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<span>Viticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wine regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wine_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wine regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wine_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>New World</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winemaking_and_wine_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winemaking_and_wine_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Winemaking and wine styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winemaking_and_wine_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synonyms_and_relationship_to_other_grapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms_and_relationship_to_other_grapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Synonyms and relationship to other grapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms_and_relationship_to_other_grapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mourvèdre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monestrell" title="Monestrell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monestrell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mourvèdre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastrell" title="Monastrell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monastrell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastrell_(uva)" title="Monastrell (uva) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monastrell (uva)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mourvèdre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mourvèdre" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mourvèdre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB" title="ムールヴェードル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムールヴェードル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murvedr" title="Murvedr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Murvedr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish wine grape variety</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Torrentes" redirects here. For the white wine grape with a similar name, see <a href="/wiki/Torront%C3%A9s" title="Torrontés">Torrontés</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above variety" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: Indigo; color: Cornsilk;">Mourvèdre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><span class="vernacular"><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></span> (<i><span class="genus">Vitis</span></i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Balzac_noir-mourvedre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Balzac_noir-mourvedre.jpg/220px-Balzac_noir-mourvedre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Balzac_noir-mourvedre.jpg/330px-Balzac_noir-mourvedre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Balzac_noir-mourvedre.jpg/440px-Balzac_noir-mourvedre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="2558" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mourvèdre grapes</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Species</th><td class="infobox-data binominal"><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Mataro, Monastrell, (<a href="#Names">more</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Mediterranean coast of Spain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Notable regions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">France, Spain, Australia, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">VIVC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivc.de/?r=passport%2Fview&id=7915">7915</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mourvèdre</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[muʁvɛdʁ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3e\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-mourv%C3%A8dre.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-mourv%C3%A8dre.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-mourv\u00e8dre.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-mourv%C3%A8dre.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-mourv%C3%A8dre.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-WikiLucas00-mourv%C3%A8dre.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-mourvèdre.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; also known as <b>Mataro</b> or <b>Monastrell</b>) is a red <a href="/wiki/Grape_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape variety">wine grape variety</a> grown in many regions around the world including the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_wine" title="Rhône wine">Rhône</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provence_wine" title="Provence wine">Provence</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(DO)" title="Valencia (DO)">Valencia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jumilla_(DO)" title="Jumilla (DO)">Jumilla</a>, Bullas and Yecla <i><a href="/wiki/Denominaci%C3%B3n_de_origen" title="Denominación de origen">denominaciones de origen</a></i> (DOs) of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_wine" title="Washington wine">Washington</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australian</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_wine" title="South Australian wine">South Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_wine" title="New South Wales wine">New South Wales</a>, plus <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to making red <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> wines, Mourvèdre is a prominent component in "<a href="/wiki/Australian_wine#GSM" title="Australian wine">GSM</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a>, and Mourvèdre) blends. The variety is also used to make <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified wines">fortified wines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mourvèdre tends to produce <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine#tannins" title="Phenolic content in wine">tannic wines</a> that can be high in alcohol. The style of wine produced from the grapes varies greatly according to where it is produced, but according to wine expert <a href="/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Jancis Robinson</a> Mourvèdre wines often have wild game, or earthy notes to them, with soft red fruit flavors.<sup id="cite_ref-Jancis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jancis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to wine expert <a href="/wiki/Oz_Clarke" title="Oz Clarke">Oz Clarke</a>, young Mourvèdre can come across as <a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">faulted</a> due to the reductive, sulfur notes and "farmyard-y" flavors that some wines can exhibit before those flavors mellow with <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The variety can be a difficult grape to grow, preferring "its face in the hot sun and its feet in the water" meaning that it needs very warm weather, a low leaf-to-fruit ratio but adequate water or <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation (wine)">irrigation</a> to produce intensely flavored fruit that is not overly jammy or herbaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vines' susceptibility to many <a href="/wiki/Viticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Viticultural">viticultural</a> hazards such as <a href="/wiki/Powdery_(mildew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powdery (mildew)">powdery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a> as well as overly vigorous foliage can present additional problems for vine growers.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourv%C3%A8dre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourv%C3%A8dre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mourv%C3%A8dre.jpg/220px-Mourv%C3%A8dre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mourv%C3%A8dre.jpg/330px-Mourv%C3%A8dre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mourv%C3%A8dre.jpg/440px-Mourv%C3%A8dre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Mourvèdre from an early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">ampelography</a> text</figcaption></figure> <p>Most wine historians agree that Mourvèdre is likely to be Spanish in origin, though its exact history is difficult to pinpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variety was probably introduced to <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a> around 500 BC. The <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-adapted name <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mourvèdre</i></span> probably came from <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES"><a href="/wiki/Murviedro" class="mw-redirect" title="Murviedro">Murviedro</a></i></span> (<span title="Valencian-language text"><i lang="ca-valencia">Morvedre</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>, nowadays <a href="/wiki/Sagunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagunt">Sagunt</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(city_in_Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (city in Spain)">Valencia</a> while the name Mataro is thought to have come from <a href="/wiki/Matar%C3%B3" title="Mataró">Mataró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> near the modern-day city of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IVO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IVO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this close association with Murviedro and Mataró, the grape became known in Spain as Monastrell for reasons that are still unknown though Oz Clarke speculates that a "neutral" name may have been chosen so as not to offend the local pride of both regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mourvèdre had a well-established presence in <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> region of France by at least the 16th century when still part of Spain (until 1659) where it spread eastwards towards <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone">Rhone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IVO_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IVO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There it had a well established foothold until the <a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">phylloxera epidemic</a> of the mid to late 19th century decimated plantings.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the French and other European wine regions recovered from the phylloxera scourge by <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> varieties to American <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a>, it was discovered that Mourvèdre vines did not take well to the grafting and many vineyards were replanted with other varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Tablas_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tablas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mourvèdre arrived in California in the 1860s as part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellier_collection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pellier collection (page does not exist)">Pellier collection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IVO_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IVO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variety, known as Mataro, was used primarily for bulk produced <a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">jug wines</a>. In the 1980s and 90s, interest in Mourvèdre as a premium grape variety picked up as the <a href="/wiki/Rhone_Rangers" title="Rhone Rangers">Rhone Rangers</a> began seeking out old-vine plantings of the variety in the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa County</a>. In the 1990s, critically acclaimed bottlings from <a href="/wiki/Bonny_Doon_Vineyard" title="Bonny Doon Vineyard">Bonny Doon Vineyard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cline_Cellars_Winery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cline Cellars Winery">Cline Cellars Winery</a> promoted demand in the variety and by the mid-2000s, plantings of Mourvèdre in California had risen to 260 ha (650 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia, the variety (known there as Mataro) has had a long history in the country with plantings dating back to the mid-19th century. In the 1980s, many of these old vine plantings were uprooted in a government sponsored <a href="/wiki/Vine_pulling_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Vine pulling scheme">vine pulling scheme</a> but some still survive and are producing today. While historically the variety was used mainly as an anonymous blending grape in fortified wines, the variety saw a rise in interest in the 1990s as producers started receiving acclaim for <a href="/wiki/GSM_blend" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM blend">GSM</a> (Grenache, Syrah, and Mourvèdre)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blends (many from the surviving, low <a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">yield</a> old vine plantings). With a slight increase in planting there were more than 1000 ha of Mataro in Australia by the mid-2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been put forward by Ampelographists that Mourvèdre may be the parent to the esteemed grape Mavrud, or that at least Mavrud is a clone of Mourvèdre, imported into Bulgaria by the Romans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticulture">Viticulture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourv%C3%A8dre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Viticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">ampelographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Galet" title="Pierre Galet">Pierre Galet</a> Mourvèdre thrives in warm climates as the variety has a tendency to both <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">bud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ripen_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripen (wine)">ripen</a> very late. While the variety can recover well from late spring frost due to the late budding, it can be very temperature sensitive throughout its <a href="/wiki/Growing_season_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Growing season (vine)">growing season</a> with even low winter temperatures affecting its <a href="/wiki/Dormancy" title="Dormancy">dormancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the grape can adapt to a variety of <a href="/wiki/Vineyard_soil_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyard soil types">vineyard soil types</a>, the most ideal sites are very warm, south facing (Northern hemisphere) slopes with shallow, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> soils that can retain the necessary moisture to keep the vines "feet" wet without letting it grow its foliage too vigorously.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to a warm climate, Mourvèdre also does best in a dry climate with sufficient wind to protect it from the viticultural hazards of powdery mildew and downy mildew.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourvedre_leaf_at_Red_Willow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mourvedre_leaf_at_Red_Willow.jpg/220px-Mourvedre_leaf_at_Red_Willow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mourvedre_leaf_at_Red_Willow.jpg/330px-Mourvedre_leaf_at_Red_Willow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mourvedre_leaf_at_Red_Willow.jpg/440px-Mourvedre_leaf_at_Red_Willow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Mourvèdre leaf.</figcaption></figure> <p>The grape clusters of Mourvèdre are relatively compact, enhancing its susceptibility to mildew, with small thick-skinned berries that are high in both <a href="/wiki/Color_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Color (wine)">color</a> and flavor phenolics, particularly <a href="/wiki/Tannin_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (wine)">tannins</a>. Even though the variety ripens late, it has the potential to ripen to high <a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_levels_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar levels (wine)">sugar levels</a> which can translate into a high alcohol level during <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a>. The vine can also be very vigorous, producing abundant foliage that can shade the grape clusters, affecting <a href="/wiki/Canopy_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy management">canopy management</a> decisions for growers.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia and California, many of the oldest plantings of Mourvèdre are bush trained as the vines grows well vertically but the variety can be grown under many different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Vine_training_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Vine training systems">vine training systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvest</a> window for the grape tends to be very short once it reaches <a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">peak ripeness</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Acidity_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity (wine)">acidity</a> rapidly falling and the grapes soon <a href="/wiki/Desiccating" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiccating">desiccating</a> and developing "<a href="/wiki/Prune" title="Prune">prune</a>-y" flavors.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One advantage of the thick skins is that Mourvèdre can withstand late harvest rains without the berries swelling and bursting like thinner skin varieties such as Grenache. In regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Paso_Robles_AVA" title="Paso Robles AVA">Paso Robles AVA</a> of California, it is often one of the last varieties to be harvested sometimes hanging onto the vine until early November.<sup id="cite_ref-Tablas_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tablas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mourvèdre produces medium-size, compact bunches that are usually conical in shape with a small wing cluster that may be discarded during <a href="/wiki/Green_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Green harvesting">green harvesting</a>. The leaves often have truncate cuneiform "wedge" shape. Since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, newer <a href="/wiki/Clones_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clones (plant)">clones</a> and better rootstock have been developed that have allowed Mourvèdre vines to be grafted more easily. Today many plantings of Mourvèdre are to 110R and 41B rootstocks.<sup id="cite_ref-CDP_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_regions">Wine regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourv%C3%A8dre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandol_rose_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bandol_rose_2.jpg/220px-Bandol_rose_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bandol_rose_2.jpg/330px-Bandol_rose_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bandol_rose_2.jpg/440px-Bandol_rose_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A rosé Bandol wine from Provence made mostly from Mourvèdre.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourv%C3%A8dre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Spain, Mourvèdre is called Monastrell and was the fourth most widely planted red wine grape variety with 43,049 hectares (106,380 acres) in 2015. Like many other Spanish varieties, its numbers have been declining in recent years (in 1996 there was over 100,000 ha/250,000 of the vine planted in Spain<sup id="cite_ref-wine_grapes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wine_grapes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as growers pull up older plantings and replant them with popular <a href="/wiki/International_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="International varieties">international varieties</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>. However, the variety still has a strong hold in eastern Spain where it is widely planted in several <a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine_regions" title="Spanish wine regions">Spanish wine regions</a> around <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>. Under Spanish <a href="/wiki/Wine_law" title="Wine law">wine law</a>, Monastrell is one of the primary red wine grape varieties in the DOPs of <a href="/wiki/Jumilla_(DO)" title="Jumilla (DO)">Jumilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yecla_(DO)" title="Yecla (DO)">Yecla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(DO)" title="Valencia (DO)">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almansa_(DO)" title="Almansa (DO)">Almansa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alicante_(DO)" title="Alicante (DO)">Alicante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Spanish DOPs where Monastrell is a permitted variety include <a href="/wiki/Binissalem-Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Binissalem-Mallorca">Binissalem-Mallorca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A0_i_Llevant_(DO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plà i Llevant (DO)">Plà i Llevant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullas_(DO)" title="Bullas (DO)">Bullas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalunya_(DO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalunya (DO)">Catalunya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1ena_(DO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cariñena (DO)">Cariñena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costers_del_Segre" title="Costers del Segre">Costers del Segre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchuela_(DO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchuela (DO)">Manchuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pened%C3%A8s_(DO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penedès (DO)">Penedès</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ribera_del_Guadiana" title="Ribera del Guadiana">Ribera del Guadiana</a>. Monastrell is also permitted in the <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Cava_(Spanish_wine)" title="Cava (Spanish wine)">Cava</a> though it is rarely used.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourv%C3%A8dre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, Mourvèdre doesn't grow much farther north than the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape_AOC" title="Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC">Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC</a> in the southern Rhône; and even there it has some trouble ripening in cooler <a href="/wiki/Vintages" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintages">vintages</a>. It tends to ripen most consistently in the warmer Provençal region of <a href="/wiki/Bandol_AOC" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandol AOC">Bandol AOC</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coast where the growing season is often 5 °C warmer.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While plantings have been declining in Spain, they have been increasing in France, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languedoc-Roussillon (wine)">Languedoc-Roussillon</a> region where the grape variety has seen growing popularity as both a varietal wine and as a blending component. After the phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century and with declining interest in the variety for most of the 20th century, there were less than 900 ha in 1968, mostly in the southern Rhône and the Bandol AOC of Provence. But the spark of interest and international investment in the Languedoc saw planting sharply increase and by 2000 there were over 7,600 ha of Mourvèdre planted throughout Southern France.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_Heaven_Hills_Mourvedre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Horse_Heaven_Hills_Mourvedre.JPG/220px-Horse_Heaven_Hills_Mourvedre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Horse_Heaven_Hills_Mourvedre.JPG/330px-Horse_Heaven_Hills_Mourvedre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Horse_Heaven_Hills_Mourvedre.JPG/440px-Horse_Heaven_Hills_Mourvedre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Mourvèdre from the Horse Heaven Hills AVA in Washington State.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Bandol is the AOC region that most prominently features Mourvèdre (by law all red Bandols must contain at least 50% Mourvèdre), other <i><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">Appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i> (AOC)s that have Mourvèdre as a permitted variety include <a href="/wiki/Cassis_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassis (AOC)">Cassis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collioure_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collioure (AOC)">Collioure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corbi%C3%A8res_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbières (AOC)">Corbières</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costi%C3%A8res_de_N%C3%AEmes_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Costières de Nîmes (AOC)">Costières de Nîmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coteaux_d%27Aix-en-Provence_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coteaux d'Aix-en-Provence (AOC)">Coteaux d'Aix-en-Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coteaux_du_Languedoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Coteaux du Languedoc">Coteaux du Languedoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coteaux_de_Pierrevert_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coteaux de Pierrevert (AOC)">Coteaux de Pierrevert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coteaux_Varois" class="mw-redirect" title="Coteaux Varois">Coteaux Varois</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_du_Luberon_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes du Luberon (AOC)">Côtes du Luberon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coteaux_du_Tricastin_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coteaux du Tricastin (AOC)">Coteaux du Tricastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_de_Provence_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes de Provence (AOC)">Côtes de Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_du_Rh%C3%B4ne_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes du Rhône (AOC)">Côtes du Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_du_Rh%C3%B4ne_Villages_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes du Rhône Villages (AOC)">Côtes du Rhône Villages</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_du_Roussillon_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes du Roussillon (AOC)">Côtes du Roussillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_du_Roussillon_Villages_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes du Roussillon Villages (AOC)">Côtes du Roussillon Villages</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_du_Ventoux_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes du Ventoux (AOC)">Côtes du Ventoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faug%C3%A8res_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faugères (AOC)">Faugères</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitou_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitou (AOC)">Fitou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palette_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palette (AOC)">Palette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Chinian_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Chinian (AOC)">Saint-Chinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gigondas_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigondas (AOC)">Gigondas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lirac_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lirac (AOC)">Lirac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minervois_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minervois (AOC)">Minervois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vacqueyras_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacqueyras (AOC)">Vacqueyras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Châteauneuf-du-Pape it is one of the 18 permitted varieties in the red wine but is often a secondary component behind Grenache and Syrah. The exceptions are notable blends from producers such as <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Beaucastel" title="Château de Beaucastel">Château de Beaucastel</a> which often has Mourvèdre account for more than a third of the blend.<sup id="cite_ref-Tablas_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tablas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, Mourvèdre accounted for 6.6% (213 ha) of all Châteauneuf-du-Pape plantings.<sup id="cite_ref-CDP_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_World">New World</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourv%C3%A8dre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, Mourvèdre is found primarily in California and Washington State with some limited plantings in Arizona, Missouri, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_wine" title="New Mexico wine">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_wine" title="Oregon wine">Oregon</a>, Texas and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_wine" title="Virginia wine">Virginia</a>. In the US, the style of Mourvèdre tends to be less <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine#tannins" title="Phenolic content in wine">tannic</a> than <a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a> examples such as Bandols.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Washington State, the grape was first planted at <a href="/wiki/Red_Willow_Vineyard" title="Red Willow Vineyard">Red Willow Vineyard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yakima_Valley_AVA" title="Yakima Valley AVA">Yakima Valley AVA</a> in 1983. The 1990s and 2000s saw an increase of plantings of the variety, most notably at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alder_Ridge_Vineyard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alder Ridge Vineyard (page does not exist)">Alder Ridge Vineyard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destiny_Ridge_Vineyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Destiny Ridge Vineyard">Destiny Ridge Vineyard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Horse_Heaven_Hills_AVA" title="Horse Heaven Hills AVA">Horse Heaven Hills AVA</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciel_du_Cheval_Vineyard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciel du Cheval Vineyard (page does not exist)">Ciel du Cheval Vineyard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Mountain_AVA" title="Red Mountain AVA">Red Mountain AVA</a>. In Washington, the grape is used in both varietal and Rhone-style blends where it provides a medium <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">body</a> structure with cherry fruit flavors as well smokey, spicy and gamy notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregutt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregutt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_1993_Mourvedre_planting_at_Red_Willow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Original_1993_Mourvedre_planting_at_Red_Willow.jpg/220px-Original_1993_Mourvedre_planting_at_Red_Willow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Original_1993_Mourvedre_planting_at_Red_Willow.jpg/330px-Original_1993_Mourvedre_planting_at_Red_Willow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Original_1993_Mourvedre_planting_at_Red_Willow.jpg/440px-Original_1993_Mourvedre_planting_at_Red_Willow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Mourvèdre/Mataro was first planted in Washington State at Red Willow Vineyard in the Yakima Valley.</figcaption></figure> <p>In California, Mourvèdre reached the United States in the 1860s as part of the Pellier collection<sup id="cite_ref-IVO_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IVO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was likely first planted in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara County">Santa Clara County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tablas_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tablas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variety, known as Mataro, was widely planted in anonymous <a href="/wiki/Field_blends" class="mw-redirect" title="Field blends">field blends</a> that was used primarily for bulk produced jug wines. From the middle of the 20th century, it saw its plantings rapidly decline from more than 2700 acres in 1968 to less than a third of that by the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-California_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-California-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its numbers would have declined more drastically had the variety not captured the interest of <a href="/wiki/Rhone_Rangers" title="Rhone Rangers">Rhone Rangers</a> in the 1980s and 90s, who began seeking out old-vine plantings of the variety in vineyards Contra Costa County. On the heels of some critically acclaimed varietal and Rhone-style blends (as well as the introduction of better quality <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">clones</a>) featuring Mourvèdre, plantings in California rose slightly from 260 ha (650 acres) at the turn of the 21st century to 900 acres in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-California_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-California-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are around 12 square kilometres of Mourvèdre in Australia, where it is also known as Mataro, though more producers have begun adopting the French name Mourvèdre. While the grape has a long history of being used for generic cask wines and fortified wine, it has recently become more popular in highly acclaimed <a href="/wiki/GSM_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM (wine)">GSM</a> blends with Grenache and Syrah.<sup id="cite_ref-SLSA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many grape varieties, Mourvèdre was first introduced to Australia as part of <a href="/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a>'s collection of <a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a> from his European travels in the 1830s. There it was quickly established in the <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australia wine">South Australia wine</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley_(wine)" title="Barossa Valley (wine)">Barossa Valley</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Silesia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesia Province">Silesia Province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. From there it was spread by English immigrants to the <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Vale" title="McLaren Vale">McLaren Vale</a> region south of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>. Some of the oldest continually producing vines of Mourvèdre are in the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_wine" title="New South Wales wine">New South Wales wine</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Riverina" title="Riverina">Riverina</a> or <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_wine" title="South Australian wine">South Australian wine</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Riverland" title="Riverland">Riverland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halliday,_2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halliday,_2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkey_Flat" title="Turkey Flat">Turkey Flat</a> Vineyards in the Barossa Valley was one of the forerunners of producing Mourvèdre as a single varietal wine with its first vintage in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourv%C3%A8dre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monastrell_from_bullas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Monastrell_from_bullas.jpg/220px-Monastrell_from_bullas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Monastrell_from_bullas.jpg/330px-Monastrell_from_bullas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Monastrell_from_bullas.jpg/440px-Monastrell_from_bullas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Spanish Mourvèdre, known there as Monastrell, from the Bullas wine region.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Pierre Galet, there are some plantings of Mourvèdre in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a> under a variety of <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a> that have not all been fully identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a>, Rhone-style producers have also begun working with the variety.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winemaking_and_wine_styles">Winemaking and wine styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourv%C3%A8dre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Winemaking and wine styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourvedre_and_rose_juice_samples.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mourvedre_and_rose_juice_samples.JPG/170px-Mourvedre_and_rose_juice_samples.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mourvedre_and_rose_juice_samples.JPG/255px-Mourvedre_and_rose_juice_samples.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mourvedre_and_rose_juice_samples.JPG/340px-Mourvedre_and_rose_juice_samples.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Example of Mourvèdre (left) and a <i>saignée</i> <i>rosé</i> (right) separated from the same fermentation batch after a few days of skin contact</figcaption></figure> <p>The small, thick-skin berries of Mourvèdre are high in <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_compounds_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compounds (wine)">phenolic compounds</a> that have the potential to produce a deeply colored, very tannic wine with significant alcohol levels if harvested at high sugar levels. However, the variety is rarely harvested at sugar levels below 13% alcohol (approx 23 Brix) because the flavors at those lower levels are often very weak and herbaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In winemaking, wines made from Mourvèdre are prone to both <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_redox_reaction" title="Organic redox reaction">reductive</a> flavors (such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>) if care is not taken at the winery.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Bandol, it is common to ferment Mourvèdre with the stems, the grapes usually go through a crusher/destemmer in New World regions such as a California due to the harsher, green tannins that are more typical of the stems in those regions. While the wine can be stored in <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak</a> barrels, it often does not absorb oak flavors as well as other varieties (such as <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> and Cabernet Sauvignon) so it is often stored in neutral oak or large format barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-Tablas_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tablas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many regions of the world, Mourvèdre is often blended with other varieties such as Grenache and Syrah in the "GSM" blends of Rhône, Australia and the United States. In these blends, Mourvèdre often provides color, fruit and some tannic structure to complement the fruity Grenache and elegant Syrah. In Provence and Rhône it also sometimes blended with <a href="/wiki/Cinsault" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinsault">Cinsault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a> as part of both red table wines and <i>rosé</i>. In Australia, the variety is sometimes used in fortified port-style wines.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to wine expert Jancis Robinson, in favorable <a href="/wiki/Vintages" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintages">vintages</a> Mourvèdre can produce highly <a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">perfumed wines</a> with intense fruit flavors and notes of <a href="/wiki/Blackberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackberries">blackberries</a> and gamey or meaty flavors.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oz Clarke notes that some examples of Mourvèdre may come across as faulted in their youth with "farmyard-y" and strong herbal flavors. As the wine ages, more earthy tertiary aromas may develop before becoming more leather and <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">gingerbread</a> aroma notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In both Old and <a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World wine</a> regions, Mourvèdre is a popular grape to be used in <i><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a></i> winemaking. These wines can be made as a dedicated <i>rosé</i> where the skins are allowed only a brief period of <a href="/wiki/Skin_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin contact">skin contact</a> (a few hours or a single day) before they are <a href="/wiki/Pressed_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressed (wine)">pressed</a> or as <i><a href="/wiki/Saign%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Saignée">saignée</a></i> where some of the juice destined for a red Mourvèdre is "bled off" during <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a> creating two separate wines—a darker, more concentrated red wine and the lighter <i>rosé</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synonyms_and_relationship_to_other_grapes">Synonyms and relationship to other grapes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourv%C3%A8dre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Synonyms and relationship to other grapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mourvèdre is the name used in <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a>. Worldwide, there are 95 other names, including Mataro, which is used in <a href="/wiki/Portugal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal wine">Portugal</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a>; and Monastrell, which is used in <a href="/wiki/Spain_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain wine">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VIVC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIVC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English-speaking wine producing areas, Mourvèdre is most commonly used; it is the official name used by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau" title="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IVO_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IVO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the similarities of its synonyms, Mourvèdre has no relation to the Spanish wine grape <a href="/wiki/Graciano" title="Graciano">Graciano</a> which is also known as Morrastel in France.<sup id="cite_ref-wine_grapes_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wine_grapes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one point, the <a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a> grape <a href="/wiki/Balzac_blanc" title="Balzac blanc">Balzac blanc</a> was thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Color_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mutation">color mutation</a> of Mourvèdre due to the similarities in synonyms with Mourvèdre also being known as Balzac noir. However, DNA analysis at the turn of the 21st century showed that the two varieties had no relation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite having the synonym <i>Rossola nera</i>, Mourvèdre has no known relationship to the <a href="/wiki/Lombardy_wine" title="Lombardy wine">Lombardy wine</a> grape of <a href="/wiki/Rossola_nera" title="Rossola nera">the same name</a> with the latter being an offspring of the <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmontese wine">Piedmontese wine</a> grape <a href="/wiki/Nebbiolo" title="Nebbiolo">Nebbiolo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mourv%C3%A8dre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairview.co.za/fairview-range/">"Fairview Range - Fairview"</a>. <i>fairview.co.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fairview.co.za&rft.atitle=Fairview+Range+-+Fairview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairview.co.za%2Ffairview-range%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourv%C3%A8dre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pp. 459-460 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jancis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jancis_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Jancis <i>Vines, Grapes & Wines</i> Mitchell Beazley 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85732-999-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85732-999-6">1-85732-999-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oz Clarke <i>Encyclopedia of Grapes</i> pg 140-141 Harcourt Books 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4">0-15-100714-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IVO-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IVO_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IVO_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IVO_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IVO_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IVO_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Integrated Viticulture Online</i> <i>s.v.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/datastoreview/showpage.cfm?usernumber=21&surveynumber=351">Mourvèdre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614013557/http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/datastoreview/showpage.cfm?usernumber=21&surveynumber=351">Archived</a> 2010-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of California.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tablas-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tablas_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tablas_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tablas_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tablas_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tablas_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tablas Creek Vineyard <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tablascreek.com/vineyard_and_winemaking/grapes/mourvedre">About Mourvèdre:</a>"</i> Grape Variety Guide. Accessed: July 2nd, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_LaVilla2009" class="citation book cs1">Joseph LaVilla (5 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3-iDRfXgrsC&pg=PA248"><i>The Wine, Beer, and Spirits Handbook</i></a>. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470138847" title="Special:BookSources/9780470138847"><bdi>9780470138847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wine%2C+Beer%2C+and+Spirits+Handbook&rft.pages=248&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft.isbn=9780470138847&rft.au=Joseph+LaVilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do3-iDRfXgrsC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourv%C3%A8dre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDP-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDP_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDP_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Karis <i>The Châteauneuf-du-Pape Wine Book</i> pg 76 Kavino Publishing (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789081201711" title="Special:BookSources/9789081201711">9789081201711</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wine_grapes-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wine_grapes_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wine_grapes_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson <i>Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes</i> pg 115-116 Oxford University Press 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860098-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860098-4">0-19-860098-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Saunders <i>Wine Label Language</i> pg 230-241 Firefly Books 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55297-720-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55297-720-X">1-55297-720-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Saunders <i>Wine Label Language</i> pg 37-109 Firefly Books 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55297-720-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55297-720-X">1-55297-720-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregutt-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gregutt_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Gregutt <i>"Washington Wines and Wineries: The Essential Guide"</i> pg 72 University of California Press 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24869-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24869-4">0-520-24869-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-California-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-California_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-California_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. E. Olken and J. Furstenthal <i>The New Connoisseurs' Guidebook to California Wine and Wineries</i> pg 43 University of California Press, Berkeley (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520253131" title="Special:BookSources/9780520253131">9780520253131</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLSA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SLSA_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadden" class="citation web cs1">Radden, Rosemary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?area_id=15&nav_id=553">"Grapes and Wines of the World"</a>. The State Library of South Australia, GPO Box 419, Adelaide SA 5001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grapes+and+Wines+of+the+World&rft.pub=The+State+Library+of+South+Australia%2C+GPO+Box+419%2C+Adelaide+SA+5001&rft.aulast=Radden&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slsa.sa.gov.au%2Fsite%2Fpage.cfm%3Farea_id%3D15%26nav_id%3D553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourv%C3%A8dre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halliday,_2007-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halliday,_2007_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halliday, James. <i>Wine Atlas of Australia</i> pgs 15-18, 40-43 & 78 Berkeley: University of California, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520250311" title="Special:BookSources/0520250311">0520250311</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Goldstein <i>"Perfect Pairings"</i> pg 5 University of California Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24377-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24377-4">978-0-520-24377-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VIVC-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VIVC_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._MaulR._Eibach1999" class="citation web cs1">E. Maul; R. Eibach (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513100748/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=7915">"Vitis International Variety Catalogue"</a>. Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity of the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=7915">the original</a> on 13 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitis+International+Variety+Catalogue&rft.pub=Information+and+Coordination+Centre+for+Biological+Diversity+of+the+Federal+Agency+for+Agriculture+and+Food&rft.date=1999&rft.au=E.+Maul&rft.au=R.+Eibach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivc.de%2Fdatasheet%2FdataResult.php%3Fdata%3D7915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMourv%C3%A8dre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wine_Grapes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Grapes_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz <i>Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours</i> pg 82, Allen Lane 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2">978-1-846-14446-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span 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