte" title="Geistesgeschichte">Geistesgeschichte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_ecclesiastic_historiography" title="Medieval ecclesiastic historiography">Medieval churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Military historiography">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history" title="Constitutional history">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_history" title="Gender history">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history" title="Labor history">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">Rural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Methodology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Methodology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Historical eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarikh" title="Tarikh">Tarikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Approaches,_schools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches, schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annales_school" title="Annales school">Annales school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mentalities" title="History of mentalities">History of mentalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_histoire" title="Nouvelle histoire">Nouvelle histoire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiometry" title="Historiometry">Historiometry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">Cliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative historical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_historiography" title="Critical historiography">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">Decoloniality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_anthropology" title="Historical anthropology">Historical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical-critical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_historiography" title="Humanistic historiography">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiscipline_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiscipline of history (page does not exist)">Indiscipline of history</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisciplina_da_hist%C3%B3ria" class="extiw" title="pt:Indisciplina da história">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist historiography">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_civilisation" title="Ancestral civilisation">Ancestral civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_history" title="Nationalization of history">Nationalization of history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_Studies" title="Subaltern Studies">Subaltern Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_history" title="Popular history">Pop history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_history" title="Transnational history">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">Great Man theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_and_continuity" title="Change and continuity">Change and continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_significance" title="Historical significance">Historical significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiology">Historiology</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiolog%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Historiología">es</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of history (page does not exist)">Theory of history</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorie_der_Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Theorie der Geschichte">de</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge" title="Coloniality of knowledge">Coloniality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian%27s_fallacy" title="Historian's fallacy">Historian's fallacy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation theory">Modernisation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">Narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">Pax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Paxes" title="Template:Paxes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">Thirty-year rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhistoricity" title="Transhistoricity">Transhistoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a> / <a href="/wiki/Translatio_studii" title="Translatio studii">Translatio studii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Periodization_ofmodern_history" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodization of <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century" title="Long eighteenth century">Long 18th</a> / <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_thesis" title="Continuity thesis">Continuity thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By country or region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Pyramid construction techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Egypt_Thesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Egypt Thesis (page does not exist)">Black Egypt Thesis</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_del_Egipto_Negro" class="extiw" title="es:Hipótesis del Egipto Negro">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopia</a></li> <li>Morocco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rwanda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)" title="Double genocide theory (Rwanda)">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maafa" title="Maafa">Maafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-hinterland_thesis" title="Metropolitan-hinterland thesis">Metropolitan-hinterland thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_history_wars" title="Canadian history wars">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">Staples thesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population history</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Argentina" title="Historiography of Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Historiography of the May Revolution">May Revolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Causes of the May Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical revisionism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Revisionist</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Revisionismo histórico en Argentina">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828#Historiography" title="Iquicha War of 1825–1828">Iquicha Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Colonial_Spanish_America" title="Historiography of Colonial Spanish America">Colonial Spanish America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history#Historiography" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">Neoabolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Legacy_and_historiography" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">Consensus history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_in_the_United_States" title="Political history in the United States">Political history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Eras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_historians" title="Progressive historians">Progressive-era historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Albania" title="Historiography of Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dealbanisation" title="Dealbanisation">Dealbanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_myth" title="Habsburg myth">Habsburg myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae_controversies" title="Balhae controversies">Balhae</a></li> <li>Belarus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litvinism" title="Litvinism">Litvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_historiography" title="Bulgarian historiography">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Byzantine Empire</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Geschichtsschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Byzantinische Geschichtsschreibung">de</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Early</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Ранневизантийская историография">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_historiography" title="Croatian historiography">Croatia</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_ancient_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of ancient Europe (page does not exist)">Ancient</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Античная историография">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval historiography">Medieval</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Средневековая историография">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Age_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Age historiography (page does not exist)">New Age</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Нового времени">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_historiography" title="Hellenic historiography">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiography" title="Korean nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies" title="Goguryeo controversies">Goguryeo controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia" title="Historiography in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">Early settlements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiograpy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiograpy of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_de_Portugal" class="extiw" title="pt:Historiografia de Portugal">pt</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland_theory" title="Götaland theory">Götaland theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwanese_historiography" title="History of Taiwanese historiography">Taiwan</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters" title="Trưng sisters">Trưng sisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy#Historiography" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Romanisation" title="Historiography of Romanisation">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of Western Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_ancient_Rome" title="Prosopography of ancient Rome">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Ottoman claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_thousand_years_of_Chinese_civilization" title="Five thousand years of Chinese civilization">5000-year civilization assertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wunu_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wunu School (page does not exist)">Wunu School</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:无奴派">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_dynasty" title="Conquest dynasty">Conquest dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_Chineseness_of_the_Yuan_and_Qing_dynasties" title="Debate on the Chineseness of the Yuan and Qing dynasties">"Chineseness" debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China" title="Golden ages of China">Golden ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement#Evaluation" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouts_of_capitalism" title="Sprouts of capitalism">Sprouts of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)" title="Cordon sanitaire (international relations)">Cordon sanitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankish_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankish Interregnum (page does not exist)">Frankish Interregnum</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interr%C3%A8gne_franc" class="extiw" title="fr:Interrègne franc">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Grand Siècle">Grand Siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Saracen_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legendary Saracen in France (page does not exist)">Legendary Saracen</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gendaire_sarrasin_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Légendaire sarrasin en France">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiographical_debate_on_the_location_of_Al%C3%A9sia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiographical debate on the location of Alésia (page does not exist)">Location of Alésia</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_d%C3%A9bat_sur_la_localisation_d%27Al%C3%A9sia" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du débat sur la localisation d'Alésia">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Lyon (page does not exist)">Lyon</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_de_Lyon" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie de Lyon">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturgeschichte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strukturgeschichte (page does not exist)">Strukturgeschichte</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturgeschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Strukturgeschichte">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybel-Ficker_controversy" title="Sybel-Ficker controversy">Sybel-Ficker controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_India" title="Historiography of India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indocentrism" title="Indocentrism">Indocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland#Historiography" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Analysis_of_the_government's_role" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/More_Irish_than_the_Irish_themselves" title="More Irish than the Irish themselves">More Irish than the Irish themselves</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Ireland)" title="Revisionism (Ireland)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Revolutionary period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy#Historiography" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiae_Patriae_Monumenta" title="Historiae Patriae Monumenta">Historiae Patriae Monumenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Series_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Historical Series of the Bank of Italy">Historical Series of the Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italiani brava gente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_italicarum_scriptores" title="Rerum italicarum scriptores">Rerum italicarum scriptores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty#Assessment" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)#In_popular_culture" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland#Reasons,_legality_and_justifications" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_about_Polish_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography about Polish People's Republic (page does not exist)">Polish People's Republic</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_PRL" class="extiw" title="pl:Historiografia PRL">pl</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Revolution_Russian_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Revolution Russian historiography (page does not exist)">Pre-Revolutionary Russia</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Российская дореволюционная историография">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeptic_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeptic School (page does not exist)">Skeptic School</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Скептическая школа">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution#Historiography" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor genocide question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">Holodomor in modern politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">Black legend</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)#White_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">White legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_on_Carlism_during_the_Francoist_era" title="Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era">Carlism in the Francoist era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpieza_de_sangre_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpieza de sangre controversy (page does not exist)">Limpieza de sangre controversy</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre#Los_estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre,_¿el_origen_del_racismo_europeo?" class="extiw" title="es:Estatutos de limpieza de sangre">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_revolution_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic revolution of Spain (page does not exist)">Islamic revolution of Spain</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_revoluci%C3%B3n_isl%C3%A1mica_en_Occidente" class="extiw" title="es:La revolución islámica en Occidente">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty#Controversy_over_whether_the_American_Viceroyalties_were_Colonies_or_Provinces" title="Viceroyalty">Colonies or Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_decline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish decline (page does not exist)">Spanish decline</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadencia_espa%C3%B1ola" class="extiw" title="es:Decadencia española">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ser de España (page does not exist)">Ser de España</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Ser de España">es</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Scotland" title="Historiography of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Stone_theory" title="Westminster Stone theory">Westminster Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_over_the_gentry" title="Storm over the gentry">Storm over the gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Suffragette Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_myth" title="Tudor myth">Tudor myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent#Legacy" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BritishEmpire" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_(imperial_history)" title="Cambridge School (imperial history)">Cambridge School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%E2%80%93MacKenzie_debate" title="Porter–MacKenzie debate">Porter–MacKenzie debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_colonial_occupation" title="Second colonial occupation">Second colonial occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Colonial Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_war,_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By war, conflict</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a> (1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_person" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By person</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Historiography of Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Historiography of Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Evaluations_of_Husseini's_historical_significance" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#Assessments_and_legacy" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Cato_the_Younger" title="Legacy of Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara" title="Legacy of Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Ching-kuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Ching-kuo (page does not exist)">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣經國的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Kai Shek (page does not exist)">Chiang Kai Shek</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣中正的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#Historiography" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism#Initial_Western_reactions" title="Palamism">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Legacy of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia#Legacy" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Jiang Zemin (page does not exist)">Jiang Zemin</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對江澤民的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Joseph_Stalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Joseph Stalin (page does not exist)">Joseph Stalin</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87#Мнения_и_оценки_личности_Сталина" class="extiw" title="ru:Сталин, Иосиф Виссарионович">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn#Historiography" title="Legacy of José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_assessment_of_Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Louis_Riel" title="Historiography of Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Mao_Zedong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Mao Zedong (page does not exist)">Mao Zedong</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:对中国共产党的评论">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain#Legacy_and_reputation" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Legacy" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_personality_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cult of personality of Simón Bolívar (page does not exist)">Cult of personality</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_a_la_personalidad_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Culto a la personalidad de Simón Bolívar">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin#Recognition_and_legacy" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sun_Yat_Tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Sun Yat Tse (page does not exist)">Sun Yat Tse</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對孫中山的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas#Legacy,_veneration,_and_modern_reception" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Historical reputation of Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Yuan_Shikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Yuan Shikai (page does not exist)">Yuan Shikai</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對袁世凱的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhou_Enlai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhou Enlai (page does not exist)">Zhou Enlai</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對周恩來的評價">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhuge_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhuge Liang (page does not exist)">Zhuge Liang</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對諸葛亮的評價">zh</a>]</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historicalrankings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_heads_of_government" title="Historical rankings of heads of government">Historical rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany">Modern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Beatles" title="Cultural impact of the Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_studies" title="Lovecraft studies">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_history_of_Jane_Austen" title="Reception history of Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Muhammad">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Madonna" title="Cultural impact of Madonna">Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bears_in_antiquity" title="Bears in antiquity">Bears in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_of_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis of historiography (page does not exist)">Crisis of historiography</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_da_historiografia" class="extiw" title="pt:Crise da historiografia">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_feudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professionalization_and_institutionalization_of_history" title="Professionalization and institutionalization of history">Professionalization and institutionalization of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_salon" title="Historiography of the salon">Salons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization">Western European colonialism and colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession" title="Causes of the Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li>School of Thoughts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_religion" title="Historiography of religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Avestan geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy#Opposition" title="Papal supremacy">Opposition to Papal supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">Islamic golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites#Legacy" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council#Controversies" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics_of_Vatican_Council_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II (page does not exist)">Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica_del_Concilio_Vaticano_II" class="extiw" title="it:Ermeneutica del Concilio Vaticano II">it</a>]</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation#Conclusion_and_legacy" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits#Controversies" title="Jesuits">Jesuit historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern Jewish history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools of thought <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbabylonism" title="Panbabylonism">Panbabylonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions_school" title="History of religions school">Religionsgeschichtliche Schule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)" title="Roman School (history of religion)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_science" title="Historiography of science">Science</a> / Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">Protestant Ethic and Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development" title="Heroic theory of invention and scientific development">Heroic theory of invention and scientific development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations,_publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations, publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers" title="List of heritage registers">Heritage registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_society" title="Historical society">Historical society</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_societies" title="List of historical societies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_institutes" class="extiw" title="c:History institutes">History institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_journals" title="List of history journals">History journals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_journals" title="Template:History journals">template</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Commemorative plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical realism">Historical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction" title="Historiographic metafiction">Historiographic metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geographic_information_system" title="Historical geographic information system">Historical geographic information system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Historiography" title="Category:Historiography">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Historiography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Historiography">Multimedia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51666#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51666#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51666#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120370699">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2786149108448068780006">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/89514/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118557513">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565948">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35246449">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07286978X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200901348">Korea</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/880655">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027325636">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&oldid=1258483415">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&oldid=1258483415</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Category:Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_overkill" title="Category:Citation overkill">Citation overkill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_tagged_with_the_inline_citation_overkill_template_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from October 2024">Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from October 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 00:16 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_Jesus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-szrlp","wgBackendResponseTime":211,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.200","walltime":"3.556","ppvisitednodes":{"value":41949,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":721535,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30743,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":77,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":816069,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2980.239 1 -total"," 43.79% 1305.108 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.93% 772.823 124 Template:Cite_book"," 12.37% 368.731 76 Template:ISBN"," 10.70% 318.934 18 Template:Navbox"," 7.68% 228.848 1 Template:Historiography"," 7.54% 224.603 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 7.11% 212.043 35 Template:Sfn"," 7.01% 208.944 29 Template:Rp"," 6.58% 195.976 29 Template:R/superscript"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.663","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10584441,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllison2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAslan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaird1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnett1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauckham2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinet-Sanglé1908–1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirch2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlomberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBock2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBockmuehl2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyarin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandon1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurridgeGould2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasey2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCharlesworthPokorny2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiltonEvans1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiltonEvans2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCitlak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCrossan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossanWatts1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossley2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossleyMyles2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesSanders2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunnMcKnight2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDüsterberg1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddyBoyd2007\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrmanEvansStewart2020\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFErhman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerda2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerda2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiensy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredriksen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunk1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroetsch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHARRIS1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández_ValenciaGómez_Erazo2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirsch1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoehner1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoehner1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmannLarue1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmén2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoulden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHägerland2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_F._McGrath\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_P._Meier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeener2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeithLe_Donne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKidd2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKostenbergerL._Scott_KellumCharles_L._Quarles2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöstenberger1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongenecker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClymond2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeggitt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchellYoung2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoffic2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayCunninghamPrice2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovak2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPaget2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanizza1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_de_Vries2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelikan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkinson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPersaud1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitre2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorterHayesTombs2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Allen_Greene2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Dawkins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubio2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargant1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreckenbergKurt_Schubert1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweitzer1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweitzer1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchäfer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoulenSoulen,_R._Kendall2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorr1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorr2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelford1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheissenMerz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheissenMerz1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTheissenMerz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheissenWinter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckett2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Voorst2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVardamanYamauchi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermès2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoorst2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebbBock2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Thomas_Stead1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitherington_III1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Loosten1905\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 124,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Jesus, Historical\"] = 1,\n [\"Excessive citations inline\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Historiography\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 76,\n [\"Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesus footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 5,\n [\"Rp\"] = 29,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 35,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 10,\n [\"The Bible and history\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","19.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","12.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","9.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","5.2"],["(for generator)","60","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","3.1"],["[others]","400","20.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-l2lmx","timestamp":"20241122140644","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Historical Jesus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historical_Jesus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51666","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51666","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-01T00:44:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T00:16:06Z","headline":"Jesus as a historical person"}</script> </body> </html>