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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Blok+tabel+periodik" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Blok+tabel+periodik" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Blok+tabel+periodik" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Blok+tabel+periodik" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Karakteristik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Karakteristik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blok-s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blok-s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Blok-s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blok-s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blok-p" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blok-p"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Blok-p</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blok-p-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blok-d" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blok-d"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Blok-d</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blok-d-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blok-f" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blok-f"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Blok-f</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blok-f-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blok-g" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blok-g"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Blok-g</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blok-g-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simetri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simetri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Simetri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simetri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blok tabel periodik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 60 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_(periodieke_tabel)" title="Blok (periodieke tabel) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blok (periodieke tabel)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloque_d%27a_tabla_periodica" title="Bloque d'a tabla periodica – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bloque d'a tabla periodica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مستوى فرعي للجدول الدوري – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستوى فرعي للجدول الدوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloque_de_la_tabla_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloque de la tabla periódica – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bloque de la tabla periódica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_c%C9%99dv%C9%99l_bloku" title="Dövri cədvəl bloku – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri cədvəl bloku" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_(tab%C3%A9l_p%C3%A9riodik)" title="Blok (tabél périodik) – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Blok (tabél périodik)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Блок на периодичната система – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Блок на периодичната система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80)" title="ব্লক (পর্যায় সারণী) – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্লক (পর্যায় সারণী)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc%27h_(taolenn_drovezhiek)" title="Bloc'h (taolenn drovezhiek) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloc'h (taolenn drovezhiek)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_periodnog_sistema_elemenata" title="Blok periodnog sistema elemenata – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Blok periodnog sistema elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Bloc de la taula periòdica – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bloc de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_(periodick%C3%A1_tabulka)" title="Blok (periodická tabulka) – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blok (periodická tabulka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_(periodiske_system)" title="Blok (periodiske system) – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blok (periodiske system)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_des_Periodensystems" title="Block des Periodensystems – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Block des Periodensystems" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Τομέας περιοδικού πίνακα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τομέας περιοδικού πίνακα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table) – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Block (periodic table)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloko_de_la_perioda_tabelo" title="Bloko de la perioda tabelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bloko de la perioda tabelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloque_de_la_tabla_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloque de la tabla periódica – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bloque de la tabla periódica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_periodikoko_bloke" title="Taula periodikoko bloke – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taula periodikoko bloke" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بلوک جدول تناوبی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلوک جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohko_(jaksollinen_j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4)" title="Lohko (jaksollinen järjestelmä) – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lohko (jaksollinen järjestelmä)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Bloc du tableau périodique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bloc du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_(periodike_tabel)" title="Blok (periodike tabel) – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Blok (periodike tabel)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloque_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloque da táboa periódica – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bloque da táboa periódica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80)" title="खण्ड (आवर्त सारणी) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खण्ड (आवर्त सारणी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_u_periodnom_sustavu" title="Blok u periodnom sustavu – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Blok u periodnom sustavu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%AF" title="Պարբերական աղյուսակի բլոկ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարբերական աղյուսակի բլոկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocos_del_tabella_periodic" title="Blocos del tabella periodic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Blocos del tabella periodic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokk_(lotukerfi%C3%B0)" title="Blokk (lotukerfið) – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blokk (lotukerfið)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocco_della_tavola_periodica" title="Blocco della tavola periodica – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Blocco della tavola periodica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E3%81%AE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="元素のブロック – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="元素のブロック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_tab%C3%A8l_p%C3%A9riodik" title="Blok tabèl périodik – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Blok tabèl périodik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD_(%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9C%A8%ED%91%9C)" title="구역 (주기율표) – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구역 (주기율표)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaeba" title="Glaeba – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Glaeba" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B2ch_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Blòch de la taula periòdica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Blòch de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Блок (периоден систем) – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Блок (периоден систем)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_jadual_berkala" title="Blok jadual berkala – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Blok jadual berkala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_van_het_periodiek_systeem" title="Blok van het periodiek systeem – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blok van het periodiek systeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokkene_i_periodesystemet" title="Blokkene i periodesystemet – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blokkene i periodesystemet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokkene_i_periodesystemet" title="Blokkene i periodesystemet – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blokkene i periodesystemet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloco_da_tabela_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloco da tabela periódica – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bloco da tabela periódica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_(tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor)" title="Bloc (tabelul periodic al elementelor) – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bloc (tabelul periodic al elementelor)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Блок периодической таблицы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блок периодической таблицы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_periodnog_sistema_elemenata" title="Blok periodnog sistema elemenata – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Blok periodnog sistema elemenata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80_(%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80)" title="ගොනුව (ආවර්තිතා වගුව) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගොනුව (ආවර්තිතා වගුව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Block (periodic table)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_(periodick%C3%A1_tabu%C4%BEka)" title="Blok (periodická tabuľka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Blok (periodická tabuľka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_periodnega_sistema" title="Blok periodnega sistema – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Blok periodnega sistema" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laigos_(r%C3%A1i%C4%91ul%C3%A2%C5%A1_vu%C3%A1h%C3%A1d%C3%A2h)" title="Laigos (ráiđulâš vuáhádâh) – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Laigos (ráiđulâš vuáhádâh)" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Блок (периодни систем) – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Блок (периодни систем)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiska_systemets_block" title="Periodiska systemets block – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Periodiska systemets block" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தனிம அட்டவணை எதிர்மின்னி வலயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனிம அட்டவணை எதிர்மின்னி வலயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95)" title="బ్లాక్ (ఆవర్తన పట్టిక) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్లాక్ (ఆవర్తన పట్టిక)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="บล็อกในตารางธาตุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บล็อกในตารางธาตุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_(periyodik_tablo)" title="Blok (periyodik tablo) – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Blok (periyodik tablo)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Блок періодичної системи – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Блок періодичної системи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%91i_(b%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n)" title="Khối (bảng tuần hoàn) – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khối (bảng tuần hoàn)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_(periodiek_syst%C3%A8me)" title="Blok (periodiek système) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Blok (periodiek système)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" title="元素周期表分区 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="元素周期表分区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%80_(%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8)" title="區 (元素週期表) – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="區 (元素週期表)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_(32_column).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg/500px-Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg/750px-Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg/1000px-Periodic_table_blocks_spdf_%2832_column%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Blok s, f, d, dan p dalam tabel periodik</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Blok <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></b> adalah kumpulan unsur yang disatukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">orbital atom</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Elektron_valensi" title="Elektron valensi">elektron valensi</a> atau kekosongannya.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istilah ini tampaknya pertama kali digunakan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Janet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Janet (halaman belum tersedia)">Charles Janet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setiap blok diberi nama berdasarkan orbital karakteristiknya: blok-s, blok-p, blok-d, dan blok-f. </p><p>Nama blok (s, p, d, dan f) berasal dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notasi_spektroskopi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notasi spektroskopi (halaman belum tersedia)">notasi spektroskopi</a> untuk nilai <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum_azimut" title="Bilangan kuantum azimut">bilangan kuantum azimut</a> elektron: <i><b>s</b>harp</i> (0), <i><b>p</b>rincipal</i> (1), <i><b>d</b>iffuse</i> (2), atau <i><b>f</b>undamental</i> (3). Notasi berikutnya dilanjutkan dalam urutan abjad, seperti g, h, dll., meskipun unsur-unsur yang termasuk ke dalam blok tersebut belum ditemukan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristik">Karakteristik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karakteristik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22380697">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ; background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Pembagian menjadi blok dibenarkan oleh sifat khasnya: s dicirikan oleh logam yang sangat elektropositif, kecuali <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a>; p oleh berbagai logam dan nonlogam yang sangat khas, banyak di antaranya penting bagi kehidupan; d oleh logam dengan beberapa bilangan oksidasi; f oleh logam yang sangat mirip sehingga pemisahannya bermasalah. Pernyataan yang berguna tentang unsur-unsur ini dapat dibuat berdasarkan blok tempat mereka berada dan posisinya di dalamnya, misalnya bilangan oksidasi tertinggi, kerapatan, titik lebur… Elektronegativitas agak terdistribusi secara sistematis melintasi dan di antara blok-blok ini. </p> </blockquote> <p><cite class="right-aligned" style="">PJ Stewart<br />Dalam <i>Foundations of Chemistry,</i> 2017<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </p> </div> <p>Ada korespondensi <i>perkiraan</i> antara nomenklatur blok ini, berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">konfigurasi elektron</a>, dan kumpulan elemen berdasarkan sifat kimia. Blok-s dan blok-p biasanya dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_utama" title="Unsur golongan utama">unsur golongan utama</a>, blok-d sesuai dengan <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>, dan blok-f mencakup hampir semua <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a> (seperti <a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">lantanum</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">aktinida</a> (seperti <a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">aktinium</a>). Tidak semua orang setuju pada keanggotaan yang tepat dari setiap set unsur. Misalnya, unsur-unsur <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">golongan 12</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">kadmium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a> sering dianggap sebagai golongan utama, daripada golongan transisi, karena secara kimiawi dan fisik mereka lebih mirip dengan unsur-unsur blok-p daripada unsur-unsur blok-d lainnya. Unsur-unsur <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">golongan 3</a> kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai unsur golongan utama karena kemiripannya dengan unsur blok-s. <a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan</a> (kolom) pada blok-f (antara golongan 2 dan 3) tidak diberi nomor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> adalah unsur blok-s, dengan elektron terluarnya (dan satu-satunya) berada di orbital atom 1s, meskipun sifat kimianya lebih mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">gas mulia</a> blok-p di golongan 18 karena kulitnya yang penuh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blok-s">Blok-s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Blok-s" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Blok-s"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22380697"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>…<a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> sangat penting dalam sistem biologis. Beberapa…unsur blok-s lainnya digunakan dalam pengobatan (misalnya <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>) dan/atau terjadi sebagai kontaminan kecil tetapi berguna dalam bio-mineral Ca, misalnya <a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a>…Logam ini hanya menampilkan satu bilangan oksidasi stabil [+1 atau +2]. Ini memungkinkan ion [mereka]…bergerak di sekitar sel tanpa…bahaya teroksidasi atau tereduksi. </p> </blockquote> <p><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Wilkins RG dan Wilkins PC (2003) <br /> <i>The role of calcium and comparable cations in animal behaviour,</i> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">RSC</a>, Cambridge, hlm. 1</cite> </p> </div> <p>Blok-s berada di sebelah kiri tabel periodik standar dan terdiri dari unsur-unsur dari dua kolom pertama ditambah satu unsur di kolom paling kanan, nonlogam <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">logam alkali</a> (dalam golongan 1) serta <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">logam alkali tanah</a> (golongan 2). Konfigurasi elektron umum mereka adalah <i>n</i>s<sup>1–2</sup>. Helium adalah unsur blok-s, tetapi hampir selalu ditemukan di kolom paling kanan dalam bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">golongan 18</a>, di atas unsur blok-p <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>. Setiap <a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">baris</a> tabel memiliki dua unsur blok-s. </p><p>Logam blok-s (dari <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">periode kedua</a> dan seterusnya) sebagian besar lunak dan umumnya memiliki titik leleh dan titik didih yang rendah. Sebagian besar dari mereka memberi warna pada nyala api. </p><p>Secara kimia, semua unsur blok-s kecuali helium sangat reaktif. Logam dari blok-s sangat elektropositif dan sering membentuk senyawa ionik dengan nonlogam, terutama dengan nonlogam <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> yang sangat elektronegatif. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blok-p">Blok-p</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Blok-p" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Blok-p"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blok-p berada di sebelah kanan tabel periodik standar dan mencakup unsur-unsur dalam <a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">golongan 13</a> sampai 18. Konfigurasi elektron umum mereka adalah <i>n</i>s<sup>2</sup> <i>n</i>p<sup>1–6</sup>. Helium, meskipun merupakan unsur pertama dalam golongan 18, tidak termasuk dalam blok-p. Setiap baris tabel memiliki tempat untuk enam unsur blok-p kecuali untuk <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">baris pertama</a> (karena tidak memiliki satupun). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:462px;max-width:462px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aluminium-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/115px-Aluminium-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/173px-Aluminium-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/230px-Aluminium-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="706" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> (logam), nomor atom 13</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:SiliconCroda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/165px-SiliconCroda.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/248px-SiliconCroda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/330px-SiliconCroda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a> (metaloid), nomor atom 14</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg/170px-Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg/255px-Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg/340px-Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="1850" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">Fosforus</a> (nonlogam), nomor atom 15</div></div></div></div></div><p>Blok ini adalah satu-satunya blok yang memiliki ketiga jenis unsur: <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">nonlogam</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">metaloid</a>. Unsur-unsur blok-p dapat dijelaskan berdasarkan kelompok demi kelompok sebagai: golongan 13, <i><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">ikosagen</a>;</i> 14, <i><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">kristalogen</a>;</i> 15, <i><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">pniktogen</a>;</i> 16, <i><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">kalkogen</a>;</i> 17, <i><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a>;</i> dan 18, <i><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">golongan helium</a>,</i> yang terdiri dari <i><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">gas mulia</a></i> (tidak termasuk helium) dan <a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">oganeson</a>. Alternatifnya, blok-p dapat dideskripsikan mengandung <i><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">logam pasca-transisi</a>;</i> <i>metaloid;</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_reaktif" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam reaktif">nonlogam reaktif</a></i> termasuk <i>halogen</i>; dan <i>gas mulia</i> (tidak termasuk helium). </p><p>Unsur-unsur blok-p disatukan oleh fakta bahwa elektron valensi (terluar) mereka berada di orbital-p. Orbital-p terdiri dari enam bentuk lobus yang berasal dari titik pusat pada sudut yang berjarak sama. Orbital-p dapat menampung maksimal enam elektron, sehingga ada enam kolom di blok-p. Unsur-unsur dalam golongan 13, kolom pertama blok-p, memiliki satu elektron orbital-p. Unsur-unsur dalam golongan 14, kolom kedua dari blok-p, memiliki dua elektron orbital-p. Tren ini terus berlanjut hingga golongan 18, yang memiliki enam elektron orbital-p. </p><p>Baris pertama blok ini merupakan benteng dari <a href="/wiki/Aturan_oktet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aturan oktet">aturan oktet</a>, tetapi unsur-unsur di baris berikutnya sering menampilkan <a href="/wiki/Molekul_hipervalen" title="Molekul hipervalen">hipervalensi</a>. Unsur-unsur blok-p menunjukkan bilangan oksidasi variabel yang biasanya berbeda dengan kelipatan dua. Reaktivitas unsur-unsur dalam suatu golongan umumnya menurun ke bawah. (Helium mematahkan tren ini di golongan 18 dengan menjadi lebih reaktif daripada neon, tetapi karena helium sebenarnya adalah unsur blok-s, bagian blok-p dari tren ini tetap utuh.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> dan halogen cenderung membentuk lebih banyak senyawa ionik dengan logam; nonlogam reaktif yang tersisa cenderung membentuk lebih banyak senyawa kovalen, meskipun ionisitas dimungkinkan ketika perbedaan keelektronegatifan cukup tinggi (misalnya <a href="/wiki/Litium_nitrida" title="Litium nitrida">Li<sub>3</sub>N</a>). Metaloid cenderung membentuk senyawa kovalen atau paduan dengan logam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blok-d">Blok-d</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Blok-d" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Blok-d"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22380697"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Unsur-unsur<span class="nowrap"> </span>... menunjukkan kesamaan horizontal dalam sifat fisik dan kimianya serta hubungan vertikal yang biasa. Kesamaan horizontal ini begitu mencolok sehingga kemistri dari<span class="nowrap"> </span>... deret pertama<span class="nowrap"> </span>... sering dibahas secara terpisah dari deret kedua dan ketiga, yang lebih mirip satu sama lain daripada deret pertama. </p> </blockquote> <p><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Kneen WR, Rogers MJW, dan Simpson P 1972<br /> <i>Chemistry: Facts, patterns, and principles,</i> Addison-Wesley, London, hlm. 487−489</cite> </p> </div> <p>Blok-d berada di tengah tabel periodik dan mencakup unsur-unsur dari golongan 3 sampai 12; ini dimulai pada <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">periode ke-4</a>. Periode dari yang keempat dan seterusnya memiliki ruang untuk sepuluh unsur blok-d. Sebagian besar atau semua unsur ini juga dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a> karena mereka menempati zona transisi dalam sifat, antara logam yang sangat elektropositif dari golongan 1 dan 2, dan logam yang elektropositif lemah dari golongan 13 sampai 16. Golongan 3 atau golongan 12, yang masih dihitung sebagai logam blok-d, kadang-kadang tidak dihitung sebagai logam transisi karena tidak menunjukkan sifat kimia yang khas dari logam transisi pada umumnya, misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">bilangan oksidasi</a> ganda dan senyawa berwarna. </p><p>Semua unsur blok-d merupakan logam dan sebagian besar memiliki satu atau lebih elektron orbital-d yang aktif secara kimia. Karena ada perbedaan yang relatif kecil dalam energi elektron orbital-d yang berbeda, jumlah elektron yang berpartisipasi dalam ikatan kimia dapat bervariasi. Unsur-unsur blok-d memiliki kecenderungan untuk menunjukkan dua atau lebih bilangan oksidasi, biasanya berbeda dengan kelipatan satu. Bilangan oksidasi yang paling umum adalah +2 dan +3. <a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Kromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">rutenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> dapat memiliki bilangan oksidasi formal serendah −4; <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> memiliki perbedaan tunggal karena mampu mencapai bilangan oksidasi +9. </p><p>Orbital-d (empat diantaranya berbentuk seperti <a href="/wiki/Semanggi_berdaun_empat" title="Semanggi berdaun empat">semanggi berdaun empat</a>, dan yang kelima berbentuk seperti <a href="/wiki/Dumbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumbel">dumbel</a> dengan cincin di sekelilingnya) dapat berisi hingga lima pasang elektron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blok-f">Blok-f</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Blok-f" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Blok-f"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22380697"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Karena struktur elektroniknya yang kompleks, efek korelasi elektron yang signifikan, dan kontribusi relativistik yang besar, unsur-unsur blok-f mungkin merupakan blok unsur yang paling menantang untuk teori struktur elektronik. </p> </blockquote> <p><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Dolg M 2015 (ed.)<br /> <i>Computational methods in lanthanide and actinide chemistry,</i> John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, hlm. xvii</cite> </p> </div> <p>Periode dari yang keenam dan seterusnya memiliki tempat untuk empat belas unsur blok-f. Blok-f muncul sebagai catatan kaki dalam tabel standar 18-kolom tetapi terletak di kiri tengah tabel lebar penuh 32-kolom. Meskipun unsur-unsur ini umumnya tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">golongan</a> mana pun, beberapa penulis menganggapnya sebagai bagian dari golongan 3. Mereka kadang-kadang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_transisi_dalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam transisi dalam (halaman belum tersedia)">logam transisi dalam</a> karena mereka menyediakan transisi antara blok-s dan blok-d pada baris (periode) <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">ke-6</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">ke-7</a>, dengan cara yang sama seperti logam transisi blok-d menyediakan jembatan transisi antara blok-s dan blok-p pada baris ke-4 dan ke-5. </p><p>Unsur-unsur blok-f memiliki dua seri, periode 6 dan 7. Semuanya merupakan logam. Elektron orbital-f kurang aktif dalam kimia unsur-unsur blok-f periode 6, meskipun mereka memberikan beberapa kontribusi:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ini agak mirip satu sama lain. Mereka lebih aktif pada unsur-unsur blok-f periode 7 awal, di mana energi kulit 5f, 7s, dan 6d mereka cukup mirip; akibatnya unsur-unsur ini cenderung menunjukkan variabilitas kimia sebanyak analog logam transisinya. Unsur-unsur blok-f selanjutnya berperilaku lebih seperti pasangan mereka di periode 6. </p><p>Unsur-unsur blok-f disatukan dengan sebagian besar memiliki satu atau lebih elektron dalam orbital-f bagian dalam. Dalam orbital-f, enam diantaranya memiliki masing-masing enam lobus, dan yang ketujuh terlihat seperti dumbel dengan donat dengan dua cincin. Mereka dapat berisi hingga tujuh pasang elektron sehingga blok ini menempati empat belas kolom dalam tabel periodik. Mereka tidak diberi nomor golongan, karena tren periodik vertikal tidak dapat dilihat dalam "golongan" dua unsur. </p><p>Dua baris 14-anggota dari elemen blok-f kadang-kadang dibingungkan dengan <i><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">aktinida</a></i>, yang merupakan nama untuk himpunan unsur berdasarkan sifat kimia lebih daripada konfigurasi elektron. Lantanida adalah golongan yang berisi 15 unsur dari <a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">lantanum</a> (La) hingga <a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">lutesium</a> (Lu); aktinida adalah golongan yang berisi 15 unsur dari <a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">aktinium</a> (Ac) hingga <a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">lawrensium</a> (Lr). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blok-g">Blok-g</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Blok-g" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Blok-g"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Tabel periodik perluasan</a></div> <p>Blok-g diperkirakan akan dimulai di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Unbiunium" title="Unbiunium">unsur 121</a>. Meskipun orbital-g diperkirakan tidak akan mulai mengisi keadaan dasar sampai sekitar <a href="/wiki/Unbiquadium" title="Unbiquadium">unsur 124</a>–<a href="/wiki/Unbiheksium" title="Unbiheksium">126</a>, energi mereka kemungkinan sudah cukup rendah untuk mulai berpartisipasi secara kimia dalam unsur 121,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mirip dengan situasi orbital 4f dan 5f. </p><p>Jika tren baris sebelumnya berlanjut, maka blok-g akan memiliki delapan belas unsur. Namun, perhitungan memprediksi bahwa ada pengaburan periodisitas yang sangat kuat pada periode kedelapan, sampai-sampai blok individu menjadi sulit untuk digambarkan. Kemungkinan periode kedelapan tidak akan cukup mengikuti tren baris sebelumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-recentattempts_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recentattempts-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simetri">Simetri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Simetri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Simetri"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keempat blok ini dapat diatur ulang sedemikian rupa sehingga pas, berjarak sama, di dalam <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a> biasa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Teks di dekat tag ini membutuhkan klarifikasi atau penghapusan jargon since Juni 2022" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Klarifikasi" title="Wikipedia:Klarifikasi">butuh klarifikasi</a></i>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Kulit elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron#Subkulit" title="Kelopak elektron">Subkulit kulit elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan tabel periodik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode tabel periodik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jensen2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen2015_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_B._Jensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William B. Jensen (halaman belum tersedia)">Jensen, William B.</a> (21 Maret 2015). "The positions of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table: an update". <i>Foundations of Chemistry</i>. <b>17</b>: 23–31. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10698-015-9216-1">10.1007/s10698-015-9216-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+positions+of+lanthanum+%28actinium%29+and+lutetium+%28lawrencium%29+in+the+periodic+table%3A+an+update&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=23-31&rft.date=2015-03-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10698-015-9216-1&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABlok+tabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Janet, <i>La classification hélicoïdale des éléments chimiques</i>, Beauvais, 1928</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stewart, P. J. (7 November 2017). "Tetrahedral and spherical representations of the periodic system". <i>Foundations of Chemistry</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 111–120. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10698-017-9299-y">10.1007/s10698-017-9299-y</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Tetrahedral+and+spherical+representations+of+the+periodic+system&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-120&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10698-017-9299-y&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABlok+tabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gschneidner Jr., Karl A. (2016). "282. Systematics". Dalam Jean-Claude G. Bünzli; Vitalij K. Pecharsky. <i>Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths</i>. <b>50</b>. hlm. 12–16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-444-63851-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-444-63851-9">978-0-444-63851-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=282.+Systematics&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+the+Physics+and+Chemistry+of+Rare+Earths&rft.pages=12-16&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-444-63851-9&rft.aulast=Gschneidner+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Karl+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABlok+tabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Umemoto, Koichiro; Saito, Susumu (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.jps.jp/doi/pdf/10.1143/JPSJ.65.3175">"Electronic Configurations of Superheavy Elements"</a>. <i>Journal of the Physical Society of Japan</i>. <b>65</b> (10): 3175–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JPSJ...65.3175U">1996JPSJ...65.3175U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1143%2FJPSJ.65.3175">10.1143/JPSJ.65.3175</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 Juni</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Physical+Society+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Electronic+Configurations+of+Superheavy+Elements&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3175-9&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1143%2FJPSJ.65.3175&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JPSJ...65.3175U&rft.aulast=Umemoto&rft.aufirst=Koichiro&rft.au=Saito%2C+Susumu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.jps.jp%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1143%2FJPSJ.65.3175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABlok+tabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recentattempts-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-recentattempts_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scerri, Eric (2020). "Recent attempts to change the periodic table". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</i>. <b>378</b> (2180). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RSPTA.37890300S">2020RSPTA.37890300S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0300">10.1098/rsta.2019.0300</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32811365">32811365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Recent+attempts+to+change+the+periodic+table&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=2180&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32811365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2019.0300&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RSPTA.37890300S&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABlok+tabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stewart, P. (2018). "Amateurs and professionals in chemistry: The case of the periodic table". Dalam Scerri, E.; Restrepo, G. <i>From Mendeleev to Oganesson: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Periodic Table</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 66–79 (76–77). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-190-66853-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-190-66853-2">978-0-190-66853-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amateurs+and+professionals+in+chemistry%3A+The+case+of+the+periodic+table&rft.btitle=From+Mendeleev+to+Oganesson%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Perspective+on+the+Periodic+Table&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=66-79+%2876-77%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-190-66853-2&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABlok+tabel+periodik" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/dmitry.weise/videos/2504337346272359/?fref=mentions">Tabel periodik unsur tetrahedral</a>. Animasi ini menunjukkan transisi dari tabel konvensional menjadi tetrahedron. </p> <div class="tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; background:#FFF0F5; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em; font-size:85%;"> <table style="background:transparent;" width="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:32px; height:28px; overflow:hidden"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px; z-index:3;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia"><span style="color:#FF4F00">Portal Kimia</span></a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&oldid=23665297">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blok_tabel_periodik&oldid=23665297</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tabel_periodik" title="Kategori:Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_dipertanyakan_kenetralannya" title="Kategori:Artikel yang dipertanyakan kenetralannya">Artikel yang dipertanyakan kenetralannya</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 12 Juni 2023, pukul 04.09.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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