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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Basic principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel_Defense_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel_Defense_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Israel Defense Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel_Defense_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Civilian use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civilian_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civilian use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civilian_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grading_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grading_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Grading system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grading_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sparring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sparring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sparring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sparring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Krav Maga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="كراف مغا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كراف مغا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%92_%DC%A1%DC%93%DC%A5" title="ܩܪܒ ܡܓܥ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܪܒ ܡܓܥ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav-maqa" title="Krav-maqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Krav-maqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="ক্রাভ মাগা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রাভ মাগা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Крав мага – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Крав мага" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav-maga" title="Krav-maga – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krav-maga" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Mag%C3%A0" title="Krav Magà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Krav Magà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Κραβ Μαγκά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κραβ Μαγκά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_mag%C3%A1" title="Krav magá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Krav magá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravmagao" title="Kravmagao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kravmagao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="کراو ماگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کراو ماگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav-maga" title="Krav-maga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Krav-maga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%8C_%EB%A7%88%EA%B0%80" title="크라브 마가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크라브 마가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga_(Ho%CA%BBoka%CA%BBa%CA%BBike_hakak%C4%81)" title="Krav Maga (Hoʻokaʻaʻike hakakā) – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Krav Maga (Hoʻokaʻaʻike hakakā)" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Կրավ մագա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրավ մագա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravmaga" title="Kravmaga – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kravmaga" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A2" title="קרב מגע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב מגע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="კრავ მაგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრავ მაგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AC" title="クラヴ・マガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラヴ・マガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6_(%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%84)" title="ក្រៅម៉ាហ្គា (ការប្រយុទ្ធទំនាក់ទំនង) – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្រៅម៉ាហ្គា (ការប្រយុទ្ធទំនាក់ទំនង)" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravmaga" title="Kravmaga – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kravmaga" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_mag%C3%A1" title="Krav magá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Krav magá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Крав-мага – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крав-мага" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Крав мага – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крав мага" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_maga" title="Krav maga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krav maga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="கிராவ் மகா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிராவ் மகா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="คราฟมากา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คราฟมากา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Крав мага – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крав мага" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Krav Maga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E8%BF%91%E8%BA%AB%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%97%E6%9C%AF" title="以色列近身格斗术 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="以色列近身格斗术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A2" title="קרב מגע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קרב מגע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E8%BF%91%E8%BA%AB%E6%A0%BC%E9%AC%A5%E8%A1%93" title="以色列近身格鬥術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以色列近身格鬥術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184733#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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</nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Israeli self-defense system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Krav Maga<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">קְרַב מַגָּע</span>‎</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kravmaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kravmaga.jpg/200px-Kravmaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kravmaga.jpg/300px-Kravmaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kravmaga.jpg/400px-Kravmaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="432" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Krav Maga course at an Israeli <a href="/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratroopers Brigade">paratroopers school</a> in 1955</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">Hybrid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imi_Lichtenfeld" title="Imi Lichtenfeld">Imi Lichtenfeld</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parenthood</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Olympic sport</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Krav Maga</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KRAHV</span> mə-<span style="font-size:90%">GAH</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:קרב מגע">קְרַב מַגָּע</a></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈkʁav<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈɡa]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">contact combat</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is an Israeli <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">self-defence system</a>. Developed for the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it uses techniques derived from <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">aikido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known for its focus on real-world situations.<sup id="cite_ref-kravmagaguild_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kravmagaguild-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krav Maga was originally developed by Hungarian-born Israeli martial artist <a href="/wiki/Imi_Lichtenfeld" title="Imi Lichtenfeld">Imi Lichtenfeld</a>. Having grown up in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> during a time of anti-Semitic unrest, Lichtenfeld used his training as a boxer and wrestler to defend <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> neighborhoods against attackers in the mid-to-late 1930s, becoming an experienced <a href="/wiki/Street_fighting" title="Street fighting">street fighter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his immigration to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> in the late 1940s, he began to provide lessons on combat training to Jewish paramilitary groups that would later form the IDF during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a>. As an instructor, he compiled his knowledge and experience into the combat system that would later become known as Krav Maga. This system would continue to be taught long after he left the IDF.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the outset, the original concept of Krav Maga was to take the most effective and practical techniques of other fighting styles (originally <a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">European boxing, wrestling, and street fighting</a>) and make them rapidly teachable to conscripted soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-bb02_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a philosophy emphasizing aggression<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and simultaneous defensive and offensive manoeuvres.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been used by Israeli special forces and regular infantry units alike.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closely related variations have been developed and adopted by Israeli law enforcement and intelligence organizations, and there are several organizations teaching variations of Krav Maga internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two forms of Krav Maga, with one type adapted for Israeli security forces and the other type adapted for civilian use.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>krav maga</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> is literally translated as 'contact combat' – the three letter root of the first word is <i>q-r-b</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קרב</span></span>), and the noun derived from this root means either "combat" or "battle",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the second word is a participle form derived from the verb root <i>n-g-‘</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נגע</span></span>), that literally means either "contact" or "touch".<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_principles">Basic principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A2.jpg/220px-%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A2.jpg/330px-%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A2.jpg/440px-%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> soldier sparring in full combat gear</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_Eagle_110310-F-VU439-369.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Desert_Eagle_110310-F-VU439-369.jpg/220px-Desert_Eagle_110310-F-VU439-369.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Desert_Eagle_110310-F-VU439-369.jpg/330px-Desert_Eagle_110310-F-VU439-369.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Desert_Eagle_110310-F-VU439-369.jpg/440px-Desert_Eagle_110310-F-VU439-369.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption>US Air Force and British Royal Air Force security personnel during Krav Maga training.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like most martial arts, Krav Maga encourages students to avoid physical confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-kravmagaguild_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kravmagaguild-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is impossible or unsafe, it promotes finishing a fight as quickly and aggressively as possible. Attacks are aimed at the most vulnerable parts of the body, and training is not limited to techniques that avoid severe injury; some even permanently injure or cause death to the opponent. </p><p>Students learn to defend against all variety of attacks and are taught to counter in the quickest and most efficient way. </p><p>Ideas in Krav Maga include:<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Simultaneous defense and attack.</li> <li>Developing physical aggression (not to be confused with emotional aggression or anger), with the view that physical aggression is the most important component in a fight.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Continuing to strike the opponent until they are completely incapacitated.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Attacking pre-emptively or counterattacking as soon as possible.</li> <li>Using any objects at hand that could be used to hit an opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Targeting attacks to the body's most vulnerable points, such as: the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a> or <a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">throat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celiac_plexus" title="Celiac plexus">solar plexus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groin" title="Groin">groin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">fingers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, etc.</li> <li>Using simple and easily repeatable strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maintaining awareness of surroundings while dealing with the threat in order to look for escape routes, further attackers, or objects that could be used to strike an opponent.</li> <li>Developing <a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">muscle memory</a> for quicker fighting reaction.</li> <li>Recognizing the importance of and expanding on instinctive response under stress.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Training can also cover the study and development of <a href="/wiki/Situational_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Situational awareness">situational awareness</a> to develop an understanding of one's surroundings, learning to understand the psychology of a street confrontation, and identifying potential threats before an attack occurs. It may also cover physical and verbal methods to avoid violence whenever possible. It also teaches mental toughness, using controlled scenarios to strengthen mental fortitude in order for students to control the impulse and not do something rash, but instead attack only when necessary and as a last resort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv/220px--Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv/Krav_Maga_demonstration.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Media footage demonstrating Krav Maga techniques to deal with assailants in mock combat using multiple different types of weapons; namely a pole, a knife, a pistol, a rifle and hand-to-hand.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conan_kick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Conan_kick.jpg/220px-Conan_kick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Conan_kick.jpg/330px-Conan_kick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Conan_kick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Krav Maga training</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the key focuses of techniques<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_Krav_Maga_Techniques_(Beginner_&_Advanced)_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_Krav_Maga_Techniques_(Beginner_&_Advanced)-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Krav Maga are — as described above — effectiveness and instinctive response under stress. To that end, Krav Maga is an eclectic system that has not sought to replace existing effective techniques, taking what is useful from available systems, for example:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Strikes – as per karate and boxing;</li> <li>Takedowns and throws – as per judo, aikido and wrestling;</li> <li>Ground work – as per judo and wrestling;</li> <li>Escapes from chokes and holds – as per judo, aikido and wrestling;</li> <li>Empty-hand weapon defenses – as per aikido.</li></ul> <p>Since the early 21st century, a number of Krav Maga schools have introduced technical influences from other arts as well. These include <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Arnis/Kali/Escrima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">Silat</a>. This reflects Krav Maga's attitude, across a multitude of lineages, as an ever-evolving style, which continues to borrow ideas and methos from other martial arts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Imre_%22Imi%22_Lichtenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Imre "Imi" Lichtenfeld">Imre "Imi" Lichtenfeld</a> (also known as Imi S'de-Or) was born in 1910 in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungary">Austro-Hungary</a> to a Jewish family and grew up in Pozsony, today's <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>). Lichtenfeld became active in a wide range of sports, including gymnastics, wrestling, and boxing.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, Lichtenfeld won the Slovak Youth Wrestling Championship, and in 1929 the adult championship (light and middle weight divisions).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, he also won the national boxing championship and an international gymnastics championship. During the ensuing decade, Lichtenfeld's athletic activities focused mainly on wrestling, both as a contestant and a trainer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the mid-1930s, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">riots</a> began to threaten the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Czechoslovakia. Lichtenfeld became the leader of a group of Jewish boxers and wrestlers who took to the streets to defend Jewish neighborhoods against the growing numbers of anti-Semitic <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lichtenfeld quickly discovered, however, that actual fighting was very different from competition fighting, and although boxing and wrestling were good sports, they were not always practical for the aggressive and brutal nature of <a href="/wiki/Street_fighting" title="Street fighting">street combat</a>. It was then that he started to re-evaluate his ideas about fighting and started developing the skills and techniques that would eventually become Krav Maga. Having become a thorn in the side of the equally anti-Semitic local authorities, in 1940 Lichtenfeld left his home with his family and friends on the last refugee ship to escape Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Team_Minot_%27kicks%27_up_their_techniques_121007-F-RB551-106.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Team_Minot_%27kicks%27_up_their_techniques_121007-F-RB551-106.jpg/220px-Team_Minot_%27kicks%27_up_their_techniques_121007-F-RB551-106.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Team_Minot_%27kicks%27_up_their_techniques_121007-F-RB551-106.jpg/330px-Team_Minot_%27kicks%27_up_their_techniques_121007-F-RB551-106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Team_Minot_%27kicks%27_up_their_techniques_121007-F-RB551-106.jpg/440px-Team_Minot_%27kicks%27_up_their_techniques_121007-F-RB551-106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>US Air Force Security forces members during Krav Maga training.</figcaption></figure> <p>After making his way to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, Lichtenfeld joined the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> paramilitary organization.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944 Lichtenfeld began training fighters in his areas of expertise: physical fitness, swimming, wrestling, use of the knife, and defense against knife attacks. During this period, Lichtenfeld trained several elite units of the Haganah, including the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> (striking force of the Haganah and forerunner of the special units of the Israel Defense Forces) and the <a href="/wiki/Palyam" title="Palyam">Palyam</a>, as well as groups of police officers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1948, when the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> was founded and the IDF was formed, Lichtenfeld became Chief Instructor for Physical Fitness and Krav Maga at the IDF School of Combat Fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served in the IDF for about 20 years, during which time he developed and refined his unique method for self-defense and <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-defense was not a new concept, since nearly all martial arts had developed some form of defensive techniques in their quest for tournament or sport dominance. However, self-defense was based strictly upon the scientific and dynamic principles of the human body. In 1965 judo training was added as part of the Krav Maga training. Until 1968 there were no grades in Krav Maga. Then a trainee's grades were determined largely by his knowledge in <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-traditionalkravmaga_154_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-traditionalkravmaga_154-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, Eli Avikzar, one of Lichtenfeld's principal students and first black belt,<sup id="cite_ref-what-is-k-a-m-i_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what-is-k-a-m-i-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began learning <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">aikido</a>. In 1971 Eli left for France, where he received a black belt in aikido.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Krav_Maga_Expert_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Krav_Maga_Expert-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return, Avikzar started working as an instructor alongside Imi to integrate more traditional martial arts into Krav Maga.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 1974 Imre retired and gave Eli Avikzar control over the Krav Maga training center in Netanya.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, in 1976, Avikzar joined the permanent force of IDF, as head of the Krav Maga section. The role of Krav Maga in the army advanced greatly after Eli's appointment. More courses were given, and every P.E. instructor was obliged to learn Krav Maga. Avikzar continued to develop Krav Maga within the IDF until his retirement in 1987. Up to this date, Eli had trained 80,000 male soldiers and 12,000 female soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-what-is-k-a-m-i_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what-is-k-a-m-i-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further pursuing excellence as a student of martial arts, Eli went to Germany in 1977 and received a <a href="/wiki/Black_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Black belt (martial arts)">black belt</a> in aikido from the European Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-wincol.ac.il_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wincol.ac.il-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978 the Krav Maga association was established, and in 1989, as an active member of the judo association, Eli Avikzar helped to contribute to the general development of professional and rank committees within the larger Krav Maga community by founding the Israeli Krav Magen Association (KAMI).<sup id="cite_ref-wincol.ac.il_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wincol.ac.il-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KAMI is a parallel discipline to the original Krav Maga. Eli retired as the Chief Krav Maga instructor in 1987 and Boaz Aviram became the third person to hold the position, being the last head instructor to have studied directly with both Lichtenfeld and Avikzar.<sup id="cite_ref-traditionalkravmaga_154_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-traditionalkravmaga_154-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israel_Defense_Forces">Israel Defense Forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Israel Defense Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IDF offers a five-week Krav Maga instructor course.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has held an annual Krav Maga competition since May 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civilian_use">Civilian use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civilian use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_masters_small_talk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Grand_masters_small_talk.jpg/170px-Grand_masters_small_talk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Grand_masters_small_talk.jpg/255px-Grand_masters_small_talk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Grand_masters_small_talk.jpg/340px-Grand_masters_small_talk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>Krav Maga Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Imi_Lichtenfeld" title="Imi Lichtenfeld">Imi Lichtenfeld</a> and Yaron Lichtenstein</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon Imi Lichtenfeld's retirement from the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a>, he decided to open a school and teach Krav Maga to civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Krav Maga course took place at the <a href="/wiki/Wingate_Institute" title="Wingate Institute">Wingate Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, in 1971, under his direct supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grading_system">Grading system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grading system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the Krav Maga organizations in Israel use Imi Lichtenfeld's colored belt grading system which is based upon the <a href="/wiki/Rank_in_Judo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank in Judo">Judo ranking system</a>. It starts with white belt, and then yellow, orange, green, blue, brown and black belts. Black belt students can move up the ranks from 1st to 9th Dan. The time and requirements for advancing have some differences between the organizations. </p><p>Other organizations that teach Krav Maga in and outside of Israel use similar grading systems.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A patch system was developed by <a href="/wiki/Eyal_Yanilov" title="Eyal Yanilov">Eyal Yanilov</a> in the late 1980s. The grades are divided into three main categories: Practitioner, Graduate and Expert. Each of the categories, which are often abbreviated to their initials, has five ranks. Grades P1 through to P5 are the student levels and make up the majority of the Krav Maga community.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After P5 are G1-G5, and in order to achieve Graduate level the student has to demonstrate a proficiency in all of the P level techniques before advancing.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:10px"> <caption>Belt colors and IKMF patches </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="1">White </td> <td colspan="2">Yellow </td> <td colspan="2">Orange </td> <td colspan="2">Green </td> <td colspan="2">Blue </td> <td colspan="2">Brown </td> <td colspan="5">Black </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceinture_blanche.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ceinture_blanche.png/55px-Ceinture_blanche.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ceinture_blanche.png/83px-Ceinture_blanche.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ceinture_blanche.png/110px-Ceinture_blanche.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="333" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceinture_jaune.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ceinture_jaune.png/55px-Ceinture_jaune.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ceinture_jaune.png/83px-Ceinture_jaune.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ceinture_jaune.png/110px-Ceinture_jaune.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="333" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceinture_orange.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ceinture_orange.png/55px-Ceinture_orange.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ceinture_orange.png/83px-Ceinture_orange.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ceinture_orange.png/110px-Ceinture_orange.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="333" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceinture_verte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ceinture_verte.png/55px-Ceinture_verte.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ceinture_verte.png/83px-Ceinture_verte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ceinture_verte.png/110px-Ceinture_verte.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="333" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceinture_bleue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ceinture_bleue.png/55px-Ceinture_bleue.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ceinture_bleue.png/83px-Ceinture_bleue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ceinture_bleue.png/110px-Ceinture_bleue.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="333" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceinture_marron.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ceinture_marron.png/55px-Ceinture_marron.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="22" class="mw-file-element" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Krav_Maga_P3_Patch.svg/38px-Krav_Maga_P3_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Krav_Maga_P3_Patch.svg/50px-Krav_Maga_P3_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krav_Maga_P4_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Krav_Maga_P4_Patch.svg/25px-Krav_Maga_P4_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Krav_Maga_P4_Patch.svg/38px-Krav_Maga_P4_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Krav_Maga_P4_Patch.svg/50px-Krav_Maga_P4_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krav_Maga_P5_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krav_Maga_G2_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Krav_Maga_G2_Patch.svg/25px-Krav_Maga_G2_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Krav_Maga_G2_Patch.svg/38px-Krav_Maga_G2_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Krav_Maga_G2_Patch.svg/50px-Krav_Maga_G2_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krav_Maga_G3_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Krav_Maga_G3_Patch.svg/25px-Krav_Maga_G3_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Krav_Maga_G3_Patch.svg/38px-Krav_Maga_G3_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Krav_Maga_G3_Patch.svg/50px-Krav_Maga_G3_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krav_Maga_G4_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Krav_Maga_G4_Patch.svg/25px-Krav_Maga_G4_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Krav_Maga_G4_Patch.svg/38px-Krav_Maga_G4_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Krav_Maga_G4_Patch.svg/50px-Krav_Maga_G4_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krav_Maga_G5_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krav_Maga_E2_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Krav_Maga_E2_Patch.svg/25px-Krav_Maga_E2_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Krav_Maga_E2_Patch.svg/38px-Krav_Maga_E2_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Krav_Maga_E2_Patch.svg/50px-Krav_Maga_E2_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krav_Maga_E3_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Krav_Maga_E3_Patch.svg/25px-Krav_Maga_E3_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Krav_Maga_E3_Patch.svg/38px-Krav_Maga_E3_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Krav_Maga_E3_Patch.svg/50px-Krav_Maga_E3_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krav_Maga_E4_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Krav_Maga_E4_Patch.svg/25px-Krav_Maga_E4_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Krav_Maga_E4_Patch.svg/38px-Krav_Maga_E4_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Krav_Maga_E4_Patch.svg/50px-Krav_Maga_E4_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krav_Maga_E5_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Krav_Maga_E5_Patch.svg/25px-Krav_Maga_E5_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Krav_Maga_E5_Patch.svg/38px-Krav_Maga_E5_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Krav_Maga_E5_Patch.svg/50px-Krav_Maga_E5_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> Although there are some subtle differences, the various organizations teach the same core techniques and principles.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other organizations have less formal grading ranks without belts or patches but do have levels by which students can monitor their progress.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sparring">Sparring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sparring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some organizations, sparring is slow and light until the student reaches G2 level. This takes approximately four to six years because rising one level in the Practitioner and Graduate categories takes at minimum half a year of consistent training. It is, however, more common to observe regular trainees grading only once a year from P3 and up.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once in G2, students also practice simulated "real" fighting with protective gear.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Krav Maga was represented in the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">UFC</a> by former <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> soldier Moti Horenstein. He fought <a href="/wiki/Mark_Coleman" title="Mark Coleman">Mark Coleman</a> at <a href="/wiki/UFC_10" title="UFC 10">UFC 10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kerr_(fighter)" title="Mark Kerr (fighter)">Mark Kerr</a> at <a href="/wiki/UFC_14" title="UFC 14">UFC 14</a>, losing decisively each time. Both Coleman and Kerr were <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Wrestling_Championships" title="NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships">NCAA Division I wrestling champions</a> and would go on to win their respective tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a> trained in Krav Maga for her role in <i><a href="/wiki/Enough_(film)" title="Enough (film)">Enough</a></i>, and the martial art was featured in the story.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> trained in Krav Maga for his role in <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Diamond" title="Blood Diamond">Blood Diamond</a></i>, where he played a <a href="/wiki/White_Rhodesian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Rhodesian">Rhodesian</a>-South African <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Chastain" title="Jessica Chastain">Jessica Chastain</a> trained in Krav Maga for her role in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Debt_(2010_film)" title="The Debt (2010 film)">The Debt</a></i>, and the martial art was featured in fight scene choreography.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> trained in Krav Maga for fight choreography in <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reacher_(film)" title="Jack Reacher (film)">Jack Reacher</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Craig" title="Daniel Craig">Daniel Craig</a> trained in Krav Maga for fight choreography as <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Spectre_(2015_film)" title="Spectre (2015 film)">Spectre</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blunt" title="Emily Blunt">Emily Blunt</a> trained in Krav Maga for fight choreography in <a href="/wiki/Edge_of_Tomorrow" title="Edge of Tomorrow">Edge of Tomorrow</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a> trained in Krav Maga for fight choreography in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gunman_(2015_film)" title="The Gunman (2015 film)">The Gunman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV" title="Grand Theft Auto IV">Grand Theft Auto IV</a></i> protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Niko_Bellic" title="Niko Bellic">Niko Bellic</a>, uses Krav Maga in physical combat.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-quarters combat">Close-quarters combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defendu" title="Defendu">Defendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">Combatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo (martial art)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARB_(martial_art)" title="ARB (martial art)">ARB (martial art)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sgskravmaga.com.au/krav-maga-about/about-krav-maga/">"About Krav Maga"</a>. <i>sgskravmaga.com.au</i>. 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sgskravmaga.com.au&rft.atitle=About+Krav+Maga&rft.date=2021-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgskravmaga.com.au%2Fkrav-maga-about%2Fabout-krav-maga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2001" class="citation book cs1">Green, Thomas A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v32oHSE5t6cC&pg=PA307"><i>Martial Arts of the World: En Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576071502" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576071502"><bdi>978-1576071502</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+of+the+World%3A+En+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1576071502&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv32oHSE5t6cC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traditionalkravmaga.com/page154.html">"Traditional Krav Maga(TM): Eli Avikzar the Second in Israeli Defense Force Krav Maga Chief Instructor"</a>. <i>kravmaganewyork.blogspot.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kravmaganewyork.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Traditional+Krav+Maga%28TM%29%3A+Eli+Avikzar+the+Second+in+Israeli+Defense+Force+Krav+Maga+Chief+Instructor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraditionalkravmaga.com%2Fpage154.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021163712/http://www.kravmagainc.com/Imi-Lichtenfeld-History.html">"Krav Maga Federation – Israeli Martial Arts and Self-Defense"</a>. <i>kravmagainc.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kravmagainc.com/Imi-Lichtenfeld-History.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kravmagainc.com&rft.atitle=Krav+Maga+Federation+%E2%80%93+Israeli+Martial+Arts+and+Self-Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kravmagainc.com%2FImi-Lichtenfeld-History.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kravmagaguild-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kravmagaguild_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kravmagaguild_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kravmagalosangeles.com/krav-maga-is-the-best-self-defense-for-the-streets/">"Krav Maga is the best self-defense for the streets"</a>. <i>Krav Maga Los Angeles</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Krav+Maga+Los+Angeles&rft.atitle=Krav+Maga+is+the+best+self-defense+for+the+streets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkravmagalosangeles.com%2Fkrav-maga-is-the-best-self-defense-for-the-streets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodsdon2005" class="citation news cs1">Hodsdon, Amelia (8 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/09/israel.theeditorpressreview">"Get your kicks with Israeli tricks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Get+your+kicks+with+Israeli+tricks&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft.aulast=Hodsdon&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Ffeb%2F09%2Fisrael.theeditorpressreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineWhitman2009" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Darren; Whitman, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vXW_oGlZ8wC"><i>Complete Krav Maga: The Ultimate Guide to Over 200 Self-Defense and Combative Techniques</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1569751794" title="Special:BookSources/978-1569751794"><bdi>978-1569751794</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Krav+Maga%3A+The+Ultimate+Guide+to+Over+200+Self-Defense+and+Combative+Techniques&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1569751794&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft.au=Whitman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5vXW_oGlZ8wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smartkravmaga.com/page/imi">"Imi Lichtenfeld"</a>. <i>smartkravmaga.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smartkravmaga.com&rft.atitle=Imi+Lichtenfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartkravmaga.com%2Fpage%2Fimi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bb02-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bb02_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNsDAAAAMBAJ">Inside Israel</a>, Nov 2002, Vol. 40, No. 11, p. 68 <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Belt Magazine">Black Belt Magazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Active_Interest_Media" title="Active Interest Media">Active Interest Media</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Belt Magazine">Black Belt Magazine</a></i>, July 2000, Vol. 38, No. 7, p. 37 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ns8DAAAAMBAJ">Krav Maga’s Top 10</a>, Active Interest Media</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/47442.stm">"All change on the buses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 15 January 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=All+change+on+the+buses&rft.date=1998-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F47442.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111112828/http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2013/05/27/elite-soldiers-fight-it-out-in-idfs-first-ever-krav-maga-tournament/">"Elite soldiers fight it out in IDF's first-ever Krav Maga tournament"</a>. <i>IDF Blog</i>. 27 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idfblog.com/blog/2013/05/27/elite-soldiers-fight-it-out-in-idfs-first-ever-krav-maga-tournament/">the original</a> on 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IDF+Blog&rft.atitle=Elite+soldiers+fight+it+out+in+IDF%27s+first-ever+Krav+Maga+tournament&rft.date=2013-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idfblog.com%2Fblog%2F2013%2F05%2F27%2Felite-soldiers-fight-it-out-in-idfs-first-ever-krav-maga-tournament%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Wagner_and_Maj._Avi_Nardia" class="citation news cs1">Jim Wagner and Maj. Avi Nardia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100511021512/http://www.blackbeltmag.com/archives/141">"Inside Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Belt Magazine">Black Belt Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackbeltmag.com/archives/141">the original</a> on 11 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Belt+Magazine&rft.atitle=Inside+Israel&rft.au=Jim+Wagner+and+Maj.+Avi+Nardia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackbeltmag.com%2Farchives%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-YehudaWeinstein1961" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Yehuda, Ehud; Weinstein, David (1961). <i>Ben-Yehuda's Pocket English-Hebrew Hebrew-English Dictionary</i>. New York: Pocket books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671688622" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671688622"><bdi>978-0671688622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ben-Yehuda%27s+Pocket+English-Hebrew+Hebrew-English+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pocket+books&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0671688622&rft.aulast=Ben-Yehuda&rft.aufirst=Ehud&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownDriverC.2012" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Francis; Driver, S.; C., Briggs (2012). <i>The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon</i>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565632066" title="Special:BookSources/978-1565632066"><bdi>978-1565632066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brown-Driver-Briggs+Hebrew+and+English+Lexicon&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1565632066&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Driver%2C+S.&rft.au=C.%2C+Briggs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulomi_Banerjee2009" class="citation news cs1">Poulomi Banerjee (28 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033548/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090128/jsp/entertainment/story_10446686.jsp">"Contact combat: Self-Defence classes to stay safe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090128/jsp/entertainment/story_10446686.jsp">the original</a> on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Contact+combat%3A+Self-Defence+classes+to+stay+safe&rft.date=2009-01-28&rft.au=Poulomi+Banerjee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1090128%2Fjsp%2Fentertainment%2Fstory_10446686.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Black Belt</i>, July 2000, Vol. 38, No. 7, p. 37 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ns8DAAAAMBAJ">Krav Maga’s Top 10</a>, Active interest Media</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ns8DAAAAMBAJ"><i>Black Belt</i>, July 2000, Vol. 38, No. 7</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ns8DAAAAMBAJ"><i>Black Belt</i>, July 2000, Vol. 38, No. 7</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2016" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQkmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30"><i>Krav Maga Defence: How to Defend Yourself Against the 12 Most Common Unarmed Street Attacks</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250090836" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250090836"><bdi>978-1250090836</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krav+Maga+Defence%3A+How+to+Defend+Yourself+Against+the+12+Most+Common+Unarmed+Street+Attacks&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1250090836&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQkmCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineHoover2009" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Darren; Hoover, Ryan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5eEEqqJlVz8C&pg=PA31"><i>Krav Maga for Beginners: A Step-by-Step Guide to the World's Easiest-to-Learn, Most-Effective Fitness and Fighting Program</i></a>. Ulysses Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1569755372" title="Special:BookSources/978-1569755372"><bdi>978-1569755372</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krav+Maga+for+Beginners%3A+A+Step-by-Step+Guide+to+the+World%27s+Easiest-to-Learn%2C+Most-Effective+Fitness+and+Fighting+Program&rft.pub=Ulysses+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1569755372&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft.au=Hoover%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5eEEqqJlVz8C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kravmagainstitute.com/self-defense/what-is-krav-maga/">"What is Krav Maga?"</a>. <i>Tactica Krav Maga Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tactica+Krav+Maga+Institute&rft.atitle=What+is+Krav+Maga%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kravmagainstitute.com%2Fself-defense%2Fwhat-is-krav-maga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-List_of_Krav_Maga_Techniques_(Beginner_&_Advanced)-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-List_of_Krav_Maga_Techniques_(Beginner_&_Advanced)_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blackbeltwiki.com/krav-maga-techniques">"List of Krav Maga Techniques (Beginner & Advanced)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Krav+Maga+Techniques+%28Beginner+%26+Advanced%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblackbeltwiki.com%2Fkrav-maga-techniques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2004" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, David (2004). <i>Krav Maga: An Essential Guide to the Renowned Method--for Fitness and Self-Defense</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312331771" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312331771"><bdi>978-0312331771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krav+Maga%3A+An+Essential+Guide+to+the+Renowned+Method--for+Fitness+and+Self-Defense&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0312331771&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Darren_Levine" title="Darren Levine">Levine, Darren</a> (2022). <i>Complete Krav Maga: The Ultimate Guide to Over 250 Self-Defense and Combative Techniques</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612435589" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612435589"><bdi>978-1612435589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Krav+Maga%3A+The+Ultimate+Guide+to+Over+250+Self-Defense+and+Combative+Techniques&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1612435589&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Darren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNardia2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avi_Nardia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avi Nardia (page does not exist)">Nardia, Avi</a> (2008). <i>Kapap Combat Concepts: Martial Arts of the Israeli Special Forces</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0897501613" title="Special:BookSources/978-0897501613"><bdi>978-0897501613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kapap+Combat+Concepts%3A+Martial+Arts+of+the+Israeli+Special+Forces&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0897501613&rft.aulast=Nardia&rft.aufirst=Avi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2021" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, David (2021). <i>Krav Maga Fundamental Strategies</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594398131" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594398131"><bdi>978-1594398131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krav+Maga+Fundamental+Strategies&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1594398131&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluestein2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Bluestein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Bluestein (page does not exist)">Bluestein, Jonathan</a> (2024). <i>Martial Arts Politics Explained</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8335564984" title="Special:BookSources/979-8335564984"><bdi>979-8335564984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+Politics+Explained&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=979-8335564984&rft.aulast=Bluestein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021111441/https://www.krav-maga.net/en/bio-imi-lichtenfeld">"Bio Imi Lichtenfeld | Fédération Européenne de Krav-maga"</a>. <i>www.krav-maga.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krav-maga.net/en/bio-imi-lichtenfeld">the original</a> on 21 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.krav-maga.net&rft.atitle=Bio+Imi+Lichtenfeld+%7C+F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+Europ%C3%A9enne+de+Krav-maga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.krav-maga.net%2Fen%2Fbio-imi-lichtenfeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kravmagaluxembourg.com/en/le-krav-maga/le-fondateur">Krav Maga Luxembourg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueiredoCarlosMartins" class="citation web cs1">Figueiredo, Victor; Carlos, João; Martins, Marcelo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129094314/http://www.kravmaga.com.br/languages/eua/?id=o-criador">"Krav Maga"</a>. <i>www.kravmaga.com.br</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kravmaga.com.br/languages/eua/?id=o-criador">the original</a> on 29 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kravmaga.com.br&rft.atitle=Krav+Maga&rft.aulast=Figueiredo&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Carlos%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Martins%2C+Marcelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kravmaga.com.br%2Flanguages%2Feua%2F%3Fid%3Do-criador&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kravmaga-ikmf.com/krav-maga/the-founder/">International Krav Maga Federation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709184916/https://kravmagatoronto.com/imi-lichtenfeld/">"Krav Maga Toronto | Imi Lichtenfeld, Founder of Krav Maga"</a>. <i>Krav Maga Toronto</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kravmagatoronto.com/imi-lichtenfeld/">the original</a> on 9 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Krav+Maga+Toronto&rft.atitle=Krav+Maga+Toronto+%7C+Imi+Lichtenfeld%2C+Founder+of+Krav+Maga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkravmagatoronto.com%2Fimi-lichtenfeld%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222123609/http://krav-maga.wincol.ac.il/?page_id=1910">"Eli Avikzar"</a>. <i>krav-maga.wincol.ac.il/</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krav-maga.wincol.ac.il/?page_id=1910">the original</a> on 22 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=krav-maga.wincol.ac.il%2F&rft.atitle=Eli+Avikzar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrav-maga.wincol.ac.il%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-traditionalkravmaga_154-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-traditionalkravmaga_154_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-traditionalkravmaga_154_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traditionalkravmaga.com/page154.html">"Eli Avikzar"</a>. <i>traditionalkravmaga.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=traditionalkravmaga.com&rft.atitle=Eli+Avikzar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraditionalkravmaga.com%2Fpage154.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-what-is-k-a-m-i-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-what-is-k-a-m-i_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-is-k-a-m-i_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kravmagen.ca/what-is-k-a-m-i/">"What is K.A.M.I?"</a>. <i>kravmagen.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kravmagen.ca&rft.atitle=What+is+K.A.M.I%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkravmagen.ca%2Fwhat-is-k-a-m-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Krav_Maga_Expert-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Krav_Maga_Expert_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAviram2019" class="citation book cs1">Aviram, Boaz (11 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gjBDwAAQBAJ&q=Krav+Maga+aikido+wrestling++judo&pg=PA17"><i>The Krav Maga Expert – Mental Training to become Pure Krav Maga and Hand-to ...</i></a> Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bleacher+Report&rft.atitle=Most+Dicked+Over+Fighter+In+UFC+History%3A+Moti+Horenstein&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbleacherreport.com%2Farticles%2F214525-most-dicked-over-fighter-in-ufc-history-moti-horenstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowneyYago2002" class="citation web cs1">Downey, Ryan J.; Yago, Gideon (16 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102043/https://www.mtv.com/news/9ws3sk/jennifer-lopez-on-getting-buff-having-enough">"Jennifer Lopez On Getting Buff & Having 'Enough'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>MTV</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtv.com/news/9ws3sk/jennifer-lopez-on-getting-buff-having-enough">the original</a> on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MTV&rft.atitle=Jennifer+Lopez+On+Getting+Buff+%26+Having+%27Enough%27&rft.date=2002-05-16&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Ryan+J.&rft.au=Yago%2C+Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2F9ws3sk%2Fjennifer-lopez-on-getting-buff-having-enough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algemeiner.com/2012/04/06/dicaprio-kutcher-and-craig-use-israeli-fighting-technique-krav-maga/">"DiCaprio, Kutcher, and Craig Use Israeli Fighting Technique Krav Maga - Algemeiner.com"</a>. <i>www.algemeiner.com</i>. 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.algemeiner.com&rft.atitle=DiCaprio%2C+Kutcher%2C+and+Craig+Use+Israeli+Fighting+Technique+Krav+Maga+-+Algemeiner.com&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.algemeiner.com%2F2012%2F04%2F06%2Fdicaprio-kutcher-and-craig-use-israeli-fighting-technique-krav-maga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodoutbreak.com/2011/05/25/jessica-chastain-learns-krav-maga-german-for-the-debt/">"JESSICA CHASTAIN LEARNS KRAV MAGA & GERMAN FOR 'THE DEBT'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Hollywood Outbreak</i>. 25 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hollywood+Outbreak&rft.atitle=JESSICA+CHASTAIN+LEARNS+KRAV+MAGA+%26+GERMAN+FOR+%27THE+DEBT%27&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodoutbreak.com%2F2011%2F05%2F25%2Fjessica-chastain-learns-krav-maga-german-for-the-debt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Ella (31 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/08/31/140064933/the-debt-historys-burden-and-a-moral-calculus">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Debt': History's Burden, And A Moral Calculus"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=%27The+Debt%27%3A+History%27s+Burden%2C+And+A+Moral+Calculus&rft.date=2011-08-31&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F08%2F31%2F140064933%2Fthe-debt-historys-burden-and-a-moral-calculus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Cruise2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise [@TomCruise]</a> (12 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/TomCruise/status/366967557892210688">"There's a bit of Krav Maga in there...WHAM! -TeamTC @philipWdd who did u learn the fighting style from, in Jack Reacher? Its pretty badass"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There%27s+a+bit+of+Krav+Maga+in+there...WHAM%21+-TeamTC+%40philipWdd+who+did+u+learn+the+fighting+style+from%2C+in+Jack+Reacher%3F+Its+pretty+badass&rft.date=2013-08-12&rft.au=Tom+Cruise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FTomCruise%2Fstatus%2F366967557892210688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurchak2015" class="citation web cs1">Kurchak, Sarah (4 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/wn3wzq/how-daniel-craig-developed-james-bonds-street-fighting-skills">"How Daniel Craig Developed James Bond's Street Fighting Skills"</a>. <i>Vice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=How+Daniel+Craig+Developed+James+Bond%27s+Street+Fighting+Skills&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.aulast=Kurchak&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwn3wzq%2Fhow-daniel-craig-developed-james-bonds-street-fighting-skills&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam_Coco2014" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Team Coco (5 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=LYit-uAgquNM5D8Q&t=120&v=fmU6LH_Iq-Y&feature=youtu.be"><i>Emily Blunt Seeks To Understand Testicle Pain | CONAN on TBS</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2025</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emily+Blunt+Seeks+To+Understand+Testicle+Pain+%7C+CONAN+on+TBS&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft.au=Team+Coco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fsi%3DLYit-uAgquNM5D8Q%26t%3D120%26v%3DfmU6LH_Iq-Y%26feature%3Dyoutu.be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owuc9IktCoY"><span class="plainlinks">GUNMAN - Featurette "Krav Maga" - Sean Penn (2015)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikel_Reparaz2008" class="citation web cs1">Mikel Reparaz (27 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamesradar.com/grand-theft-auto-iv-2/2/">"Grand Theft Auto IV review"</a>. <i>gamesradar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gamesradar&rft.atitle=Grand+Theft+Auto+IV+review&rft.date=2008-04-27&rft.au=Mikel+Reparaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesradar.com%2Fgrand-theft-auto-iv-2%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrav+Maga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krav_Maga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classification468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="International_games468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_martial_arts" title="Outline of martial arts">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1201226/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4739540-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2004005517">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15601546t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15601546t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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