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class="mw-page-title-main">Sextius Niger</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexti_N%C3%ADger" title="Sexti Níger – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sexti Níger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextio_Nigro" title="Sextio Nigro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sextio Nigro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8" title="סקסטיוס ניגר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקסטיוס ניגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Секстий Нигер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Секстий Нигер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekstije_Niger" title="Sekstije Niger – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sekstije Niger" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextius_Niger" title="Sextius Niger – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sextius Niger" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman writer on pharmacology during the reign of Augustus</div> <p><b>Sextius Niger</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> writer on <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> or a little later. He may be identical with the son of the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sextius" title="Quintus Sextius">Quintus Sextius</a>, who continued <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">his philosophical teachings</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_work">Life and work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextius_Niger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg/220px-ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg/330px-ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg/440px-ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>Dioscorides (pictured) used Sextius Niger as a source for his own pharmacological work</figcaption></figure> <p>From <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, who mention his work, we can fix his time of writing to a period after <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, had written his treatise on <a href="/wiki/Euphorbia" title="Euphorbia">euphorbia</a>, which Dioscorides and Pliny knew from <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, and before Pliny himself wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>, in other words from late in the first century B.C. to the first half of the first century A.D. <a href="/wiki/Caelius_Aurelianus" title="Caelius Aurelianus">Caelius Aurelianus</a> (<i>acut.</i> 3, 16, 134) allows us to narrow the possible date further, by naming him as a friend of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tullius_Bassus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tullius Bassus (page does not exist)">Tullius Bassus</a>, who is cited by <a href="/wiki/Scribonius_Largus" title="Scribonius Largus">Scribonius Largus</a> (121); since Scribonius wrote in the early to mid 40s, this should narrow his period to before 40 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His pharmacological work was a <i><a href="/wiki/Materia_medica" title="Materia medica">materia medica</a></i> written in Greek and, according to <a href="/wiki/Erotianus" title="Erotianus">Erotianus</a>, had the title περὶ ὕλης ("On material", "On [medical] substances").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioscorides calls him a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Bithynia" title="Asclepiades of Bithynia">Asclepiades of Bithynia</a> and speaks slightingly of him and others of the same school for a lack of care in investigating the remedies they recommend.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this disrespect, it seems clear that Niger was a major source for Dioscorides as he was for Pliny. Many of Pliny's books contain long stretches with close similarities to Dioscorides; and all these books are ones for which Pliny names Niger as one of his sources. Against the old view that Pliny was using Dioscorides, Wellmann notes that sometimes Pliny, sometimes Dioscorides provides a more detailed treatment and that the two were near contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Dioscorides, Pliny writes of Niger with great respect as "diligentissimus medicinae" ("a very diligent medical writer"); and <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> also regarded him highly.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work discussed medical effects of both plants and animals; its relation to folk beliefs can be seen in his comments on the <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamander</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Sextius venerem accendi cibo earum, si detractis interaneis et pedibus et capite in melle serventur, tradit negatque restingui ignem ab iis. <br /><br /> Sextius says that sexual desire is increased by eating them, if they are preserved in honey with the guts and head and feet removed, but denies that fire can be put out by them. </p> </blockquote> <p>From an examination of the parallel passages in Dioscorides and Pliny, Wellmann believes that his sources will have included the <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> and the writer on snakes Apollodorus.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many think that Sextius Niger is also a philosopher, the son of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sextius" title="Quintus Sextius">Quintus Sextius</a> and his successor as the head of a school of philosophy which flourished briefly around the time of Augustus, but had died out by the time of <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>. The school had some resemblances to Stoicism, and recommended vegetarianism; although the elder Sextius wrote in Greek, the philosophy had a Roman character.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextius_Niger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextia_gens" title="Sextia gens">Sextia gens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextius_Niger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellmann (1889), 533-4; 545-6. When Max Wellmann connected Tullius Bassus in Caelius Aurelianus with the Bassus in Scribonius, he wrongly thought that Scribonius wrote of "Iulius Bassus". Since then the discovery of a new Scribonius manuscript shows that Scribonius too knew him as Tullius (see the edition of S. Sconnochia, 1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellmann (1889), 544. Pliny refers to "Sextio Nigro, qui graece de medicina scripsit" ("Sextius Niger who wrote in Greek on medicine") or "Sextio Nigro, qui graece scripsit" several times: in the list of sources at the end of <i>nat.</i> 1, 12; 1, 13; 1, 20; 1, 21-30; 1, 32-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diosc. praef. 2 Ἀσκληπιάδειοι πάντες ("all Asclepiadeans"). Cf. Wellmann (1889), 545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellmann (1889), 530-1 (on the necessity of a common source).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plin. <i>nat.</i> 32, 36; Deichgräber (1931), 972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plin. <i>nat.</i> 29, 76; Deichgräber (1931), 972. On other sceptical writers on the salamander's powers, cf. Wellmann (1889), 543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellmann (1889), 548-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the school in general, see Lana (1953), particularly 8-9 on the son, citing Claudius Mamertinus <i>de statu animae</i> 2, 8 (on the incorporeal nature of the soul) "Romanos etiam, eosdemque philosophos testes citemus, apud quos Sextius pater, Sextius filius propenso in exercitium sapientiae studio apprime philosophati sunt" ("let us cite as witnesses Romans too, and those philosophers, among whom Sextius the father and Sextius the son were excellent philosophers with an enthusiasm for the exercise of wisdom"). Earlier identifications of the younger Sextius and Sextius Niger: Wellmann (1889), 546-7; Deichgräber (1931), 971.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextius_Niger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Deichgr%C3%A4ber" title="Karl Deichgräber">Deichgräber, Karl</a>, 1931, 'Sextius Niger' <i><a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_Classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft">RE</a></i> Suppl. V 971, 34-972, 24.</li> <li>Lana, I., 1953, 'Sextiorum Nova et Romani Roboris Secta' <i><a href="/wiki/Rivista_di_Filologia_e_di_Istruzione_Classica" title="Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica">RFIC</a></i> 31, 1953, 1-26 and 209–34.</li> <li>Wellman, Max, 1889, 'Sextius Niger' <i>Hermes</i> 24, 530–69.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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