CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html class="no-js" lang="en-us"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://analytics.notify.elsevier.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://sp.notify.elsevier.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.cookielaw.org"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://js-agent.newrelic.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://images.ctfassets.net"/><link rel="icon" href="/images/elsevier-favicon.png" type="image/png"/><link rel="icon" href="/images/elsevier-favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/images/elsevier-apple-touch-icon.png"/><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="0-8Ig3YtfzbeUxQdZ-TM_y8P_se41D4JrW3e0o8xgdk"/><script>;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={allow_bfcache:true,distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:false},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"3344122",trustKey:"2038175",agentID:"1588666277",licenseKey:"NRJS-8ad1606bcb8deff2157",applicationID:"1588666277"}; ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"NRJS-8ad1606bcb8deff2157",applicationID:"1588666277",sa:1}; ;(()=>{var e,t,r={9071:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>n});var n=0,i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);i&&(n=+i[1])},6562:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>p,Mt:()=>v,C5:()=>f,DL:()=>y,OP:()=>k,lF:()=>H,Yu:()=>E,Dg:()=>g,CX:()=>d,GE:()=>w,sU:()=>L});var n={};r.r(n),r.d(n,{agent:()=>A,match:()=>S,version:()=>O});var i=r(6797),o=r(909),a=r(8610);class s{constructor(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,a.Z)("New setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,a.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");Object.assign(this,t),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;const n=(0,o.q)(t);n.length&&r&&"object"==typeof r&&n.forEach((e=>{e in r&&((0,a.Z)('"'.concat(e,'" is a protected attribute and can not be changed in feature ').concat(t,". It will have no effect.")),delete r[e])})),this[t]=r}))}catch(e){(0,a.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}}const c={beacon:i.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:i.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},u={};function f(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!u[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return u[e]}function d(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");u[e]=new s(t,c),(0,i.Qy)(e,u[e],"info")}const l={allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}},h={};function p(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!h[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return h[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");h[e]=new s(t,l),(0,i.Qy)(e,h[e],"config")}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=p(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const m={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},b={};function y(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!b[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return b[e]}function w(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");b[e]=new s(t,m),(0,i.Qy)(e,b[e],"loader_config")}const E=(0,i.mF)().o;var T=r(2053),A=null,O=null;if(navigator.userAgent){var x=navigator.userAgent,_=x.match(/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/);_&&-1===x.indexOf("Chrome")&&-1===x.indexOf("Chromium")&&(A="Safari",O=_[1])}function S(e,t){if(!A)return!1;if(e!==A)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!O)return!1;for(var r=O.split("."),n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length;i++)if(n[i]!==r[i])return!1;return!0}var j=r(5526),P=r(2374);const D="NRBA_SESSION_ID";function N(){if(!P.il)return null;try{let e;return null===(e=window.sessionStorage.getItem(D))&&(e=(0,j.ky)(16),window.sessionStorage.setItem(D,e)),e}catch(e){return null}}var C=r(8226);const I=e=>({customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:(0,T.yf)(),onerror:void 0,origin:""+P._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},sessionId:1==v(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")?N():null,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof P._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,userAgent:n,version:C.q}),R={};function k(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!R[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return R[e]}function L(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");R[e]=new s(t,I(e)),(0,i.Qy)(e,R[e],"runtime")}function H(e){return function(e){try{const t=f(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},8226:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{q:()=>n});const n="1227.PROD"},9557:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(8610);const i={agentIdentifier:""};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},4329:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>f,R:()=>c});var n=r(3752),i=r(7022),o=r(4045),a=r(2325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function f(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=Array.from(s[e]);function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)d(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function d(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},3752:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{c:()=>d,ee:()=>u});var n=r(6797),i=r(3916),o=r(7022),a=r(6562),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function f(){}function d(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new f}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},d={},p=!1;try{p=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var g={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:m,get:E,listeners:w,context:v,buffer:T,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:A,debugId:r,backlog:p?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return g;function v(e){return e&&e instanceof f?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function m(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=v(n),s=w(e),f=s.length,d=0;d<f;d++)s[d].apply(a,r);var l=O()[c[e]];return l&&l.push([g,e,r,a]),a}}function b(e,t){n[e]=w(e).concat(t)}function y(e,t){var r=n[e];if(r)for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)}function w(e){return n[e]||[]}function E(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(g,t)}function T(e,t){var r=O();g.aborted||(0,o.D)(e,(function(e,n){t=t||"feature",c[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))}function A(e){return!!O()[c[e]]}function O(){return g.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=u)},9252:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(3752).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4045:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(9252);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},8544:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(2374);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}},5526:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ht:()=>a,M:()=>o,Rl:()=>i,ky:()=>s});var n=r(2374);function i(){var e=null,t=0,r=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;function i(){return e?15&e[t++]:16*Math.random()|0}r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,a="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",s="",c=0;c<a.length;c++)s+="x"===(o=a[c])?i().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&i()|8).toString(16):o;return s}function o(){return s(16)}function a(){return s(32)}function s(e){var t=null,r=0,n=self.crypto||self.msCrypto;n&&n.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(t=n.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],o=0;o<e;o++)i.push(a().toString(16));return i.join("");function a(){return t?15&t[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}}},2053:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{nb:()=>s,os:()=>c,yf:()=>a,zO:()=>o});var n=(new Date).getTime(),i=n;function o(){return performance?.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(n=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),n))-i}function a(){return n}function s(e){i=e}function c(){return i}},6625:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{s:()=>a,v:()=>s});var n=r(8283),i=r(2053),o=r(2374);let a=!0;function s(e){var t=function(){a=!1;const e=o._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||o._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart;if(!e)return;return Math.round(e)}();t&&((0,n.B)(e,"starttime",t),(0,i.nb)(t))}},8283:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{B:()=>o,L:()=>a});var n=r(2053),i={};function o(e,t,r){void 0===r&&(r=(0,n.zO)()+(0,n.os)()),i[e]=i[e]||{},i[e][t]=r}function a(e,t,r,n){const o=e.sharedContext.agentIdentifier;var a=i[o]?.[r],s=i[o]?.[n];void 0!==a&&void 0!==s&&e.store("measures",t,{value:s-a})}},2545:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>c});var n=r(9071),i=r(8544),o=r(8305),a=r(2374),s=r(6998);if(a.v6){a._A.cleanupTasks=[];const e=a._A.close;a._A.close=()=>{for(let e of a._A.cleanupTasks)e();e()}}function c(e,t){if(a.il)if(t)(0,s.N)(e,!0),(0,i.bP)("pagehide",e);else{var r=(0,o.Z)(e);!n.I||navigator.sendBeacon?(0,i.bP)("pagehide",r):(0,i.bP)("beforeunload",r),(0,i.bP)("unload",r)}else a.v6&&a._A.cleanupTasks.push(e)}},6368:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(2374),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},8610:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){console&&console.warn&&"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},3916:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},2374:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,lW:()=>a,v6:()=>i});const n=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document),i=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator);let o=(()=>{if(n)return window;if(i){if("undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return globalThis;if(self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return self}throw new Error('New Relic browser agent shutting down due to error: Unable to locate global scope. This is possibly due to code redefining browser global variables like "self" and "window".')})();function a(){return o}},7022:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t){var r=[],i="",o=0;for(i in e)n.call(e,i)&&(r[o]=t(i,e[i]),o+=1);return r}},8305:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>o});var n=r(8683),i=r.n(n);function o(e){var t,r=!1;return function(){return r?t:(r=!0,t=e.apply(this,i()(arguments)))}}},2650:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},6797:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>f,mF:()=>s});var n=r(2053),i=r(2374);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.zO)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function f(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},6998:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i,e:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1];return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t){if("hidden"!=document.visibilityState)return;e()}e(document.visibilityState)}))}function o(){return"hidden"===document.visibilityState?-1:1/0}},6408:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(2374);function i(){return"function"==typeof n._A?.PerformanceObserver}},8675:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.ajax},8322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},6034:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(2325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6486:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageAction},2484:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewEvent},6382:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewTiming},2628:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.r(t),r.d(t,{ADD_EVENT_LISTENER:()=>g,BST_RESOURCE:()=>a,BST_TIMER:()=>l,END:()=>u,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FN_END:()=>d,FN_START:()=>f,ORIG_EVENT:()=>p,PUSH_STATE:()=>h,RESOURCE:()=>s,RESOURCE_TIMING_BUFFER_FULL:()=>o,START:()=>c});var n=r(6562);const i=r(2325).D.sessionTrace,o="resourcetimingbufferfull",a="bstResource",s="resource",c="-start",u="-end",f="fn"+c,d="fn"+u,l="bstTimer",h="pushState",p=n.Yu.EV,g="addEventListener"},755:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.r(t),r.d(t,{BODY:()=>T,CB_END:()=>A,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>E,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>x,FETCH_BODY:()=>m,FETCH_DONE:()=>v,FETCH_START:()=>g,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>f,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>p,JS_TIME:()=>O,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>d,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(6562);r(2374);const i=r(2325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",f="api-ixn-",d="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",v="fetch-done",m="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",E="-end",T="-body",A="cb"+E,O="jsTime",x="fetch"},1509:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>s});var n=r(6562),i=r(3752),o=r(2384),a=r(6797);class s{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1,this.checkConfiguration()}checkConfiguration(){if(!(0,n.lF)(this.agentIdentifier)){let e={...(0,a.gG)().info?.jsAttributes};try{e={...e,...(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier)?.jsAttributes}}catch(e){}(0,o.j)(this.agentIdentifier,{...(0,a.gG)(),info:{...(0,a.gG)().info,jsAttributes:e}})}}}},2384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>w});var n=r(8683),i=r.n(n),o=r(2325),a=r(6562),s=r(9252),c=r(7022),u=r(3752),f=r(2053),d=r(4329),l=r(2650),h=r(2374),p=r(8610),g=r(6034);function v(e){["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&e.api[t](...n)}))}(t,...n)}}))}var m=r(6797);const b={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa]};const y={};function w(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,w=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:E,info:T,loader_config:A,runtime:O={loaderType:n},exposed:x=!0}=t;const _=(0,m.gG)();let S={};return T||(E=_.init,T=_.info,A=_.loader_config,S=_),h.v6&&(T.jsAttributes={...T.jsAttributes,isWorker:!0}),(0,a.CX)(e,T),(0,a.Dg)(e,E||{}),(0,a.GE)(e,A||{}),(0,a.sU)(e,O),function(e,t,n){n||(0,d.R)(e,"api"),v(t);var m=u.ee.get(e),b=m.get("tracer"),y="api-",w=y+"ixn-";function E(){}(0,c.D)(["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],(function(e,r){t[r]=A(y,r,!0,"api")})),t.addPageAction=A(y,"addPageAction",!0,o.D.pageAction),t.setCurrentRouteName=A(y,"routeName",!0,o.D.spa),t.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,a.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,A(y,"setPageViewName",!0,"api")()},t.setCustomAttribute=function(t,r){const n=(0,a.C5)(e);return(0,a.CX)(e,{...n,jsAttributes:{...n.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),A(y,"setCustomAttribute",!0,"api")()},t.interaction=function(){return(new E).get()};var T=E.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},n=this,i="function"==typeof t;return(0,s.p)(w+"tracer",[(0,f.zO)(),e,r],n,o.D.spa,m),function(){if(b.emit((i?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,f.zO)(),n,i],r),i)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw b.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{b.emit("fn-end",[(0,f.zO)()],r)}}}};function A(e,t,r,n){return function(){return(0,s.p)(g.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,m),(0,s.p)(e+t,[(0,f.zO)()].concat(i()(arguments)),r?null:this,n,m),r?void 0:this}}function O(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,5692)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,d.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,p.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}(0,c.D)("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),(function(e,t){T[t]=A(w,t,void 0,o.D.spa)})),t.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,s.p)(g.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,m),(0,s.p)("err",[e,(0,f.zO)(),!1,t],void 0,o.D.jserrors,m)},h.v6?O():(0,l.b)((()=>O()),!0)}(e,S,w),(0,m.Qy)(e,_,"api"),(0,m.Qy)(e,x,"exposed"),(0,m.EZ)("activatedFeatures",y),(0,m.EZ)("setToken",(t=>function(e,t){var r=u.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&((0,c.D)(e,(function(e,t){if(!t)return(b[e]||[]).forEach((t=>{(0,s.p)("block-"+e,[],void 0,t,r)}));y[e]||((0,s.p)("feat-"+e,[],void 0,b[e],r),y[e]=!0)})),(0,d.L)(t,o.D.pageViewEvent))}(t,e))),S}},909:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>i,q:()=>o});var n=r(2325);function i(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}function o(e){return e===n.D.jserrors?[]:["auto"]}},2325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8}},8683:e=>{e.exports=function(e,t,r){t||(t=0),void 0===r&&(r=e?e.length:0);for(var n=-1,i=r-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++n<i;)o[n]=e[t+n];return o}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.n=e=>{var t=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return i.d(t,{a:t}),t},i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",193:"session_trace-aggregate",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",439:"async-api",729:"lazy-loader",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"2f41aaf7",147:"28086cfb",178:"52056f28",193:"545db67a",317:"941c6e17",348:"a7d9d7be",439:"737e0ca6",729:"540ab0d1",786:"2ae3c96c",873:"494130b7",898:"52cc993d"}[e]+"-1227.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),f=0;f<u.length;f++){var d=u[f];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r),e[r]=[n];var l=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={134:0,935:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})();var o={};(()=>{"use strict";i.r(o);var e=i(2325),t=i(6562);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(2384),s=i(909),c=i(9252),u=i(2053),f=i(8283),d=i(6625),l=i(4329),h=i(1509),p=i(2650),g=i(2374),v=i(8610);class m extends h.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.hasAggregator=!1,this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,n&&(0,l.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){if(this.hasAggregator||!this.auto)return;this.hasAggregator=!0;const e=async()=>{try{const{lazyLoader:e}=await i.e(729).then(i.bind(i,8110)),{Aggregate:t}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator)}catch(e){(0,v.Z)("Downloading ".concat(this.featureName," failed...")),this.abortHandler?.()}};g.v6?e():(0,p.b)((()=>e()),!0)}}var b,y,w,E=i(2484);class T extends m{constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,E.t,r),(0,d.v)(e),(0,f.B)(e,"firstbyte",(0,u.yf)()),(0,p.K)((()=>this.measureDomContentLoaded())),(0,p.b)((()=>this.measureWindowLoaded()),!0),this.importAggregator()}measureWindowLoaded(){var t=(0,u.zO)();(0,f.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"onload",t+(0,u.os)()),(0,c.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}measureDomContentLoaded(){(0,f.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"domContent",(0,u.zO)()+(0,u.os)())}}b=T,y="featureName",w=E.t,(y=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(y))in b?Object.defineProperty(b,y,{value:w,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):b[y]=w;var A=i(9557),O=i(7022);class x extends A.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,O.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=_(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,O.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=_(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=S(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=_(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=j(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function _(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=S(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function S(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function j(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,O.D)(e,P)}function P(e,t){return t}var D=i(6797),N=i(5526);var C,I=i(6998),R=i(8544),k=i(6382),L=-1,H=function(e){addEventListener("pageshow",(function(t){t.persisted&&(L=t.timeStamp,e(t))}),!0)},z=function(){return window.performance&&performance.getEntriesByType&&performance.getEntriesByType("navigation")[0]},M=function(){var e=z();return e&&e.activationStart||0},B=function(e,t){var r=z(),n="navigate";return L>=0?n="back-forward-cache":r&&(n=document.prerendering||M()>0?"prerender":document.wasDiscarded?"restore":r.type.replace(/_/g,"-")),{name:e,value:void 0===t?-1:t,rating:"good",delta:0,entries:[],id:"v3-".concat(Date.now(),"-").concat(Math.floor(8999999999999*Math.random())+1e12),navigationType:n}},F=function(e,t,r){try{if(PerformanceObserver.supportedEntryTypes.includes(e)){var n=new PerformanceObserver((function(e){Promise.resolve().then((function(){t(e.getEntries())}))}));return n.observe(Object.assign({type:e,buffered:!0},r||{})),n}}catch(e){}},U=function(e,t){var r=function r(n){"pagehide"!==n.type&&"hidden"!==document.visibilityState||(e(n),t&&(removeEventListener("visibilitychange",r,!0),removeEventListener("pagehide",r,!0)))};addEventListener("visibilitychange",r,!0),addEventListener("pagehide",r,!0)},V=function(e,t,r,n){var i,o;return function(a){t.value>=0&&(a||n)&&((o=t.value-(i||0))||void 0===i)&&(i=t.value,t.delta=o,t.rating=function(e,t){return e>t[1]?"poor":e>t[0]?"needs-improvement":"good"}(t.value,r),e(t))}},W=function(e){document.prerendering?addEventListener("prerenderingchange",(function(){return e()}),!0):e()},q=(new Date,0),G=1/0,X=0,$=function(e){e.forEach((function(e){e.interactionId&&(G=Math.min(G,e.interactionId),X=Math.max(X,e.interactionId),q=X?(X-G)/7+1:0)}))},Z=function(){return C?q:performance.interactionCount||0},Y=function(){"interactionCount"in performance||C||(C=F("event",$,{type:"event",buffered:!0,durationThreshold:0}))},Q=0,J=function(){return Z()-Q},K=[],ee={},te=function(e){var t=K[K.length-1],r=ee[e.interactionId];if(r||K.length<10||e.duration>t.latency){if(r)r.entries.push(e),r.latency=Math.max(r.latency,e.duration);else{var n={id:e.interactionId,latency:e.duration,entries:[e]};ee[n.id]=n,K.push(n)}K.sort((function(e,t){return t.latency-e.latency})),K.splice(10).forEach((function(e){delete ee[e.id]}))}},re=i(2545);class ne extends m{constructor(r,n){var i;let o=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,k.t,o),i=this,g.il){if(this.pageHiddenTime=(0,I.e)(),this.performanceObserver,this.lcpPerformanceObserver,this.clsPerformanceObserver,this.fiRecorded=!1,"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){this.performanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return i.perfObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.performanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(e){}this.lcpPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return i.lcpObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.lcpPerformanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(e){}this.clsPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return i.clsObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.clsPerformanceObserver.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(e){}}this.fiRecorded=!1;["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"].forEach((e=>{(0,R.iz)(e,(function(){return i.captureInteraction(...arguments)}))})),function(e,t){t=t||{},W((function(){var r=[200,500];Y();var n,i=B("INP"),o=function(e){e.forEach((function(e){e.interactionId&&te(e),"first-input"===e.entryType&&!K.some((function(t){return t.entries.some((function(t){return e.duration===t.duration&&e.startTime===t.startTime}))}))&&te(e)}));var t,r=(t=Math.min(K.length-1,Math.floor(J()/50)),K[t]);r&&r.latency!==i.value&&(i.value=r.latency,i.entries=r.entries,n())},a=F("event",o,{durationThreshold:t.durationThreshold||40});n=V(e,i,r,t.reportAllChanges),a&&(a.observe({type:"first-input",buffered:!0}),U((function(){o(a.takeRecords()),i.value<0&&J()>0&&(i.value=0,i.entries=[]),n(!0)})),H((function(){K=[],Q=Z(),i=B("INP"),n=V(e,i,r,t.reportAllChanges)})))}))}((t=>{let{name:r,value:n,id:i}=t;(0,c.p)("timing",[r.toLowerCase(),n,{metricId:i}],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)})),!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"page_view_timing.long_task")&&(e=>{const t=t=>{t.forEach((t=>{const r={name:"LT",value:t.duration,info:{ltFrame:t.name,ltStart:t.startTime,ltCtr:t.attribution[0].containerType}};"window"!==r.info.ltCtr&&Object.assign(r.info,{ltCtrSrc:t.attribution[0].containerSrc,ltCtrId:t.attribution[0].containerId,ltCtrName:t.attribution[0].containerName}),e(r)}))};let r;try{PerformanceObserver.supportedEntryTypes.includes("longtask")&&(r=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{Promise.resolve().then((()=>{t(e.getEntries())}))})),r.observe({type:"longtask",buffered:!0}))}catch(e){}r&&(0,re.L)((()=>{t(r.takeRecords())}),!0)})((t=>{let{name:r,value:n,info:i}=t;(0,c.p)("timing",[r.toLowerCase(),n,i],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)})),(0,I.N)((()=>{this.pageHiddenTime=(0,u.zO)(),(0,c.p)("docHidden",[this.pageHiddenTime],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}),!0),(0,R.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,c.p)("winPagehide",[(0,u.zO)()],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee))),this.importAggregator()}}perfObserver(t,r){t.getEntries().forEach((t=>{"first-paint"===t.name?(0,c.p)("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&(0,c.p)("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}lcpObserver(t,r){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var i=n[n.length-1];if(this.pageHiddenTime<i.startTime)return;var o=[i],a=this.addConnectionAttributes({});a&&o.push(a),(0,c.p)("lcp",o,void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}clsObserver(t){t.getEntries().forEach((t=>{t.hadRecentInput||(0,c.p)("cls",[t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}addConnectionAttributes(e){var t=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(t)return t.type&&(e["net-type"]=t.type),t.effectiveType&&(e["net-etype"]=t.effectiveType),t.rtt&&(e["net-rtt"]=t.rtt),t.downlink&&(e["net-dlink"]=t.downlink),e}captureInteraction(r){if(r instanceof t.Yu.EV&&!this.fiRecorded){var n=Math.round(r.timeStamp),i={type:r.type};this.addConnectionAttributes(i),n<=(0,u.zO)()?i.fid=(0,u.zO)()-n:n>(0,u.os)()&&n<=Date.now()?(n-=(0,u.os)(),i.fid=(0,u.zO)()-n):n=(0,u.zO)(),this.fiRecorded=!0,(0,c.p)("timing",["fi",n,i],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(ne,"featureName",k.t);const ie={dedicated:Boolean(g._A?.Worker),shared:Boolean(g._A?.SharedWorker),service:Boolean(g._A?.navigator?.serviceWorker)};let oe,ae,se;var ce=i(6034);class ue extends m{constructor(t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(t,r,ce.t9,n),function(e){if(!oe){if(ie.dedicated){oe=Worker;try{g._A.Worker=r(oe,"Dedicated")}catch(e){o(e,"Dedicated")}if(ie.shared){ae=SharedWorker;try{g._A.SharedWorker=r(ae,"Shared")}catch(e){o(e,"Shared")}}else n("Shared");if(ie.service){se=navigator.serviceWorker.register;try{g._A.navigator.serviceWorker.register=(t=se,function(){for(var e=arguments.length,r=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)r[n]=arguments[n];return i("Service",r[1]?.type),t.apply(navigator.serviceWorker,r)})}catch(e){o(e,"Service")}}else n("Service");var t;return}n("All")}function r(e,t){return"undefined"==typeof Proxy?e:new Proxy(e,{construct:(e,r)=>(i(t,r[1]?.type),new e(...r))})}function n(t){g.v6||e("Workers/".concat(t,"/Unavailable"))}function i(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(t,"module"===r?"/Module":"/Classic"))}function o(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(r,"/SM/Unsupported")),(0,v.Z)("NR Agent: Unable to capture ".concat(r," workers."),t)}}((t=>(0,c.p)(ce.xS,[t],void 0,e.D.metrics,this.ee))),this.importAggregator()}}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(ue,"featureName",ce.t9);var fe=i(3916),de=i(3752),le=i(8683),he=i.n(le);const pe="nr@original";var ge=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,ve=!1;function me(e,t){return e||(e=de.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c<t.length;c++)we(a=e[s=t[c]])||(e[s]=r(a,u?s+n:n,i,s,o))},r.flag=pe,r;function r(t,r,i,o,a){return we(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[pe]=t,ye(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var s,c,u,f;try{c=this,s=he()(arguments),u="function"==typeof i?i(s,c):i||{}}catch(t){be([t,"",[s,c,o],u],e)}n(r+"start",[s,c,o],u,a);try{return f=t.apply(c,s)}catch(e){throw n(r+"err",[s,c,e],u,a),e}finally{n(r+"end",[s,c,f],u,a)}}}function n(r,n,i,o){if(!ve||t){var a=ve;ve=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){be([t,r,n,i],e)}ve=a}}}function be(e,t){t||(t=de.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function ye(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){be([e],r)}for(var n in e)ge.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n]);return t}function we(e){return!(e&&e instanceof Function&&e.apply&&!e[pe])}var Ee="fetch-",Te=Ee+"body-",Ae=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Oe=g._A.Request,xe=g._A.Response,_e="prototype",Se="nr@context";const je={};function Pe(e){const t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Oe&&xe&&g._A.fetch))return t;if(je[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=he()(arguments),o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[Se]&&o[Se].dt&&(e=o[Se].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))},e[r][pe]=i)}return je[t.debugId]=1,Ae.forEach((e=>{r(Oe[_e],e,Te),r(xe[_e],e,Te)})),r(g._A,"fetch",Ee),t.on(Ee+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Ee+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Ee+"done",[e],n)})),t}const De={},Ne="setTimeout",Ce="setInterval",Ie="clearTimeout",Re="-start",ke="-",Le=[Ne,"setImmediate",Ce,Ie,"clearImmediate"];function He(e){const t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(De[t.debugId]++)return t;De[t.debugId]=1;var r=me(t);return r.inPlace(g._A,Le.slice(0,2),Ne+ke),r.inPlace(g._A,Le.slice(2,3),Ce+ke),r.inPlace(g._A,Le.slice(3),Ie+ke),t.on(Ce+Re,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ne+Re,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const ze={},Me="requestAnimationFrame";function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("raf")}(e);if(!g.il||ze[t.debugId]++)return t;ze[t.debugId]=1;var r=me(t);return r.inPlace(window,[Me],"raf-"),t.on("raf-start",(function(e){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-")})),t}const Fe={},Ue=["pushState","replaceState"];function Ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("history")}(e);return!g.il||Fe[t.debugId]++||(Fe[t.debugId]=1,me(t).inPlace(window.history,Ue,"-")),t}const We={},qe=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Ge(e){const t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!g.il||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=me(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){var r=e.match(o),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?a(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,qe,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var f={};function d(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],f),e.removeEventListener("load",d,(0,R.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,R.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],f),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],f),e.removeEventListener("load",d,(0,R.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,R.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",f),e.addEventListener("load",d,(0,R.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,R.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],f)}(e[0])})),t}const Xe={};function $e(e){const r=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!g.il||Xe[r.debugId])return r;Xe[r.debugId]=!0;var n=me(r),i=t.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(n(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),r}const Ze={};function Ye(e){const r=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(Ze[r.debugId])return r;Ze[r.debugId]=!0;var n=de.c,i=me(r),o=t.Yu.PR;return o&&function(){function e(t){var n=r.context(),a=i(t,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(o,[a],e);return r.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}g._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return o.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,o),["all","race"].forEach((function(t){const n=o[t];e[t]=function(e){let i=!1;e?.forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===t),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){r.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(t){const n=o[t];e[t]=function(e){const t=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==t&&r.emit("propagate",[e,!0],t,!1,!1),t}})),e.prototype=o.prototype;const t=o.prototype.then;o.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,o=n(e);o.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c<a;c++)s[c]=arguments[c];s[0]=i(s[0],"cb-",o,null,!1),s[1]=i(s[1],"cb-",o,null,!1);const u=t.apply(this,s);return o.nextPromise=u,r.emit("propagate",[e,!0],u,!1,!1),u},o.prototype.then[pe]=t,r.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=i(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=i(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),r.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),r.on("cb-end",(function(e,t,n){r.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),r.on("propagate",(function(e,t,n){this.getCtx&&!t||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var t=r.context(e);return t&&t.getCtx?t.getCtx():this})}))}(),r}const Qe={},Je=XMLHttpRequest,Ke="addEventListener",et="removeEventListener";function tt(e){var t=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("events")}(e);if(Qe[t.debugId]++)return t;Qe[t.debugId]=1;var r=me(t,!0);function n(e){r.inPlace(e,[Ke,et],"-",i)}function i(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(g.il&&rt(document,n),rt(g._A,n),rt(Je.prototype,n)),t.on(Ke+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,fe.X)(n,"nr@wrapped",(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(et+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function rt(e,t){let r=e;for(;"object"==typeof r&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,Ke);)r=Object.getPrototypeOf(r);for(var n=arguments.length,i=new Array(n>2?n-2:0),o=2;o<n;o++)i[o-2]=arguments[o];r&&t(r,...i)}const nt={},it=["open","send"];function ot(e){var r=e||de.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||de.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(nt[n.debugId]++)return n;nt[n.debugId]=1,tt(r);var i=me(n),o=t.Yu.XHR,a=t.Yu.MO,s=t.Yu.PR,c=t.Yu.SI,u="readystatechange",f=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],d=[],l=g._A.XMLHttpRequest.listeners,h=g._A.XMLHttpRequest=function(e){var t=new o(e);function r(){try{n.emit("new-xhr",[t],t),t.addEventListener(u,m,(0,R.m$)(!1))}catch(e){(0,v.Z)("An error occured while intercepting XHR",e);try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}return this.listeners=l?[...l,r]:[r],this.listeners.forEach((e=>e())),t};function p(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",T)}function m(){var e=this,t=n.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",T)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,h),h.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(h.prototype,it,"-xhr-",T),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){p(e,t),function(e){d.push(e),a&&(b?b.then(E):c?c(E):(y=-y,w.data=y))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",p),a){var b=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var y=1,w=document.createTextNode(y);new a(E).observe(w,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||E()}));function E(){for(var e=0;e<d.length;e++)p(0,d[e]);d.length&&(d=[])}function T(e,t){return t}return n}var at,st={};try{at=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(st.console=!0,-1!==at.indexOf("dev")&&(st.dev=!0),-1!==at.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(st.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function ct(e){try{st.console&&ct(e)}catch(e){}}st.nrDev&&de.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){ct(e.stack)})),st.dev&&de.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){ct(r.stack)})),st.dev&&(ct("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),ct("flags: "+(0,O.D)(st,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var ut=i(8322);function ft(e,t){!function(e,t){if(t.has(e))throw new TypeError("Cannot initialize the same private elements twice on an object")}(e,t),t.add(e)}var dt=new WeakSet;class lt extends m{constructor(r,n){var i;let o=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,ut.t,o),i=this,ft(this,dt),this.skipNext=0,this.origOnerror=g._A.onerror;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const a=this;a.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){a.abortHandler&&(a.skipNext+=1)})),a.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){a.abortHandler&&!r[ut.A]&&((0,fe.X)(r,ut.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,gt(r,void 0,a.ee))})),a.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){a.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&a.skipNext>0&&(a.skipNext-=1)})),a.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,c.p)("ierr",[t,(0,u.zO)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,a.ee)})),g._A.onerror=function(){return i.origOnerror&&i.origOnerror(...arguments),i.onerrorHandler(...arguments),!1},g._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+JSON.stringify(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,c.p)("err",[r,(0,u.zO)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,R.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),Be(this.ee),He(this.ee),tt(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&ot(this.ee),this.abortHandler=function(e,t,r){if(!t.has(e))throw new TypeError("attempted to get private field on non-instance");return r}(this,dt,ht),this.importAggregator()}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:gt(o||new pt(t,r,n),!0,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,c.p)("ierr",[t,(0,u.zO)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror.apply(this,he()(arguments))}}function ht(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}function pt(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}function gt(t,r,n){var i=r?null:(0,u.zO)();(0,c.p)("err",[t,i],void 0,e.D.jserrors,n)}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(lt,"featureName",ut.t);var vt=1,mt="nr@id";function bt(e){var t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===g._A?0:(0,fe.X)(e,mt,(function(){return vt++}))}var yt=i(9071);function wt(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var Et=i(6368);class Tt{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,N.M)(),s=(0,N.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof g._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa(JSON.stringify(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i<n.allowed_origins.length;i++){var o=(0,Et.e)(n.allowed_origins[i]);if(e.hostname===o.hostname&&e.protocol===o.protocol&&e.port===o.port){r=!0;break}}return r}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var At=i(8675);var Ot=["load","error","abort","timeout"],xt=Ot.length,_t=t.Yu.REQ,St=g._A.XMLHttpRequest;class jt extends m{constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,At.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new Tt(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,c.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),Pe(this.ee),ot(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=A,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){x(t,e)}),(0,R.m$)(!1)),yt.I||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,R.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},O(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function c(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);"xpid"in i&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function f(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=wt(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,u.zO)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<xt;s++)t.addEventListener(Ot[s],this.listener,(0,R.m$)(!1))}function d(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function l(e,t){var r=""+bt(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function h(e,t){var r=""+bt(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function p(){this.endTime=(0,u.zO)()}function v(e,t){t instanceof St&&"load"===e[0]&&n.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],t)}function m(e,t){t instanceof St&&"load"===e[0]&&n.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],t)}function b(e,t,r){t instanceof St&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,u.zO)()))}function y(e,t){this.xhrCbStart&&n.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,u.zO)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,t],t)}function w(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};"string"==typeof e[0]?t=e[0]:e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:g._A?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL&&(t=e[0].href),t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,Et.e)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var n=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(n&&(n.newrelicHeader||n.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof e[0]||g._A?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(i.headers,n)&&(this.dt=n),e.length>1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function E(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,u.zO)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof _t?r=i.url:g._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),O(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof _t&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=wt(n.body)||0}function T(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,u.zO)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,u.zO)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function A(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o<xt;o++)t.removeEventListener(Ot[o],this.listener,!1);r.aborted||(n.duration=(0,u.zO)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==r.status&&(r.status=0):x(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,i("xhr",[r,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,e.D.ajax))}}function O(e,t){var r=(0,Et.e)(t),n=e.params;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}function x(e,t){e.params.status=t.status;var r=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?wt(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?wt(e.responseText):void 0}(t,e.lastSize);if(r&&(e.metrics.rxSize=r),e.sameOrigin){var n=t.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");n&&(e.params.cat=n.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}n.on("new-xhr",a),n.on("open-xhr-start",s),n.on("open-xhr-end",c),n.on("send-xhr-start",f),n.on("xhr-cb-time",d),n.on("xhr-load-added",l),n.on("xhr-load-removed",h),n.on("xhr-resolved",p),n.on("addEventListener-end",v),n.on("removeEventListener-end",m),n.on("fn-end",y),n.on("fetch-before-start",w),n.on("fetch-start",E),n.on("fn-start",b),n.on("fetch-done",T)}(r,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator())}}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(jt,"featureName",At.t);var Pt=i(6408),Dt=i(2628);function Nt(e,t){!function(e,t){if(t.has(e))throw new TypeError("Cannot initialize the same private elements twice on an object")}(e,t),t.add(e)}const{BST_RESOURCE:Ct,BST_TIMER:It,END:Rt,FEATURE_NAME:kt,FN_END:Lt,FN_START:Ht,ADD_EVENT_LISTENER:zt,PUSH_STATE:Mt,RESOURCE:Bt,RESOURCE_TIMING_BUFFER_FULL:Ft,START:Ut,ORIG_EVENT:Vt}=Dt,Wt="clearResourceTimings";var qt=new WeakSet;class Gt extends m{constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,kt,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),Nt(this,qt),!g.il)return;const n=this.ee;this.timerEE=He(n),this.rafEE=Be(n),Ve(n),tt(n),n.on(Ht,(function(e,t){e[0]instanceof Vt&&(this.bstStart=(0,u.zO)())})),n.on(Lt,(function(t,r){var i=t[0];i instanceof Vt&&(0,c.p)("bst",[i,r,this.bstStart,(0,u.zO)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),this.timerEE.on(Ht,(function(e,t,r){this.bstStart=(0,u.zO)(),this.bstType=r})),this.timerEE.on(Lt,(function(t,r){(0,c.p)(It,[r,this.bstStart,(0,u.zO)(),this.bstType],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),this.rafEE.on(Ht,(function(){this.bstStart=(0,u.zO)()})),this.rafEE.on(Lt,(function(t,r){(0,c.p)(It,[r,this.bstStart,(0,u.zO)(),"requestAnimationFrame"],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(Mt+Ut,(function(e){this.time=(0,u.zO)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(Mt+Rt,(function(t){(0,c.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),(0,Pt.W)()?((0,c.p)(Ct,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n),function(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(((t,r)=>{var i=t.getEntries();(0,c.p)(Ct,[i],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}()):window.performance[Wt]&&window.performance[zt]&&window.performance.addEventListener(Ft,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,(0,R.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("scroll",this.noOp,(0,R.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("keypress",this.noOp,(0,R.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("click",this.noOp,(0,R.m$)(!1)),this.abortHandler=function(e,t,r){if(!t.has(e))throw new TypeError("attempted to get private field on non-instance");return r}(this,qt,Xt),this.importAggregator()}noOp(e){}onResourceTimingBufferFull(t){if((0,c.p)(Ct,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(Bt)],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,this.ee),window.performance[Wt])try{window.performance.removeEventListener(Ft,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,!1)}catch(e){}}}function Xt(){window.performance.removeEventListener(Ft,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,!1),this.abortHandler=void 0}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(Gt,"featureName",kt);var $t=i(755);function Zt(e,t){!function(e,t){if(t.has(e))throw new TypeError("Cannot initialize the same private elements twice on an object")}(e,t),t.add(e)}const{FEATURE_NAME:Yt,START:Qt,END:Jt,BODY:Kt,CB_END:er,JS_TIME:tr,FETCH:rr,FN_START:nr,CB_START:ir,FN_END:or}=$t;var ar=new WeakSet;class sr extends m{constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,Yt,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),Zt(this,ar),!g.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=Ge(this.ee),s=Ye(this.ee),c=He(this.ee),f=ot(this.ee),d=this.ee.get("events"),l=Pe(this.ee),h=Ve(this.ee),p=$e(this.ee);function v(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function m(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[nr]=(0,u.zO)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&v(0,!0);var e=(0,u.zO)();this[tr]=~~this[tr]+e-this[nr],this[or]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,u.zO)()}))}this.ee.on(nr,m),s.on(ir,m),a.on(ir,m),this.ee.on(or,b),s.on(er,b),a.on(er,b),this.ee.buffer([nr,or,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),d.buffer([nr],this.featureName),c.buffer(["setTimeout"+Jt,"clearTimeout"+Qt,nr],this.featureName),f.buffer([nr,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Qt],this.featureName),l.buffer([rr+Qt,rr+"-done",rr+Kt+Qt,rr+Kt+Jt],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),p.buffer([nr],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",ir,er,"executor-err","resolve"+Qt],this.featureName),o.buffer([nr,"no-"+nr],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,rr+Qt),y(l,rr+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",v),h.on("replaceState-end",v),window.addEventListener("hashchange",v,(0,R.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",v,(0,R.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){v(0,i>1)}),(0,R.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=function(e,t,r){if(!t.has(e))throw new TypeError("attempted to get private field on non-instance");return r}(this,ar,cr),this.importAggregator()}}function cr(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(sr,"featureName",Yt);var ur=i(6486);class fr extends m{constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,ur.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(fr,"featureName",ur.t),new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,N.ky)(16);this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new x({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(T),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=Array.from(this.desiredFeatures);i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const e=(0,s.Z)(t.featureName),n=e.every((e=>r[e]));n||(0,v.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat(JSON.stringify(e),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,D.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,v.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,D.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[jt,T,ne,Gt,ue,fr,lt,sr],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); </script><meta property="og:locale" content="en"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta property="og:title" content="Privacy Policy | Elsevier Legal"/><meta property="og:description" content="How we collect, use and share your personal information - while maintaining your confidence and trust with respect to your privacy"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="www.elsevier.com"/><meta property="og:image" content="/images/e-solid-background.png"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="/images/e-solid-background.png"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="How we collect, use and share your personal information - while maintaining your confidence and trust with respect to your privacy"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ElsevierConnect"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Privacy Policy | Elsevier Legal"/><title>Privacy Policy | Elsevier Legal</title><meta name="description" content="How we collect, use and share your personal information - while maintaining your confidence and trust with respect to your privacy"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en" href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="x-default" href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="de-de" href="https://www.elsevier.com/de-de/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="zh-tw" href="https://www.elsevier.com/zh-tw/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en-in" href="https://www.elsevier.com/en-in/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="ja-jp" href="https://www.elsevier.com/ja-jp/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en-gb" href="https://www.elsevier.com/en-gb/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en-au" href="https://www.elsevier.com/en-au/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="ko-kr" href="https://www.elsevier.com/ko-kr/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="pt-br" href="https://www.elsevier.com/pt-br/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="zh-cn" href="https://www.elsevier.com/zh-cn/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="fr-fr" href="https://www.elsevier.com/fr-fr/legal/privacy-policy"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="es-es" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-es/legal/privacy-policy"/><meta name="next-head-count" content="41"/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/f97546a2c3e512bb.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/f97546a2c3e512bb.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/35dfadeefae4879b.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/35dfadeefae4879b.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-1b3ee2504b298c56.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-6d28727e634f0245.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-32478bcd8acfc1b1.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6b512fb3cfce04e1.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/2d3fb9f9-72a21b6e15f39092.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/137-fa09ebcbb6fc8e04.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/983-d7f62681771d33d5.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/618-370a73119c6ab4cc.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/106-7500f3bf5e47cad4.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/963-b908a277b727a276.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B...slug%5D-a6e38b7bc35869a8.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/zkuOSexfQCFoZ9zVDvBTk/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/zkuOSexfQCFoZ9zVDvBTk/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body class="_99wljg2e _99wljg4b"><div id="__next"><a id="top"></a><a class="_1gzv7750 _16jmeqb8w _16jmeqb54 _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb6o _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb182 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqbxc _16jmeqb19y _16jmeqb15g" href="#main-content" data-testid="skip-to-content"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Skip to main content</span></a><div class="s2iygv0 _16jmeqbx8 _16jmeqb158"><div class="_1i1ov3x0"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljge)"><div class=""><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Unfortunately we don't fully support your browser. If you have the option to, please upgrade to a newer version or use <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-GB/firefox"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Mozilla Firefox</span></a>, <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/edge"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Microsoft Edge</span></a>, <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.google.co.uk/chrome"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Google Chrome</span></a>, or Safari 14 or newer. If you are unable to, and need support, please <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/support"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">send us your feedback</span></a>.</p></div></div></div><div class="s2iygv2 _16jmeqbx8"><div class="_99wljg4c _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb6o _16jmeqb19i"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:initial"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs"><span class="hqljl00">We'd appreciate your feedback.</span><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://survey.alchemer.eu/s3/90475606/NextGen-Health?page=/legal/privacy-policy" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Tell us what you think!<span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a></p></div></div><header class="bn9oyv1 _16jmeqb19i _16jmeqbx8 _16jmeqb1i6"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:initial"><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class="bn9oyv3 bn9oyv6 _16jmeqbi4 _16jmeqbih _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbk0 _16jmeqbkd _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb18z _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqbrs" href="/" data-testid="health-homepage-link"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><img class="bn9oyv0 popcxs1 popcxs3" src="/images/elsevier-logo.svg" alt="Elsevier" width="171" height="48" srcSet="/images/elsevier-logo.svg 1x, /images/elsevier-logo.svg 2x" decoding="async" loading="eager"/></span></a><div class="bn9oyv3 bn9oyv4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class="bn9oyv8 _1xba53u1"><nav aria-label="Main site navigation"><ul class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbko _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/academic-and-government" rel="nofollow"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Academic & Government</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb18z" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multi-collapsible-" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbse _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="sm">Academic & Government</span></button></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/health" rel="nofollow"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Health</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb18z" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multi-collapsible-" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbse _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="sm">Health</span></button></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/industry" rel="nofollow"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Industry</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb18z" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multi-collapsible-" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbse _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="sm">Industry</span></button></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/connect" rel="nofollow"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Elsevier Connect</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb18z" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multi-collapsible-" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbse _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="sm">Insights</span></button></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/about" rel="nofollow"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">About</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb18z" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multi-collapsible-" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbse _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="sm">About</span></button></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class=""><a class="_1b7jex52 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/support" rel="nofollow"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Customer support</span></a><button class="_1b7jex53 _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb18z" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multi-collapsible-" data-testid="desktop-main-nav-button"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbse _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="sm">Support</span></button></div></div></li></ul></nav></div><a class="_1d3he28a _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1cm _16jmeqb1cr _16jmeqb1cw _16jmeqb1d1 _16jmeqb1f8 _1d3he285 _16jmeqb8k _16jmeqb8q _16jmeqb4s _16jmeqb4y _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb6o _16jmeqb182 _16jmeqb18c _16jmeqb18h _16jmeqb19y _16jmeqb1ad _16jmeqb1d1 bn9oyv5 button _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28" href="/researcher/author/publish-with-us" data-testid="publish-with-us"><div class="_1d3he282"><span class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1er"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Publish with us</span></span></div></a><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbs _16jmeqbg4"><button class="_1d3he28a _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1cm _16jmeqb1cr _16jmeqb1cw _16jmeqb1d1 _16jmeqb1f8 _1d3he289 _16jmeqb2s _16jmeqb4o _16jmeqb6k _16jmeqb8g _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb187 _16jmeqb18h _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28" data-testid="search-button"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m16.355 15.035 4.935 4.935-1.318 1.319-4.935-4.936a7.596 7.596 0 0 1-4.712 1.628 7.61 7.61 0 0 1-5.415-2.243 7.603 7.603 0 0 1-2.244-5.415c0-2.045.797-3.969 2.244-5.414a7.61 7.61 0 0 1 5.415-2.243c2.046 0 3.968.797 5.415 2.243a7.61 7.61 0 0 1 2.243 5.414c0 1.731-.576 3.372-1.628 4.712ZM4.532 10.323c0 1.547.602 3.002 1.697 4.097a5.76 5.76 0 0 0 4.096 1.697 5.756 5.756 0 0 0 4.095-1.697 5.755 5.755 0 0 0 1.697-4.097 5.755 5.755 0 0 0-1.697-4.096 5.756 5.756 0 0 0-4.095-1.697A5.76 5.76 0 0 0 6.23 6.227a5.755 5.755 0 0 0-1.697 4.096Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Open Search</span></div></button><div class="_16jmeqb15k"><button class="_1d3he28a _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1cm _16jmeqb1cr _16jmeqb1cw _16jmeqb1d1 _16jmeqb1f8 _1d3he289 _16jmeqb2s _16jmeqb4o _16jmeqb6k _16jmeqb8g _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb187 _16jmeqb18h _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28 _16jmeqb176" data-testid="region-switcher-header" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multi-collapsible-"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.995 21.375h-.002a9.551 9.551 0 0 1-9.556-9.556c0-2.552.994-4.953 2.8-6.758a9.491 9.491 0 0 1 6.756-2.795c-.463 0 3.563-.397 6.758 2.799 6.046 6.045 1.671 16.31-6.756 16.31Zm-4.291-8.626h-3.33c.345 2.998 2.214 5.135 4.646 6.156-.865-1.795-1.235-4.282-1.316-6.156Zm2.777 4.821c-.51-1.302-.821-2.947-.9-4.82h4.826c-.19 4.496-1.607 6.75-2.413 6.75-.636 0-1.28-1.337-1.513-1.93Zm4.486 1.335Zm0 0c.865-1.795 1.235-4.282 1.317-6.156h3.329c-.346 2.998-2.216 5.137-4.646 6.156Zm.004-14.167-.004-.008a7.78 7.78 0 0 1 4.078 4.039.02.02 0 0 0-.005 0l-.006.002c.296.672.491 1.384.579 2.112h-3.33c-.057-1.498-.248-2.786-.554-3.988a6.141 6.141 0 0 0-2.339-1.1c.663 1.526.944 3.59 1.017 5.088H9.58c.19-4.496 1.616-6.746 2.414-6.746.796 0 2.026.2 2.977.6Zm-5.952-.002Zm-1.316 6.147c.082-1.873.452-4.352 1.316-6.147-2.428 1.019-4.3 3.15-4.645 6.147h3.33Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Location Selector</span></div></button></div></div><div class="bn9oyv8 _1xba53u0"><div class=""><button class="_1d3he28a _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1cm _16jmeqb1cr _16jmeqb1cw _16jmeqb1d1 _16jmeqb1f8 _1d3he289 _16jmeqb2s _16jmeqb4o _16jmeqb6k _16jmeqb8g _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb187 _16jmeqb18h xwe9il1 _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28 _16jmeqb176" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-navigation-menu-items" data-testid="menu-button"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5 7h14v1.5H5V7Zm0 4.5h14V13H5v-1.5ZM19 16H5v1.5h14V16Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Show Menu</span></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></header></div><main class="s2iygv1 _16jmeqbx8" id="main-content"><div class="_16jmeqbx8 _16jmeqb15k _16jmeqb15i"><section class="_16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb3a _16jmeqb6o _16jmeqb72 _16jmeqb1i6 _16jmeqb19i"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:initial"><div class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbw"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Privacy policy</p></h2><div class="_16jmeqbi4 _16jmeqbj2 _16jmeqbk0 _16jmeqbky _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><nav class="" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary navigation" data-testid="secondary-navigation"><div class="_16jmeqb1g _16jmeqb22"><button class="_1d3he28a _16jmeqbts _16jmeqbuk _16jmeqbvc _16jmeqbw4 _16jmeqb1o _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1cm _16jmeqb1cr _16jmeqb1cw _16jmeqb1d1 _16jmeqb1f8 _1d3he289 _16jmeqb2s _16jmeqb4o _16jmeqb6k _16jmeqb8g _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb187 _16jmeqb18h _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb28" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="secondary-navigation-menu-items"><div class="_1d3he282"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd4 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.563 9.563 4.875 8.25 12 15.375l7.125-7.125 1.313 1.313L12 18 3.562 9.562Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Show Menu</span></div></button><div class="_12yykze0 _16jmeqbxc _16jmeqb13c _16jmeqb19i _16jmeqb24 _16jmeqb3h _16jmeqb38 _16jmeqb7h _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqb99 _16jmeqb90 _16jmeqb5d _16jmeqb4w" hidden="" id="secondary-navigation-menu-items"><ul class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbko _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><a class="navigation _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb188 _16jmeqb187 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/data-processing-terms" rel="nofollow"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Data-processing-terms</span></a></li></ul></div></div><ul class="_16jmeqbj0 _16jmeqbkw _16jmeqb20 _16jmeqb1u _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb188 _16jmeqb187 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/data-processing-terms" rel="nofollow"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Data-processing-terms</span></a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></section></div><nav class="_16jmeqb8o _16jmeqb91 _16jmeqb92 _16jmeqb4w _16jmeqb59 _16jmeqb5a _16jmeqb2w _16jmeqb6o" id="breadcrumbs" aria-label="Page breadcrumbs"><ol class="_16jmeqbic _16jmeqbk8 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><li class="_1a5bjby1"><div class="_1a5bjby4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_1a5bjby2" width="16" height="16"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.125 11.438 15.563 3l1.312 1.313-7.125 7.125 7.125 7.124-1.313 1.313-8.437-8.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb17y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev _16jmeqb4o" href="/"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Home</span></a><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_1a5bjby0" width="16" height="16"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m7.125 18.563 7.125-7.125-7.125-7.126L8.438 3l8.437 8.438-8.438 8.437-1.312-1.313Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></li><li class="_1a5bjby1"><div class="_1a5bjby4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="_1a5bjby2" width="16" height="16"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.125 11.438 15.563 3l1.312 1.313-7.125 7.125 7.125 7.124-1.313 1.313-8.437-8.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><p class="_1a5bjby3 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167" aria-current="page">Privacy policy</p></div></li></ol></nav><div class="_16jmeqbf4 _16jmeqbf9 _16jmeqbfi"><div class="_166ug2a0"><div class="_16jmeqbb4 _16jmeqbb9 _16jmeqbbm"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbiu _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqbkq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="_16jmeqbic _16jmeqbk8 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h1 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Privacy Policy</h1></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88 _16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljge)"><div class="_166ug2a0"><nav class="_1b5uz00 _16jmeqbxk _16jmeqb19i _16jmeqb15g" aria-label="In page navigation" data-testid="jumplinks-nav"><div class="_16jmeqbx8"><ul class="_1bxw8d1 _16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb0 _16jmeqb16i _16jmeqb2o _16jmeqb6g _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbky"><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#0-about-our-privacy-policy" data-testid="jumplink-0"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">About our privacy policy</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#1-information-we-collect" data-testid="jumplink-1"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Information we collect</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#2-how-we-use-your-information" data-testid="jumplink-2"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">How we use your information</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#3-sharing-of-your-information" data-testid="jumplink-3"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Sharing of your information</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#4-your-personal-account" data-testid="jumplink-4"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Your personal account</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#5-administrator-data" data-testid="jumplink-5"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Administrator data</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#6-preferences" data-testid="jumplink-6"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Preferences</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#7-accessing-and-updating" data-testid="jumplink-7"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Accessing and updating</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#8-data-retention" data-testid="jumplink-8"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Data retention</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#9-data-security" data-testid="jumplink-9"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Data security</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#10-locations-of-processing" data-testid="jumplink-10"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Locations of processing</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#11-grounds-for-processing" data-testid="jumplink-11"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Grounds for processing</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#12-changes" data-testid="jumplink-12"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Changes</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#13-contact" data-testid="jumplink-13"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Contact</span></a></div></li><li class="_1bxw8d2"><div class="_1b5uz05"><a class="_1b5uz02 _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb16g _1b5uz03" href="#14-service-specific-details" data-testid="jumplink-14"><span class="_1b5uz06 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Service-specific details</span></a></div></li></ul><div class="_16jmeqb20 _16jmeqb1i _16jmeqb24"><div class="_1bxw8d4 _16jmeqb15g _16jmeqb24 _1b5uz08 _16jmeqbxc _1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:initial"><div class="_1bxw8d5 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class="_1bxw8d6"><button class="w17eg90 _16jmeqbu8 _16jmeqbv0 _16jmeqbvs _16jmeqbwk _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 w17eg92 w17eg94 _1bxw8d8 _16jmeqb20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-testid="carousel-slide-button-left"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.125 11.438 15.563 3l1.312 1.313-7.125 7.125 7.125 7.124-1.313 1.313-8.437-8.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Slide</span></button></div><div class="_1bxw8d7"><button class="w17eg90 _16jmeqbu8 _16jmeqbv0 _16jmeqbvs _16jmeqbwk _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb8 w17eg92 w17eg94 _1bxw8d8 _16jmeqb20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-testid="carousel-slide-button-right"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m7.125 18.563 7.125-7.125-7.125-7.126L8.438 3l8.437 8.438-8.438 8.437-1.312-1.313Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><span class="_13sjisp0">Slide</span></button></div></div></div></div></div></nav><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="0-about-our-privacy-policy"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="_1qkwy7a0 _1qkwy7a2"><div class="_1qkwy7a3"><table class="_1qkwy7a4 _16jmeqbwo _16jmeqb16y"><tbody class="_16jmeqb170"><tr class="_1qkwy7a5 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><td class="_1qkwy7a6 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#0-about-our-privacy-policy"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">About our privacy policy</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#1-information-we-collect"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Information we collect</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#2-how-we-use-your-information"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">How we use your information</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#3-sharing-of-your-information"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Sharing of your information</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#4-your-personal-account"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Your personal account</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#5-administrator-data"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Administrator data</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#6-preferences"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Preferences</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#7-accessing-and-updating"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Accessing and updating</span></a></p></td><td class="_1qkwy7a6 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#8-data-retention"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Data retention</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#9-data-security"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Data security</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#10-locations-of-processing"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Locations of processing</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#11-grounds-for-processing"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Grounds for processing</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#12-changes"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Changes</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#13-contact"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Contact</span></a> <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy#14-service-specific-details"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Service-specific details</span></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Last updated: 22 May 2024</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Elsevier is committed to maintaining your confidence and trust with respect to your privacy. This privacy policy explains how we collect, use and share your personal information.</p><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">About our privacy policy</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">This privacy policy applies to our websites, apps and other services, including programs and events, that refer or link to this privacy policy (each, a “Service”). This policy may be supplemented by additional privacy statements, terms or notices provided to you or by the Service. The Elsevier company that owns or administers the Service, as identified therein, is the primary controller of your personal information provided to, or collected by or for, the Service.</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">For information about the handling of personal information contained in our Service content, please read our <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/processing-notices"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">processing notices.</span></a><u> </u>For information about our processing of personal information as required by applicable U.S. laws, see our <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/us-consumer-privacy-notice"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">U.S. Consumer Privacy Notice</span></a>.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="1-information-we-collect"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Information we collect</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We collect information about you in three ways: directly from your input, from third-party sources, and through automated technologies.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Information you provide to us</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">The types of personal information that we collect directly from you depends on the content and features of the Service you use and how you otherwise interact with us and may include:</p><ul class="_1w1hhao0 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Contact details, such as your name, email address, postal address, phone number and social media handle;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Account login credentials, such as usernames and passwords, password hints and similar security information;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Other account registration and profile information, including educational, professional and other background information, such as your field of study, current position, practice area and areas of interests, gender, ORCID ID and photo;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Content that you upload and share or store in your account, such as annotations, comments, contributions and replies;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Payment information, such as a credit or debit card number, and government-issued ID numbers;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Information that you communicate to us, such as questions or information you send to customer support;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Data that you provide to us as part of interacting with the Service, such as your favorites and search queries; and/or</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Communications preferences, such as your preferred language and the frequency, type and format of the alerts you sign up to receive.</p></div></div></li></ul><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Data from your institution</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We may obtain information about you from the institution with which you are employed or affiliated in order to activate and manage your access to and use of the institution’s subscription to the Service, including:</p><ul class="_1w1hhao0 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Contact details, such as your name and institutional email address, postal address and phone number;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Other account registration information, such as job title; and/or</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Institutional user ID.</p></div></div></li></ul><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Data from other sources</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We also may obtain contact details and other information about you from other entities within RELX and from third parties, including:</p><ul class="_1w1hhao0 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Social networks that you grant permission to the Service to access your data on one or more networks;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Service providers that help us determine a location in order to customize certain products to your location;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Partners with which we offer co-branded services or engage in joint marketing activities; and/or</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Publicly available sources and data suppliers to validate or supplement the information we hold or to support the Service.</p></div></div></li></ul><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Device and usage data</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">The Service may automatically collect information about how you and your device interact with the Service, such as:</p><ul class="_1w1hhao0 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Computer, device and connection information, such as IP address, browser type and version, operating system and other software installed on your device, unique device identifier and other technical identifiers, error reports and performance data;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Usage data, such as the features you used, the settings you selected, URL click stream data, including date and time stamp and referring and exit pages, and pages you visited on the Service;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">For educational Services, the course modules and test questions you view, answer or complete; and/or</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">For location-aware Services, the physical location of your device.</p></div></div></li></ul><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We collect this data through our servers and the use of cookies and other technologies. You can control cookies through your browser's settings and other tools. However, if you choose to block certain cookies, you may not be able to register, login, or access certain parts or make full use of the Service. For more details, visit the cookie notice of the Service.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="2-how-we-use-your-information"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">How we use your information</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We are committed to delivering a relevant and useful experience to you. Depending on how you interact with us and the Service, we use your personal information to:</p><ul class="_1w1hhao0 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Provide, activate and manage your access to and use of the Service;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Process and fulfill a request, order, download, subscription or other transaction;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Offer you customized content and other personalization to make the Service more efficient for you and more relevant to your interests and geography;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Enhance and improve the Service, such as add new content and features;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Notify you about changes, updates and other announcements related to the Service;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Deliver targeted advertisements, promotional messages, and other information related to the Service and to your interests;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Provide technical, product and other support and help to keep the Service working, safe and secure; and/or</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Identify usage trends and develop data analysis, including for the purposes of research, audits, reporting and other business operations, such as to pay royalties and license fees to third-party content providers, determine the effectiveness of our promotional campaigns, evaluate our business performance, or in other ways pursuant to a customer agreement.</p></div></div></li></ul><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We may also use your personal information to:</p><ul class="_1w1hhao0 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Respond to your requests, inquiries, comments or concerns;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Invite you to submit or review manuscripts or otherwise participate in our publishing programs;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Issue payments and statements, such as for royalties and editorial fees;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Conduct and administer user testing and surveys as well as sweepstakes, competitions and similar promotions;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Provide you with relevant promotional messages and other information about products, events and services of ours, our group companies and third parties such as societies and sponsors;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Enhance and improve our products, events and services and develop new ones; and/or</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Comply with our legal obligations, resolve disputes and enforce our agreements.</p></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="3-sharing-of-your-information"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Sharing of your information</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We share your personal information in the following ways and contexts.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Your institution</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">If you access the Service through a subscription administered by your institution, your personal information and certain usage data gathered through the Service, such as the number of items you downloaded, any fee-based items you accessed, and test scores, may be accessed by or shared with the administrators authorized by your institution for the purposes of usage analysis, subscription management, course management and testing and remediation. If your institution is a corporation or other business entity, additional usage data, such as the types of records you viewed and the number of searches you ran, also may be shared for the purposes of cost attribution and departmental budgeting. We may also disclose to your institution or other third parties non-personally identifiable information, such as anonymous usage data reports and aggregated information, subject to any applicable legal or contractual obligations.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Our group companies and service providers</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Depending on the Service provided, we share your personal information with our:</p><ul class="_1w1hhao0 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Affiliates, trading names and divisions within the Elsevier group of companies (for a list, visit <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/about/global-locations"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">https://www.elsevier.com/locations</span></a>) and certain RELX companies that provide technology, customer service and other shared services functions; and/or</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Suppliers and service providers, including editors, reviewers, payment processors, customer support, email service providers, access and authentication service providers, event venues and service providers, mailing houses, shipping agents and IT service providers;</p></div></div></li></ul><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">to process the information as necessary to provide the Service, complete a transaction or fulfill your request or otherwise on our behalf based on our instructions and in compliance with this privacy policy and any other appropriate confidentiality and security measures.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Your choices</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We may also share your personal information with our group companies and with sponsors, joint venture partners and other third parties, including entities for which we are acting as an agent, licensee, application host or publisher, such as societies, that wish to send you invitations, surveys, programs or information about their products and services that may be of interest to you as determined by your choices in managing your communications preferences and other settings. The Service may let you post and share personal information, comments, messages, materials and other content. Any such information that you disclose publicly or in discussion fora in the Service may be collected and used by others, may be indexed by search engines, and might not be able to be removed. Please be careful when disclosing personal information in these public areas.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Legal reasons</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We also will disclose your personal information if we have a good faith belief that such disclosure is necessary to:</p><ul class="_1w1hhao0 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Meet any applicable law, regulation, legal process or other legal obligation;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Detect, investigate and help prevent security, fraud or technical issues; and/or</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Protect the rights, property or safety of Elsevier, our users, employees or others;</p></div></div></li></ul><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">and as part of a corporate transaction, such as a transfer of a journal or other assets to or an acquisition by or merger with another company.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="4-your-personal-account"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Your personal account</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">If you create a personal user account on ScienceDirect, Scopus, Mendeley, ClinicalKey or <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/14372" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">another Service listed here<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a>, you can sign in with the same credentials to all of them.</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We will share your usage activity, preferences and other information amongst these and related Elsevier services, like bepress and PlumX, to help you improve your productivity. For example, ScienceDirect may recommend better content for you based on your Mendeley library content and the abstracts you read on Scopus, and Mendeley may present you a better tailored content feed based on your ScienceDirect and Scopus activity.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="5-administrator-data"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Administrator data</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">If you are an administrator of an institution with a subscription to a Service, we will use your details to communicate with you about your institution’s subscription and related services. If you supply us contact information of your colleagues, we may include a reference to you when we contact those individuals with communications about the Service.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="6-preferences"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Your communications preferences</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">You can customize and manage your communications preferences and other settings when you register with the Service, by updating your account features and preferences, by using the “opt-in/out” or subscribe/unsubscribe mechanisms or other means provided within the communications that you receive from us or by contacting us. We reserve the right to notify you of changes or updates to the Service whenever necessary.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="7-accessing-and-updating"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Accessing and updating your information</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">The Service may allow registered users to directly access their account information and make corrections or updates at any time.</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Keeping such information up to date is solely the responsibility of the user. Registered users may also close their account directly through the Service or by contacting the Service’s customer support. </p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">You have the right under certain privacy and data protection laws, as may be applicable, to request free of charge:</p><ul class="_1w1hhao0 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Access to and correction and deletion of your personal information;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Restriction of our processing of your personal information, or to object to our processing; and/or</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Portability of your personal information.</p></div></div></li></ul><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">If you wish to exercise any of these rights, please contact us through the <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy/data-request"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Elsevier Privacy Support Hub</span></a>. We will respond to your request consistent with applicable laws. To protect your privacy and security, we may require you to verify your identity. You may designate an authorized agent to make a request on your behalf subject to proof of identity and authorization. </p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="8-data-retention"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Data retention</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We retain your personal information for as long as necessary to provide the Service and fulfill the transactions you have requested, or for other essential purposes such as complying with our legal obligations, maintaining business and financial records, resolving disputes, maintaining security, detecting and preventing fraud and abuse, and enforcing our agreements.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="9-data-security"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Data security</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We take precautions to safeguard your personal information against loss, theft and misuse and unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration and destruction through the use of appropriate technical and organizational measures.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="10-locations-of-processing"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Locations of processing</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Your personal information may be stored and processed in your region or another country where Elsevier companies and their service providers maintain servers and facilities, including Australia, China, France, Germany, India, Ireland, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We take steps, including through contracts, to ensure that the information continues to be protected wherever it is located in a manner consistent with the standards of protection required under applicable law.</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Elsevier Inc. has certified certain of its services to the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (EU-U.S. DPF), the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. Data Privacy Framework as set forth by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Please view its Data Privacy Framework Notice <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/legal/DPF-notice.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">here<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a>. To learn more about the Data Privacy Framework program, and to view its certification, please visit <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.dataprivacyframework.gov" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">https://www.dataprivacyframework.gov<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a>. </p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">For additional information as required by applicable local laws, see our <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy/supplement"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">location-specific disclosures</span></a>.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="11-grounds-for-processing"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Grounds for processing</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">When we process any personal information within the scope of certain privacy and data protection laws, we do so:</p><ul class="_1w1hhao0 _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqbic"><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Where necessary to provide the Service, fulfill a transaction or otherwise perform a contract with you or at your request prior to entering into a contract;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Where necessary for our compliance with applicable law or other legal obligation;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Where necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest;</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Where applicable, with your consent; and/or</p></div></div></li><li class=""><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4"><span class="_1w1hhao3 _16jmeqbrs _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb1w _16jmeqbo _16jmeqb17u _16jmeqb8" aria-hidden="true"><span class="_16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="14" height="14"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="6.3"></circle></svg></span></span><div class="_16jmeqbs4"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">As necessary to operate our business, protect the security of our systems, customers and users, detect or prevent fraud, or fulfill our other legitimate interests as described in the sections above, except where our interests are overridden by your privacy rights.</p></div></div></li></ul><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Where we rely on your consent to process personal information, you have the right to withdraw your consent at any time, and where we rely on legitimate interests, you may have the right to object to our processing.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="12-changes"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Changes</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">We will update this privacy policy from time to time. Any changes will be posted on this page with an updated revision date. If we make any material changes, we will provide notice through the Service or by other means.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="13-contact"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Contact</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">If you have any questions, comments, complaints or requests regarding this privacy policy or our processing of your information, please contact the Elsevier Data Protection Officer via the <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy/data-request"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Elsevier Privacy Support Hub</span></a> or via post:</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Elsevier Data Protection Officer Elsevier Limited 125 London Wall London EC2Y 5AS United Kingdom</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy/data-request"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Contact the Data Protection Officer</span></a></p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">You also may lodge a complaint with the data protection authority in the applicable jurisdiction.</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">The data protection representative for our businesses that are processing personal data within the scope of European Union and Swiss data protection laws and established outside of the European Economic Area and Switzerland is Elsevier B.V, Radarweg 29, 1043 Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The data protection representative for our businesses that are processing personal data within the scope of United Kingdom data protection laws and established outside of the United Kingdom is Elsevier Limited at the address above.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_1lx5lep0" id="14-service-specific-details"><div class="_16jmeqbj4 _16jmeqbj9 _16jmeqbjm _16jmeqbl0 _16jmeqbl5 _16jmeqbli _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><div class="section-rtf"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljgg)"><div class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbsi _16jmeqbsc _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="md"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbiy _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbku _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb0"><h2 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbss _16jmeqbta _16jmeqb16j _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="2">Service-specific details</h2><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Please read the service-specific details below for additional information about certain Elsevier services.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Editorial Manager</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Submissions to most Elsevier journals are handled via the <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/editor/submission-systems"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Editorial Manager®</span></a> online manuscript submission and peer review system. When you create or confirm an Editorial Manager account for a journal, certain personal information is required, such as your name and email address. Some journals may require or provide you the option to add other information, such as postal address, institutional affiliation, telephone number, or ORCID ID, as well as to self-identify your gender identity, race and ethnicity for diversity, equity and inclusion purposes. If you are a reviewer, Editorial Manager may process additional information, such as your subject area expertise, publication history, and review history, including your previous review comments, to help optimally match submitted manuscripts with relevant reviewers. Your review history may be shared across Elsevier journals to help editors when selecting you as a potential reviewer for other journals. When a submission that you reviewed is transferred from one Elsevier journal to another Elsevier journal via the <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/researcher/author/submit-your-paper/submit-and-revise/article-transfer-service"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Elsevier Article Transfer Service</span></a>, the transferring journal may also transfer your account details and associated review comments.To optimize performance and secure the integrity of the peer review process, Elsevier also monitors geography-based traffic and usage data. To deliver Editorial Manager services, your data may be processed by affiliates and service providers that perform services such as website hosting and IT support.You can always manage your marketing communication preferences in your Editorial Manager account or by visiting the <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://preferences.elsevier.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Elsevier Preference Center<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a> at any time.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Mendeley</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">When you create a Mendeley account, you have a personal library that you can fill with research information and materials, like manuscripts, articles, and other content.</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">With a Mendeley account, you can create and participate in private groups, to communicate and share research information and materials, including annotations and comments, with other Mendeley users. Your membership of and contributions to a private group will always be displayed to all members of that group. Information that you have shared with others on Mendeley (including its affiliated sites like the Mendeley support site) or that others have copied may remain visible after you have closed your account. Groups content associated with closed accounts will show an unknown user as the source.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Mendeley Careers</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">If you registered for a Mendeley account, you can create job preferences (also called careers interests). You can update, change or delete your careers interests at any time by logging into your Mendeley account and going to your careers interests (job preferences) page to make your desired changes. You can choose to let recruiters who pay for access to Mendeley Careers see your careers interests. In this case your careers interests, including your CV and contact information, will be available for searching, viewing and downloading by recruiters who request CVs matching your careers interests to be sent to them. Please note that your current employer may be a customer of Mendeley Careers, or a client of one of our customers. We cannot restrict the customers who access profiles on Mendeley Careers and cannot be held responsible for any eventuality. Please further note that although we try to grant access to career interests only to Mendeley Careers customers and require that they agree to access and use career interests solely for their recruitment-related purposes, we do not verify their identity or control their use, disclosure or retention of the information they access.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Digital Commons</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">When you create a (bepress) Digital Commons account, you have the option of using your account to submit pre-existing and new work to over 500 repositories running Digital Commons software.</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">During or after such a submission process, these repositories may solicit information from you for their own publishing and record maintenance needs. bepress does not control any of the information submitted to such a repository, and such information may remain visible in the repository after you have closed your Digital Commons account. Unless you indicate otherwise in your Digital Commons account, bepress may use your account email address to contact you with updates regarding the usage and reach of content that you have submitted to one or more of the repositories running Digital Commons software. Any requests pertaining to information collected by, held by, and/or publicly visible in a repository running Digital Commons software should be sent to the primary contact listed by the repository.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">SelectedWorks (Expert Gallery Suite)</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">When you create a (bepress) SelectedWorks account, you have the option of creating a personal profile page that will publicly display your first and last name to help others find and connect with you.</p><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">You, your designated delegate(s), or your institutional administrator can enrich your SelectedWorks personal profile by adding biographical information and materials, including your research interests, publications, curriculum vitae, and photo. You, your designated delegate(s) or your institutional administrator can add, change, or delete this information at any time and can decide to make your enriched profile public or hidden. bepress does not control the information in a SelectedWorks personal profile, and any such information may remain visible after you have closed your SelectedWorks account. Unless you indicate otherwise in your SelectedWorks account, bepress may use your account email address to contact you with updates regarding the usage and reach of the content that you shared on SelectedWorks. Any requests pertaining to information collected by, held by, and/or publicly visible in your personal profile should be sent to the Institution administrator listed in your Access Management page.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Osmosis</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">When you create an Osmosis account, you have a personal workspace that you can fill with course documents, questions, and flashcards. You may also invite classmates to collaborate in this workspace or you may be invited to another workspace by a classmate or by your course instructor. In this workspace, any questions or flashcards you create will be available to other members of this group. Content that you have shared or created may remain visible to other members of the workspace after you have closed your account. Additionally, data will be generated in the course of the use of Products and related services on the Site by the Authorized User, which may include, but not be limited to, the Authorized User student record, academic performance, test results, the Authorized User grades and quiz scores, instructor feedback, Authorized User personal learning behaviors including various metrics related to the Authorized User learning and remediation of particular subject materials ("Learning Data").  Elsevier, through its Products, will collect, maintain, process, have access to, and use Learning Data to: (i) analyze (separately or with data that Elsevier receives from third parties) for developing and improving the Products, (ii) provide the Authorized User with coaching support for select Products, and (iii) analyze and provide relevant information about the learning of the Authorized User (including adaptive and remediation) and usage of the Products to the Authorized User. </p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Complete Anatomy</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Complete Anatomy offers customized content and other personalization based on the region and preferred language that you choose. When you create a Complete Anatomy account, you may customize the anatomical imagery, topics, labels and other content that you wish to view. The Complete Anatomy mobile app does not deliver targeted push notifications or personalized advertising.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Researchfish</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">When you create a <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://app.researchfish.com/user/login?" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Researchfish<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a> account, you can submit your research outcomes, outputs and impacts to research funders, charities, research organisations and research centres. For more about data access and sharing with third parties, see the <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://app.researchfish.com/content/who-can-see-data-you-add-researchfish" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Researchfish user documentation<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a>.</p><h4 class="m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsk _16jmeqbsu _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="4">Interfolio Dossier</h4><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">When you create or confirm an Interfolio Dossier account, certain personal information is required, such as your name and email address. You may add other information such as your contact details, work history, experience, education, interests, writing samples, transcripts, letters of recommendation, and cover letters. Your university may also create an Interfolio Dossier account for you. For guidance on how to manage your account, and the materials and information shared through your account, please visit <a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://product-help.interfolio.com/en_US/about-dossier-accounts" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">https://product-help.interfolio.com/en_US/about-dossier-accounts<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a>.</p><div class="_1qkwy7a0 _1qkwy7a2"><div class="_1qkwy7a3"><table class="_1qkwy7a4 _16jmeqbwo _16jmeqb16y"><thead class=""><tr class="_1qkwy7a5 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><th class="_1qkwy7a6 _1qkwy7a8 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170" scope="col"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v">Local language </p></th></tr></thead><tbody class="_16jmeqb170"><tr class="_1qkwy7a5 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><td class="_1qkwy7a6 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/de-de/legal/privacy-policy" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Datenschutzrichtlinie<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr class="_1qkwy7a5 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><td class="_1qkwy7a6 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/es-es/legal/privacy-policy" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Política de privacidad<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr class="_1qkwy7a5 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><td class="_1qkwy7a6 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/pt-br/legal/privacy-policy" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Política de Privacidade<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr class="_1qkwy7a5 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><td class="_1qkwy7a6 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/fr-fr/legal/privacy-policy" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Politique de protection des données personnelles<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr class="_1qkwy7a5 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><td class="_1qkwy7a6 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/ja-jp/legal/privacy-policy" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">プライバシーポリシー（個人情報保護方針）<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr class="_1qkwy7a5 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><td class="_1qkwy7a6 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/zh-cn/legal/privacy-policy" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">隐私政策<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr class="_1qkwy7a5 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><td class="_1qkwy7a6 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/zh-tw/legal/privacy-policy" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">隱私權政策<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a></p></td></tr><tr class="_1qkwy7a5 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><td class="_1qkwy7a6 _16jmeqbx0 _16jmeqb170"><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb16v"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsevier.com/ko-kr/legal/privacy-policy" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">개인정보보호정책<span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script data-testid="json-ld" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Privacy Policy | Elsevier Legal","description":"How we collect, use and share your personal information - while maintaining your confidence and trust with respect to your privacy","breadcrumb":{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"/","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"/legal/privacy-policy","name":"Privacy policy"}}]}}</script><script data-testid="json-ld" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"WebSite","name":"Elsevier","url":"https://www.elsevier.com","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://www.elsevier.com/search?query={query}","query-input":"required name=query"}}</script></main><footer class="_99wljg4c _16jmeqb19i _16jmeqb74"><div class="_99wljg4c _16jmeqb3g _16jmeqb3l _16jmeqb3q _16jmeqb78 _16jmeqb7d _16jmeqb7i _16jmeqb19i"><div class="_1kbq9x82 _1kbq9x84 _1kbq9x85 _1kbq9x88" style="--_1kbq9x80:var(--_99wljge)"><nav class="" aria-label="Useful Links and Support"><div class="_1u13v720 _16jmeqbj0 _16jmeqbix _16jmeqbkc _16jmeqbkh _16jmeqbkm" style="grid-template-columns:repeat(12, 1fr)"><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbm9"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbix _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbkt _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><p class="_3zvs046 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Useful links</p><ul class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/researcher/author/submit-your-paper" data-testid="footer-link-Submit your paper" aria-label=""><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Submit your paper</span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://shop.elsevier.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="footer-link-Shop Books & Journals" aria-label="Shop Books & Journals opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Shop Books & Journals</span><span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/open-access" data-testid="footer-link-Open access" aria-label=""><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Open access</span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/products" data-testid="footer-link-View all products" aria-label=""><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">View all products</span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/connect" data-testid="footer-link-Elsevier Connect" aria-label=""><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Elsevier Connect</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbm9"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbix _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbkt _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><p class="_3zvs046 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">About</p><ul class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/about" data-testid="footer-link-About Elsevier" aria-label=""><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">About Elsevier</span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/about/careers" data-testid="footer-link-Careers" aria-label=""><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Careers</span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/about/global-press-office" data-testid="footer-link-Global Press Office" aria-label=""><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Global Press Office</span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.elsmediakits.com/?utm_source=elsevier.com&utm_medium=referral&dgcid=4168448395" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="footer-link-Advertising, reprints & supplements" aria-label="Advertising, reprints & supplements opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Advertising, reprints & supplements</span><span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/responsibility/relx-slavery-statement-2024.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="footer-link-Modern slavery act statement" aria-label="Modern slavery act statement PDF opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Modern slavery act statement</span><span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="_16jmeqbn4 _16jmeqbm9"><div class="_16jmeqbis _16jmeqbix _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbkt _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><p class="_3zvs046 m0fuh0 _16jmeqba4 _16jmeqbc4 _16jmeqbe4 _16jmeqbg4 _16jmeqb15t _16jmeqb15u _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqb176 _16jmeqbsg _16jmeqbsm _16jmeqb16k _16jmeqb164" data-heading-level="5">Support</p><ul class="_16jmeqbio _16jmeqbkk _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb4"><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/support" data-testid="footer-link-Customer support" aria-label=""><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Customer support</span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/elsevier/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-testid="footer-link-Resource center" aria-label="Resource center opens in new tab/window"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Resource center</span><span class="_17x85qk1 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd1 nddnvd6 _17x85qk0"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.438 6.75h10.7L4.983 17.906l1.326 1.328 11.13-11.13V18.75h1.875V4.875H5.438V6.75Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div></div><div class="_3zvs040 _16jmeqb38 _16jmeqb70 _16jmeqbgk _16jmeqbgx _16jmeqbck _16jmeqbcx _16jmeqbis _16jmeqbi5 _16jmeqbko _16jmeqbk1 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqb9 _16jmeqbw"><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><div class="_16jmeqb15k"><button class="" data-testid="region-switcher-footer" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multi-collapsible-"><div class="_16jmeqbi8 _16jmeqbk4 _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqb1ev"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class=" nddnvd3 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.995 21.375h-.002a9.551 9.551 0 0 1-9.556-9.556c0-2.552.994-4.953 2.8-6.758a9.491 9.491 0 0 1 6.756-2.795c-.463 0 3.563-.397 6.758 2.799 6.046 6.045 1.671 16.31-6.756 16.31Zm-4.291-8.626h-3.33c.345 2.998 2.214 5.135 4.646 6.156-.865-1.795-1.235-4.282-1.316-6.156Zm2.777 4.821c-.51-1.302-.821-2.947-.9-4.82h4.826c-.19 4.496-1.607 6.75-2.413 6.75-.636 0-1.28-1.337-1.513-1.93Zm4.486 1.335Zm0 0c.865-1.795 1.235-4.282 1.317-6.156h3.329c-.346 2.998-2.216 5.137-4.646 6.156Zm.004-14.167-.004-.008a7.78 7.78 0 0 1 4.078 4.039.02.02 0 0 0-.005 0l-.006.002c.296.672.491 1.384.579 2.112h-3.33c-.057-1.498-.248-2.786-.554-3.988a6.141 6.141 0 0 0-2.339-1.1c.663 1.526.944 3.59 1.017 5.088H9.58c.19-4.496 1.616-6.746 2.414-6.746.796 0 2.026.2 2.977.6Zm-5.952-.002Zm-1.316 6.147c.082-1.873.452-4.352 1.316-6.147-2.428 1.019-4.3 3.15-4.645 6.147h3.33Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><p class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167">Global | English</p></div></button></div></div><nav class="_3zvs045" data-aa-region="social" aria-label="Social media accounts"><div class="_16jmeqbig _16jmeqbkc _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8"><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/elsevier" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="_121ua270 _121ua271 _99wljg4b _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" data-testid="linkedin" class=" nddnvd3 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 0C1.34315 0 0 1.34315 0 3V21C0 22.6569 1.34315 24 3 24H21C22.6569 24 24 22.6569 24 21V3C24 1.34315 22.6569 0 21 0H3ZM4 6.16694C4 4.95138 5.00406 4 6.16694 4C7.32963 4 8.33387 4.95138 8.33387 6.16694C8.33387 7.38269 7.32963 8.33406 6.16694 8.33406C5.00406 8.33406 4 7.38269 4 6.16694ZM7.96394 20.2787H4.42281V9.655H7.96394V20.2787ZM13.7776 11.0292C14.3061 10.1836 15.4161 9.54944 16.843 9.54944C19.5385 9.54944 20.9127 10.8179 20.9127 13.8835V20.3316H17.3716V15.5748C17.3716 13.8835 16.6317 13.2492 15.6803 13.2492C14.4119 13.2492 13.8304 14.2534 13.8304 15.8918V20.3312H10.2893V9.70788H13.7776V11.0292Z"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> LinkedIn opens in new tab/window</span></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://twitter.com/ElsevierConnect" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="_121ua270 _121ua271 _99wljg4b _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" data-testid="twitter" class=" nddnvd3 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path d="M13.6408 10.4643L20.9224 2H19.1969L12.8743 9.34942L7.82442 2H2L9.63638 13.1136L2 21.9897H3.72561L10.4025 14.2285L15.7355 21.9897H21.5599L13.6404 10.4643H13.6408ZM11.2773 13.2115L10.5036 12.1049L4.34737 3.29901H6.9978L11.966 10.4056L12.7397 11.5123L19.1977 20.7498H16.5473L11.2773 13.212V13.2115Z"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> Twitter opens in new tab/window</span></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.facebook.com/ElsevierConnect" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="_121ua270 _121ua271 _99wljg4b _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" data-testid="facebook" class=" nddnvd3 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.001 0C18.6274 0 24 5.37155 24 12C24 17.9895 19.6124 22.9531 13.8748 23.854V23.8526C13.8749 23.8525 13.8749 23.8525 13.8749 23.8525V15.4697H16.6716L16.9665 13.5462L17.2047 11.9995H13.8759V9.74971C13.8759 8.79979 14.3409 7.87487 15.8318 7.87487H17.3447V4.92111C17.3447 4.92111 15.9718 4.68613 14.6589 4.68613C13.9065 4.68613 13.2257 4.81136 12.6338 5.05526C11.0687 5.69961 10.1252 7.17331 10.1252 9.35522V11.9985H7.07851V12H7.07841V15.4677H7.07851V15.4682H10.1242V23.853C4.38763 22.9531 0 17.9885 0 11.999C0 5.37055 5.37155 0 12.001 0Z"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> Facebook opens in new tab/window</span></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1w _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/elsevier" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="_121ua270 _121ua271 _99wljg4b _16jmeqb1s"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" data-testid="youtube" class=" nddnvd3 nddnvd5 nddnvd8"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M21.2301 4.24687C22.2467 4.52044 23.0469 5.32594 23.3188 6.34912C23.8125 8.2035 23.8125 12.0724 23.8125 12.0724C23.8125 12.0724 23.8125 15.9414 23.3188 17.7958C23.0469 18.8188 22.2467 19.6245 21.2301 19.8981C19.3877 20.3949 12 20.3949 12 20.3949C12 20.3949 4.61231 20.3949 2.76975 19.8981C1.7535 19.6245 0.952875 18.8188 0.681 17.7958C0.1875 15.9412 0.1875 12.0724 0.1875 12.0724C0.1875 12.0724 0.1875 8.2035 0.681187 6.34912C0.9525 5.32594 1.75313 4.52062 2.76994 4.24687C4.61231 3.75 12 3.75 12 3.75C12 3.75 19.3875 3.75 21.2301 4.24687ZM15.7587 12.0724L9.58398 15.585V8.55957L15.7587 12.0724Z"></path></svg></span><span class="_13sjisp0"> YouTube opens in new tab/window</span></span></a></div></nav></div><div class="_16jmeqbgk _16jmeqbgx _16jmeqbck _16jmeqbcx _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb10 _16jmeqb8 _16jmeqbw _16jmeqb34 _16jmeqb39"><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><img class="_3zvs041 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqb2g" src="/images/elsevier-logo-white.svg" alt="Elsevier" width="130" height="38" srcSet="/images/elsevier-logo-white.svg 1x, /images/elsevier-logo-white.svg 2x" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="https://www.relx.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><img class="_3zvs042 popcxs1 popcxs3 _16jmeqb2g" src="/images/relx-logo.svg" alt="Relx" width="120" height="36" srcSet="/images/relx-logo.svg 1x, /images/relx-logo.svg 2x" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><span class="_13sjisp0"> opens in new tab/window</span></span></a></div><div class="_3zvs043 _16jmeqbgk _16jmeqbgx _16jmeqbck _16jmeqbcx _16jmeqbig _16jmeqbit _16jmeqbkc _16jmeqbkp _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb12 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqba _16jmeqb34 _16jmeqb39"><p class="_3zvs044 gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Copyright © 2024 Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.</p><nav class="" aria-label="Privacy and compliance" data-aa-region="privacy-and-compliance"><ul class="_16jmeqbic _16jmeqbit _16jmeqbk8 _16jmeqbkp _16jmeqb1s _16jmeqb18 _16jmeqb11 _16jmeqb4 _16jmeqb9"><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/elsevier-website-terms-and-conditions"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Terms & Conditions</span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/legal/privacy-policy"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Privacy policy</span></span></a></li><li class=""><a class="_16jmeqb1k _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" href="/about/accessibility"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Accessibility</span></span></a></li><li class=""><button class="_16jmeqb1g _16jmeqb18y _16jmeqb1eq _16jmeqb1ev" data-testid="cookie-settings-button-on-footer"><span class="gv4p8b0 _16jmeqb166 _16jmeqb167 _16jmeqbs8 _16jmeqb16m" data-text-size="xs">Cookie settings</span></button></li></ul></nav></div></footer></div></div><script defer="" src="/scripts/remove-no-js-class.js"></script><script defer="" src="/scripts/unsupported-browser.js"></script><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"_nextI18Next":{"initialI18nStore":{"en-US":{"article":{"writtenBy":"By {{author}}","contributorPageTitle":"Contributor","contributorsPageTitle":"Contributors","personProfilePageTitle":"Leadership","authorDescription":"{{title}} at {{organisation}}","readingTime":"{{readingTime}} min read","readMore":"Read more","watchNow":"Watch now • {{duration}} minutes"},"common":{"home":"Home","back":"Back","explore":"Explore","readMore":"Read more","viewMore":"View more","viewLess":"View less","play":"Play","search":"Search","skipToMainContent":"Skip to main content","unsupportedBrowser":"Unfortunately we don't fully support your browser. If you have the option to, please upgrade to a newer version or use \u003c0\u003eMozilla Firefox\u003c/0\u003e, \u003c1\u003eMicrosoft Edge\u003c/1\u003e, \u003c2\u003eGoogle Chrome\u003c/2\u003e, or Safari 14 or newer. If you are unable to, and need support, please \u003c3\u003esend us your feedback\u003c/3\u003e.","dismiss":"Dismiss","secondaryNavigation":"Secondary navigation","frequentlyAskedQuestionsTitle":"Frequently asked questions","unsupportedEmbeddedVideo":"Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video","relatedLinks":"Related links","relatedResources":"Related resources","jumplinks":"In page navigation","lastUpdate":"Last updated on","opensInNewTabOrWindow":"opens in new tab/window","download":"Download","close":"Close","sidebarBack":"Back to","showLess":"Show less","clearAll":"Clear all","showNMore":"Show {{number}} more","continueToElsevierDotCom":"Continue to elsevier.com","pageOpensInNewTab":"Page opens in new tab","allRelatedTo":"All related to {{subject}}"},"book-companion":{"videoResources":"Video resources","buyOnGlobalStore":"Buy on global store","viewOnScienceDirect":"View on ScienceDirect","downloadableContent":"Downloadable content","shopTextTitle":"Shop for books, journals, and more.","shopTextBody":"Discover over 2,960 journals, 48,300 books, and many iconic reference works.","bookCtaLink":"Browse Books","journalCtaLink":"Browse Journals","resources":"Resources","elsevierBookPlaceholderImage":"Elsevier book placeholder image","edition":"Edition","bookCompanion":"Book Companion","untitledBook":"Untitled book"},"contacts":{"title":"Contact","personEmail":"E-mail {{nickname}}","personProfile":"Read more about {{nickname}}","profile":"Profile","contributor":"Contributor"},"cookies":{"bannerMessage":"We use cookies that are necessary to make our site work. We may also use additional cookies to analyze, improve, and personalize our content and your digital experience. For more information, see our \u003c0\u003eCookie Policy\u003c/0\u003e.","acceptAllCookies":"Accept all cookies","cookieSettings":"Cookie settings","consentBlocked":"Your browser blocked our cookie consent scripts. You are browsing anonymously.","dismiss":"Dismiss"},"error":{"pageNotFoundMessage":"The page you're looking for cannot be found","pageNotFoundTitle":"404 | Elsevier","errorPageMessage":"Unfortunately, we encountered a problem...","errorPageTitle":"Oops! | Elsevier","exploreMore":"Explore more on our website.","link":"Back to home page"},"footer":{"about":"About Elsevier","accessibility":"Accessibility","advertising":"Advertising, reprints \u0026 supplements","allProducts":"All products","betaExperience":"This is the beta experience for Elsevier. Only available in US English for now.","booksJournals":"Shop Books \u0026 Journals","careers":"Careers","connect":"Elsevier Connect","cookieSettings":"Cookie settings","copyright":"Copyright © {{ currentYear }} Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","customerSupport":"Customer support","elsevier":"Elsevier","global":"Global | English","newsroom":"Newsroom","oldExperience":"Return to the \u003c0\u003eoriginal experience\u003c/0\u003e","openAccess":"Open access","privacy":"Privacy policy","relx":"Relx","resourceCenter":"Resource center","submit":"Submit your paper","socialNav":"Social media accounts","privacyNav":"Privacy and compliance","navLinksTitle":"Useful Links and Support","terms":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","chooseRegion":"Choose region and language","selectCountryOrGlobal":"Select another country or region to use content specific to your location or visit the \u003c0\u003eglobal website\u003c/0\u003e.","noRegionsGoToGlobal":"Something went wrong. Please continue using your current local site, visit the \u003c0\u003eglobal site\u003c/0\u003e, or try again later."},"forms":{"address_address":"Address line 1","address_address2":"Address line 2","address_city":"City","address_state":"State / Province","address_zip":"ZIP Postalcode","address_country":"Country","optOut":"If you do not wish to receive updates, offers and other information about relevant products, services and events from \u003c0\u003eElsevier\u003c/0\u003e, please tick the box.","name_prefix":"Prefix","name_first":"First name","name_middle":"Middle name","name_last":"Last name","name_initial":"Initial","name_suffix":"Suffix","validation_required":"{{fieldName}} is required","validation_minLength":"{{fieldName}} must be at least {{limit}} characters","validation_maxLength":"{{fieldName}} must not exceed length of {{limit}}","email_format":"email","tel_format":"telephone","tel_text":"text","validation_format":"{{fieldName}} is in an invalid {{fieldType}} format","validation_pattern":"{{fieldName}} is in an invalid {{fieldType}} format","submission_error":"This service is currently unavailable, apologies for any inconvenience caused","default_submission_confirmation":"Thank you for contacting us, we will be in touch soon","file_upload_limit":"File size is currently limited to {{fileUploadLimit}}.","select_file":"Select file","validation_minItems":"{{fieldName}} must select at least {{limit}} item(s)","startTyping":"Please start typing to search the list of organisations ...","noMatchingResults":"We could not find any organisations that match your entry","technicalDifficulties":"Sorry but we are having technical difficulties, and currently cannot retrieve any results. Please try again later!"},"form-labels":{"address_address":"Address line 1","address_address2":"Address line 2","address_city":"City","address_country":"Country","address_state":"State / Province","address_zip":"ZIP Postalcode","name_suffix":"Suffix","name_initial":"Initial","name_last":"Last name","name_first":"First name","name_prefix":"Prefix","name_middle":"Middle name","optOut":"If you do not wish to receive updates, offers and other information about relevant products, services and events from \u003c0\u003eElsevier\u003c/0\u003e, please tick the box.","Submit":"Submit","Field 1":"For test purposes only","What solutions and services are you interested in?":"What solutions and services are you interested in?","Scopus":"Scopus","SciVal":"SciVal","Pure":"Pure","Datasets - What solutions and services are you interested in?":"Datasets - What solutions and services are you interested in?","Datasets":"Datasets","Data enrichment":"Data enrichment","Data analytics":"Data analytics","User tools":"User tools","Expert support":"Expert support","Data enrichment - What solutions and services are you interested in?":"Data enrichment - What solutions and services are you interested in?","Data analytics - What solutions and services are you interested in?":"Data analytics - What solutions and services are you interested in?","Would you like to talk to an expert about Reaxys or reaction and bioactivity datasets?":"Would you like to talk to an expert about Reaxys or reaction and bioactivity datasets?","No, not at this time":"No, not at this time","Yes, contact me about Reaxys":"Yes, contact me about Reaxys","Yes, contact me about reaction and bioactivity datasets":"Yes, contact me about reaction and bioactivity datasets","What solutions are you interested in?":"What solutions are you interested in?","Analytical Services":"Analytical Services","Data Monitor":"Data Monitor","Digital Commons":"Digital Commons","Expert Lookup":"Expert Lookup","Funding Institutional":"Funding Institutional","EV Which Engineering Village database are you looking for?":"EV Which Engineering Village database are you looking for?","Chemical Business NewsBase (CBNB)":"Chemical Business NewsBase (CBNB)","Chimica":"Chimica","Compendex":"Compendex","Ei Backfile":"Ei Backfile","Ei Patents":"Ei Patents","EnCompassLIT":"EnCompassLIT","EnCompassPAT":"EnCompassPAT","GEOBASE":"GEOBASE","GeoRef":"GeoRef","Inspec":"Inspec","Inspec Archive":"Inspec Archive","NTIS (National Technical Information Service)":"NTIS (National Technical Information Service)","PaperChem":"PaperChem","DC What solutions and services are you interested in?":"DC What solutions and services are you interested in?","Digital Commons institutional repository (IR)":"Digital Commons institutional repository (IR)","Digital Commons Data":"Digital Commons Data","Digital Commons Journals publishing":"Digital Commons Journals publishing","Digital Commons Exhibits":"Digital Commons Exhibits","Not sure":"Not sure","SC Which of these needs apply to your organization?":"Which of these needs apply to your organization?","Do research (find articles for R\u0026D, track SDG research, find collaborators)":"Do research (find articles for R\u0026D, track SDG research, find collaborators)","Track influence (of journals, authors, peers or competitors)Inform research strategy \u0026 funding opportunities":"Track influence (of journals, authors, peers or competitors)Inform research strategy \u0026 funding opportunities","Use Scopus metrics":"Use Scopus metrics","Manage profiles (authors, institution)":"Manage profiles (authors, institution)","Teach science \u0026 information literacy":"Teach science \u0026 information literacy","Other":"Other","What ScienceDirect options are you considering for your organization today?":"What ScienceDirect options are you considering for your organization today?","Full or complete ScienceDirect subscription":"Full or complete ScienceDirect subscription","Journal-focused subscription options or packages (e.g., College Edition, Government Edition, Corporate Edition, Subject Collection, Freedom Collection, Article Choice Bundle, Backfiles, Specific Titles)":"Journal-focused subscription options or packages (e.g., College Edition, Government Edition, Corporate Edition, Subject Collection, Freedom Collection, Article Choice Bundle, Backfiles, Specific Titles)","ScienceDirect eBooks, Major Reference Works, other books":"ScienceDirect eBooks, Major Reference Works, other books","Single book purchase":"Single book purchase","Single journal title subscription":"Single journal title subscription","Is there anything you would like to share about your organization’s goals and needs?":"Is there anything you would like to share about your organization’s goals and needs?","Yes, contact me about Reaxys and/or bioactivity and reaction datasets":"Yes, contact me about Reaxys and/or bioactivity and reaction datasets","About you":"About you","First name":"First name","Last name":"Last name","Work email address":"Work email address","Work phone":"Work phone","Job title":"Job title","About your organization":"About your organization","Organization":"Organization","Organization type":"Organization type","Academic":"Academic","Corporate":"Corporate","Distributor or Reseller":"Distributor or Reseller","Government":"Government","Medical / Health":"Medical / Health","Society / Association":"Society / Association","Industry":"Industry","Pharmaceuticals":"Pharmaceuticals","Medical devices":"Medical devices","Chemicals and materials":"Chemicals and materials","Energy and natural resources":"Energy and natural resources","Dept / School / College name":"Dept / School / College name","City":"City","What challenges are you looking to address?":"What challenges are you looking to address?","I am interested in":"I am interested in","Updating an institution profile":"Updating an institution profile","Updating an author profile":"Updating an author profile","Estimated number of users":"Estimated number of users","If you do not wish to receive updates, offers and other information about relevant products, services and events from Elsevier, please tick the box.":"If you do not wish to receive updates, offers and other information about relevant products, services and events from Elsevier, please tick the box.","Country / region":"Country / region","Afghanistan":"Afghanistan","Åland Islands":"Åland Islands","Albania":"Albania","Algeria":"Algeria","American Samoa":"American Samoa","Andorra":"Andorra","Angola":"Angola","Anguilla":"Anguilla","Antartica":"Antartica","Antigua and Barbuda":"Antigua and Barbuda","Argentina":"Argentina","Armenia":"Armenia","Aruba":"Aruba","Australia":"Australia","Austria":"Austria","Azerbaijan":"Azerbaijan","Bahamas":"Bahamas","Bahrain":"Bahrain","Bangladesh":"Bangladesh","Barbados":"Barbados","Belarus":"Belarus","Belgium":"Belgium","Benin":"Benin","Bhutan":"Bhutan","Bolivia":"Bolivia","Bosnia and Herzegovina":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Botswana":"Botswana","Brazil":"Brazil","Brunei Darussalam":"Brunei Darussalam","Bulgaria":"Bulgaria","Burkina Faso":"Burkina Faso","Burundi":"Burundi","Cambodia":"Cambodia","Cameroon":"Cameroon","Canada":"Canada","Cabo Verde":"Cabo Verde","Cayman islands":"Cayman islands","Chad":"Chad","Chile":"Chile","China":"China","Coco Islands":"Coco Islands","Colombia":"Colombia","Congo":"Congo","Congo, Democratic Republic":"Congo, Democratic Republic","Cook Islands":"Cook Islands","Costa Rica":"Costa Rica","Côte d'Ivoire":"Côte d'Ivoire","Croatia":"Croatia","Cuba":"Cuba","Curaçao":"Curaçao","Cyprus":"Cyprus","Czechia":"Czechia","Denmark":"Denmark","Djibouti":"Djibouti","Dominican Republic":"Dominican Republic","Ecuador":"Ecuador","Egypt":"Egypt","El Salvador":"El Salvador","Equatorial Guinea":"Equatorial Guinea","Eritrea":"Eritrea","Estonia":"Estonia","Ethiopia":"Ethiopia","Fiji":"Fiji","Finland":"Finland","France":"France","Gabon":"Gabon","Gambia":"Gambia","Georgia":"Georgia","Germany":"Germany","Ghana":"Ghana","Gibraltar":"Gibraltar","Greece":"Greece","Greenland":"Greenland","Grenada":"Grenada","Guatemala":"Guatemala","Guinea":"Guinea","Guyana":"Guyana","Haiti":"Haiti","Heard Island and McDonald Islands":"Heard Island and McDonald Islands","Holy See":"Holy See","Honduras":"Honduras","Hong Kong":"Hong Kong","Hungary":"Hungary","Iceland":"Iceland","India":"India","Indonesia":"Indonesia","Iran":"Iran","Iraq":"Iraq","Ireland":"Ireland","Isle of Man":"Isle of Man","Israel":"Israel","Italy":"Italy","Jamaica":"Jamaica","Japan":"Japan","Jordan":"Jordan","Kazakhstan":"Kazakhstan","Kenya":"Kenya","Korea, North":"Korea, North","Korea, South":"Korea, South","Kuwait":"Kuwait","Kyrgyzstan":"Kyrgyzstan","Latvia":"Latvia","Lebanon":"Lebanon","Lesotho":"Lesotho","Liberia":"Liberia","Libya":"Libya","Lithuania":"Lithuania","Luxembourg":"Luxembourg","Madagascar":"Madagascar","Malawi":"Malawi","Malaysia":"Malaysia","Maldives":"Maldives","Mali":"Mali","Malta":"Malta","Martinique":"Martinique","Mauritania":"Mauritania","Mauritius":"Mauritius","Mexico":"Mexico","Moldova":"Moldova","Monaco":"Monaco","Mongolia":"Mongolia","Montenegro":"Montenegro","Montserrat":"Montserrat","Morocco":"Morocco","Mozambique":"Mozambique","Myanmar":"Myanmar","Namibia":"Namibia","Nepal":"Nepal","Netherlands":"Netherlands","New Caledonia":"New Caledonia","New Zealand":"New Zealand","Nicaragua":"Nicaragua","Niger":"Niger","Nigeria":"Nigeria","Norfolk Island":"Norfolk Island","North Macedonia":"North Macedonia","Norway":"Norway","Oman":"Oman","Pakistan":"Pakistan","Panama":"Panama","Papua New Guinea":"Papua New Guinea","Paraguay":"Paraguay","Peru":"Peru","Philippines":"Philippines","Poland":"Poland","Portugal":"Portugal","Puerto Rico":"Puerto Rico","Qatar":"Qatar","Réunion":"Réunion","Romania":"Romania","Russian Federation":"Russian Federation","Rwanda":"Rwanda","Saint Kitts and Nevis":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Saint Lucia":"Saint Lucia","Saint Vincent and the Grenadines":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Samoa":"Samoa","Saudi Arabia":"Saudi Arabia","Senegal":"Senegal","Serbia":"Serbia","Seychelles":"Seychelles","Singapore":"Singapore","Sint Maarten":"Sint Maarten","Slovakia":"Slovakia","Slovenia":"Slovenia","Somalia":"Somalia","South Africa":"South Africa","South Sudan":"South Sudan","Spain":"Spain","Sri Lanka":"Sri Lanka","Sudan":"Sudan","Suriname":"Suriname","Svalbard and Jan Mayen":"Svalbard and Jan Mayen","Eswatini":"Eswatini","Sweden":"Sweden","Switzerland":"Switzerland","Syrian Arab Republic":"Syrian Arab Republic","Taiwan":"Taiwan","Tajikistan":"Tajikistan","Tanzania, the United Republic of":"Tanzania, the United Republic of","Thailand":"Thailand","Togo":"Togo","Tokelau":"Tokelau","Tonga":"Tonga","Trinidad and Tobago":"Trinidad and Tobago","Tunisia":"Tunisia","Turkey":"Turkey","Uganda":"Uganda","Ukraine":"Ukraine","United Arab Emirates":"United Arab Emirates","United Kingdom":"United Kingdom","United States of America":"United States of America","Uruguay":"Uruguay","United States Minor Outlying Islands":"United States Minor Outlying Islands","Uzbekistan":"Uzbekistan","Vanuatu":"Vanuatu","Venezuela":"Venezuela","Viet Nam":"Viet Nam","Virgin Islands, British":"Virgin Islands, British","Virgin Islands, U.S.":"Virgin Islands, U.S.","Wallis and Futuna":"Wallis and Futuna","Western Sahara":"Western Sahara","Yemen":"Yemen","Zambia":"Zambia","Zimbabwe":"Zimbabwe","organisation_search_name":"Organisation","How can our Sales team help you?":"How can our Sales team help you?","Dentistry":"Dentistry","Health Professions":"Health Professions","Medicine":"Medicine","Nursing":"Nursing","Veterinary":"Veterinary","Basic Sciences":"Basic Sciences","Dental Anaesthesia":"Dental Anaesthesia","Dental Assisting":"Dental Assisting","Dental Auxilliary":"Dental Auxilliary","Dental Hygiene":"Dental Hygiene","Dental Materials":"Dental Materials","Dental Microbiology and Infection":"Dental Microbiology and Infection","Dental Therapeutics and Pharmacology":"Dental Therapeutics and Pharmacology","Endodontics":"Endodontics","General":"General","Medicine, Surgery and Pathology":"Medicine, Surgery and Pathology","Operative":"Operative","Oral Medicine":"Oral Medicine","Oral Pathology":"Oral Pathology","Oral Radiology":"Oral Radiology","Oral Surgery":"Oral Surgery","Orthodontics":"Orthodontics","Paediatric":"Paediatric","Periodontics":"Periodontics","Practice Mgmt and Community Dent":"Practice Mgmt and Community Dent","Preventive":"Preventive","Prosthetic":"Prosthetic","Aquatics/Life-Saving":"Aquatics/Life-Saving","Chiropractic":"Chiropractic","Clinical Laboratory Science":"Clinical Laboratory Science","Complementary Medicine":"Complementary Medicine","Diet Therapy":"Diet Therapy","Emergency Medical Services":"Emergency Medical Services","Fire Science/Trucks":"Fire Science/Trucks","Health Information Management":"Health Information Management","Health Occupations":"Health Occupations","Health Policy":"Health Policy","Health Professions: General":"Health Professions: General","Health Risk Assessment":"Health Risk Assessment","Hospital Admin and Management":"Hospital Admin and Management","Hospital Administration and Care":"Hospital Administration and Care","Imaging Technologies":"Imaging Technologies","Manual Therapy":"Manual Therapy","Massage Therapy":"Massage Therapy","Medical Administration":"Medical Administration","Medical Assisting and Transcription":"Medical Assisting and Transcription","Medical Laboratory Technicians":"Medical Laboratory Technicians","Medical Terminology":"Medical Terminology","Medical Transportation":"Medical Transportation","Occupational Therapy":"Occupational Therapy","Operating Theatre Technicians and Assistants":"Operating Theatre Technicians and Assistants","Optometry":"Optometry","Osteopathy":"Osteopathy","Pharmacognosy":"Pharmacognosy","Pharmacy":"Pharmacy","Physical Therapy":"Physical Therapy","Podiatry":"Podiatry","Psychology":"Psychology","Radiography":"Radiography","Rehabilitation":"Rehabilitation","Respiratory Care":"Respiratory Care","Speech and Hearing":"Speech and Hearing","Sports Science":"Sports Science","Surgical Technology":"Surgical Technology","Allergy and Clinical Immunology":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology","Anaesthesiology":"Anaesthesiology","Anatomy":"Anatomy","Basic Medical Science":"Basic Medical Science","Behavioural Science":"Behavioural Science","Biochemistry and Chemistry":"Biochemistry and Chemistry","Cardiology":"Cardiology","Clinical/General Medicine":"Clinical/General Medicine","Critical Care":"Critical Care","Dermatology":"Dermatology","Diseases":"Diseases","Embryology":"Embryology","Emergency Medicine":"Emergency Medicine","Endocrinology":"Endocrinology","Epidemiology and Public Health":"Epidemiology and Public Health","Family Medicine":"Family Medicine","Gastroenterology and Hepatology":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology","Genetics":"Genetics","Geriatrics":"Geriatrics","Healing":"Healing","Hematology":"Hematology","Histology":"Histology","Infectious Diseases":"Infectious Diseases","Internal Medicine":"Internal Medicine","Lab and Diagnostic Tests":"Lab and Diagnostic Tests","Medical Equipment and Techniques":"Medical Equipment and Techniques","Medical Reference":"Medical Reference","Microbiology":"Microbiology","Nephrology":"Nephrology","Neurology":"Neurology","Obstetrics and Gynecology":"Obstetrics and Gynecology","Oncology":"Oncology","Ophthalmology":"Ophthalmology","Orthopedics":"Orthopedics","Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery":"Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery","Otolaryngology":"Otolaryngology","Palliative Medicine":"Palliative Medicine","Pathology":"Pathology","Pediatrics":"Pediatrics","Perinatology and Neonatology":"Perinatology and Neonatology","Pharmacology":"Pharmacology","Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","Physicians":"Physicians","Physicians Assistant":"Physicians Assistant","Physiology":"Physiology","Psychiatry":"Psychiatry","Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine","Radiology":"Radiology","Rheumatology":"Rheumatology","Sleep Medicine":"Sleep Medicine","Sports Medicine":"Sports Medicine","Surgery":"Surgery","Urology":"Urology","Adult Nursing":"Adult Nursing","Advanced Practice Nursing":"Advanced Practice Nursing","Anatomy and Physiology":"Anatomy and Physiology","Anesthesia":"Anesthesia","Assessment and Diagnosis":"Assessment and Diagnosis","Assisting":"Assisting","Basic Science":"Basic Science","Cardiovascular Care":"Cardiovascular Care","Care Planning":"Care Planning","Case Management":"Case Management","Children''s Nursing":"Children''s Nursing","Communication and Counselling Skills":"Communication and Counselling Skills","Community Nursing":"Community Nursing","Community and Home Care":"Community and Home Care","Dermatology and Wound Care":"Dermatology and Wound Care","Dictionaries":"Dictionaries","Education":"Education","Emergency":"Emergency","Ethics, Law and Philosophy":"Ethics, Law and Philosophy","Forensic Mental Health":"Forensic Mental Health","Foundation Textbooks":"Foundation Textbooks","Fundamentals and Skills":"Fundamentals and Skills","Gastrointestinal System":"Gastrointestinal System","General Clinical Nursing":"General Clinical Nursing","Health Care Assistant":"Health Care Assistant","Health Promotion":"Health Promotion","Infection Control Nursing":"Infection Control Nursing","Issues and Trends":"Issues and Trends","LPN and LVN":"LPN and LVN","Leadership and Management":"Leadership and Management","Learning Disabilities":"Learning Disabilities","Maths":"Maths","Medical, Surgical - Advanced Practice":"Medical, Surgical - Advanced Practice","Medical-Surgical":"Medical-Surgical","Mens Health":"Mens Health","Midwifery":"Midwifery","Neurological Nursing":"Neurological Nursing","Nutrition and Dietetics":"Nutrition and Dietetics","Ophthalmic Nursing":"Ophthalmic Nursing","Orthopaedic Nursing":"Orthopaedic Nursing","Pathophysiology":"Pathophysiology","Patient Education":"Patient Education","Process/Diagnosis":"Process/Diagnosis","Psychiatric and Mental Health":"Psychiatric and Mental Health","Renal and Urological Nursing":"Renal and Urological Nursing","Research":"Research","Research and Theory":"Research and Theory","Respiratory Nursing":"Respiratory Nursing","Review":"Review","Revision Aids and Study Skills":"Revision Aids and Study Skills","Sexual Health":"Sexual Health","Social Work+I28":"Social Work+I28","Sociology and Social Policy":"Sociology and Social Policy","Surgical Nursing":"Surgical Nursing","Theory":"Theory","Academic (Medical, Pharmacy or Nursing College/University)":"Academic (Medical, Pharmacy or Nursing College/University)","Government (DoD, Federal, State, etc.)":"Government (DoD, Federal, State, etc.)","Payer (Health Plans, Benefits Management, Care Organization, PBM, TPA, etc.)":"Payer (Health Plans, Benefits Management, Care Organization, PBM, TPA, etc.)","Provider - Ambulatory/Out-Patient Facility":"Provider - Ambulatory/Out-Patient Facility","Provider - Healthcare Network":"Provider - Healthcare Network","Provider - Home Health Care/Agency":"Provider - Home Health Care/Agency","Provider - Hospital":"Provider - Hospital","Provider - Human Services":"Provider - Human Services","Provider - Long Term Care (Nursing Home, Skilled Nursing facility, Rehabilitation Center…)":"Provider - Long Term Care (Nursing Home, Skilled Nursing facility, Rehabilitation Center…)","Provider - Medical Group Practice":"Provider - Medical Group Practice","Technology (HIT, EMR, EHR, etc.)":"Technology (HIT, EMR, EHR, etc.)","Executive/Executive Director/C-Level":"Executive/Executive Director/C-Level","Education - Dean/Lead/Head (School/Department)":"Education - Dean/Lead/Head (School/Department)","Librarian":"Librarian","Education - Course Lead/Head of Year":"Education - Course Lead/Head of Year","Resident/Trainee/Junior Doctor":"Resident/Trainee/Junior Doctor","Clinician/Physician/Practitioner/Doctor":"Clinician/Physician/Practitioner/Doctor","Researcher":"Researcher","Education-Educator (Preceptor/Lecturer/Instructor)":"Education-Educator (Preceptor/Lecturer/Instructor)","Student":"Student","Faculty":"Faculty","Informaticist":"Informaticist","IT":"IT","Patient Care / Quality / Compliance / Safety":"Patient Care / Quality / Compliance / Safety","Pharmacist":"Pharmacist","Staff Development / HR":"Staff Development / HR","Author":"Author","Nurse Management":"Nurse Management","Nurse/RN":"Nurse/RN","Frontline Supervisor":"Frontline Supervisor","Case Manager":"Case Manager","Marketing":"Marketing","Pricing and Reimbursement":"Pricing and Reimbursement","Sales":"Sales","Fellow":"Fellow","Support Worker":"Support Worker"},"header":{"returnToOldExperience":"Return to the original experience","feedbackOnNewExperience":"We'd appreciate your feedback.","tellUsWhatYouThink":"Tell us what you think!","hideMenu":"Hide Menu","showMenu":"Show Menu","backToMainNavigation":"Back\u003c0\u003e to main navigation\u003c/0\u003e","mainNavigation":"Main site navigation","userIcon":"User account","cartIcon":"Shopping Cart","openSearch":"Open Search","closeSearch":"Close Search","publishWithUs":"Publish with us","globeIcon":"Location Selector"},"home":{"relatedLinksTitle":"Featured topics and communities"},"locales":{"selectCountryOrGlobal":"Select another country or region to use content specific to your location or visit the \u003c0\u003eglobal website\u003c/0\u003e.","chooseRegion":"Choose region and language","noLocalContentToShow":"Sorry, we have no local content to show here","viewContentOnGlobal":"Would you like to view the latest content that we do have available, (only available in English) on our global website?"},"preview":{"viewingUnpublishedContent":"Viewing unpublished content","exitPreviewMode":"Exit preview mode"},"search":{"pageTitle":"Search | Elsevier","searchText":"What are you looking for?","openSearch":"Open search","closeSearch":"Close search","authorListOne":"By {{person}}","authorListMultiple":"By {{people}} and {{personLast}}","journals":"Journals","books":"Books","topResultInBooks":"Top result in books","seeMoreBooks":"See {{approxTotalBooks}} more books","openAccess":"Open access","journalCatalogTitle":"Journal catalog","journalCatalogDescription":"Choose the journal that’s right for you. Browse through over 2,900 Elsevier titles across all areas of science, so you’ll always find the best match for your research. Search by keyword, filter by subject area or access type and sort by relevance.","searchForElsevierJournals":"Search for Elsevier journals","journalCoverFor":"Journal cover for {{title}}","subscribeToJournal":"Subscribe to journal","allFilters":"Filters","totalResults":"results","clearSearch":"Clear","webshop":"From our webshop","relatedJournals":"Related journals","relatedBooks":"Related books","journalHomepage":"Journal Homepage","completeAnatomyTitle":"Complete Anatomy Articles","completeAnatomyDescription":"A collection of articles featuring written content and 2D images from Complete Anatomy, the world's most advanced 3D anatomy platform.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003curl\u003eDownload Complete Anatomy\u003c/url\u003e from your app store for the full 3D experience.","allFiltersSidebarHeader":"All filters","globalNoResultsFound":"No results found for your search on \u003c0\u003eelsevier.com\u003c/0\u003e","articlePublishingChargesDiscover":"Discover Article publishing charges (APC)","articlePublishingChargesShowLess":"Show less","articlePublishingChargesLoading":"Loading..."},"webinar":{"title":"Webinar","register":"Register now","speaker":"Speaker","speakers":"Speakers","relatedResources":"Related resources","speaker_one":"Speaker","speaker_other":"Speakers"}},"en-us":{"article":{},"common":{},"book-companion":{},"contacts":{},"cookies":{},"error":{},"footer":{},"forms":{},"form-labels":{},"header":{},"home":{},"locales":{},"preview":{},"search":{},"webinar":{}}},"initialLocale":"en-US","userConfig":null},"template":{"id":"basic-page","items":[{"component":"BasicPageHeader","id":"d6482979-7db7-443b-8023-b86df2f18a5b"},{"component":"BasicPageContent","id":"97541838-ad95-4045-8029-17859b39ae43"}],"analyticsPageType":"Generic Page"},"pageId":"jW83BXx0sC5Z20XfzJX9d","breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Home","slug":"/"},{"name":"Privacy policy","slug":"/legal/privacy-policy"}],"contentId":"5yXlj9oluuyp8aJLO7Z0Cm","image":null,"pageComponentProps":{"d6482979-7db7-443b-8023-b86df2f18a5b":{"props":{"label":null,"title":"Privacy Policy","published":null,"image":null}},"97541838-ad95-4045-8029-17859b39ae43":{"props":{"sections":[{"id":"0-About our privacy policy","name":"About our privacy policy","items":[{"id":"Asyz05QKCvPwPSCkvkBrz","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#0-about-our-privacy-policy"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"About our privacy policy","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#1-information-we-collect"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Information we collect","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#2-how-we-use-your-information"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"How we use your information","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#3-sharing-of-your-information"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Sharing of your information","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#4-your-personal-account"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Your personal account","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#5-administrator-data"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Administrator data","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#6-preferences"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Preferences","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#7-accessing-and-updating"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Accessing and updating","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"table-cell"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#8-data-retention"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Data retention","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#9-data-security"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Data security","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#10-locations-of-processing"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Locations of processing","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#11-grounds-for-processing"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Grounds for processing","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#12-changes"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Changes","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#13-contact"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Contact","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"#14-service-specific-details"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Service-specific details","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"table-cell"}],"nodeType":"table-row"}],"nodeType":"table"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}},{"id":"4O9TV87JfcWFYneMhlVzbm","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Last updated: 22 May 2024","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Elsevier is committed to maintaining your confidence and trust with respect to your privacy. This privacy policy explains how we collect, use and share your personal information.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"About our privacy policy","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"This privacy policy applies to our websites, apps and other services, including programs and events, that refer or link to this privacy policy (each, a “Service”). This policy may be supplemented by additional privacy statements, terms or notices provided to you or by the Service. The Elsevier company that owns or administers the Service, as identified therein, is the primary controller of your personal information provided to, or collected by or for, the Service.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"For information about the handling of personal information contained in our Service content, please read our ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"46mMfswWJ5BcfQMiWAyXQ2","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"46mMfswWJ5BcfQMiWAyXQ2"},"__typename":"Page","title":"processing notices","slug":"/legal/processing-notices"}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"processing notices.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"value":"\n\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"For information about our processing of personal information as required by applicable U.S. laws, see our ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"2Vb2GHZeN4hxPZOW9z3oTb","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"2Vb2GHZeN4hxPZOW9z3oTb"},"__typename":"Page","title":"US Consumer Privacy Notice","slug":"/legal/us-consumer-privacy-notice"}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"value":"U.S. Consumer Privacy Notice","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":".","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"1-Information we collect","name":"Information we collect","items":[{"id":"48MXUHr5zyt63kHgCh2DO8","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Information we collect","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We collect information about you in three ways: directly from your input, from third-party sources, and through automated technologies.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Information you provide to us","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The types of personal information that we collect directly from you depends on the content and features of the Service you use and how you otherwise interact with us and may include:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Contact details, such as your name, email address, postal address, phone number and social media handle;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Account login credentials, such as usernames and passwords, password hints and similar security information;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Other account registration and profile information, including educational, professional and other background information, such as your field of study, current position, practice area and areas of interests, gender, ORCID ID and photo;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Content that you upload and share or store in your account, such as annotations, comments, contributions and replies;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Payment information, such as a credit or debit card number, and government-issued ID numbers;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Information that you communicate to us, such as questions or information you send to customer support;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Data that you provide to us as part of interacting with the Service, such as your favorites and search queries; and/or","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Communications preferences, such as your preferred language and the frequency, type and format of the alerts you sign up to receive.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Data from your institution","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We may obtain information about you from the institution with which you are employed or affiliated in order to activate and manage your access to and use of the institution’s subscription to the Service, including:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Contact details, such as your name and institutional email address, postal address and phone number;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Other account registration information, such as job title; and/or","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Institutional user ID.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Data from other sources","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We also may obtain contact details and other information about you from other entities within RELX and from third parties, including:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Social networks that you grant permission to the Service to access your data on one or more networks;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Service providers that help us determine a location in order to customize certain products to your location;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Partners with which we offer co-branded services or engage in joint marketing activities; and/or","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Publicly available sources and data suppliers to validate or supplement the information we hold or to support the Service.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Device and usage data","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The Service may automatically collect information about how you and your device interact with the Service, such as:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Computer, device and connection information, such as IP address, browser type and version, operating system and other software installed on your device, unique device identifier and other technical identifiers, error reports and performance data;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Usage data, such as the features you used, the settings you selected, URL click stream data, including date and time stamp and referring and exit pages, and pages you visited on the Service;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"For educational Services, the course modules and test questions you view, answer or complete; and/or","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"For location-aware Services, the physical location of your device.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We collect this data through our servers and the use of cookies and other technologies. You can control cookies through your browser's settings and other tools. However, if you choose to block certain cookies, you may not be able to register, login, or access certain parts or make full use of the Service. For more details, visit the cookie notice of the Service.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"2-How we use your information","name":"How we use your information","items":[{"id":"BepeEDnxjTy8cAakpKYbw","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"How we use your information","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We are committed to delivering a relevant and useful experience to you. Depending on how you interact with us and the Service, we use your personal information to:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Provide, activate and manage your access to and use of the Service;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Process and fulfill a request, order, download, subscription or other transaction;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Offer you customized content and other personalization to make the Service more efficient for you and more relevant to your interests and geography;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Enhance and improve the Service, such as add new content and features;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Notify you about changes, updates and other announcements related to the Service;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Deliver targeted advertisements, promotional messages, and other information related to the Service and to your interests;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Provide technical, product and other support and help to keep the Service working, safe and secure; and/or","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Identify usage trends and develop data analysis, including for the purposes of research, audits, reporting and other business operations, such as to pay royalties and license fees to third-party content providers, determine the effectiveness of our promotional campaigns, evaluate our business performance, or in other ways pursuant to a customer agreement.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We may also use your personal information to:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Respond to your requests, inquiries, comments or concerns;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Invite you to submit or review manuscripts or otherwise participate in our publishing programs;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Issue payments and statements, such as for royalties and editorial fees;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Conduct and administer user testing and surveys as well as sweepstakes, competitions and similar promotions;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Provide you with relevant promotional messages and other information about products, events and services of ours, our group companies and third parties such as societies and sponsors;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Enhance and improve our products, events and services and develop new ones; and/or","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Comply with our legal obligations, resolve disputes and enforce our agreements.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"3-Sharing of your information","name":"Sharing of your information","items":[{"id":"ByM9RA9OuYRWBm5sTwl42","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Sharing of your information","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We share your personal information in the following ways and contexts.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Your institution","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"If you access the Service through a subscription administered by your institution, your personal information and certain usage data gathered through the Service, such as the number of items you downloaded, any fee-based items you accessed, and test scores, may be accessed by or shared with the administrators authorized by your institution for the purposes of usage analysis, subscription management, course management and testing and remediation. If your institution is a corporation or other business entity, additional usage data, such as the types of records you viewed and the number of searches you ran, also may be shared for the purposes of cost attribution and departmental budgeting. We may also disclose to your institution or other third parties non-personally identifiable information, such as anonymous usage data reports and aggregated information, subject to any applicable legal or contractual obligations.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Our group companies and service providers","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Depending on the Service provided, we share your personal information with our:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Affiliates, trading names and divisions within the Elsevier group of companies (for a list, visit ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"6hxgPFVD1390rEsOSioGZL","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"6hxgPFVD1390rEsOSioGZL"},"__typename":"Page","title":"Office locations","slug":"/about/global-locations"}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"https://www.elsevier.com/locations","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":") and certain RELX companies that provide technology, customer service and other shared services functions; and/or","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Suppliers and service providers, including editors, reviewers, payment processors, customer support, email service providers, access and authentication service providers, event venues and service providers, mailing houses, shipping agents and IT service providers;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"to process the information as necessary to provide the Service, complete a transaction or fulfill your request or otherwise on our behalf based on our instructions and in compliance with this privacy policy and any other appropriate confidentiality and security measures.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Your choices","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We may also share your personal information with our group companies and with sponsors, joint venture partners and other third parties, including entities for which we are acting as an agent, licensee, application host or publisher, such as societies, that wish to send you invitations, surveys, programs or information about their products and services that may be of interest to you as determined by your choices in managing your communications preferences and other settings. The Service may let you post and share personal information, comments, messages, materials and other content. Any such information that you disclose publicly or in discussion fora in the Service may be collected and used by others, may be indexed by search engines, and might not be able to be removed. Please be careful when disclosing personal information in these public areas.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Legal reasons","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-4"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We also will disclose your personal information if we have a good faith belief that such disclosure is necessary to:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Meet any applicable law, regulation, legal process or other legal obligation;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Detect, investigate and help prevent security, fraud or technical issues; and/or","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Protect the rights, property or safety of Elsevier, our users, employees or others;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"a","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"nd as part of a corporate transaction, such as a transfer of a journal or other assets to or an acquisition by or merger with another company.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"4-Your personal account","name":"Your personal account","items":[{"id":"4Bdh4ypg9PHr8pcqxIzyXj","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Your personal account","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"If you create a personal user account on ScienceDirect, Scopus, Mendeley, ClinicalKey or ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/14372"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"another Service listed here","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":", you can sign in with the same credentials to all of them.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We will share your usage activity, preferences and other information amongst these and related Elsevier services, like bepress and PlumX, to help you improve your productivity. For example, ScienceDirect may recommend better content for you based on your Mendeley library content and the abstracts you read on Scopus, and Mendeley may present you a better tailored content feed based on your ScienceDirect and Scopus activity.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"5-Administrator data","name":"Administrator data","items":[{"id":"25t0m7d5VxUw62zTeNgmat","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Administrator data","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"If you are an administrator of an institution with a subscription to a Service, we will use your details to communicate with you about your institution’s subscription and related services. If you supply us contact information of your colleagues, we may include a reference to you when we contact those individuals with communications about the Service.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"6-Preferences","name":"Preferences","items":[{"id":"7pWSjZuMy09oDVLxgJpKE5","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Your communications preferences","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"You can customize and manage your communications preferences and other settings when you register with the Service, by updating your account features and preferences, by using the “opt-in/out” or subscribe/unsubscribe mechanisms or other means provided within the communications that you receive from us or by contacting us. We reserve the right to notify you of changes or updates to the Service whenever necessary.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"7-Accessing and updating","name":"Accessing and updating","items":[{"id":"2z2Iz0NOMLcoARbZRLF4YW","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Accessing and updating your information","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The Service may allow registered users to directly access their account information and make corrections or updates at any time.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Keeping such information up to date is solely the responsibility of the user. Registered users may also close their account directly through the Service or by contacting the Service’s customer support. ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"You have the right under certain privacy and data protection laws, as may be applicable, to request free of charge:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Access to and correction and deletion of your personal information;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Restriction of our processing of your personal information, or to object to our processing; and/or","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Portability of your personal information.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"If you wish to exercise any of these rights, please contact us through the ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"4MqsxX2nbxQVK0zdZ2Xye1","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"4MqsxX2nbxQVK0zdZ2Xye1"},"__typename":"Page","title":"Data request","slug":"/legal/privacy-policy/data-request"}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Elsevier Privacy Support Hub","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":". We will respond to your request consistent with applicable laws. To protect your privacy and security, we may require you to verify your identity. You may designate an authorized agent to make a request on your behalf subject to proof of identity and authorization. ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"8-Data retention","name":"Data retention","items":[{"id":"32Ch4WPNXaWxbjHM7qh8Bw","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Data retention","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We retain your personal information for as long as necessary to provide the Service and fulfill the transactions you have requested, or for other essential purposes such as complying with our legal obligations, maintaining business and financial records, resolving disputes, maintaining security, detecting and preventing fraud and abuse, and enforcing our agreements.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"9-Data security","name":"Data security","items":[{"id":"311tlQjG6I32592utU1l3j","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Data security","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We take precautions to safeguard your personal information against loss, theft and misuse and unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration and destruction through the use of appropriate technical and organizational measures.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"10-Locations of processing","name":"Locations of processing","items":[{"id":"2pW2xcdrrYbp4Gsjen7k97","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Locations of processing","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Your personal information may be stored and processed in your region or another country where Elsevier companies and their service providers maintain servers and facilities, including Australia, China, France, Germany, India, Ireland, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We take steps, including through contracts, to ensure that the information continues to be protected wherever it is located in a manner consistent with the standards of protection required under applicable law.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Elsevier Inc. has certified certain of its services to the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (EU-U.S. DPF), the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. Data Privacy Framework as set forth by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Please view its Data Privacy Framework Notice ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/legal/DPF-notice.pdf"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"here","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":". To learn more about the Data Privacy Framework program, and to view its certification, please visit ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"https://www.dataprivacyframework.gov"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"https://www.dataprivacyframework.gov","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":". ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"For additional information as required by applicable local laws, see our ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"33aVSCYZZNkROucwGZHtgw","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"33aVSCYZZNkROucwGZHtgw"},"__typename":"Page","title":"Location-specific disclosures – China","slug":"/legal/privacy-policy/supplement"}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"location-specific disclosures","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":".","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"11-Grounds for processing","name":"Grounds for processing","items":[{"id":"5Qid9Li2FGXanfxFIRnlRD","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Grounds for processing","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"When we process any personal information within the scope of certain privacy and data protection laws, we do so:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Where necessary to provide the Service, fulfill a transaction or otherwise perform a contract with you or at your request prior to entering into a contract;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Where necessary for our compliance with applicable law or other legal obligation;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Where necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest;","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Where applicable, with your consent; and/or","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"As necessary to operate our business, protect the security of our systems, customers and users, detect or prevent fraud, or fulfill our other legitimate interests as described in the sections above, except where our interests are overridden by your privacy rights.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Where we rely on your consent to process personal information, you have the right to withdraw your consent at any time, and where we rely on legitimate interests, you may have the right to object to our processing.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"12-Changes","name":"Changes","items":[{"id":"3tq0Pgi4rdJrTHXNl5g6iO","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Changes","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"We will update this privacy policy from time to time. Any changes will be posted on this page with an updated revision date. If we make any material changes, we will provide notice through the Service or by other means.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"13-Contact","name":"Contact","items":[{"id":"6xQvcRH1e4gCed4ai7Q1al","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Contact","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"If you have any questions, comments, complaints or requests regarding this privacy policy or our processing of your information, please contact the Elsevier Data Protection Officer via the ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"4MqsxX2nbxQVK0zdZ2Xye1","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"4MqsxX2nbxQVK0zdZ2Xye1"},"__typename":"Page","title":"Data request","slug":"/legal/privacy-policy/data-request"}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Elsevier Privacy Support Hub","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" or via post:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Elsevier Data Protection Officer\nElsevier Limited\n125 London Wall\nLondon\nEC2Y 5AS\nUnited Kingdom","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"4MqsxX2nbxQVK0zdZ2Xye1","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"4MqsxX2nbxQVK0zdZ2Xye1"},"__typename":"Page","title":"Data request","slug":"/legal/privacy-policy/data-request"}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Contact the Data Protection Officer","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"You also may lodge a complaint with the data protection authority in the applicable jurisdiction.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The data protection representative for our businesses that are processing personal data within the scope of European Union and Swiss data protection laws and established outside of the European Economic Area and Switzerland is Elsevier B.V, Radarweg 29, 1043 Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The data protection representative for our businesses that are processing personal data within the scope of United Kingdom data protection laws and established outside of the United Kingdom is Elsevier Limited at the address above.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]},{"id":"14-Service-specific details","name":"Service-specific details","items":[{"id":"eVEPsc9B2sVyiZuLilemi","componentProps":{"typeName":"RichTextFull","props":{"document":{"nodeType":"document","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Service-specific details","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Please read the service-specific details below for additional information about certain Elsevier services.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Editorial Manager","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Submissions to most Elsevier journals are handled via the ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"7kul6pRFWP2fnRbWfFUOyz","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"7kul6pRFWP2fnRbWfFUOyz"},"__typename":"Page","title":"Submission systems","slug":"/editor/submission-systems"}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Editorial Manager®","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" online manuscript submission and peer review system. When you create or confirm an Editorial Manager account for a journal, certain personal information is required, such as your name and email address. Some journals may require or provide you the option to add other information, such as postal address, institutional affiliation, telephone number, or ORCID ID, as well as to self-identify your gender identity, race and ethnicity for diversity, equity and inclusion purposes. If you are a reviewer, Editorial Manager may process additional information, such as your subject area expertise, publication history, and review history, including your previous review comments, to help optimally match submitted manuscripts with relevant reviewers. Your review history may be shared across Elsevier journals to help editors when selecting you as a potential reviewer for other journals. When a submission that you reviewed is transferred from one Elsevier journal to another Elsevier journal via the ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"2LXQpqym8uheUVOMRXlqSU","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}},"content":{"sys":{"id":"2LXQpqym8uheUVOMRXlqSU"},"__typename":"Page","title":"Article Transfer Service","slug":"/researcher/author/submit-your-paper/submit-and-revise/article-transfer-service"}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Elsevier Article Transfer Service","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":", the transferring journal may also transfer your account details and associated review comments.To optimize performance and secure the integrity of the peer review process, Elsevier also monitors geography-based traffic and usage data. To deliver Editorial Manager services, your data may be processed by affiliates and service providers that perform services such as website hosting and IT support.You can always manage your marketing communication preferences in your Editorial Manager account or by visiting the ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://preferences.elsevier.com/"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Elsevier Preference Center","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" at any time.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Mendeley","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"When you create a Mendeley account, you have a personal library that you can fill with research information and materials, like manuscripts, articles, and other content.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"With a Mendeley account, you can create and participate in private groups, to communicate and share research information and materials, including annotations and comments, with other Mendeley users. Your membership of and contributions to a private group will always be displayed to all members of that group. Information that you have shared with others on Mendeley (including its affiliated sites like the Mendeley support site) or that others have copied may remain visible after you have closed your account. Groups content associated with closed accounts will show an unknown user as the source.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Mendeley Careers","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"If you registered for a Mendeley account, you can create job preferences (also called careers interests). You can update, change or delete your careers interests at any time by logging into your Mendeley account and going to your careers interests (job preferences) page to make your desired changes. You can choose to let recruiters who pay for access to Mendeley Careers see your careers interests. In this case your careers interests, including your CV and contact information, will be available for searching, viewing and downloading by recruiters who request CVs matching your careers interests to be sent to them. Please note that your current employer may be a customer of Mendeley Careers, or a client of one of our customers. We cannot restrict the customers who access profiles on Mendeley Careers and cannot be held responsible for any eventuality. Please further note that although we try to grant access to career interests only to Mendeley Careers customers and require that they agree to access and use career interests solely for their recruitment-related purposes, we do not verify their identity or control their use, disclosure or retention of the information they access.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Digital Commons","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"When you create a (bepress) Digital Commons account, you have the option of using your account to submit pre-existing and new work to over 500 repositories running Digital Commons software.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"During or after such a submission process, these repositories may solicit information from you for their own publishing and record maintenance needs. bepress does not control any of the information submitted to such a repository, and such information may remain visible in the repository after you have closed your Digital Commons account. Unless you indicate otherwise in your Digital Commons account, bepress may use your account email address to contact you with updates regarding the usage and reach of content that you have submitted to one or more of the repositories running Digital Commons software. Any requests pertaining to information collected by, held by, and/or publicly visible in a repository running Digital Commons software should be sent to the primary contact listed by the repository.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"SelectedWorks (Expert Gallery Suite)","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"When you create a (bepress) SelectedWorks account, you have the option of creating a personal profile page that will publicly display your first and last name to help others find and connect with you.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"You, your designated delegate(s), or your institutional administrator can enrich your SelectedWorks personal profile by adding biographical information and materials, including your research interests, publications, curriculum vitae, and photo. You, your designated delegate(s) or your institutional administrator can add, change, or delete this information at any time and can decide to make your enriched profile public or hidden. bepress does not control the information in a SelectedWorks personal profile, and any such information may remain visible after you have closed your SelectedWorks account. Unless you indicate otherwise in your SelectedWorks account, bepress may use your account email address to contact you with updates regarding the usage and reach of the content that you shared on SelectedWorks. Any requests pertaining to information collected by, held by, and/or publicly visible in your personal profile should be sent to the Institution administrator listed in your Access Management page.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Osmosis","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"When you create an Osmosis account, you have a personal workspace that you can fill with course documents, questions, and flashcards. You may also invite classmates to collaborate in this workspace or you may be invited to another workspace by a classmate or by your course instructor. In this workspace, any questions or flashcards you create will be available to other members of this group. Content that you have shared or created may remain visible to other members of the workspace after you have closed your account. Additionally, data will be generated in the course of the use of Products and related services on the Site by the Authorized User, which may include, but not be limited to, the Authorized User student record, academic performance, test results, the Authorized User grades and quiz scores, instructor feedback, Authorized User personal learning behaviors including various metrics related to the Authorized User learning and remediation of particular subject materials (\"Learning Data\").  Elsevier, through its Products, will collect, maintain, process, have access to, and use Learning Data to: (i) analyze (separately or with data that Elsevier receives from third parties) for developing and improving the Products, (ii) provide the Authorized User with coaching support for select Products, and (iii) analyze and provide relevant information about the learning of the Authorized User (including adaptive and remediation) and usage of the Products to the Authorized User. ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Complete Anatomy","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Complete Anatomy offers customized content and other personalization based on the region and preferred language that you choose. When you create a Complete Anatomy account, you may customize the anatomical imagery, topics, labels and other content that you wish to view. The Complete Anatomy mobile app does not deliver targeted push notifications or personalized advertising.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Researchfish","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"When you create a ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://app.researchfish.com/user/login?"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Researchfish","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" account, you can submit your research outcomes, outputs and impacts to research funders, charities, research organisations and research centres. For more about data access and sharing with third parties, see the ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://app.researchfish.com/content/who-can-see-data-you-add-researchfish"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Researchfish user documentation","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":".","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-4","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Interfolio Dossier","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"When you create or confirm an Interfolio Dossier account, certain personal information is required, such as your name and email address. You may add other information such as your contact details, work history, experience, education, interests, writing samples, transcripts, letters of recommendation, and cover letters. Your university may also create an Interfolio Dossier account for you. For guidance on how to manage your account, and the materials and information shared through your account, please visit ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://product-help.interfolio.com/en_US/about-dossier-accounts"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"https://product-help.interfolio.com/en_US/about-dossier-accounts","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":".","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"table","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-row","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-header-cell","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Local language ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"table-row","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-cell","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/de-de/legal/privacy-policy"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Datenschutzrichtlinie","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"table-row","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-cell","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-es/legal/privacy-policy"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Política de privacidad","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"table-row","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-cell","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/pt-br/legal/privacy-policy"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Política de Privacidade","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"table-row","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-cell","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/fr-fr/legal/privacy-policy"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Politique de protection des données personnelles","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"table-row","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-cell","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/ja-jp/legal/privacy-policy"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"プライバシーポリシー（個人情報保護方針）","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"table-row","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-cell","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/zh-cn/legal/privacy-policy"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"隐私政策","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"table-row","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-cell","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/zh-tw/legal/privacy-policy"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"隱私權政策","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"table-row","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-cell","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.elsevier.com/ko-kr/legal/privacy-policy"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"개인정보보호정책","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},"imageWithCaption":{"image":{"src":"","alt":"","width":0,"height":0},"caption":null},"callToActionLink":null}}}]}]}}},"navigation":[{"id":"navigation-item-0","title":"Academic \u0026 Government","items":[{"title":"Explore all","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Academic \u0026 Government","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/academic-and-government"}},"description":""}]},{"title":"Featured products","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://shop.elsevier.com/","label":"Elsevier Shop","openInNewWindow":true},"description":"Discover books, journals and more"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"ScienceDirect","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/sciencedirect"}},"description":"Peer-reviewed scholarly literature"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Scopus","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/scopus"}},"description":"Multidisciplinary abstract \u0026 citation database"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"SciVal","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/scival"}},"description":"Strategic insights to help research programs"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Reaxys","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/reaxys"}},"description":"An expert-curated chemistry database"},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/products#0-products-for-a\u0026g","label":"All products","openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Solutions","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Researcher Tools","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/researcher-tools"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Institutional Strategy","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/institutional-strategy"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Academic \u0026 Research Operations","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/academic-and-research-operations"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Funding \u0026 Collaboration Opportunities","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/funding-and-collaboration-opportunities"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Institutional Reputation \u0026 Rankings","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/institutional-reputation-and-rankings"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"STEM Education","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/stem-education"}},"description":""}]},{"title":"Resources for","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Researcher \u0026 Author","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/researcher"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Editors","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/editor"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Reviewer","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/reviewer"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Librarian","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/librarian"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Academic \u0026 Research Leader","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/academic-and-research-leader"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Funder","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/funder"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Strategic Partners","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/strategic-partners"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Societies","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/societies"}},"description":""}]}]},{"id":"navigation-item-1","title":"Health","items":[{"title":"Explore all","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Health","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/health"}},"description":""}]},{"title":"Featured products","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://shop.elsevier.com/","label":"Elsevier Shop","openInNewWindow":true},"description":"Discover books, journals and more"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"ClinicalKey","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/clinicalkey"}},"description":"Answers at the point of care"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"ClinicalKey AI","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/clinicalkey/clinicalkey-ai"}},"description":"Trusted Content. Powered by Responsible AI."},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Evolve","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/evolve"}},"description":"Single access site for program offerings and digital course materials"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Complete Anatomy","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/complete-anatomy"}},"description":"Advanced 3D anatomy platform"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Osmosis","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/osmosis"}},"description":"Learning medicine made simple"},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/products#1-products-for-health","label":"All products","openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Solutions","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Clinical Decision","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/clinical-decision-support"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Clinical Reference","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/clinical-reference"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Drug Information","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/drug-information"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Learning \u0026 Competency","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/learning-and-competency-management"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Medical Education","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/medical-education"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Nursing Education","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/nursing-education"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Patient Engagement","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/patient-engagement"}},"description":""}]},{"title":"Resources for","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Physician","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/health/physician"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Medical Faculty","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/health/medical-faculty"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Medical Student","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/health/medical-student"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Nurse","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/health/nurse"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Nursing Faculty","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/health/nurse-faculty"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Nursing Student","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/health/nursing-student"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Pharmacist","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/health/pharmacist"}},"description":""}]}]},{"id":"navigation-item-2","title":"Industry","items":[{"title":"Explore all","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Industry","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/industry"}},"description":""}]},{"title":"Featured products","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"ScienceDirect","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/sciencedirect"}},"description":"Peer-reviewed scholarly literature"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Reaxys","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/reaxys"}},"description":"Largest chemical database with AI technology"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Embase","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/embase"}},"description":"Comprehensive medical research database"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Scopus","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/scopus"}},"description":"Multidisciplinary abstract \u0026 citation database"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Knovel","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/products/knovel"}},"description":"Engineering data, references \u0026 tools"},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/products#2-products-for-industry","label":"All products","openInNewWindow":false},"description":""}]},{"title":"Solutions","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"User Tools","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/user-tools"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Datasets","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/datasets"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Data Enrichment","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/data-enrichment"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Data Analytics","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/data-analytics"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Expert Support","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/solutions/expert-support"}},"description":""}]},{"title":"Resources for","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Pharmaceuticals","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/industry/pharmaceuticals"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Chemicals \u0026 Materials","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/industry/chemicals-and-materials"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Medical Devices","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/industry/medical-devices"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Energy \u0026 Natural Resources","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/industry/energy-and-natural-resources"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Measuring \u0026 Sensing","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/industry/measuring-and-sensing"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Nutrition","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/industry/nutrition"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Agriculture","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/industry/agriculture"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Consumer Goods","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/industry/consumer-goods"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Semiconductors","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/industry/semiconductors"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Electric Power","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/industry/electric-power"}},"description":""}]}]},{"id":"navigation-item-3","title":"Insights","items":[{"title":"Connect","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Elsevier Connect","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/connect"}},"description":"Browse the latest interviews, stories and opinions"},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Open Science","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/open-science"}},"description":"We partner with the research community to empower open science"}]},{"title":"Featured topics","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Sustainability","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/connect/collection/sustainability"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Elsevier Careers","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/connect/collection/careers"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Gender \u0026 Diversity","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/connect/collection/gender-diversity"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Healthcare \u0026 Medicine","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/connect/collection/healthcare-medicine"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Research Leadership","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/connect/collection/research-leadership"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":" Librarian","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/connect/collection/librarian"}},"description":""}]},{"title":"Reports","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Insights 2024: Attitudes toward AI","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/insights/attitudes-toward-ai"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://confidenceinresearch.elsevier.com","label":" Confidence in Research","openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Gender and Diversity in Research","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/insights/gender-and-diversity-in-research"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Institutional Leaders: View from the Top","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/academic-and-government/academic-leader-challenges-report-2024"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Clinician of the Future","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/insights/clinician-of-the-future"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Research Futures 2.0","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/connect/research-futures-2022"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Pathways to Net Zero","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/connect/net-zero-report"}},"description":""}]},{"title":"Events","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Conferences","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/events/conferences"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Exhibitions","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/events/exhibitions"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"All Events","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/events"}},"description":""}]}]},{"id":"navigation-item-4","title":"About","items":[{"title":"Company","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"About","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Leadership","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/leadership"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Locations","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/global-locations"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Policies \u0026 Standards","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/policies-and-standards"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Careers","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/careers"}},"description":""}]},{"title":"Spotlight on","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Open Access","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/open-access"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Responsible AI","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/responsible-ai"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Research Integrity","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/research-integrity"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Global Health","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/global-health"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Research \u0026 Innovation","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/research-and-innovation"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Responsible Data","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/responsible-data"}},"description":""}]},{"title":"Sustainability","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Overview","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/sustainability"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Inclusion, Diversity \u0026 Equity","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/inclusion-diversity-and-equity"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Climate Action","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/climate-action"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"The Elsevier Foundation","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/the-elsevier-foundation"}},"description":""}]},{"title":"Media","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Global Press Office","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/global-press-office"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Press Releases","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/press-releases"}},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Contacts","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/about/global-press-office/media-contacts"}},"description":""}]}]},{"id":"navigation-item-5","title":"Support","items":[{"title":"Support","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":null,"label":"Customer support","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/support"}},"description":"Questions? We can help. "},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/elsevier/","label":"Other support centers","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""}]},{"title":"Academic \u0026 Government","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/mendeley/","label":"Mendeley","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/reaxys/","label":"Reaxys","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/sciencedirect/","label":"ScienceDirect","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/scival/","label":"SciVal","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/scopus/","label":"Scopus","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""}]},{"title":"Health","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/clinicalkey/","label":"ClinicalKey Support Center","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://www.elsevierclinicalskills.es/ContactUs","label":"Clinical Skills","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/complete-anatomy/","label":"Complete Anatomy","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""}]},{"title":"Industry","items":[{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/embase/","label":"Embase","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/engineering_village/","label":"Engineering Village","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/knovel/","label":"Knovel","openInNewWindow":false},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/reaxys/","label":"Reaxys","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/home/supporthub/sciencedirect/","label":"ScienceDirect","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""},{"navigationItem":{"href":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/scopus/","label":"Scopus","openInNewWindow":true},"description":""}]}]}],"regionData":{"regions":[{"market":"Americas","languages":[{"name":"English (United States)","id":"en-us"},{"name":"Portuguese (Brazil)","id":"pt-br"}]},{"market":"Europe","languages":[{"name":"French (France)","id":"fr-fr"},{"name":"Spanish (Spain)","id":"es-es"},{"name":"German (Germany)","id":"de-de"},{"name":"English (United Kingdom)","id":"en-gb"}]},{"market":"Asia Pacific","languages":[{"name":"English (India)","id":"en-in"},{"name":"Japanese (Japan)","id":"ja-jp"},{"name":"English (Australia)","id":"en-au"},{"name":"Chinese (Traditional, Taiwan)","id":"zh-tw"},{"name":"Chinese (Simplified, China)","id":"zh-cn"},{"name":"Korean (South Korea)","id":"ko-kr"},{"name":"English (Southeast Asia)","id":"en-xs"}]}]},"secondaryNavigation":{"homePage":{"title":"Privacy policy","href":"/legal/privacy-policy","isProduct":false},"links":[{"href":null,"label":"Data-processing-terms","openInNewWindow":false,"page":{"slug":"/legal/data-processing-terms"}}],"callToAction":null},"footer":{"links":[{"title":"Useful links","items":[{"url":"/researcher/author/submit-your-paper","label":"Submit your paper","external":false},{"url":"https://shop.elsevier.com/","label":"Shop Books \u0026 Journals","external":true},{"url":"/open-access","label":"Open access","external":false},{"url":"/products","label":"View all products","external":false},{"url":"/connect","label":"Elsevier Connect","external":false}]},{"title":"About","items":[{"url":"/about","label":"About Elsevier","external":false},{"url":"/about/careers","label":"Careers","external":false},{"url":"/about/global-press-office","label":"Global Press Office","external":false},{"url":"https://www.elsmediakits.com/?utm_source=elsevier.com\u0026utm_medium=referral\u0026dgcid=4168448395","label":"Advertising, reprints \u0026 supplements","external":true},{"url":"https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/responsibility/relx-slavery-statement-2024.pdf","label":"Modern slavery act statement","external":true}]},{"title":"Support","items":[{"url":"/support","label":"Customer support","external":false},{"url":"https://service.elsevier.com/app/overview/elsevier/","label":"Resource center","external":true}]}],"primaryLogo":{"src":"/images/elsevier-logo-white.svg","width":130,"height":38,"alt":"White Elsevier logo"},"secondaryLogo":{"src":"/images/relx-logo.svg","width":120,"height":36,"alt":"RELX logo"},"navigationLinks":[{"url":"/legal/elsevier-website-terms-and-conditions","label":"Terms \u0026 Conditions","external":false},{"url":"/legal/privacy-policy","label":"Privacy policy","external":false},{"url":"/about/accessibility","label":"Accessibility","external":false}],"socialLinks":{"twitter":{"url":"https://twitter.com/ElsevierConnect","name":"Twitter"},"youtube":{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/c/elsevier","name":"YouTube"},"linkedin":{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/elsevier","name":"LinkedIn"},"facebook":{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/ElsevierConnect","name":"Facebook"}},"regionSwitcher":{"regions":[{"market":"Americas","languages":[{"name":"English (United States)","id":"en-us"},{"name":"Portuguese (Brazil)","id":"pt-br"}]},{"market":"Europe","languages":[{"name":"French (France)","id":"fr-fr"},{"name":"Spanish (Spain)","id":"es-es"},{"name":"German (Germany)","id":"de-de"},{"name":"English (United Kingdom)","id":"en-gb"}]},{"market":"Asia Pacific","languages":[{"name":"English (India)","id":"en-in"},{"name":"Japanese (Japan)","id":"ja-jp"},{"name":"English (Australia)","id":"en-au"},{"name":"Chinese (Traditional, Taiwan)","id":"zh-tw"},{"name":"Chinese (Simplified, China)","id":"zh-cn"},{"name":"Korean (South Korea)","id":"ko-kr"},{"name":"English (Southeast Asia)","id":"en-xs"}]}]}},"callToActionBanner":null,"footnotes":null,"relatedLinks":null,"seo":{"title":"Privacy Policy | Elsevier Legal","description":"How we collect, use and share your personal information - while maintaining your confidence and trust with respect to your privacy","allowIndex":true,"allowFollow":true,"canonicalURL":"https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy","hrefLangAlternatives":[{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"en"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"x-default"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/de-de/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"de-de"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/zh-tw/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"zh-tw"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/en-in/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"en-in"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/ja-jp/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"ja-jp"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/en-gb/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"en-gb"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/en-au/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"en-au"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/ko-kr/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"ko-kr"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/pt-br/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"pt-br"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/zh-cn/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"zh-cn"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/fr-fr/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"fr-fr"},{"href":"https://www.elsevier.com/es-es/legal/privacy-policy","lang":"es-es"}]},"title":"Privacy policy","legacyPageSlug":"/legal/privacy-policy","preview":false,"translatedLocale":"en-US","availableLocales":[{"id":"en-US","isDefault":true},{"id":"de-DE","isDefault":false},{"id":"zh-TW","isDefault":false},{"id":"en-IN","isDefault":false},{"id":"ja-JP","isDefault":false},{"id":"en-GB","isDefault":false},{"id":"en-AU","isDefault":false},{"id":"ko-KR","isDefault":false},{"id":"pt-BR","isDefault":false},{"id":"zh-CN","isDefault":false},{"id":"fr-FR","isDefault":false},{"id":"en-XS","isDefault":false},{"id":"es-ES","isDefault":false}],"tags":["persona__global","sector__company"],"redirectDestination":null},"__N_SSG":true},"page":"/[...slug]","query":{"slug":["legal","privacy-policy"]},"buildId":"zkuOSexfQCFoZ9zVDvBTk","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gsp":true,"locale":"en-us","locales":["en-us","es-es","de-de","fr-fr","ja-jp","ko-kr","pt-br","zh-cn","zh-tw","en-gb","en-au","en-in","en-xs"],"defaultLocale":"en-us","scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>