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Lapland gold rush: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapland_gold_rush&amp;oldid=769287751" title="Lapland gold rush">Revision as of 16:42, 8 March 2017</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapland_gold_rush&amp;action=edit&amp;oldid=769287751" title="Lapland gold rush">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2017-03-08T16:42:58Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapland_gold_rush&amp;action=edit&amp;undoafter=769287671&amp;undo=769287751" title="&quot;Undo&quot; reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Mindib" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Mindib" data-mw-revid="769287751"><bdi>Mindib</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Mindib" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Mindib">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Mindib" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Mindib">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>67</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Background">→<bdi dir="ltr">Background</bdi></a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapland_gold_rush&amp;diff=next&amp;oldid=769287751" title="Lapland gold rush" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Background ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Background ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Kultala Ivalojoki.jpg|thumb|Ivalo River in the late 1890s]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Kultala Ivalojoki.jpg|thumb|Ivalo River in the late 1890s]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The first references of gold in the Finnish Lapland date back to the early 16th century, when gold was discovered from [[Utsjoki]], but it was not widely known until the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lapland.fi/en/lapland/nature/gold?textsize=2 Shining gold] Lapland – Above Ordinary. Retrieved 29 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1860s, Norwegian geologist [[Tellef Dahll]] was conducting a geological survey in [[Finnmark]] county, located in the extreme northeastern part of [[Norway]], when he discovered gold in the [[Tana (Norway)|Tana]] river. Dahll found<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> out</del> that the most promising sites were on the Finnish side of the river and contacted the authorities in [[Helsinki]]. In 1868, the [[Finnish Mining Board]] sent an expedition to Lapland in search of gold. Finland, which at the time was an autonomous part of Russia, was suffering from [[Famine of 1866–68|a major famine]] and the Finnish local government hoped that the gold would benefit the country's deprived economy.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The first references of gold in the Finnish Lapland date back to the early 16th century, when gold was discovered from [[Utsjoki]], but it was not widely known until the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lapland.fi/en/lapland/nature/gold?textsize=2 Shining gold] Lapland – Above Ordinary. Retrieved 29 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1860s, Norwegian geologist [[Tellef Dahll]] was conducting a geological survey in [[Finnmark]] county, located in the extreme northeastern part of [[Norway]], when he discovered gold in the [[Tana (Norway)|Tana]] river. Dahll found that the most promising sites were on the Finnish side of the river and contacted the authorities in [[Helsinki]]. In 1868, the [[Finnish Mining Board]] sent an expedition to Lapland in search of gold. Finland, which at the time was an autonomous part of Russia, was suffering from [[Famine of 1866–68|a major famine]] and the Finnish local government hoped that the gold would benefit the country's deprived economy.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The expedition was led by the engineer [[Conrad Lihr]], who later became the head of the [[Mint of Finland]]. After several months, Lihr and the expedition finally discovered gold in September 1868 from the Ivalo River in the municipality of [[Inari, Finland|Inari]]. The discovery was seen as so prosperous that the government decided to pass a new law regarding future gold mining in Lapland, which was approved by [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] in April 1870. The new law repealed the former act which had given the Emperor the privilege of all [[noble metal]]s. Gold prospecting in Lapland was now free for every "decent" man of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Russian Empire, excluding the [[Jews]].{{cn|date=September 2015}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The expedition was led by the engineer [[Conrad Lihr]], who later became the head of the [[Mint of Finland]]. After several months, Lihr and the expedition finally discovered gold in September 1868 from the Ivalo River in the municipality of [[Inari, Finland|Inari]]. The discovery was seen as so prosperous that the government decided to pass a new law regarding future gold mining in Lapland, which was approved by [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] in April 1870. The new law repealed the former act which had given the Emperor the privilege of all [[noble metal]]s. Gold prospecting in Lapland was now free for every "decent" man of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Russian Empire, excluding the [[Jews]].{{cn|date=September 2015}}</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 16:42, 8 March 2017</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>Lapland gold rush</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rush</a> that occurred in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, during the 1870s. The Lapland gold rush started in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Ivalojoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivalojoki">Ivalojoki</a> river in 1870 and lasted for a few years. Although the scale of the Lapland gold rush is not comparable to the major 19th century gold rushes, the Lapland gold rush has great local significance in Lapland and all across Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ivalo_gold_rush">Ivalo gold rush</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kultala_Ivalojoki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kultala_Ivalojoki.jpg/220px-Kultala_Ivalojoki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kultala_Ivalojoki.jpg/330px-Kultala_Ivalojoki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kultala_Ivalojoki.jpg/440px-Kultala_Ivalojoki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Ivalo River in the late 1890s</figcaption></figure> <p>The first references of gold in the Finnish Lapland date back to the early 16th century, when gold was discovered from <a href="/wiki/Utsjoki" title="Utsjoki">Utsjoki</a>, but it was not widely known until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the 1860s, Norwegian geologist <a href="/wiki/Tellef_Dahll" title="Tellef Dahll">Tellef Dahll</a> was conducting a geological survey in <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> county, located in the extreme northeastern part of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, when he discovered gold in the <a href="/wiki/Tana_(Norway)" title="Tana (Norway)">Tana</a> river. Dahll found that the most promising sites were on the Finnish side of the river and contacted the authorities in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>. In 1868, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Mining_Board&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Finnish Mining Board (page does not exist)">Finnish Mining Board</a> sent an expedition to Lapland in search of gold. Finland, which at the time was an autonomous part of Russia, was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Famine_of_1866%E2%80%9368" class="mw-redirect" title="Famine of 1866–68">a major famine</a> and the Finnish local government hoped that the gold would benefit the country's deprived economy. </p><p>The expedition was led by the engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Lihr&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad Lihr (page does not exist)">Conrad Lihr</a>, who later became the head of the <a href="/wiki/Mint_of_Finland" title="Mint of Finland">Mint of Finland</a>. After several months, Lihr and the expedition finally discovered gold in September 1868 from the Ivalo River in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Inari,_Finland" title="Inari, Finland">Inari</a>. The discovery was seen as so prosperous that the government decided to pass a new law regarding future gold mining in Lapland, which was approved by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> in April 1870. The new law repealed the former act which had given the Emperor the privilege of all <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metals</a>. Gold prospecting in Lapland was now free for every "decent" man of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Russian Empire, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>Gold was also found in the Norwegian Lapland in the 1890s but a rush never occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_rush">The rush</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sotajoki_gold_mining_1898.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sotajoki_gold_mining_1898.JPG/220px-Sotajoki_gold_mining_1898.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sotajoki_gold_mining_1898.JPG/330px-Sotajoki_gold_mining_1898.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sotajoki_gold_mining_1898.JPG/440px-Sotajoki_gold_mining_1898.JPG 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Gold mining by the Sotajoki river in 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>The gold rush on the Ivalo River started in 1870 after the new legislation was passed. During the spring and the summer, some 500 gold prospectors made their way through Lapland to the Ivalo River. The prospectors traveled hundreds of kilometers by ski, foot, or boat to the gold prospecting area, which was born to the confluence of Ivalo and its tributary Sotajoki.<sup id="cite_ref-partanen1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partanen1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To regulate the rush, the government established a headquarters for the authorities and service point for the prospectors, called the "Kultala Crown Station." In Kultala the officials issued licenses for prospectors and purchased their gold. There were also law enforcement officers and cartographers, as well as a restaurant and post office.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At its largest, the number of government officials and gold prospectors was some 600 people. This was a significant community, as Lapland was mostly uninhabited wilderness, the largest populated places being only up to few hundred people.<sup id="cite_ref-partanen1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partanen1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the government fees and taxes were extremely high, only the 19 wealthiest prospectors were able to make claims and then employ the rest of the prospectors. The largest claims had 30–40 men, who worked for 11 hours per day, six days a week.<sup id="cite_ref-partanen1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partanen1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The major claims produced some 10 kilograms of gold yearly, but the rush was over soon, as the gold started running out. In 1873, the government fees were cut in half and a year later a special law for the gold prospecting on the Tana River was passed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Ivalo River area was almost abandoned in the early 1880s, and the few prospectors that were left moved to Sotajoki and to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laanila&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Laanila (page does not exist)">Laanila</a> village located 10 kilometers east. In 1883–1884, the Kultala Crown Station was used by the professor <a href="/wiki/Selim_Lemstr%C3%B6m" title="Selim Lemström">Selim Lemström</a> for exploring the <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">northern lights</a> and it was finally closed in 1900. During the 1920s, two companies were practicing industrial gold mining, but both went bankrupt in a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_gold_rushes">Later gold rushes</h2></div> <p>In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a> from the Purnumukka village found gold from <a href="/wiki/Tankavaara" title="Tankavaara">Tankavaara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sodankyl%C3%A4" title="Sodankylä">Sodankylä</a>. The discovery attracted several Finnish prospectors as well as some foreigners like the Swedish mining company <a href="/wiki/Boliden_AB" title="Boliden AB">Boliden AB</a> and the German architect Werner Thiede from <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. Thiede later had some problems with the authorities and was deported in 1938. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Thiede served in the German Army in <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">occupied Norway</a> and returned to Tankavaara in 1944 as the Germans were building the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schutzwall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schutzwall (page does not exist)">Schutzwall</a> defensive line across the northeastern Lapland. As the German troops retreated, they destroyed all the gold mining facilities in Tankavaara, except the ones built by Thiede. Since the 1970s the Tankavaara area has served as a tourist attraction, including restaurants, hotels, and a gold prospecting museum.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other minor rush in Lapland started 1945 when gold was found in the <a href="/wiki/Lemmenjoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemmenjoki">Lemmenjoki</a> river. Today there are still some 20 prospectors and 50 claims at the <a href="/wiki/Lemmenjoki_National_Park" title="Lemmenjoki National Park">Lemmenjoki National Park</a>, producing more than 20 kilograms of gold every year. The 2011 mining act prohibits all mechanical mining until 2021, but manual <a href="/wiki/Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">gold panning</a> is still legal.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <p>The Lapland gold rushes have inspired several artists like the novelist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arvo_Ruonaniemi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arvo Ruonaniemi (page does not exist)">Arvo Ruonaniemi</a> and the naivistic painter <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Alariesto" title="Andreas Alariesto">Andreas Alariesto</a>. The most notable films are the 1951 classic comedy <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=At_the_Rovaniemi_Fair&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="At the Rovaniemi Fair (page does not exist)">At the Rovaniemi Fair</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jorma_Nortimo" title="Jorma Nortimo">Jorma Nortimo</a> and the 1999 drama <i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Fever_in_Lapland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Fever in Lapland">Gold Fever in Lapland</a></i> which is based on the 1870 Ivalo gold rush.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-museum-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-museum_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultamuseo.fi/en/historia.htm">A SHORT GOLD HISTORY OF FINLAND</a> Gold Prospector Museum. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapland.fi/en/lapland/nature/gold?textsize=2">Shining gold</a> Lapland – Above Ordinary. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapland-travel-info.com/Lapland-gold.html">Lapland Gold Makes the Area a Nice Place For Gold Diggers and panners</a> Lapland Travel Info. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-partanen1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-partanen1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-partanen1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-partanen1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultahippu.fi/tarinat-2/lapin-kullankaivun-historia/lapin-kullan-kimallus-elokuvan-taustoja/">Lapin kullan kimallus elokuvan taustoja</a> Kultahippu. Retrieved 29 September 2015. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultahippu.fi/tarinat-2/lapin-kullankaivun-historia/kullankaivu-toi-inarin-lapin-maailmankartalle/">Kullankaivu toi Inarin maailmankartalle</a> Kultahippu. Retrieved 29 September 2015. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gtk.fi/geologia/kiviharrastus/maakuntakivet/lappi.html">Maakuntakivet: Lappi - Kulta</a> Geological Survey of Finland. Retrieved 29 September 2015. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://productiondesign.fi/?page_id=293">GOLD FEAVER IN LAPLAND</a> Production Design. 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