CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913643b73d688819',cH: 'qhhWm9fR_RTIOAqplLCAhGcBtOwEmnPJd7qKCZAWuNg-1739800415-1.2.1.1-wGkS2IeEf8sExNjjTWQW3QQR6EuOxWThw0A2jxJqTjUKzl6EQ4Am5ineQJNSwRts',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=flash%20flood&__cf_chl_tk=bARo06afHErfQv.pHg9NkziWvia1mQw7fdA119TO7w0-1739800415-1.0.1.1-5VMxFoktVPtc46fgDdrLWD7db878_gSw4GK8ZkfyHdY",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739800415',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=flash%20flood&__cf_chl_f_tk=bARo06afHErfQv.pHg9NkziWvia1mQw7fdA119TO7w0-1739800415-1.0.1.1-5VMxFoktVPtc46fgDdrLWD7db878_gSw4GK8ZkfyHdY",md: "PVMn3ygE.x7wuQeOR3IKLB_i2XiNHxPp6RgPcb0Mzlw-1739800415-1.2.1.1-g3SQIWfFE_1vWVRjqUcl8l6wQ2sc5J1ecCTEJyTEFRshzDaO8AmXyt736D7VQ.H_kQCT5qvc.KJmdlZbv8NXD_ZpIHhuUQlM93eFHcRRhC3S55Ii0y_SSsGPYcjTO.L0jfb5oh2pz0M9JzFGasfrQm6.Monl.CghJUY6gXpXUX.1spcryhHZh8B7pBBp90S7mH3cc2graVTEFz_Bzz6GdRZ1cl7wn9XU1BsAVk8r6.2.behZnxHyWVVZsOs8AL12QhaYHR4yDMxnBKf3trIaYN.hSPGASbBmgjDTSu_KGhftH3HTft4OgawRFNSCvfLxoOTnGj0Kt4B92TxDlsutmuuWrDYdB1v.BjzPHHD3DnRtkMzwPc1gOKfK7fJSucg.QEVWInpm9s6c2FUGpDJeist6L5hJdOx5CgBrtX03ZV2tlrPV_PZNDinOwNhO.Iv5GsRicZY4ITzkGELnkU43VSvp8Ab.Llp4hKEYk_.cwXqtQnQlsKX772vekvducV46Zm399_pF4AO0yWyATUzLgHxsLnu7gdd2ThZyGlckA6nFHm8_UzytwxRxOJTYRugexJXGI3_4mhw_DsDGfvBsg76vCKuZFcutRW6YhVgjr.GX3ZFPAw9ChtP65viiIL7N3csT2aXkA73gfEj5HYyVXfvlvjBxjjtD2ccusO.gc4MTTKAZFOwsbmwFY3F3lWK8grjcClqd333nDIyGQvBdCtRcS5UfMFd2hxRjfBDYGNSI4J.wtl6prTouKnxtl8q4mxs4X7vqNqo6PtBJKcXfk6MoewMxgR3gEwHhVu0HEGhNEgqWZ_AGcdyVYx0hUZ6U0p2sVHSE3krFOWVrbt2d8L6n8ll99gzP6tVrKG_3qcKQuQeyw4ByfkFXur_0s3BffWY7T1gdkIg8UEONjqatDiRKARQvEzRj8gF.XalfXOLx83vtMhN3872iAmsv2mt77TB7zJ4fcia170PI31lwyKwIf.hBgfR0vP0aVR3nEfUSzyt3CYfOsNxuksaPiFnbkpUqrc030HSNiIA2zeHtNZE8B8rNwAJzZpluTbOjMrZI.jrtaahPSw1iZt2TC__McicUhAlDFIG1Xz5_6Kzt6WVKhKKD9RlEPPpsxxlEBTuq8a3JNWF3Cx1n4xPiEhnHd3tMjTSZCqJGi8tOsoJshj7QQiOW.GWOOWuGArLF7dP2bHQOvk87uzk4Y_mekrQ3eWSWL1h77ZVL1PW7P_eEotwnIyTZQWbypBkNAuH0F7DEEUvTEHkKHyBjZr8plFJu3L5ndVevuTGru8UKAih1lE3EhGq6jMACzk7PcUhsHTxMdVmZuZ8N_I3xgwGI_iYCchNIy9jkq6TQ96QDuMjXdYG0RIGchpcTkgXQySFO3cVgGcxvCNK.8XeOywTwKpD1PHmX31VrECZ7Rw3NcnaPertsgdvIWjrGZHsDJMSaXjttPPkpwqv4Eba9jP_W8idh3ii0rldDU_XSoR73etI5bMF6OS4MCwSljGkwP1eMFBmw0d.8N79RGzh.erW1p1solKbReMiHwTUk.oISl8szAr6vL2LQdFlE7VpBSCCZKbSNcGilGwb6yC5VDxFP435ITbLHcCT7skz.wCGJIFreIwdnY8Hj1iAH8hPQpz6AmZZmJBe5rUHavh_F9T9Xu.ECnLd8b6qAivFTsIy9lJdL_vjEUI_03ydAZCFbbpH8eCQgau8tL.4SCOEutEkRAQ3thhP4Quy_17Tubgh4Ox_EU_aE0vXVsi4x5KXmiHjS9AmrQjGpZS0bTjfZLpPKs.vJlYm0JTqJ8Z9541UhqaXk8lZawdmVkFfauUZSx6PDrcjkS5N44esCdL_pFQssOArsMqGxQnxSUTP9aHAWsUArliQjtcGGrjbLeL9Htysv1jGrmzxLiqikdnkefcXQgisGblgjg8cA7tuwvmueYWPoSpQ6P1fafVDNlL0wxOlSBEQ",mdrd: "jZ0LTc.eHOafra788mM8bLMuohFhAEvdhMG2pzGMwGo-1739800415-1.2.1.1-YbId3W40FYBYbXJNhz41qZld4bBMuQDhWFwg9l0XYEj.yCFmRViMJKWEZZbMFG8shIhTVhLMvDbjnSOtrWCKv2ZHMjIEfKqoTlRd1qeKM0RN.Qlaw4F0omAfntrTvPeuOykxw3YMr44m6mJ8Hgy9JE7RabeOUf8zSQWdA6LgyjGlalHLiqpxQbrc2k6v5ITxeZOLsTabVx4F8iSBTWnDVCASAdalucJVUE_NkY_0qh13QnCEDSpVuBdNE7Kq.Pj5GWl76N2F820eH0TE6AWj3sRYE_RxUl1w4g3ijbeLxJAJDm4DN2Al4th0CZCREQkzvb69ITwBx7tYKfXuu_b0sbi_YaU6O0mHXRLoQldaXtTF9RD6cGR9KELiR4X0Kx1IAUnHo7tEwQG02gT6I2j_RjB7CW7RfYxD5CMOHaAjqYTTFoOBe__c7NAXJR8drCKGy7TVmfmVMOZ.vil0TjYpeo7UeJvmBDTtwuZfygBwphSag_he9DNDWVR2LNu5ac797872351KqonWp5M5pSsT2QFTg2dyHdpmojlg_SLp_IXxpmKbM0Hb_tiTBidfCN.GujCo5ww_AP6xitJiD6_G187VermHVoOLXVaqpbjqgjKheIT27p08ywIO11woHr2J4irxBJ179E7PI4z6PHX8S5zIZyf.cGKydYYta4Ci.QQE0G.fc0Bj9I2eUgJBvxH1zwX6LRMgr3PBf_0PENQKic6JlrTBBw0WW5gv6IESS9IN7WMvcW_hA5Mx4jmg39VwElz5epUubU78PFsCXcdJaTI49vfRY57kRIE.0bbtgRx5DC8rF9nOrFgw7VYhYX9.tPOsxTvPxLwXHmEi0KoCZcmI20PEd9et6C9j6t5k51n4A8IEx.0Yg3or6b.htAM0O6Zm2OM.m_2w6SyIqNBaTcH00HbMfdI0wFV7bNmzobrELYLASbaeAaFQ0X5MC37Zpx7_gJVAUkxx8rIpI_usxnfAd_5R55fmGr297xS64E2kJrpoINS2z.F5fTd2K0hDoAe2U4Smr4ZAyL_XO6dilNxStmtZGlyofKxKHR2CEONpsTgr_6OqdwpU5lDhxuWPRCuIQS_jkyrpknH8zeKnlFE6e_5DaT0Yr0hrk5lGo9jfw.T2JwfJMqjojB8jdkFs_NPjTpr3z19sWxKBkzAvxidUqbaargPdC.8xVQBOsOHnzCQ13mmHUmHrFCnnO1wNZoum8DZnagv7XrFZmgxGLEx9VLIuxHlRHY0WQUuk5HhKZJcU7qJKGnH5PLSC2DdW4O8nksvvrjci4_1R8mdhzGfFAqYbenNSLWhwmvhfxLu.WbTcoLHjckn8lqSya0SXsE_T8OhCvFLxLkeobafdg4j2wqsc_uKMA2WknfbXfJle6CkLOC.95tDXEvMSvjJFkuHSp6d3uW81aphj.K_fCdWod6qqD.qzdNTGSHT8QLKUvVaIrD5nlswaiKRtYYTTGtFpXvAWi0ynfAqmeVHYZZrPnw66guzV7Y_Bi6xMu_ipavOqZMY0hDYylIIzeA3o1GSiaXdUcxTFg3zKzWlV22HuADMrNv5cBv_ckCA.YRuMg1QtK8Vco7Ucj6IUj7HeBeuwa2sD0NiWnEPjWij2ug4WGwqfny0OsEiLIfwtFU4R6kyXjqqaJ5r8DJjTMX6JWm0b0M3JgfLcPRknsAFEGQEMqMepGC8ZhNyYamjzLgpY7nbLZQOOnL_mQYV06MihCc2tqsFCbGZ8e54UussxTCVaSJUhUs6xu0DEDuwhwLqjT7GPRgfog5BzIVV7a9oO8uag5A2tYOhoPehPBT7VQsbvwanEWy2qOxmIbsoSxDfKQPflOlN3e_vmpYbTmUahtCOf22aw5ARorNMUkj6184SM4WmRCoD59uGCJB7ri3cUr5E2SFe.zzaGvXXkamwVlQ1Zgf7U5h0EUt3keBxCI1fhgVR7z8lg8g7pkjH004XlrNyOfXV7scbZRvUEkBSb"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913643b73d688819';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=flash%20flood&__cf_chl_rt_tk=bARo06afHErfQv.pHg9NkziWvia1mQw7fdA119TO7w0-1739800415-1.0.1.1-5VMxFoktVPtc46fgDdrLWD7db878_gSw4GK8ZkfyHdY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>