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href="#Nibbana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nibbana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nibbana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations_for_the_term_Sankhara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations_for_the_term_Sankhara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>English translations for the term Sankhara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations_for_the_term_Sankhara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE)" title="সংস্কার (বৌদ্ধধর্ম) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংস্কার (বৌদ্ধধর্ম)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankh%C3%A1ra" title="Sankhára – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sankhára" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankhara" title="Sankhara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sankhara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%89_(%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90)" title="행 (불교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="행 (불교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saṅkhāra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szankh%C3%A1ra" title="Szankhára – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szankhára" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9" title="サンカーラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンカーラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formacje_mentalne" title="Formacje mentalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Formacje mentalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Санкхара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Санкхара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC)" title="Творевина (будизам) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Творевина (будизам)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvorevina_(budizam)" title="Tvorevina (budizam) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tvorevina (budizam)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankhara" title="Sankhara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sankhara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="สังขาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สังขาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA)" title="سنسکار (بدھ مت) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنسکار (بدھ مت)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nh_(Ph%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o)" title="Hành (Phật giáo) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hành (Phật giáo)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Buddhist concept of formations. For similar concept in other Indian philosophies, see <a href="/wiki/Samskara_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Samskara (Indian philosophy)">Samskara (Indian philosophy)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#FFD068">Translations of<br /><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English</th><td class="infobox-data">formations<br />volitional formations<br />volitional activities</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">संस्कार (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṃskāra</i></span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">सङ्खार (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সংস্কার</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သင်္ခါရ</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: [θɪ̀ɰ̃kʰàja̰] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">行</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xíng</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">行</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">Rōmaji</a>: <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">gyō</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">សង្ខារ<br />(<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a>: <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">Sângkhar</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#ALA-LC_Romanization_Tables" title="Romanization of Khmer">ALA-LC</a>: <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">Sangkhār</i></span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">행</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">haeng</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">සංස්කාර</span></span> <br />(<span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">saṃskāra</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">འདུ་བྱེད་</span></span> <br />(<span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><i lang="bo-Latn">'du.byed</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl">ᜐᜀᜈᜃᜑᜀᜎᜀ<br />(sankhala)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">สังขาร<br />(<small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn">sangkhan</i></span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">行<br />(hành)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary of Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṅkhāra</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>; सङ्खार; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: संस्कार or <b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṃskāra</i></span></b>) is a term figuring prominently in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. The word means 'formations'<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 'that which has been put together' and 'that which puts together'. </p><p>In the first (passive) sense, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i> refers to conditioned phenomena generally but specifically to all mental "dispositions".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are called 'volitional formations' both because they are formed as a result of <a href="/wiki/Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">volition</a> and because they are causes for the arising of future volitional actions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English translations for <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i> in the first sense of the word include 'conditioned things,'<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'determinations,'<sup id="cite_ref-Bodhi_2000_p._44_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodhi_2000_p._44-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'fabrications'<sup id="cite_ref-Thanissaro_1997b_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thanissaro_1997b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 'formations' (or, particularly when referring to mental processes, 'volitional formations').<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second (active) sense of the word, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i> refers to karma (<i><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">sankhara-khandha</a></i>) that leads to conditioned arising, <a href="/wiki/Dependent_origination" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent origination">dependent origination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Vijnanavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijnanavada">Vijnanavada school</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are 51 samskaras or <a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">mental factors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Saṅkhāra</i> is a Pali word that is cognate with the Sanskrit word <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83sk%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃskāra">saṃskāra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p664-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter word is not a Vedic Sanskrit term, but found extensively in classical and epic era Sanskrit in all Indian philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p664-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mmwp1041_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwp1041-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Saṃskāra</i> is found in the Upanishads such as in verse 2.6 of <a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki Upanishad</a>, 4.16.2–4 of <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, 6.3.1 of <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> as well as mentioned by the ancient Indian scholar <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Panini</a> and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-sndasguptap263_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sndasguptap263-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Saṅkhāra</i> appears in the Buddhist Pitaka texts with a variety of meanings and contexts, somewhat different from the Upanishadic texts, particularly for anything to predicate <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">impermanence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sndasguptap263_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sndasguptap263-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a complex concept, with no single-word English translation, that fuses "object and subject" as interdependent parts of each human's consciousness and epistemological process.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p664-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It connotes "impression, disposition, conditioning, forming, perfecting in one's mind, influencing one's sensory and conceptual faculty" as well as any "preparation, sacrament" that "impresses, disposes, influences or conditions" how one thinks, conceives or feels.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p664-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kalupahana1992p71_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalupahana1992p71-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mmwp1041_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwp1041-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conditioned_things">Conditioned things</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conditioned things"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first (passive) sense, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i> refers to "conditioned things" or "dispositions, mental imprint".<sup id="cite_ref-Kalupahana1992p71_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalupahana1992p71-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p664-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All aggregates in the world – physical or mental concomitants, and all phenomena, state early Buddhist texts, are conditioned things.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p664-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can refer to any compound form in the universe whether a tree, a cloud, a human being, a thought or a molecule. All these are <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāras</i></span>, as well as everything that is physical and visible in the phenomenal world are conditioned things, or aggregate of mental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p664-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddha taught that all saṅkhāras are impermanent and essenceless.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These subjective dispositions, states Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">David Kalupahana</a>, "prevented the Buddha from attempting to formulate an ultimately objective view of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-Kalupahana1992p71_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalupahana1992p71-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since conditioned things and dispositions are perceptions and do not have real essence, they are not reliable sources of pleasure and they are impermanent.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalupahana1992p71_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalupahana1992p71-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding the significance of this reality is <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">wisdom</a>. This "conditioned things" sense of the word Saṅkhāra appears in <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> and in Buddhist theory of dependent origination, that is how ignorance or misconceptions about impermanence and non-self leads to <a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">rebirths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsTribe2002p67_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsTribe2002p67-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83yutta_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Saṃyutta Nikāya">Samyutta Nikaya</a> II.12.1 presents one such explanation,<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsTribe2002p67_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsTribe2002p67-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do other Pali texts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_last_words#Pre-5th_century" title="List of last words">last words of the Buddha</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Mahaparinibbana_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahaparinibbana Sutta">Mahāparinibbāna Sutta</a>, were "Disciples, this I declare to you: All conditioned things are subject to disintegration – strive on untiringly for your liberation." (Pali: "<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">handa'dāni bhikkhave āmantayāmi vo, vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā ti.</i></span></i>").<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sankhara-khandha">Sankhara-khandha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sankhara-khandha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="5" style="float:left;clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:70%; text-align:center; border-right:1px solid DarkGray; background:white"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="25">  </th> <th style="border-bottom:8px solid white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nidanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Nidanas"><i>The 12 Nidānas:</i></a> </th> <th rowspan="25">  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)"><b>Ignorance</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Purple">↓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:SkyBlue"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Formations</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:SkyBlue">↓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Azure"><a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna"><b>Consciousness</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Blue">↓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Lime"><a href="/wiki/Namarupa" title="Namarupa"><b>Name & Form</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Green">↓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Yellow"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80yatana" title="Āyatana"><b>Six Sense Bases</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Gold">↓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Gold"><a href="/wiki/Spar%C5%9Ba" title="Sparśa"><b>Contact</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Gold">↓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Orange"><a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā"><b>Feeling</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Orange">↓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:OrangeRed"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā"><b>Craving</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:OrangeRed">↓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Red"><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81d%C4%81na" title="Upādāna"><b>Clinging</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Red">↓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Crimson"><a href="/wiki/Bhava" title="Bhava"><b>Becoming</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Crimson">↓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:IndianRed"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti_(Buddhism)" title="Jāti (Buddhism)"><b>Birth</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:ndianRed">↓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:RosyBrown"><a href="/wiki/Jar%C4%81mara%E1%B9%87a" title="Jarāmaraṇa"><b>Old Age & Death</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float:right; clear: right; margin:0.1em 0 0.1em 1em; background:Azure; border:1px solid DarkGray; font-size:85%; text-align:center;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray; background:WhiteSmoke; text-align:center; color:RoyalBlue"> <span style="font-size:small;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></b> (<i>pañca khandha</i>)</span><br />according to the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>.</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:Lime"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa" title="Rūpa"><b>form</b> (<i>rūpa</i>)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background:Lime"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:white; border:1px dotted Blue"><small><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C5%ABta" title="Mahābhūta">4 elements<br />(<i>mahābhūta</i>)</a></small></td> <td colspan="1" style="background:Lime"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:Lime"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background:Azure"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background:Azure; border-left:1px solid Green"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:Azure; color:LimeGreen"><span style="font-size:x-large;">↓</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background:Azure"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background:Azure; border-left:1px solid Green"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:White; border:1px dotted Gainsboro"><small><a href="/wiki/Spar%C5%9Ba" title="Sparśa">contact<br />(<i>phassa</i>)</a></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:Azure; color:Green; text-align:left">    <span style="font-size:x-large;">↓</span></td> <td colspan="2" style="background:Azure; color:LightSkyBlue"><span style="font-size:x-large;">↑</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:LightSkyBlue"> <br /><a href="/wiki/Vijnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijnana"><b>consciousness</b><br />(<i>viññāna</i>)</a><br /> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><span style="color:DarkBlue;font-size:x-large;">→</span><br /><span style="color:Orange;font-size:x-large;">←</span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><span style="color:Red;font-size:x-large;">←</span></td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:white"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="8" style="border-left:1px dotted Red; border-top:1px dotted Red; border-bottom:1px dotted Red"> </td> <td style="color:RoyalBlue; border-top:1px dotted Red"><small><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">mental factors (<i>cetasika</i>)</a></small></td> <td rowspan="8" style="border-right:1px dotted Red; border-top:1px dotted Red; border-bottom:1px dotted Red"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:Orange"> <br /><a href="/wiki/Vedana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedana"><b>feeling</b><br />(<i>vedanā</i>)</a><br /> </td> </tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:OrangeRed"> <br /><a href="/wiki/Samjna" class="mw-redirect" title="Samjna"><b>perception</b><br />(<i>sañña</i>)</a><br /> </td> </tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:Red"> <br /><a href="/wiki/Sankhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankhara"><b>formation</b><br />(<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i>)</a><br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px dotted Red"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-top:1px solid DarkGray; background:Ivory; text-align:left; color:RoyalBlue"> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa" title="Rūpa">Form</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Mahabhuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabhuta">Four Great Elements</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnana">Consciousness</a> arises from <a href="/wiki/Namarupa" title="Namarupa">other aggregates</a>.</li> <li>Mental Factors arise from the <a href="/wiki/Phassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phassa">Contact</a> of<br /><a href="/wiki/Vinnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnana">Consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namarupa" title="Namarupa">other aggregates</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:WhiteSmoke; text-align:left; color:RoyalBlue">  <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.109.than.html">Source: MN 109 (Thanissaro, 2001)</a></small>  <span style="color:DarkGray;">|</span>  <small><a href="/wiki/Template:PancaKhandha" title="Template:PancaKhandha">diagram details</a></small></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In the second (active) sense, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra-khandha</i></span></a></i>) refers to the form-creating faculty of mind. It is part of the doctrine of conditioned arising or <a href="/wiki/Dependent_origination" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent origination">dependent origination</a> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">paṭiccasamuppāda</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-bodhisnp45_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodhisnp45-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, the term <i>Sankhara</i> is karmically active volition or intention, which generates rebirth and influences the realm of rebirth.<sup id="cite_ref-bodhisnp45_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodhisnp45-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sankhara</i> herein is synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, and includes actions of the body, speech and mind.<sup id="cite_ref-bodhisnp45_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bodhisnp45-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra-khandha</i></span></i> states that living beings are reborn (<i><a href="/wiki/Bhava" title="Bhava">bhava</a></i>, become) by means of actions of body and speech (<i><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">kamma</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddha stated that all volitional constructs are conditioned by ignorance (<i><a href="/wiki/Avijja" class="mw-redirect" title="Avijja">avijja</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">impermanence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">non-self</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is this ignorance that leads to the origination of the <i>sankharas</i> and ultimately causes human suffering (<i><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cessation of all such <i>sankharas</i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sabba-saṅkhāra-nirodha</i></span></i>) is synonymous with Awakening (<i><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">bodhi</a></i>), the attainment of nirvana. The end of conditioned arising or dependent origination in the karmic sense (<i>Sankharas</i>), yields the unconditioned phenomenon of nirvana.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the ignorance conditions the volitional formations, these formations condition, in turn, the consciousness (<i><a href="/wiki/Vijnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijnana">viññāna</a></i>). The Buddha elaborated: </p><p>'What one intends, what one arranges, and what one obsesses about: This is a support for the stationing of consciousness. There being a support, there is a landing [or: an establishing] of consciousness. When that consciousness lands and grows, there is the production of renewed becoming in the future. When there is the production of renewed becoming in the future, there is future birth, aging & death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair. Such is the origination of this entire mass of suffering & stress.'<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mental_factors">Mental factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mental factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors (Buddhism)</a></div> <p><i>Mental factors</i> (Sanskrit: <i>caitasika</i>; Pali: <i>cetasika</i>; Tibetan Wylie: <i>sems byung</i>) are formations (Sanskrit: <i>saṅkhāra</i>) concurrent with mind (Sanskrit: <i><a href="/wiki/Citta" class="mw-redirect" title="Citta">citta</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-g1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eric1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eric1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be described as aspects of the mind that apprehend the quality of an object, and that have the ability to color the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nibbana">Nibbana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nibbana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Buddha emphasized the need to purify dispositions rather than eliminate them completely.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kalupahana states that "the elimination of dispositions is <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> suicide," as dispositions determine our perspectives. The development of one's personality in the direction of perfection or imperfection rests with one's dispositions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When preliminary <a href="/wiki/Nibbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nibbana">nibbana</a> with substrate occurs (that is, nibbana of a living being), <i>constructive</i> consciousness (that is, the house-builder) is completely destroyed and no new formations will be constructed. However, sankharas in the sense of <i>constructed</i> consciousness, which exists as a "karmically-resultant-consciousness" (<i>vipāka viññāna</i>), continue to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_Collins_1982,_page_207_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_Collins_1982,_page_207-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each liberated individual produces no new karma, but preserves a particular individual personality which is the result of the traces of his or her karmic heritage. The very fact that there is a psycho-physical substrate during the remainder of an <a href="/wiki/Arahant" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahant">arahant's</a> lifetime shows the continuing effect of karma.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_Collins_1982,_page_207_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_Collins_1982,_page_207-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_translations_for_the_term_Sankhara">English translations for the term Sankhara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: English translations for the term Sankhara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Activities (Ajahn Sucitto)</li> <li>Concoctions (Santikaro)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Conditions</li> <li>Conditioning Factors</li> <li>Conditioned things<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Constructions (similar to the idea of <a href="/wiki/Social_Constructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Constructionism">Social Constructionism</a>)</li> <li>Determinations<sup id="cite_ref-Bodhi_2000_p._44_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodhi_2000_p._44-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fabrications<sup id="cite_ref-Thanissaro_1997b_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thanissaro_1997b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Formations (Bhikkhu Bodhi)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Karmic formations<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mental constructions</li> <li>Mental constructs (Bhante S. Dhammika)</li> <li>Preparations (<a href="/wiki/Katukurunde_Nanananda_Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Katukurunde Nanananda Thera">Bhikkhu Katukurunde Ñāṇānanda</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Volitional activities<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Volitional dispositions<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Volitional formations (Bhikkhu Bodhi)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankhata" title="Sankhata">Sankhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paticca-samuppada" class="mw-redirect" title="Paticca-samuppada">Paticca-samuppada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Samskara (Indian philosophy)">Samskara (Indian philosophy)</a> – Hindu concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThich_Nhat_Hahn2015" class="citation book cs1">Thich Nhat Hahn (2015). <i>The Heart of Buddha's Teaching</i>. New York: Harmony. pp. 73–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+Buddha%27s+Teaching&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=Harmony&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Thich+Nhat+Hahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">David Kalupahana</a>, "A History of Buddhist Philosophy." University of Hawaii Press, 1992, page 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The word <i>saṅkhatam</i> is explained in various ways. But in short it means something that is made up, prepared, or concocted by way of intention." Katukurunde Ñāṇānanda, in "The Mind Stilled: 33 Lectures on Nibbāna," p. 42, online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net">http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.060.piya.html">Piyadassi (1999).</a> This is also suggested, for instance, by Bodhi (2000), p. 46, who in writing about one sense of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i> states: 'In the widest sense, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i> comprises all conditioned things, everything arisen from a combination of conditions.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodhi_2000_p._44-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_2000_p._44_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_2000_p._44_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Bodhi (2000), p. 44, 'determinations' was used by Ven. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span> in his <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a> manuscripts that ultimately were edited by Bodhi. (In the published volume, Bodhi changed <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span>'s word choice to "formations.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thanissaro_1997b-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thanissaro_1997b_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thanissaro_1997b_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.002.than.html">Thanissaro (1997b).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the extended discussion at Bodhi (2000), pp. 44-47. Other translations considered by but ultimately rejected by Bodhi include 'constructions' (p. 45) and 'activities' (p. 45, especially to highlight the kammic aspect of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_S_Waldron2003" class="citation book cs1">William S Waldron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 102–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1"><bdi>978-1-134-42886-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Unconscious%3A+The+Alaya-vij%C3%B1ana+in+the+Context+of+Indian+Buddhist+Thought&rft.pages=102-112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-42886-1&rft.au=William+S+Waldron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9iCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, Bodhi (2000), p. 45: <dl><dd><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṅkhāra</i></span></i> is derived from the prefix <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṃ</i></span></i> (=con), "together," and the verb <i>karoti</i>, "to make." The noun straddles both sides of the active-passive divide. Thus <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāras</i></span></i> are both things which put together, construct and compound other things, <i>and</i> the things that are put together, constructed, and compounded.</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plumvillage.org/transcriptions/51-mental-formation/">"51 Mental Formations"</a>. <i>Plum Village</i>. 2013-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plum+Village&rft.atitle=51+Mental+Formations&rft.date=2013-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplumvillage.org%2Ftranscriptions%2F51-mental-formation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsStede1921p664-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_William_Rhys_DavidsWilliam_Stede1921" class="citation book cs1">Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC"><i>Pali-English Dictionary</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 664–665. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=664-665&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1144-7&rft.au=Thomas+William+Rhys+Davids&rft.au=William+Stede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Guw2CnxiucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwp1041-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmwp1041_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwp1041_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1872" class="citation book cs1">Monier Monier-Williams (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ"><i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1041.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=1041&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Monier+Monier-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3NWAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Phillips2009" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Phillips (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlOrAgAAQBAJ"><i>Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 81–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14484-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14484-1"><bdi>978-0-231-14484-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%2C+Karma%2C+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Brief+History+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=81-87&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14484-1&rft.au=Stephen+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhlOrAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sndasguptap263-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sndasguptap263_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sndasguptap263_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurendranath_Dasgupta1992" class="citation book cs1">Surendranath Dasgupta (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC"><i>A History of Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint, Original: Cambridge University Press, 1922). pp. 263 with footnote 1, 272–273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=263+with+footnote+1%2C+272-273&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprint%2C+Original%3A+Cambridge+University+Press%2C+1922%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0412-8&rft.au=Surendranath+Dasgupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoaMFmS1_lEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalupahana1992p71-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalupahana1992p71_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalupahana1992p71_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalupahana1992p71_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalupahana1992p71_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Kalupahana1992" class="citation book cs1">David J. Kalupahana (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlDArya3YvcC"><i>A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1402-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1402-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-1402-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Buddhist+Philosophy%3A+Continuities+and+Discontinuities&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1402-1&rft.au=David+J.+Kalupahana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlDArya3YvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Coward1990" class="citation book cs1">Harold Coward (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a7ucoHEbtgAC"><i>Derrida and Indian Philosophy</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 161–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0500-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0500-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-0500-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Derrida+and+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=161-162&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0500-0&rft.au=Harold+Coward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da7ucoHEbtgAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Walters2015" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Walters (2015). Donald S. Lopez Jr. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaC4CgAAQBAJ"><i>Buddhism in Practice</i></a> (Abridged ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8007-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8007-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-8007-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Practice&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8007-2&rft.au=Jonathan+Walters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaC4CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Ross_ReatEdmund_F._Perry1991" class="citation book cs1">N. Ross Reat; Edmund F. Perry (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldtheologycen0000reat"><i>A World Theology: The Central Spiritual Reality of Humankind</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldtheologycen0000reat/page/120">120</a>–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33159-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33159-3"><bdi>978-0-521-33159-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Theology%3A+The+Central+Spiritual+Reality+of+Humankind&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33159-3&rft.au=N.+Ross+Reat&rft.au=Edmund+F.+Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldtheologycen0000reat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilliamsTribe2002p67-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsTribe2002p67_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsTribe2002p67_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_WilliamsAnthony_TribeAlexander_Wynne2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams; Anthony Tribe; Alexander Wynne (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9SFAgAAQBAJ"><i>Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 65–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-62324-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-62324-2"><bdi>978-1-134-62324-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought%3A+A+Complete+Introduction+to+the+Indian+Tradition&rft.pages=65-67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-62324-2&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft.au=Anthony+Tribe&rft.au=Alexander+Wynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9SFAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Clifford_Holt1995" class="citation book cs1">John Clifford Holt (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3gnDWr2CCWkC"><i>Discipline: The Canonical Buddhism of the Vinayapiṭaka</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 8–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1051-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1051-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1051-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discipline%3A+The+Canonical+Buddhism+of+the+Vinayapi%E1%B9%ADaka&rft.pages=8-11&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1051-8&rft.au=John+Clifford+Holt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3gnDWr2CCWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.C._Wijeratna" class="citation journal cs1">D.C. Wijeratna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37451745">"The First and Last Words of Lord Buddha"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+First+and+Last+Words+of+Lord+Buddha&rft.au=D.C.+Wijeratna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37451745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSister_Vajira_&_Francis_Story" class="citation web cs1">Sister Vajira & Francis Story. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html#fn-58">"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha (DN 16)"</a>. <i>Access to Insight (BCBS Edition)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Access+to+Insight+%28BCBS+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Maha-parinibbana+Sutta%3A+Last+Days+of+the+Buddha+%28DN+16%29&rft.au=Sister+Vajira+%26+Francis+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fdn%2Fdn.16.1-6.vaji.html%23fn-58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bodhisnp45-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bodhisnp45_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bodhisnp45_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bodhisnp45_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhikkhu_Bodhi2005" class="citation book cs1">Bhikkhu Bodhi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MEA6AwAAQBAJ"><i>The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-973-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-973-0"><bdi>978-0-86171-973-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Connected+Discourses+of+the+Buddha%3A+A+New+Translation+of+the+Samyutta+Nikaya&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-973-0&rft.au=Bhikkhu+Bodhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMEA6AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_S_Waldron2003" class="citation book cs1">William S Waldron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 19–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1"><bdi>978-1-134-42886-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Unconscious%3A+The+Alaya-vij%C3%B1ana+in+the+Context+of+Indian+Buddhist+Thought&rft.pages=19-23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-42886-1&rft.au=William+S+Waldron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9iCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_S_Waldron2003" class="citation book cs1">William S Waldron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1"><bdi>978-1-134-42886-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Unconscious%3A+The+Alaya-vij%C3%B1ana+in+the+Context+of+Indian+Buddhist+Thought&rft.pages=16-18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-42886-1&rft.au=William+S+Waldron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9iCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 12.2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.002.than.html">(Thanissaro, 1997b)</a>, where the Buddha states: 'And what are fabrications? These three are fabrications: bodily fabrications, verbal fabrications, mental fabrications. These are called fabrications.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_S_Waldron2003" class="citation book cs1">William S Waldron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought</i></a>. Routledge. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1"><bdi>978-1-134-42886-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Unconscious%3A+The+Alaya-vij%C3%B1ana+in+the+Context+of+Indian+Buddhist+Thought&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-42886-1&rft.au=William+S+Waldron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9iCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieu_Boisvert1995" class="citation book cs1">Mathieu Boisvert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUTRBtvSUaUC"><i>The Five Aggregates: Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology</i></a>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 93–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-257-3"><bdi>978-0-88920-257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five+Aggregates%3A+Understanding+Theravada+Psychology+and+Soteriology&rft.pages=93-98&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-257-3&rft.au=Mathieu+Boisvert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmUTRBtvSUaUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_S_Waldron2003" class="citation book cs1">William S Waldron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 190–191 notes 2–5, Chapter 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1"><bdi>978-1-134-42886-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Unconscious%3A+The+Alaya-vij%C3%B1ana+in+the+Context+of+Indian+Buddhist+Thought&rft.pages=190-191+notes+2-5%2C+Chapter+1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-42886-1&rft.au=William+S+Waldron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9iCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_S_Waldron2003" class="citation book cs1">William S Waldron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought</i></a>. Routledge. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42886-1"><bdi>978-1-134-42886-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Unconscious%3A+The+Alaya-vij%C3%B1ana+in+the+Context+of+Indian+Buddhist+Thought&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-42886-1&rft.au=William+S+Waldron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9iCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 12.38 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.038.than.html">(Thanissaro, 1995).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guenther (1975), Kindle Location 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eric1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eric1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunsang (2004), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geshe Tashi Tsering (2006), Kindle Location 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geshe Tashi Tsering (2006), Kindle Location 564-568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kalupahana, <i>Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way.</i> Motilal Banarsidass, 2005, page 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">David Kalupahana</a>, "A History of Buddhist Philosophy." University of Hawaii Press, 1992, page 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steven_Collins_1982,_page_207-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_Collins_1982,_page_207_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_Collins_1982,_page_207_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Collins, <i>Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism.</i> Cambridge University Press, 1982, page 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leighb.com/intv0405.htm">"Interview with Leigh Brasington, May 2004"</a>. <i>www.leighb.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.leighb.com&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Leigh+Brasington%2C+May+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leighb.com%2Fintv0405.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.060.piya.html">Piyadassi (1999).</a> This is also suggested, for instance, by Bodhi (2000), p. 46, who in writing about one sense of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i> states: "In the widest sense, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i> comprises all conditioned things, everything arisen from a combination of conditions."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Nanavira_Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanavira Thera">Nanavira Thera</a> 'the word sankhāra, in all contexts, means 'something that something else depends on', that is to say a determination (determinant).' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nanavira.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=84">Notes on Dhamma: Sankhāra</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the extended discussion at Bodhi (2000), pp. 44-47. Other translations considered by but ultimately rejected by Bodhi include "constructions" (p. 45) and "activities" (p. 45, especially to highlight the karmic aspect of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅkhāra</i></span></i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Milinda's questions</i>. Sacred books of the Buddhists. I.B. Horner (trans.). London: Luzac. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milinda%27s+questions&rft.place=London&rft.series=Sacred+books+of+the+Buddhists&rft.pub=Luzac&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ñāṇānanda, Katukurunde, 1988-1991, <i>The Mind Stilled: 33 Lectures on Nibbāna,</i> online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net">http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net</a>. Bhikkhu Ñāṇānanda also notes, "in the ancient Indian society, one of the primary senses of the word <i>saṅkhāra</i> was the make-up done by actors and actresses" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net/files/eng/books/ms/nibbana_the_mind_stilled_I.pdf">http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net/files/eng/books/ms/nibbana_the_mind_stilled_I.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100018/http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net/files/eng/books/ms/nibbana_the_mind_stilled_I.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 109).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gethin, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radhakrishnan and Moore (1957), p. 272.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikkhu</a> (trans.) (2000). <i>The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya</i>. Boston: Wisdom Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-331-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-331-1">0-86171-331-1</a>.</li> <li>Geshe Tashi Tsering (2006). <i>Buddhist Psychology: The Foundation of Buddhist Thought</i>. Perseus Books Group. Kindle Edition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_V._Guenther" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert V. Guenther">Guenther, Herbert V.</a> & Leslie S. Kawamura (1975), <i>Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding"</i> Dharma Publishing. Kindle Edition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Pema_Kunsang" title="Erik Pema Kunsang">Kunsang, Erik Pema</a> (translator) (2004). <i>Gateway to Knowledge, Vol. 1</i>. North Atlantic Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyadassi_Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Piyadassi Thera">Piyadassi Thera</a> (trans.) (1999). <i>Girimananda Sutta: Discourse to Girimananda Thera</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 10.60). Retrieved 2007-11-18 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.060.piya.html">Girimananda Sutta: Discourse to Girimananda Thera</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, S.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Moore" title="Charles A. Moore">Moore, C.A.</a> (1957). <i>A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy</i>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a> (trans.) (1995). <i>Cetana Sutta: Intention</i> (<a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 12.38). Retrieved 2007-11-16 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.038.than.html">Cetana Sutta: Intention</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997a). <i>Avijja Sutta: Ignorance</i> (<a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 45.1). Retrieved 2007-11-16 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn45/sn45.001.than.html">Avijja Sutta: Ignorance</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). <i>Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising</i> (<a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 12.2). Retrieved 2007-11-16 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.002.than.html">Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2001). <i>Khajjaniya Sutta: Chewed Up</i> (<a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 22.79). Retrieved 2007-11-18 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.079.than.html">Khajjaniya Sutta: Chewed Up</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Avidya_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avidya (Buddhism)">Avidyā</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nidanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Nidanas">Twelve Nidānas</a> </b><br /><b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃskāra</i></span></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vijnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijnana">Vijñāna</a></div> </td></tr> 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href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage 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