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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Political involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Italian_fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Italian_fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Relations with Italian fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Italian_fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brief_government_stints_and_constitutional_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brief_government_stints_and_constitutional_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Brief government stints and constitutional referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brief_government_stints_and_constitutional_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Philosophical works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philosophy of spirit</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy_of_spirit-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy of spirit subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domains_of_mind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domains_of_mind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Domains of mind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domains_of_mind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_liberal_political_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_liberal_political_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contributions to liberal political theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_liberal_political_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Principal works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Benedetto Croce</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87" title="بينيدتو كروتشه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بينيدتو كروتشه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Kro%C3%A7e" title="Benedetto Kroçe – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Benedetto Kroçe" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8D" title="Бенедэта Крочэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенедэта Крочэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Бенедето Кроче – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенедето Кроче" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5" title="Μπενεντέτο Κρότσε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπενεντέτο Κρότσε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%86%D9%87" title="بندیتو کروچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بندیتو کروچه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%B0%ED%86%A0_%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%B2%B4" title="베네데토 크로체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베네데토 크로체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%B8_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B9%D5%A5" title="Բենեդետտո Կրոչե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենեդետտո Կրոչե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87" title="बेनेदितो क्रोचे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेनेदितो क्रोचे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%94" title="בנדטו קרוצ'ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנדטו קרוצ'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Бенедетто Кроче – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бенедетто Кроче" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_Croce" title="Benedictus Croce – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Benedictus Croce" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedeto_Kro%C4%8De" title="Benedeto Kroče – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Benedeto Kroče" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Бенедето Кроче – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бенедето Кроче" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%87" title="ബനെഡെറ്റോ ക്രോച്ചേ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബനെഡെറ്റോ ക്രോച്ചേ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87" title="بينيدتو كروتشه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بينيدتو كروتشه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7" title="ベネデット・クローチェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベネデット・クローチェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%87" title="ਬੇਨੇਦਿਤੋ ਕਰੋਚੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਨੇਦਿਤੋ ਕਰੋਚੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%86%DB%90%DA%89%DB%90%D9%BC%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%86%D9%87" title="بېنېډېټو کروچه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بېنېډېټو کروچه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Кроче, Бенедетто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кроче, Бенедетто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Бенедето Кроче – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бенедето Кроче" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87" title="பெனிடெட்டோ குரோசே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெனிடெட்டோ குரோசே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Бенедетто Кроче – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенедетто Кроче" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Benedetto Croce" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%86%85%E5%BE%B7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E9%BD%90" title="贝内德托·克罗齐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贝内德托·克罗齐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%A5%88%E6%88%B4%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E9%BD%8A" title="貝奈戴托·克羅齊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貝奈戴托·克羅齊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian philosopher (1866–1952)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Benedetto Croce</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">OCI</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">COSML</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedetto_Croce_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Benedetto_Croce_01.jpg/220px-Benedetto_Croce_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Benedetto_Croce_01.jpg/330px-Benedetto_Croce_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Benedetto_Croce_01.jpg/440px-Benedetto_Croce_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate of the Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 May 1948 – 20 November 1952</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">Italy at-large</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Education">Minister of Public Education</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 June 1920 – 4 July 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Andrea Torre</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orso_Mario_Corbino" title="Orso Mario Corbino">Orso Mario Corbino</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senate of the Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 January 1910 – 24 June 1946</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1866-02-25</span>)</span>25 February 1866<br /><a href="/wiki/Pescasseroli" title="Pescasseroli">Pescasseroli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1952<span style="display:none">(1952-11-20)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a><br />(1922–1952)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Adele Rossi</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1914; died 1952)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Angelina Zampanelli</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1893; died 1913)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Elena, Alda, Silvia, Lidia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Naples">University of Naples</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Historian, writer, landowner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FirmaBCroce.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Benedetto Croce's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/FirmaBCroce.png/128px-FirmaBCroce.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/FirmaBCroce.png/192px-FirmaBCroce.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/FirmaBCroce.png/256px-FirmaBCroce.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="138" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><b>Philosophy career</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hegelianism">Neo-Hegelianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>storicismo</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_expressivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic expressivism">Aesthetic expressivism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Benedetto Croce</b>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">OCI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">COSML</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[beneˈdetto<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkroːtʃe]</a></span>; 25 February 1866 – 20 November 1952)<sup id="cite_ref-historypageit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historypageit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Idealist_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealist philosopher">idealist philosopher</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historian,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and politician who wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy, history, <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">political liberal</a> in most regards, he formulated a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> (as support for <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>) and "<a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">liberism</a>" (as support for <i>laissez-faire</i> economics and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croce had considerable influence on other Italian intellectuals, from <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> to <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian fascists">Italian fascists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-historypageit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historypageit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had a long career in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a>, joining the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senate of the Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1910, serving through Fascism and the Second World War before being elected to the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a> as a Liberal. In the <a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948 general election</a> he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">new republican Senate</a> and served there until his death. He was a longtime member of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a>, serving as its president from 1944 to 1947. </p><p>Croce was the president of the worldwide writers' association <a href="/wiki/PEN_International" title="PEN International">PEN International</a> from 1949 until 1952. He was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> 16 times.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also noted for his "major contributions to the rebirth of Italian democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an elected International Member of both the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Croce was born in <a href="/wiki/Pescasseroli" title="Pescasseroli">Pescasseroli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> region of Italy. His family was influential and wealthy, and he was raised in a very strict Catholic environment. Around the age of 16, he quit Catholicism and developed a personal <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of life">philosophy of spiritual life</a>, in which religion cannot be anything but a historical institution where the creative strength of mankind can be expressed. He kept this philosophy for the rest of his life. </p><p>In 1883, an <a href="/wiki/1883_Casamicciola_earthquake" title="1883 Casamicciola earthquake">earthquake occurred in the village of Casamicciola</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a> near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, where he was on holiday with his family, destroying the home they lived in. His mother, father, and only sister were all killed, while he was buried for a long time and barely survived. After the earthquake, he inherited his family's fortune and—much like <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>—was able to live the rest of his life in relative leisure, devoting a great deal of time to philosophy as an independent intellectual writing from his <a href="/wiki/Palazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo">palazzo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> (Ryn, 2000:xi<sup id="cite_ref-lib_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>He studied law, but never graduated, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Naples">University of Naples</a>, while reading extensively on <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>. His ideas were publicized at the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">University of Rome</a> towards the end of the 1890s by Professor <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Labriola" title="Antonio Labriola">Antonio Labriola</a>. Croce was well acquainted with and sympathetic to the developments in European socialist philosophy exemplified by <a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Turati" title="Filippo Turati">Filippo Turati</a>. </p><p>Influenced by Neapolitan-born <a href="/wiki/Gianbattista_Vico" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianbattista Vico">Gianbattista Vico</a>'s thoughts about art and history,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he began studying philosophy in 1893. Croce also purchased the house in which Vico had lived. His friend, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a>, encouraged him to read <a href="/wiki/G._W._F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. F. Hegel">Hegel</a>. Croce's famous commentary on Hegel, <i>What is Living and What is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel</i>, was published in 1907. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_involvement">Political involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As his fame increased, Croce was persuaded, against his initial wishes,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2012)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to become involved in politics. In 1910, he was appointed to the Italian Senate, a lifelong position (Ryn, 2000:xi).<sup id="cite_ref-lib_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an open critic of Italy's participation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, feeling that it was a suicidal trade war. Although this made him initially unpopular, his reputation was restored after the war. In 1919, he supported the government of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti" title="Francesco Saverio Nitti">Francesco Saverio Nitti</a> while also expressing his admiration for the nascent <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was Minister of Public Education between 1920 and 1921 for the 5th and last government headed by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> assumed power slightly more than a year after Croce's exit from the government; Mussolini's first Minister of Public Education was Giovanni Gentile, an independent who later became a fascist and with whom Croce had earlier cooperated in a philosophical <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> against <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>. Gentile remained minister for only a year but managed to begin a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">reform</a> of Italian education that was based partly on Croce's earlier suggestions. Gentile's reform remained in force well beyond the Fascist regime, and was only partly abolished in 1962. </p><p>Croce was instrumental in the relocation of the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nazionale_Vittorio_Emanuele_III" title="Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III">Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Naples" title="Royal Palace of Naples">Royal Palace of Naples</a> in 1923. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Italian_fascism">Relations with Italian fascism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relations with Italian fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Croce initially supported Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> government that took power in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassination by the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti" title="Giacomo Matteotti">Giacomo Matteotti</a> in June 1924 shook Croce's support for Mussolini. In May 1925, Croce was one of the signatories to the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a> which had been written by Croce himself; however, in June 1924, he had voted in the Senate in support of the Mussolini government. He later explained that he had hoped that the support for Mussolini in parliament would weaken the more extreme Fascists who, he believed, were responsible for Matteotti's murder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Croce later became one of the firmest opponents of fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, Croce voted against the law which effectively abolished free elections in Italy by requiring electors to vote for a list of candidates approved by the Grand Council of Fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became increasingly dismayed by the number of ex-democrats who had abandoned their former principles.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croce frequently provided financial assistance to <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> writers and dissidents, such as <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Amendola" title="Giorgio Amendola">Giorgio Amendola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Ivanoe Bonomi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meuccio_Ruini" title="Meuccio Ruini">Meuccio Ruini</a>, as well as those who wanted to maintain intellectual and political independence from the regime, and covertly helped them get published.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croce's house in Turin became a popular destination for anti-fascists. After the war, Amendola, along with <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a> like Eugenio Reale reflected that Croce offered aid and encouragement to both <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> resistance members during the crucial years.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croce was seriously threatened by Mussolini's regime, and suffered the only act of physical violence at the hands of the fascists in November 1926, when fascists ransacked his home and library in Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he managed to stay outside prison thanks to his reputation, he remained subject to surveillance, and his academic work was kept in obscurity by the government, to the extent that no mainstream newspaper or academic publication ever referred to him. Croce later coined the term <i>onagrocrazia</i> (literally "government by asses") to emphasize the anti-intellectual and boorish tendencies of parts of the Fascist regime.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in describing Fascism as anti-intellectual Croce ignored the many Italian intellectuals who at the time actively supported Mussolini's regime, including Croce's former friend and colleague, Gentile. Croce also described Fascism as <i>malattia morale</i> (literally "moral illness"). When Mussolini's government adopted <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> policies in 1938, Croce was the only non-Jewish intellectual who refused to complete a government questionnaire designed to collect information on the so-called "racial background" of Italian intellectuals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides writing in his periodical, Croce used other means to express his <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racism</a> and to make public statements against the persecution of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brief_government_stints_and_constitutional_referendum">Brief government stints and constitutional referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brief government stints and constitutional referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1944, when democracy was restored in Southern Italy, Croce, as an "icon of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_anti-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal anti-fascism">liberal anti-fascism</a>", became <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">minister without portfolio</a> in governments headed by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> for about a month and again for a month by <a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Ivanoe Bonomi</a> (Ryn, 2000:xi–xii<sup id="cite_ref-lib_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) He left the government in July 1944 but remained president of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a> until 1947 (Ryn, 2000:xii<sup id="cite_ref-lib_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Croce voted for the Monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 Italian constitutional referendum">1946 Italian constitutional referendum</a>, after having persuaded his Liberal Party to adopt a neutral stance. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a> which existed in Italy between June 1946 and January 1948. He spoke in the Assembly against the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">Peace treaty</a> (signed in February 1947), which he regarded as humiliating for Italy. He declined to stand as provisional <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_works">Philosophical works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philosophical works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Croce's most interesting philosophical ideas are expounded in three works: <i>Aesthetic</i> (1902), <i>Logic</i> (1908), and <i>Philosophy of the Practical</i> (1908), but his complete work is spread over 80 books and 40 years worth of publications in his own bi-monthly literary magazine, <i>La Critica</i> (Ryn, 2000:xi<sup id="cite_ref-lib_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Croce was philosophically a <a href="/wiki/Pantheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheist">pantheist</a>, but, from a religious point of view, an <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, he published an essay entitled "Why We Cannot Help Calling Ourselves Christians". This essay shows the Christian roots of European culture, but religion is considered by Croce a mere <a href="/wiki/Propaedeutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaedeutic">propaedeutic</a> study for philosophy, which is the only true science: philosophy is, in fact, the science of spirit (the "Philosophy of Spirit"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_of_spirit">Philosophy of spirit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophy of spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Benedetto_Croce" title="Special:EditPage/Benedetto Croce">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> and other German Idealists such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a>, Croce produced what was called, by him, the Philosophy of Spirit. His preferred designations were "<a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">absolute idealism</a>" or "absolute historicism". Croce's work can be seen as a second attempt (contra <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>) to resolve the problems and conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> (or sensationalism and transcendentalism, respectively). He calls his way <i>immanentism</i>, and concentrates on the lived human experience, as it happens in specific places and times. Since the root of reality is this immanent existence in concrete experience, Croce places <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> at the foundation of his philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domains_of_mind">Domains of mind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Domains of mind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Croce's methodological approach to philosophy is expressed in his divisions of the spirit, or mind. He divides mental activity first into the theoretical, and then the practical. The theoretical division splits between aesthetics and logic. This theoretical aesthetic includes most importantly: intuitions and history. The logical includes concepts and relations. Practical spirit is concerned with economics and ethics. Economics is here to be understood as an exhaustive term for all utilitarian matters. </p><p>Each of these divisions has an underlying structure that colours, or dictates, the sort of thinking that goes on within them. While aesthetics are driven by beauty, logic is subject to truth, economics is concerned with what is useful, and the moral, or ethics, is bound to the good. This schema is descriptive in that it attempts to elucidate the logic of human thought; however, it is prescriptive as well, in that these ideas form the basis for epistemological claims and confidence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Croce also had great esteem for <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a>, and shared his opinion that history should be written by philosophers. Croce's <i>On History</i> sets forth the view of history as "philosophy in motion", that there is no "cosmic design" or ultimate plan in history, and that the "science of history" was a farce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Croce's work <i>Breviario di estetica</i> (<i>The Essence of Aesthetics</i>) appears in the form of four lessons (<i>quattro lezioni</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> that he was asked to write and deliver at the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> in 1912. He declined an invitation to attend the event, but he wrote the lessons and submitted them for translation so that they could be read in his absence. </p><p>In this brief, but dense, work, Croce sets forth his theory of art. He believed that art is more important than science or metaphysics since only art edifies us. He claimed that all we know can be reduced to imaginative knowledge. Art springs from the latter, making it at its heart, pure imagery. All thought is based in part on this, and it precedes all other thought. The task of an artist is then to invent the perfect image that they can produce for their viewer since this is what beauty fundamentally is – the formation of inward, mental images in their ideal state. Our intuition is the basis for forming these concepts within us. </p><p>Croce was the first to develop a position later known as <b>aesthetic expressivism</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-RCA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the idea that art expresses emotions, not ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">R. G. Collingwood</a> later developed a similar thesis.)<sup id="cite_ref-RCA_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croce's theory was later debated by such contemporary Italian philosophers as <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>, who locates the aesthetic within a semiotic construction.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_liberal_political_theory">Contributions to liberal political theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contributions to liberal political theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a 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United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a 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text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical 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class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Croce's liberalism differs from the theories advocated by most proponents of liberal political thought, including those in Britain and in the United States. While Croce theorises that the individual is the basis of society, he rejects <a href="/wiki/Atomism_(social)" title="Atomism (social)">social atomism</a>. While Croce accepts <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>, he disputes the idea that the government should have fixed legitimate powers. Croce did not agree with <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> about the nature of liberty. Croce believed that liberty is not a <a href="/wiki/Natural_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural right">natural right</a> but an earned right that arises out of continuing historical struggle for its maintenance. Croce defined civilization as the "continual vigilance" against barbarism, and liberty conformed to his ideal for civilization as it allows one to experience the full potential of life. Croce also rejects <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> as absurd. In short, his variety of liberalism is <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a>, as he views society as being led by the few who can create the goodness of truth, civilization, and beauty, with the great mass of citizens, simply benefiting from them but unable to fully comprehend their creations (Ryn, 2000:xii).<sup id="cite_ref-lib_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Etica e politica</i> (1931), Croce defines liberalism as an ethical conception of life that rejects dogmatism and favours diversity, and in the name of liberty and free choice of the individual, is hostile to the authoritarianism of fascism, communism, and the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Croce realizes that democracy can sometimes threaten individual liberty, he sees liberalism and democracy as predicated on the same ideals of moral equality and opposition to authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, he acknowledged the positive historic role played by the Socialist parties in Italy in their struggles to improve conditions for the working class, and urged modern socialists to swear off dictatorial solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the socialists, who Croce viewed as part of modernity along with liberals, his condemnation of reactionaries is unremittingly harsh.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croce draws a distinction between liberalism and capitalism or <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> economic doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Croce, capitalism only emerged to meet certain economic needs of society, and could be changed or even replaced if better solutions to those needs were found, if it failed to promote freedom, or if economic values clashed with higher values.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus liberalism could welcome socialistic proposals so long as they promoted freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croce's ideas on the separation between liberalism as an ethical principle and the contingent <i>laissez-faire</i> economic doctrines which accompanied it in certain contexts would influence Italian social democrats such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Valiani" title="Leo Valiani">Leo Valiani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Giuseppe Saragat</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal socialist">liberal socialist</a> synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizi_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_works">Principal works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Principal works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Materialismo storico ed economia marxistica</i> (1900), translated into English by C.M. Meredith as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalmateri00crocuoft"><i>Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx</i></a> (1914); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialismostor00croc">full text of revised 4th Italian edition (1921)</a>, final Italian edition revised by author 1951</li> <li><i>L'Estetica come scienza dell'espressione e linguistica generale</i> (1902), translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Ainslie" title="Douglas Ainslie">Douglas Ainslie</a> as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aestheticasscien0000croc_y4e9"><i>Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic</i> (2nd edition, based on revised 5th Italian edition)</a>, new translation by Colin Lyas as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aestheticasscien0000croc_q9z2"><i>The Aesthetic as the Science of Expression and of the Linguistic in General</i></a> (1992); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/esteticacomesci00crocgoog">full text of revised 3rd Italian edition (1908)</a>, final Italian edition revised by author 1950</li> <li><i>Filosofia della pratica, economica ed etica</i> (1909), translated into English by Douglas Ainslie as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.507026"><i>Philosophy of the Practical Economic and Ethic</i></a> (1913); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/filosofiadellapr00croc">full text of revised 3rd Italian edition (1923)</a>, final Italian edition revised by author 1950</li> <li><i>Logica come scienza del concetto puro</i> (1905), translated as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/logicasscienceof00croc"><i>Logic as the Science of the Pure Concept</i></a> (1917, based on revised 3rd Italian edition); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/logicacomescienz02croc">full text of revised 4th Italian edition (1920)</a>, final edition revised by author 1947</li> <li><i>La filosofia di Giambattista Vico</i> (1911)</li> <li><i>Filosofia dello spirito</i> (1912)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/larivoluzionenap00crocuoft"><i>La rivoluzione napoletana del 1799. Biografie, racconti, ricerche</i></a> (revised 3rd edition, 1912); final edition revised by author 1948</li> <li><i>Breviario di estetica</i> (1913)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029044729"><i>What is Living and What is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel (Saggio sullo Hegel)</i></a>, translated by Douglas Ainslie (1915)</li> <li><i>Contributo alla critica di me stesso</i> (1918); revised edition 1945</li> <li><i>Storie e leggende napoletane</i> (1919)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teoriaestoriadel00crocuoft"><i>Teoria e storia della storiografia</i></a> (1920), translated into English by Douglas Ainslie as <i>Theory and History of Historiography</i> (1921)</li> <li><i>Racconto degli racconti</i> (first translation into Italian from <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pentamerone" title="Pentamerone">Pentamerone</a></i>, <i>Lo cunto de li cunti</i>, 1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a>" (in <i>La Critica</i>, 1 May 1925)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/croce-storia-del-regno-di-napoli"><i>Storia del regno di Napoli</i></a> (1925), translated into English by Frances Frenaye as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofkingdom0000croc"><i>History of the Kingdom of Naples</i></a> (1970, based on the revised 3rd edition of 1953)</li> <li><i>History of Europe in the Nineteenth Century</i> (1933)</li> <li><i>Ultimi saggi</i> (1935)</li> <li><i>La poesia</i> (1936)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCroce1938"><i>La storia come pensiero e come azione</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-lib_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1938), translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Sprigge" title="Sylvia Sprigge">Sylvia Sprigge</a> as <i>History as the Story of Liberty</i> (1941) in London</cite></li> <li><i>Il carattere della filosofia moderna</i> (1941)</li> <li><i>Perché non possiamo non dirci "cristiani"</i> (1942)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503215"><i>Politics and Morals</i></a> (1945). Croce's dynamic conception of liberty, liberalism and the relation of individual morality to the State.</li> <li><i>Filosofia e storiografia</i> (1949)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_liberal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Contributions to liberal theory">Contributions to liberal theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Headlam Wells, Glenn Burgess, Rowland Wymer (eds.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_WPMPLP3PsC&q=%22Historicism%22">Neo-historicism: Studies in Renaissance Literature, History, and Politics</a></i> Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2000, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorenzo Benadusi, Giorgio Caravale, <i>George L. Mosse's Italy: Interpretation, Reception, and Intellectual Heritage</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historypageit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historypageit_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historypageit_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923064641/https://www.historypage.it/biography-of-benedetto-croce/">"BIOGRAPHY OF BENEDETTO CROCE – HistoriaPage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historypage.it/biography-of-benedetto-croce/">the original</a> on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Croce+e+il+liberalismo+in+%22Croce+e+Gentile%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fcroce-e-il-liberalismo_%28Croce-e-Gentile%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=2027">"Nomination Database"</a>. Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomination+Database&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D2027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizi2019" class="citation book cs1">Rizi, Fabio Fernando (9 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_OADwAAQBAJ"><i>Benedetto Croce and the Birth of the Italian Republic, 1943-1952</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0446-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0446-5"><bdi>978-1-4875-0446-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedetto+Croce+and+the+Birth+of+the+Italian+Republic%2C+1943-1952&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-0446-5&rft.aulast=Rizi&rft.aufirst=Fabio+Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_OADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/benedetto-croce">"Benedetto Croce"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Benedetto+Croce&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fbenedetto-croce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Benedetto+Croce&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DBenedetto%2BCroce%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lib-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lib_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lib_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lib_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lib_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lib_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lib_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lib_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">History as the story of liberty: English translation of Croce's 1938 collection of essays originally in Italian; translation published by <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Fund Inc.">Liberty Fund Inc.</a> in the US in 2000 with a <a href="/wiki/Foreword" title="Foreword">foreword</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claes_G._Ryn" title="Claes G. Ryn">Claes G. Ryn</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86597-268-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86597-268-0">0-86597-268-0</a> (hardback). See <a href="#CITEREFCroce1938">Croce 1938</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Croce, Benedetto 'The Philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a>' trans R.G.Collingwood London, 1923</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizi2003" class="citation book cs1">Rizi, Fabio Fernando (2003). <i>Benedetto Croce and Italian Fascism</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedetto+Croce+and+Italian+Fascism&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rizi&rft.aufirst=Fabio+Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1973" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Denis Mack (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260068">"Benedetto Croce: History and Politics"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 41–61. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Benedetto+Croce%3A+History+and+Politics&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-61&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis+Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallo1973" class="citation book cs1">Gallo, Max (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9clBAAAAIAAJ&q=Benedetto+Croce+mussolini+Matteotti"><i>Mussolini's Italy; Twenty Years of the Fascist Era</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Italy%3B+Twenty+Years+of+the+Fascist+Era&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Gallo&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9clBAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DBenedetto%2BCroce%2Bmussolini%2BMatteotti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rizi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizi_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizi2003" class="citation book cs1">Rizi, Fabio Fernando (2003). <i>Benedetto Croce and Italian Fascism</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 124–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedetto+Croce+and+Italian+Fascism&rft.pages=124-139&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rizi&rft.aufirst=Fabio+Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the detailed description in a letter by Fausto Nicolini to Giovanni Gentile published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasso1989" class="citation book cs1">Sasso, Gennaro (1989). <i>Per invigilare me stesso</i>. Bologna: Il mulino. pp. 139–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Per+invigilare+me+stesso&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pages=139-40&rft.pub=Il+mulino&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Sasso&rft.aufirst=Gennaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is a disdainful term for misgovernment, a late and satirical addition to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s famous three: <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>, and democracy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiarini2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chiarini, Roberto (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXQPAQAAMAAJ&q=Benedetto+croce"><i>L'intellettuale antisemita</i></a> (in Italian). Marsilio. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-317-9635-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-317-9635-4"><bdi>978-88-317-9635-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27intellettuale+antisemita&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Marsilio&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-317-9635-4&rft.aulast=Chiarini&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXQPAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DBenedetto%2Bcroce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span> <i>BENEDETTO CROCE. Il filosofo napoletano fu l'unico grande intellettuale a prendere pubblicamente posizione in Italia contro le concezioni razziste e contro le persecuzioni antiebraiche attuate dal nazismo e dal fascismo , in scritti e interventi pubblicati sulla sua rivista « La Critica » e su organi di stampa stranieri.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nuova_Rivista_Storica" title="Nuova Rivista Storica">Nuova Rivista Storica</a>. gen-apr2020, Vol. 104 Issue 1, p1-137. 137p. Di Rienzo Eugenio</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeresattoFossati1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ceresatto, Alessandro; Fossati, Marco (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qOy7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Benedetto+croce%22"><i>Salvare la memoria: come studiare la storia di ieri per non essere indifferenti oggi : la persecuzione antiebraica in Italia dal 1938 al 1945 nelle testimonianze raccolte da un gruppo di studenti e insegnanti dei licei scientifici "Allende" e "Cremona" di Milano</i></a> (in Italian). Anabasi. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-417-6008-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-417-6008-6"><bdi>978-88-417-6008-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salvare+la+memoria%3A+come+studiare+la+storia+di+ieri+per+non+essere+indifferenti+oggi+%3A+la+persecuzione+antiebraica+in+Italia+dal+1938+al+1945+nelle+testimonianze+raccolte+da+un+gruppo+di+studenti+e+insegnanti+dei+licei+scientifici+%22Allende%22+e+%22Cremona%22+di+Milano&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Anabasi&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-88-417-6008-6&rft.aulast=Ceresatto&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Fossati%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqOy7AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Benedetto%2Bcroce%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliacozzoMigliau1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tagliacozzo, Franca; Migliau, Bice (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_wvAQAAIAAJ&q=Benedetto+croce"><i>Gli ebrei nella storia e nella società contemporanea</i></a> (in Italian). La Nuova Italia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-221-1223-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-221-1223-1"><bdi>978-88-221-1223-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+ebrei+nella+storia+e+nella+societ%C3%A0+contemporanea&rft.pub=La+Nuova+Italia&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-88-221-1223-1&rft.aulast=Tagliacozzo&rft.aufirst=Franca&rft.au=Migliau%2C+Bice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_wvAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DBenedetto%2Bcroce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiziRizi2003" class="citation book cs1">Rizi, Fabio Fernando; Rizi (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkt9M1FD44cC&pg=PA224"><i>Benedetto Croce and Italian Fascism</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3762-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3762-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-3762-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedetto+Croce+and+Italian+Fascism&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3762-6&rft.aulast=Rizi&rft.aufirst=Fabio+Fernando&rft.au=Rizi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwkt9M1FD44cC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedetto+Croce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">La Critica. Rivista di Letteratura, Storia e Filosofia diretta da B. Croce, 1, 1903 p. 372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCA-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RCA_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RCA_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes, <i>The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics</i>, Routledge, 2002, ch. 11: "Expressivism: Croce and Collingwood."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedetto Croce, <i>Breviario di estetica</i>, 1912: "Not the idea, but the feeling, is what confers upon art the airy lightness of a symbol: an aspiration enclosed in the circle of a representation—that is art." [<i>Non l'idea, ma il sentimento è quel che conferisce all'arte l'aerea leggerezza del simbolo: un'aspirazione chiusa nel giro di una rappresentazione, ecco l'arte</i>.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Umberto Eco, <i>A Theory of Semiotics</i> (Indiana University Press, 1976).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alfredo Parente, <i>Il pensiero politico di Benedetto Croce e il nuovo liberalismo</i> (1944).</li> <li>Hayden White, "The Abiding Relevance of Croce's Idea of History." The Journal of Modern History, vol. XXXV, no 2, June 1963, pp. 109–124.</li> <li>Hayden White, "The Question of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory", History and Theory, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Feb. 1984), pp. 1–33.</li> <li>Myra E. Moss, <i>Benedetto Croce reconsidered: Truth and Error in Theories of Art, Literature, and History </i>, Hanover, NH: UP of New England, 1987.</li> <li>Ernesto Paolozzi, <i>Science and Philosophy in Benedetto Croce</i>, in "Rivista di Studi Italiani", University of Toronto, 2002.</li> <li>Janos Keleman, <i>A Paradoxical Truth. Croce's Thesis of Contemporary History</i>, in "Rivista di Studi Italiani, University of Toronto, 2002.</li> <li>Giuseppe Gembillo, <i>Croce and the Theorists of Complexity</i>, in "Rivista di Studi Italiani, University of Toronto, 2002.</li> <li>Fabio Fernando Rizi, <i>Benedetto Croce and Italian Fascism</i>, University of Toronto Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3762-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3762-6">978-0-8020-3762-6</a>.</li> <li>Ernesto Paolozzi, <i>Benedetto Croce</i>, Cassitto, Naples, 1998 (translated by M. Verdicchio (2008) www.ernestopaolozzi.it)</li> <li>Carlo Schirru, Per un’analisi interlinguistica d’epoca: Grazia Deledda e contemporanei, Rivista Italiana di Linguistica e di Dialettologia, Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa–Roma, Anno XI, 2009, pp. 9–32</li> <li>Matteo Veronesi, <i>Il critico come artista dall'estetismo agli ermetici. D'Annunzio, Croce, Serra, Luzi e altri</i>, Bologna, Azeta Fastpress, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-89982-05-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-89982-05-5">88-89982-05-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46092588_Il_critico_come_artista_dall'Estetismo_agli_Ermetici">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46092588_Il_critico_come_artista_dall'Estetismo_agli_Ermetici</a></li> <li>David D. Roberts, <i>Benedetto Croce and the Uses of Historicism</i>. Berkeley: U of California Press, (1987).</li> <li>Claes G. Ryn, <i>Will, Imagination and Reason: Babbitt, Croce and the Problem of Reality</i> (1997; 1986).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">R. G. Collingwood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/crocesphilosophy00colluoft#page/n1/mode/2up">"Croce's Philosophy of History"</a> in <i>The Hibbert Journal</i>, XIX: 263–278 (1921), collected in Collingwood, <i>Essays in the Philosophy of History</i>, ed. William Debbins (University of Texas 1965) at 3–22.</li> <li>Roberts, Jeremy, <i>Benito Mussolini</i>, Twenty-First Century Books, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-2648-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-2648-3">978-0-8225-2648-3</a>.</li> <li>Richard Bellamy, <i>A Modern Interpreter: Benedetto Croce and the Politics of Italian Culture</i>, in The European Legacy, 2000, 5:6, pp. 845–861. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713665534">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713665534</a></li> <li>Daniela La Penna, <i> The Rise and Fall of Benedetto Croce: Intellectual Positionings in the Italian Cultural Field, 1944–1947</i>, in Modern Italy, 2016, 21:2, pp. 139–155. DOI:: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2016.5">https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2016.5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Croce%2C%20Benedetto%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Benedetto%20Croce%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Croce%2C%20Benedetto%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Benedetto%20Croce%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Croce%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Benedetto%20Croce%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Croce%2C%20Benedetto%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Benedetto%20Croce%22%29%20OR%20%28%221866-1952%22%20AND%20Croce%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Benedetto Croce</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10425">Works by Benedetto Croce</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023500/http://www.fondazione-einaudi.it/Download/lezione_Scognamiglio_2011.pdf">"Liberismo e liberalismo nella polemica fra Croce ed Einaudi"</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li>Antonio Zanfarino, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215210151/http://www.mps.it/NR/rdonlyres/67C85B48-2745-42EE-9086-746C83017B44/34464/b1_zanfarino.pdf">"Liberalismo e liberismo. Il confronto Croce-Einaudi"</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003551">Newspaper clippings about Benedetto Croce</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Non-profit organization positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> International President of <a href="/wiki/PEN_International" title="PEN International">PEN International</a> </b><br />1949–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; 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href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192348#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192348#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192348#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121355490">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/61544292">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34889/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpPCjcQ9XGGp8y3k6VXBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118522779">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79049303">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11898185z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11898185z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00436907">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Croce, Benedetto <1866-1952>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV009433">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35032214">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601227&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX889236">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/54993">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068546742">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90115305">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000027753&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000033060&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000047554">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=83041">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000033517">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199605999">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cc77h5942hc8">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810594081605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/73076">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260059805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520244706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14240880">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00355254?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500316333">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/12071897">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/804894">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="CROCE, Benedetto"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benedetto-croce_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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