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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">38th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">38th Division</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:228_regiment_in_HK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/228_regiment_in_HK.jpg/220px-228_regiment_in_HK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/228_regiment_in_HK.jpg/330px-228_regiment_in_HK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/228_regiment_in_HK.jpg/440px-228_regiment_in_HK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Soldiers of the 228th Regiment of 38th Division entering Hong Kong, December 1941</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1939–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Garrison/HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Swamp Division</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="New Georgia Campaign">New Georgia Campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_campaign" title="Admiralty Islands campaign">Admiralty Islands campaign</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tadayoshi_Sano" title="Tadayoshi Sano">Tadayoshi Sano</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yoshimitsu_Abe" title="Yoshimitsu Abe">Yoshimitsu Abe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Takeo_It%C5%8D" title="Takeo Itō">Takeo Itō</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="38th_Division_(1942)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="38th_Division_(1942)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">38th Division (1942)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>228. Infantry regiment (<a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>)</li> <li>229. Infantry regiment (<a href="/wiki/Gifu" title="Gifu">Gifu</a>)</li> <li>3. Mixed regiment <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture" title="Shizuoka Prefecture">Shizuoka</a></li> <li>38. Mountain artillery regiment</li> <li>38. Engineer regiment</li> <li>38. Transport regiment</li> <li>38. Signals company</li> <li>38. Ordnance company</li> <li>38. Sanitation company</li> <li>38/1. Field hospital</li> <li>38/2. Field hospital</li> <li>38. Veterinary department</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>38th Division</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">第38師団</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dai sanjūhachi shidan</i></span>)</span> was an <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> division of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>, activated 30 June 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman200510_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman200510-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> simultaneously with the <a href="/wiki/39th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="39th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">39th</a>, <a href="/wiki/40th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="40th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">40th</a> and <a href="/wiki/41st_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="41st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">41st</a> Divisions. Its <a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</a> was the <b>Swamp Division</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">沼兵団</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Numa Heidan</i></span>)</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Action">Action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=38th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The division was initially assigned in October 1939 to the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-First_Army_(Japan)" title="Twenty-First Army (Japan)">21st Army</a> to provide security services in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> province in the wake of Imperial Army's <a href="/wiki/Canton_Operation" title="Canton Operation">Canton Operation</a>. On 9 February 1940 the 21st Army was dissolved and 38th Division was reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Southern_China_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Southern China Area Army">South Army</a>. On 28 June 1941 the South Army was also dissolved and the 38th Division was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Third_Army_(Japan)" title="Twenty-Third Army (Japan)">23rd Army</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The division saw heavy action during the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Its main combat units were three infantry regiments: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=228th_Infantry_Regiment_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="228th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army) (page does not exist)">228th</a>, <a href="/wiki/229th_Infantry_Regiment_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="229th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)">229th</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=230th_Infantry_Regiment_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="230th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army) (page does not exist)">230th</a>. These were supported by the 38th Mountain Artillery Regiment, the 38th Engineer Regiment, the 38th Transport Regiment and a tankette company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman200515_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman200515-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the division participated in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">conquest of Hong Kong</a> in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman200510_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman200510-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 January 1942, the 38th Division was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Army_(Japan)" title="Sixteenth Army (Japan)">16th Army</a> and its 230th Infantry Regiment (converted for this occasion into the 3rd Mixed Regiment) took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Battle of Java (1942)</a>. In November 1942 the 3rd Battalion of the 229th Infantry Regiment was sent to participate in the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a>, where by January 1943 it was completely decimated following multiple engagements on the island chain with Australian forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The remnants of the division fell back to <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a> after these losses and took part in the fortification of the port. From October 1942 to February 1943, the rest of 38th Division also took heavy losses in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">Guadalcanal Campaign</a> and was thereafter assigned to the defense of the <a href="/wiki/New_Georgia" title="New Georgia">New Georgia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_Province" title="New Ireland Province">New Ireland</a> occupational garrisons until the end of the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In particular, the 229th Infantry Regiment participated in the <a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="New Georgia Campaign">New Georgia Campaign</a> throughout July and August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman200510_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman200510-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the 38th Division capitulated after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> on 15 August 1945 in Rabaul.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The division's soldiers were accused of committing <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">war crimes</a> during their operations in the Pacific theater.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the division's senior officers, <a href="/wiki/Takeo_It%C5%8D" title="Takeo Itō">Takeo Itō</a>, was convicted of war crimes by an Allied <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunal">military tribunal</a> after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=38th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Infantry_Divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Japanese Infantry Divisions">List of Japanese Infantry Divisions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=38th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>This article incorporates material from the Japanese Wikipedia page <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC38%E5%B8%AB%E5%9B%A3_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%BB%8D)" class="extiw" title="ja:第38師団 (日本軍)">第38師団 (日本軍)</a>, accessed 18 March 2016</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=38th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman200510-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman200510_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman200510_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman200510_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRottman2005">Rottman 2005</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman200515-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman200515_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRottman2005">Rottman 2005</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBudge" class="citation web cs1">Budge, Kent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/index.htm">"Takeo Ito"</a>. <i>Pacific War Online Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+War+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Takeo+Ito&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpwencycl.kgbudge.com%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/WCC/warcrimfe.htm">Some Noteworthy War Criminals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309051558/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/WCC/warcrimfe.htm">Archived</a> 9 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Source: <i>History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War</i>, United Nations War Crimes Commission (London: HMSO, 1948)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=38th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Frank" title="Richard B. Frank">Frank, Richard</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guadalcanal00fran"><i>Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-58875-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-58875-4"><bdi>0-394-58875-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalcanal%3A+The+Definitive+Account+of+the+Landmark+Battle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-394-58875-4&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguadalcanal00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1992" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Richard (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shokanhirohitoss00full"><i>Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai</i></a></span>. London: Arms and Armour Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-151-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-151-4"><bdi>1-85409-151-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shokan%3A+Hirohito%27s+Samurai&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-85409-151-4&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshokanhirohitoss00full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1963" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Samuel B. (1963). <i>The Battle for Guadalcanal</i>. Champaign, Illinois, US: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06891-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06891-2"><bdi>0-252-06891-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Guadalcanal&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois%2C+US&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-252-06891-2&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Samuel+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2005" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2005). <i>Japanese Army in World War II: The South Pacific and New Guinea, 1942-43</i>. Oxford and New York: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-870-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-870-7"><bdi>1-84176-870-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Army+in+World+War+II%3A+The+South+Pacific+and+New+Guinea%2C+1942-43&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84176-870-7&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_War_Department1991" class="citation book cs1">United States War Department (1991) [reprint of 1944 edition]. <i>Handbook on Japanese Military Forces</i>. David Isby (Introduction) and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Ethell" title="Jeffrey Ethell">Jeffrey Ethell</a> (Afterword). <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2013-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2013-8"><bdi>0-8071-2013-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Japanese+Military+Forces&rft.place=Baton+Rouge+and+London&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8071-2013-8&rft.au=United+States+War+Department&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web">Web</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=38th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmentorp" class="citation web cs1">Ammentorp, Steen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generals.dk/general/Sano/Tadayoshi/Japan.html">"Sano, Tadayoshi, Lieutenant-General"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sano%2C+Tadayoshi%2C+Lieutenant-General&rft.aulast=Ammentorp&rft.aufirst=Steen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generals.dk%2Fgeneral%2FSano%2FTadayoshi%2FJapan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge" class="citation web cs1">Budge, Kent G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/a/Sano_Tadayoshi.htm">"Sano Tadayoshi (1889–1945)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sano+Tadayoshi+%281889%E2%80%931945%29&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=Kent+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpwencycl.kgbudge.com%2FS%2Fa%2FSano_Tadayoshi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/ajrp2.nsf/088031725e4569e4ca256f4f00126373/1fcb61d633972daaca257291000abf44?OpenDocument"><i>Japanese army operations in the South Pacific Area New Britain and Papua campaigns, 1942–43</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Senshi_S%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Senshi Sōshō">Senshi Sōshō</a> (translated excerpts). Translated by Bullard, Steven. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9751904-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9751904-8-7"><bdi>978-0-9751904-8-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+army+operations+in+the+South+Pacific+Area+New+Britain+and+Papua+campaigns%2C+1942%E2%80%9343&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Senshi+S%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D+%28translated+excerpts%29&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9751904-8-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrp.awm.gov.au%2Fajrp%2Fajrp2.nsf%2F088031725e4569e4ca256f4f00126373%2F1fcb61d633972daaca257291000abf44%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span> See p. 163 for a breakdown of the division's organization in September 1942.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughLudwig,_Verle_E.Shaw,_Henry_I._Jr." class="citation web cs1">Hough, Frank O.; Ludwig, Verle E.; Shaw, Henry I. Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/index.html">"Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal"</a>. <i>History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+U.S.+Marine+Corps+Operations+in+World+War+II&rft.atitle=Pearl+Harbor+to+Guadalcanal&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Frank+O.&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+Verle+E.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Henry+I.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FI%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John Jr. (1995) [1949]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225214108/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/GuadC/GC-fm.htm"><i>Guadalcanal: The First Offensive</i></a>. United States Army In World War II. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/GuadC/GC-fm.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalcanal%3A+The+First+Offensive&rft.series=United+States+Army+In+World+War+II&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FGuadC%2FGC-fm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw" class="citation web cs1">Shaw, Henry I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-Guadalcanal/index.html">"First Offensive: The Marine Campaign For Guadalcanal"</a>. <i>Marines in World War II Commemorative Series</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marines+in+World+War+II+Commemorative+Series&rft.atitle=First+Offensive%3A+The+Marine+Campaign+For+Guadalcanal&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Henry+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FUSMC-C-Guadalcanal%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_History_Database1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">World History Database (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515224006/http://www.badley.info/history/Sano-Tadayoshi-Japan.biog.html">"Tadayoshi Sano"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://badley.info/history/Sano-Tadayoshi-Japan.biog.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tadayoshi+Sano&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.au=World+History+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbadley.info%2Fhistory%2FSano-Tadayoshi-Japan.biog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1949" class="citation web cs1">Zimmerman, John L. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Guadalcanal.html">"The Guadalcanal Campaign"</a>. <i>Marines in World War II Historical Monograph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marines+in+World+War+II+Historical+Monograph&rft.atitle=The+Guadalcanal+Campaign&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FUSMC-M-Guadalcanal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A38th+Division+%28Imperial+Japanese+Army%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=38th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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