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Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cova_de_Mahishasura_Mardini" title="Cova de Mahishasura Mardini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cova de Mahishasura Mardini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahishasuramardini-Tempel" title="Mahishasuramardini-Tempel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mahishasuramardini-Tempel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%AA" title="ಮಹಿಷಾಸುರಮರ್ಧಿನಿ ಮಂಟಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಹಿಷಾಸುರಮರ್ಧಿನಿ ಮಂಟಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahishasuramardini_Mandapa" title="Mahishasuramardini Mandapa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mahishasuramardini Mandapa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B4" title="මහීෂාසුරමර්දිනී මණ්ඩප – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහීෂාසුරමර්දිනී මණ්ඩප" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மகிடாசுரமர்த்தினி மண்டபம், மாமல்லபுரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மகிடாசுரமர்த்தினி மண்டபம், மாமல்லபுரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24738391#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mahishasuramardini_Mandapa&params=12.6167_N_80.1917_E_type:landmark_region:IN"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°37′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°11′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.6167°N 80.1917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.6167; 80.1917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #FFC569">Mahishasuramardini Mandapa<br />Mahishasuramardini Cave Temple</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_2.jpg/220px-Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_2.jpg/330px-Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_2.jpg/440px-Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mahishamardini Rock Cut Mandapam</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">District</th><td class="infobox-data label">Kancheepuram district</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vishnu, Durga and Somaskanda</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data">Tamil Nadu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahishasuramardini Mandapa is located in Tamil Nadu"><img alt="Mahishasuramardini Mandapa is located in Tamil Nadu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg/240px-India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg/360px-India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg/480px-India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.94%;left:86.559%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mahishasuramardini Mandapa"><img alt="Mahishasuramardini Mandapa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/8px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/12px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/16px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Tamil Nadu</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mahishasuramardini_Mandapa&params=12.6167_N_80.1917_E_type:landmark_region:IN"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°37′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°11′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.6167°N 80.1917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.6167; 80.1917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data note">Mid-7th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Temple(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscriptions</th><td class="infobox-data">Inscribed in 1984 under <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Asia_and_Australasia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia">Asia-Pacific</a> of UNESCO</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mahishasuramardhini Mandapa</b> (Cave Temple; also known as <b>Yampuri</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Morris1881_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris1881-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an example of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rock-cut_architecture" title="Indian rock-cut architecture">Indian rock-cut architecture</a> dating from the late 7th century, of the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>. It is a rock-cut cave temple located on a hill, near a lighthouse, along with other caves in <a href="/wiki/Mamallapuram" title="Mamallapuram">Mamallapuram</a>. Mamallapuram, also popularly known as Mahabalipuram, is a small village to the south of <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-library_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple is part of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> inscribed in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Cave Temple has many interesting architectural features of which three exquisitely carved reliefs on the cave walls of three sanctums are prominent. One is of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> reclining on the seven hooded serpent, <a href="/wiki/Adisesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Adisesha">Adishesha</a>, another of Durga, the main deity of the cave temple <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> slaying the <a href="/wiki/Water_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Buffalo">buffalo</a> headed demon <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>, and the third sanctum has a sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamath2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamath2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahishasuramardini_Mandapa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cave is dated to the period of king Narasimhavarman Mahamalla (630–668 AD) of the Pallava dynasty, after whom the town is also named.<sup id="cite_ref-View_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-View-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cave architecture is also said to be a continuation of the great religious themes that were carved in <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a>. The cave reflects a transitional style of architecture in its columns mounted on seated lions and frescoes carved on the walls inside the cave which evolved during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> kings Mahendra Varman I and Rajasimha or Narasimhavarman I known as Mamalla. This style was continued by Mamalla's son Parameshvaravarman I.<sup id="cite_ref-Jouveau-Dubreuil1994_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouveau-Dubreuil1994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical research has also confirmed that Mahabalipuram town came to be established only after it was named after Mamalla and the caves and rathas are all attributed to his reign during the year 650 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-RingSalkin1995_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RingSalkin1995-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahishasuramardini_Mandapa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram</a></div> <p>Mahishasura Mardhini Cave or Mantapa is situated on the top of a hill range along with other caves in Mahabalipuram town, on the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. Now in the <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_district" title="Kanchipuram district">Kanchipuram district</a>, it is approximately 58 kilometres (36 mi) from Chennai city (previously, Madras) and about 20 miles (32 km) from <a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu" title="Chengalpattu">Chingelpet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyar1982_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyar1982-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lighthouse is located beside it. A structural temple of the 8th century called the <a href="/wiki/Olakkannesvara_Temple" title="Olakkannesvara Temple">Olakkannesvara Temple</a> (mistakenly called a Mahishasura temple) is situated near this cave at a vantage location which provides scenic views of Mamallapuram. The area is a high security zone as there is a nuclear power station a few kilometers to the south; hence, photography is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-Planet_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planet-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layout">Layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahishasuramardini_Mandapa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cave shrine faces east and has three chambers. Its internal dimensions are 32 feet (9.8 m) in length, 15 feet (4.6 m) in width, and 12.5 feet (3.8 m) in height. There is frontal projection of the main central chamber when compared to the two chambers which flank it. In the front façade of the cave are 10 horseshoe-shaped windows which are <i><a href="/wiki/Gavaksha" title="Gavaksha">kudus</a></i> on the cornice; these are unfinished carvings. The cornice also depicts carvings of five gable-roofed semi-complete shrines. The façade has four carved pillars and two pilasters at the ends, which are part of the façade and are carved in the traditional Pallava architectural style. The central chamber is fronted by a small <i>mukhamandapa</i> (entrance porch), which has two carved pillars with lion bases in the Pallava style.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahishi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahishi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahishasuramardini_Mandapa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_5.jpg/220px-Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_5.jpg/330px-Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_5.jpg/440px-Mahabalipuram_Mahishasura_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Somaskhanda Panel of Shiva Parvati and their son Skanda</figcaption></figure> <p>The mandapa is one of the most important caves in Mahabalipuram. It is dedicated to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Mahishasuramardini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahishasuramardini">Mahishasuramardini</a>, who is considered an incarnation of the goddess Durga. The mandapa is carved into the <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> rock face of a hill. The verandah cut at the cave entrance, long and calumniated, has a composition of three chambers;<sup id="cite_ref-View_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-View-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the central chamber entrance depicts guardians (dwarapalas) on the flanks. The back wall of the central chamber features a carving of a Somaskanda panel; this panel is carved with images of Shiva and his consort <a href="/wiki/Parvathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvathi">Parvathi</a> in their regal dress, each wearing a crown known as <i>kirita-mukuta</i> and other ornamentation, with their son <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Skanda</a> seated between them. This panel also shows the carving of <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a> (bull), Shiva's mount (Vahana). <a href="/wiki/Chandeshvara_Nayanar" title="Chandeshvara Nayanar">Chandeshvara Nayanar</a>, an ardent devotee of Shiva, is carved to the left of the carved images of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_deity#Eastern_religions" title="Triple deity">trinity gods</a> Shiva, Brahma, and Vishnu, who are shown standing behind the main image of Shiva and Parvathi. The carving of the trinity gods gives the impression that they are pleased with the seated couple of Shiva, his consort and their son. In the individual depiction, Brahma is carved with four heads and four hands, with the upper hands holding a water vessel and <i><a href="/wiki/Akshamala" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshamala">akshamala</a></i>; the lower right hand is shown raised in an appreciative gesture to Shiva, while the left hand is in a kataka mudra. Vishnu's carving is also depicted with four hands; <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">shankha</a> are held in his upper hands, with the lower left hand showing a gesture of appreciation to Shiva, and the lower right hand held up in a <i>kataka mudra</i>. The image of <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (Sun) is carved on the top part of the panel, between Brahma and Vishnu. A separate Brahma panel carving appears on the back wall of the left chamber, while the right chamber is repeated with a panel of Shiva that, according to the opinion of archaeologists, wasoriginally meant to host a panel of Vishnu. Another interpretation mooted for the dominance of Shiva panels in this cave is that the religious leaning of the Kings who ruled at that time changed from <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shivaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaism">Shavisim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahishi_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahishi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Somaskanda panel in this cave is of a different architectural composition than similar panels carved in Dharmaraja Ratha, the Shore Temple, and the Atiranachanda Cave. Archeologists suggest the panel here was created during the reign of Rajasimha.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahishi_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahishi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anantasayi_Panel_Mahishasuramardini_Temple_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_D72_24966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anantasayi_Panel_Mahishasuramardini_Temple_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_D72_24966.jpg/700px-Anantasayi_Panel_Mahishasuramardini_Temple_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_D72_24966.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="467" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anantasayi_Panel_Mahishasuramardini_Temple_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_D72_24966.jpg/1050px-Anantasayi_Panel_Mahishasuramardini_Temple_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_D72_24966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anantasayi_Panel_Mahishasuramardini_Temple_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_D72_24966.jpg/1400px-Anantasayi_Panel_Mahishasuramardini_Temple_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_D72_24966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3413" /></a><figcaption>Front View of the Ananthashayani Pannel</figcaption></figure> <p>On the southern face of the cave, there is a panel of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Maha Vishnu</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Anantashayana_Vishnu" title="Anantashayana Vishnu">Anantasayana</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a></i>, (a reclining posture), lying on the bed of a <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">serpent</a>. He is shown with two hands, one is patting the coil of the Thousand-headed serpent known as <i><a href="/wiki/Adisesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Adisesha">Adisesha</a></i> to pacify him, which forms a cover over Vishnu's head and the other hand with <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Madhu-Kaitabha" title="Madhu-Kaitabha">Madhu-Kaitabha</a>, the two demons, are carved near Vishnu's feet in an attacking mode, armed with a <i><a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Gada (mace)</a></i>. The demons are in a position of retreat, as <i>Adisesha</i> hisses at them with flames emerging from its hoods attack the demons. <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> who is unconcerned, is patting <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Adisesha</a> to pacify him. Also shown in the panel are the two <i>ganas</i> (dwarfs). The Dwarfs are Vishnu's <i><a href="/wiki/Ayudhapurusha" title="Ayudhapurusha">ayudhapurushas</a></i> (his personified weapons); the male <i>gana</i> is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">Shanka</a></i>, and the female <i>gana</i> is Vishnu's <i><a href="/wiki/Kaumodaki" title="Kaumodaki">gada</a></i>. The other scene in the panel, is at its lower end, where three figures; his <i><a href="/wiki/Sudarshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudarshana">chakra</a></i> (discus) in <i>ayudha-purusha</i> form, <i><a href="/wiki/Nandaka" title="Nandaka">Khadga</a></i> (Vishnu's sword) on the right and the female figure is <a href="/wiki/Bhudevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhudevi">Bhudevi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahishi_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahishi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This carving explains the legend mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, It states that during the creation, the asuras Madhu and Kaitabha stole the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, and deposited them deep inside the waters of the primeval ocean. <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> was the only god who could save the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> so they wanted to attack him, <a href="/wiki/Sesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesha">Sesha</a> gets enraged and hisses flames at them emerging from its hoods and attacks the demons. <a href="/wiki/Maha_Vishnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Vishnu">Maha Vishnu</a> Pacifies Sesha and takes the <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a> Avatharam. He killed the demons and retrieved the Vedas to <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>. This led to Vishnu being offered the epithets <a href="/wiki/Madhusudana" title="Madhusudana">Madhusudana</a> - the killer of Madhu, and Kaitabhajit - the victor of Kaitabha.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bodies of Madhu and Kaitabha disintegrated into 2 times 6 — which is twelve pieces (two heads, two torsos, four arms and four legs). These are considered to represent the twelve seismic plates of the Earth. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:06_MahishamardiniMandapa_02_P1190239_MahishasuraMardini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mahishasura Mardini panel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/06_MahishamardiniMandapa_02_P1190239_MahishasuraMardini.jpg/700px-06_MahishamardiniMandapa_02_P1190239_MahishasuraMardini.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/06_MahishamardiniMandapa_02_P1190239_MahishasuraMardini.jpg/1050px-06_MahishamardiniMandapa_02_P1190239_MahishasuraMardini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/06_MahishamardiniMandapa_02_P1190239_MahishasuraMardini.jpg/1400px-06_MahishamardiniMandapa_02_P1190239_MahishasuraMardini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Mahishasura Mardini panel</figcaption></figure> <p>The north wall in the cave contains a relief depicting the battle scene of the two adversaries, goddess Durga and the demon <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">buffalo</a>-headed <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>. This panel symbolizes the triumph of good over evil. The carving is considered one of the best creations of the Pallava period. In the war scene, Durga appears with eight hands riding a fierce-looking lion. She is holding a <i>khadga</i> (sword), <i>dhanush</i> (bow), <i>bana</i> (arrows), <i>ghanta</i> (bell) in her four right hands; her four left hands display <i>pasa</i>, <i>sankha</i>, and dagger. An attendant holds a <i>chatra</i> (<a href="/wiki/Parasol" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasol">parasol</a>) over Durga's head. She is in the battlefield with her army of female warriors and <a href="/wiki/Ganas" title="Ganas">ganas</a> (dwarfs). She is shown attacking, with arrows, the demon Mahisha, causing him to retreat with his followers. Mahishasura is armed with a <i>gada</i> (club).<sup id="cite_ref-Mahishi_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahishi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahishasura's legend is told in the major texts of the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> traditions known as the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a>, which is part of Markandeya Purana. The story of Mahishasura is told in the chapter where Markandeya is narrating the story of the birth of Savarnika Manu. Per the <a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a>, the story of Mahishasura was narrated in the second <a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantara</a> (approximately 1.3 billion years ago, as per the Vishnu Purana) by Maharishi Medha to a king named Soorut, as an incident which occurred in times ancient for even the 2nd Manvantara. Mahishasura is described as an evil being who can change his outer form, but never his demonic goals. According to Christopher Fuller, Mahishasura represents the forces of ignorance and chaos hidden by outer appearances.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller2004p108_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller2004p108-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amazzone96_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amazzone96-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbolism is carried in Hindu art found in South Asia and South-East Asia (e.g., Javanese art), where Durga is shown as a serene, calm, collected and graceful symbol of good as she pierces the heart and kills the scared, overwhelmed and outwitted Mahishasura.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amazzone96_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amazzone96-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahishasuramardini_Mandapa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahishasuramardini_Cave_Temple" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mahishasuramardini Cave Temple">Mahishasuramardini Cave Temple</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Morris1881-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris1881_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMadras_literary_society1881" class="citation book cs1">Madras literary society (1881). J.C. Morris (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalafterwma00unkngoog"><i>The Journal (afterw.) The Madras journal of literature and science</i></a> (Public domain ed.). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalafterwma00unkngoog/page/n110">98</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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British Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+view+of+the+entrance+to+the+Varaha+Cave+Temple%2C+Mamallapuram&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Fonlineex%2Fapac%2Fphotocoll%2Fg%2F019pho000001003u02213000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahishasuramardini+Mandapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/">"Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram"</a>. World Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puratattva.in/2010/08/04/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-ii-44.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Kaitabha%2C+Kai%E1%B9%ADabha%3A+17+definitions&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fkaitabha%23purana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahishasuramardini+Mandapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuller2004p108-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuller2004p108_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2004" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Christopher John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&pg=PA108"><i>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12048-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-12048-X"><bdi>0-691-12048-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+Society+in+India&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-691-12048-X&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Christopher+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTo6XSeBUW3oC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahishasuramardini+Mandapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amazzone96-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amazzone96_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amazzone96_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmazzone2012" class="citation book cs1">Amazzone, Laura (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC"><i>Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power</i></a>. University Press of America. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5"><bdi>978-0-7618-5314-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Durga+and+Sacred+Female+Power&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-5314-5&rft.aulast=Amazzone&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPM_TNDu8NHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahishasuramardini+Mandapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1990" class="citation book cs1">Zimmer, Heinrich (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJmFDPkwj50C&pg=PA195"><i>Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 195–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0751-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0751-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols+in+Indian+Art+and+Civilization&rft.pages=195-198&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0751-8&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJmFDPkwj50C%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahishasuramardini+Mandapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Rathas" title="Pancha Rathas">Pancha Rathas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmaraja_Ratha" title="Dharmaraja Ratha">Dharmaraja Ratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna_Ratha" title="Arjuna Ratha">Arjuna Ratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhima_Ratha" title="Bhima Ratha">Bhima Ratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakula_Sahadeva_Ratha" title="Nakula Sahadeva Ratha">Nakula Sahadeva Ratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi_Ratha" title="Draupadi Ratha">Draupadi Ratha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Ratha" title="Ganesha Ratha">Ganesha Ratha</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:01MahabalipuramShoreTemple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/01MahabalipuramShoreTemple.jpg/200px-01MahabalipuramShoreTemple.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/01MahabalipuramShoreTemple.jpg/300px-01MahabalipuramShoreTemple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/01MahabalipuramShoreTemple.jpg/400px-01MahabalipuramShoreTemple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Cave_Temple" title="Varaha Cave Temple">Varaha Cave Temple</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahishasuramardini Mandapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchapandava_Cave_Temple" title="Panchapandava Cave Temple">Panchapandava Cave Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rock relief</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descent_of_the_Ganges_(Mahabalipuram)" title="Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)">Descent of the Ganges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Mandapam,_Mahabalipuram" title="Krishna Mandapam, Mahabalipuram">Krishna Mandapam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structural temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olakkannesvara_Temple" title="Olakkannesvara Temple">Olakkannesvara Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shore_Temple" title="Shore Temple">Shore Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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