CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Māori mythology - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f1ea6642-acc9-4fd2-bd41-81ca435095ce","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Māori_mythology","wgTitle":"Māori mythology","wgCurRevisionId":1251783063,"wgRevisionId":1251783063,"wgArticleId":5849742,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Māori-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2020","Use New Zealand English from June 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English","Articles needing additional references from June 2020","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012","All articles containing potentially dated statements", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020","Māori mythology","Māori culture","Māori religion","Creation myths"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Māori_mythology","wgRelevantArticleId":5849742,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q546879","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Maorigodsymbols.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="694"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Maorigodsymbols.jpg/800px-Maorigodsymbols.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="463"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Maorigodsymbols.jpg/640px-Maorigodsymbols.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="370"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Māori mythology - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Māori_mythology rootpage-Māori_mythology skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=M%C4%81ori+mythology" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=M%C4%81ori+mythology" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=M%C4%81ori+mythology" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=M%C4%81ori+mythology" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oral_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Oral forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genealogical_recital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogical_recital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Genealogical recital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogical_recital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Prose narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_and_song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_and_song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Poetry and song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_and_song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>19th-century writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-missionary_collectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-missionary_collectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Non-missionary collectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-missionary_collectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Myths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Myths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Myths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dawn_of_the_universe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dawn_of_the_universe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Dawn of the universe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dawn_of_the_universe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth's_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth's_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Earth's creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth's_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Island's_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Island's_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>South Island's creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Island's_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Origin of humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Māui's_exploits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māui's_exploits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Māui's exploits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māui's_exploits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_sun_is_slowed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sun_is_slowed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The sun is slowed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_sun_is_slowed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_and_South_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_and_South_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>North and South Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_and_South_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_is_brought_to_humanity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_is_brought_to_humanity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Fire is brought to humanity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_is_brought_to_humanity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hina_and_Tinirau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hina_and_Tinirau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Hina and Tinirau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hina_and_Tinirau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_to_conquer_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_to_conquer_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Failure to conquer death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_to_conquer_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tāwhaki_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tāwhaki_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tāwhaki complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tāwhaki_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cannibalism_and_the_effects_of_tapu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannibalism_and_the_effects_of_tapu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Cannibalism and the effects of tapu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannibalism_and_the_effects_of_tapu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_of_Tāwhaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_of_Tāwhaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Life of Tāwhaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_of_Tāwhaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_of_Rātā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_of_Rātā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Life of Rātā</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_of_Rātā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_or_origin_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_or_origin_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Discovery or origin traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_or_origin_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_and_settlement_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_and_settlement_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Migration and settlement traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_and_settlement_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Local traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>North Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>South Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_Christian_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_Christian_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Possible Christian influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_Christian_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythical_beings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythical_beings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mythical beings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythical_beings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Māori mythology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maori-mitologie" title="Maori-mitologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maori-mitologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="أساطير الماوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أساطير الماوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitoloch%C3%ADa_maor%C3%AD" title="Mitolochía maorí – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mitolochía maorí" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologie_der_M%C4%81ori" title="Mythologie der Māori – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mythologie der Māori" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitolog%C3%ADa_maor%C3%AD" title="Mitología maorí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mitología maorí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoria_mitologio" title="Maoria mitologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maoria mitologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maori_mitologia" title="Maori mitologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maori mitologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اسطوره‌شناسی مائوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسطوره‌شناسی مائوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologie_maorie" title="Mythologie maorie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mythologie maorie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მაორის მითოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაორის მითოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maori-mythologie" title="Maori-mythologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maori-mythologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="マオリ神話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マオリ神話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologia_maori" title="Mitologia maori – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mitologia maori" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мифология маори – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мифология маори" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/nu_Mawli_a_micidekay_a_kungku" title="nu Mawli a micidekay a kungku – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="nu Mawli a micidekay a kungku" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Māori mythology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitolohiyang_Maori" title="Mitolohiyang Maori – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mitolohiyang Maori" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytholohie_van_de_M%C4%81ori" title="Mytholohie van de Māori – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Mytholohie van de Māori" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q546879#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:M%C4%81ori_mythology" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/M%C4%81ori_mythology" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&oldid=1251783063" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=M%C4%81ori_mythology&id=1251783063&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FM%25C4%2581ori_mythology"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FM%25C4%2581ori_mythology"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maori_mythology" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q546879" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maorigodsymbols.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Maorigodsymbols.jpg/330px-Maorigodsymbols.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Maorigodsymbols.jpg/495px-Maorigodsymbols.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Maorigodsymbols.jpg/660px-Maorigodsymbols.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Six major departmental <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">atua</a></i></span> represented by wooden godsticks: left to right, <a href="/wiki/T%C5%ABmatauenga" title="Tūmatauenga">Tūmatauenga</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81whirim%C4%81tea" title="Tāwhirimātea">Tāwhirimātea</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81ne" title="Tāne">Tāne Mahuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangaroa" title="Tangaroa">Tangaroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rongo" title="Rongo">Rongo-mā-Tāne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haumia-tiketike" title="Haumia-tiketike">Haumia-tiketike</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Māori mythology</b> and <b>Māori traditions</b> are two major categories into which the remote oral history of New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> may be divided. Māori <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a> concern tales of supernatural events relating to the origins of what was the observable world for the pre-European Māori, often involving gods and demigods. Māori <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a> concerns more folkloric <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a> often involving historical or semi-historical forebears. Both categories merge in <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Whakapapa" title="Whakapapa">whakapapa</a></i></span> to explain the overall origin of the Māori and their connections to the world which they lived in. </p><p>The Māori did not have a writing system before European contact, beginning in 1769,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore they relied on oral retellings and recitations memorised from generation to generation. The three forms of expression prominent in Māori and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a> are genealogical recital, poetry, and narrative prose.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs447-2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs447-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts in these subjects were broadly known as <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Tohunga" title="Tohunga">tohunga</a></i></span>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rituals">rituals</a>, beliefs, and general worldview of Māori society were ultimately based on an elaborate mythology that had been <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian narrative">inherited from</a> a Polynesian homeland (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki">Hawaiki</a>) and adapted and developed in the new setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs448_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs448-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside different Polynesian cultures having different versions of a given tradition, often the same story for a character, event, or object will have many different variations for every <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a></i></span>, <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">hapū</a></i></span>, or individual who retells it, meaning there is never a fixed or 'correct' version of any particular story. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:M%C4%81ori_mythology##" title="Talk:Māori mythology">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22M%C4%81ori+mythology%22">"Māori mythology"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22M%C4%81ori+mythology%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22M%C4%81ori+mythology%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22M%C4%81ori+mythology%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22M%C4%81ori+mythology%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22M%C4%81ori+mythology%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_forms">Oral forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oral forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genealogical_recital">Genealogical recital</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genealogical recital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reciting of genealogies (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">whakapapa</i></span>) was particularly well developed in Māori oral literature, where it served several functions in the recounting of tradition. Firstly it served to provide a kind of time scale which unified all Māori mythology, tradition, and history, from the distant past to the present. It linked living people to the gods and the legendary heroes. By quoting appropriate genealogical lines, a narrator emphasised his or her connection with the characters whose deeds were being described, and that connection also proved that the narrator had the right to speak of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs447-2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs447-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prose_narrative">Prose narrative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prose narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prose narrative forms the great bulk of Māori legendary material. Some appear to have been sacred or esoteric, but many of the legends were well-known stories told as entertainment in the long nights of winter. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nevertheless, they should not be regarded simply as <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a> to be enjoyed only as stories. The Maui myth, for example, was important not only as entertainment but also because it embodied the beliefs of the people concerning such things as the origin of fire, of death, and of the land in which they lived. The ritual chants concerning firemaking, fishing, death, and so on made reference to Maui and derived their power from such reference.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bruce Grandison Biggs, <i>Maori Myths and Traditions</i> (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs447-2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs447-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poetry_and_song">Poetry and song</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Poetry and song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Māori poetry was always sung or chanted; musical rhythms rather than linguistic devices served to distinguish it from prose. <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">Rhyme</a> or <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonance</a> were not devices used by the Māori; only when a given text is sung or chanted will the metre become apparent. The lines are indicated by features of the music. The language of poetry tends to differ stylistically from prose. Typical features of poetic diction are the use of <a href="/wiki/Synonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonyms">synonyms</a> or contrastive opposites, and the repetition of key words.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs447-1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs447-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biggs448_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs448-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Archaic words are common, including many which have lost any specific meaning and acquired a religious mystique. Abbreviated, sometimes cryptic utterances and the use of certain grammatical constructions not found in prose are also common.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bruce Grandison Biggs, <i>Maori Myths and Traditions</i> (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs447-2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs447-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_writings">19th-century writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th-century writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Missionaries">Missionaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Few records survive of the extensive body of Māori mythology and tradition from the early years of European contact. The <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> had the best opportunity to get the information, but failed to do so at first, in part because their knowledge of the language was imperfect. Most of the missionaries who did master the language were unsympathetic to Māori beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs447-1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs447-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding them as 'puerile beliefs', or even 'works of the devil'.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs447-1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs447-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptions to this general rule were <a href="/wiki/Johan_Wohlers" title="Johan Wohlers">Johan Wohlers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(missionary)" title="Richard Taylor (missionary)">Richard Taylor</a>, who worked in the <a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wanganui_River" title="Wanganui River">Wanganui River</a> areas, and <a href="/wiki/William_Colenso" title="William Colenso">William Colenso</a> who lived at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke's Bay Region">Hawke's Bay</a>. Their writings are valuable as some of the best sources for the legends of the areas where they worked.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs447-1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs447-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-missionary_collectors">Non-missionary collectors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-missionary collectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1840s <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shortland" title="Edward Shortland">Edward Shortland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Grey">Sir George Grey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Te_Rangik%C4%81heke" title="Te Rangikāheke">Te Rangikāheke</a>, and other non-missionaries began to collect the myths and traditions. At that time many Māori were literate in their own language and the material collected was, in general, written by Māori themselves in the same style as they spoke. The new medium seems to have had minimal effect on the style and content of the stories. Genealogies, songs, and narratives were written out in full, just as if they were being recited or sung. Many of these early manuscripts have been published, and as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> scholars have access to a great body of material (more than for any other area of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a>) containing multiple versions of the great myth cycles known in the rest of Polynesia, as well as of the local traditions pertaining only to New Zealand. A great deal of the best material is found in two books, <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Nga Mahi a nga Tupuna</i></span> (The Deeds of the Ancestors), collected by Sir George Grey and translated as <i><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Mythology_(book)" title="Polynesian Mythology (book)">Polynesian Mythology</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-PolySoc1966_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolySoc1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Ancient History of the Māori</i> (six volumes), edited by <a href="/wiki/John_White_(ethnographer)" title="John White (ethnographer)">John White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs447-1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs447-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest full account of the genealogies of <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">atua</i></span> and the first humans was recorded from <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Rangiwewehi" title="Ngāti Rangiwewehi">Ngāti Rangiwewehi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/W%C4%AB_Maihi_Te_Rangik%C4%81heke" class="mw-redirect" title="Wī Maihi Te Rangikāheke">Wī Maihi Te Rangikāheke</a> in <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Nga Tama a Rangi</i></span> (The Sons of Heaven), in 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs448-2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs448-2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Myths">Myths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Myths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Myths are set in the remote past and their content often have to do with the supernatural. They present Māori ideas about the <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation of the universe</a> and the origins of gods (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">atua</a></i></span>) and people. The mythology accounts for natural phenomena, the weather, the stars and the moon, the fish of the sea, the birds of the forest, and the forests themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs448_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs448-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the culturally institutioned behaviour of the people finds its sanctions in myth, such as opening ceremonies performed at dawn to reflect the coming of light into the world.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Māori understanding of the development of the universe was expressed in genealogical form. These genealogies appear in many versions, in which several symbolic themes constantly recur.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs448_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs448-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cosmogonic genealogies are usually brought to a close by the two names <a href="/wiki/Rangi_and_Papa" title="Rangi and Papa">Rangi and Papa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sky_father" title="Sky father">sky father</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth mother">earth mother</a>). The marriage of this celestial pair produced the gods and, in due course, all the living things of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs448_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs448-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main corpus of Māori mythology are represented as unfolding in three story complexes or cycles, which include the world's origin, the stories of the demigod <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ui_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" title="Māui (Māori mythology)">Māui</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81whaki" title="Tāwhaki">Tāwhaki</a> myths.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs448_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs448-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dawn_of_the_universe">Dawn of the universe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dawn of the universe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In one generalised telling of the universe's creation: in the beginning, there was Te Kore (The Nothing; Void) which became Te Korematua (The Parentless Void) in its search for procreation.<sup id="cite_ref-AorakiDOC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AorakiDOC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From it came Te Pō (The Night), becoming Te Pōroa (The Long Night), and then becoming Te Pōnui (The Great Night). Gradually <a href="/wiki/Ao_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" title="Ao (Māori mythology)">Te Ao</a> (The Light) glimmered into existence, stretching to all corners of the universe to become Te Aotūroa (The Long-Standing Light).<sup id="cite_ref-Creation_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creation-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next came Te Ata (The Dawn), from which came Te Mākū (The Moisture), and Mahoranuiatea (Cloud of the Dawn). Te Mākū and Mahoranuiatea wed to form <a href="/wiki/Rangi_and_Papa" title="Rangi and Papa">Rangi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shortland_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shortland-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In other versions the evolution of the universe is likened to a tree, with its base, tap roots, branching roots, and root hairs. Another theme likens evolution to the development of a child in the womb, as in the sequence “the seeking, the searching, the conception, the growth, the feeling, the thought, the mind, the desire, the knowledge, the form, the quickening”.<sup id="cite_ref-TeAraCharles_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAraCharles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, or all, of these themes, may appear in the same genealogy.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bruce Grandison Biggs, <i>Maori Myths and Traditions</i> (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs448_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs448-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earth's_creation"><span id="Earth.27s_creation"></span>Earth's creation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Earth's creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rangi_and_Papa" title="Rangi and Papa">Rangi and Papa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_M%C4%81ori_gods" title="Family tree of the Māori gods">Family tree of the Māori gods</a></div> <p>Generally, Rangi's wife is <a href="/wiki/Rangi_and_Papa" title="Rangi and Papa">Papa</a>, though they are known throughout Polynesia, even when they're not considered spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-Tregear_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tregear-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 892">: 892 </span></sup> The pair laid in a tight embrace which blocked light from touching the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Creation_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creation-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From them came the children <a href="/wiki/Haumia-tiketike" title="Haumia-tiketike">Haumia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rongo" title="Rongo">Rongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81whirim%C4%81tea" title="Tāwhirimātea">Tāwhiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangaroa" title="Tangaroa">Tangaroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C5%ABmatauenga" title="Tūmatauenga">Tū</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81ne" title="Tāne">Tāne</a>. Some traditions may list some of these children alongside <a href="/wiki/Rehua" title="Rehua">Rehua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urutengangana" title="Urutengangana">Urutengangana</a>, Aituā, <a href="/wiki/Tiki" title="Tiki">Tiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whiro" title="Whiro">Whiro</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ruaumoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruaumoko">Ruaumoko</a>, among others. Often, a war or skirmish between the siblings ends with them becoming the ancestors of certain concepts, habitats, mannerisms, animals, tools, or plants that they each represent. For instance Tāne became <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81ne" title="Tāne">Tāne Mahuta</a>, the father of birds and the forest,<sup id="cite_ref-Creation_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creation-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tū became <a href="/wiki/T%C5%ABmatauenga" title="Tūmatauenga">Tūmatauenga</a>, the father of humanity and its activities, such as war. Sometimes, Tāne Mahuta ascends to the sky after <a href="/wiki/Rangi_and_Papa" title="Rangi and Papa">Ranginui</a> to dress him with stars, who mourns for his wife every time it rains. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Rangi_and_Papa" title="Rangi and Papa">Papatūānuku</a> strains in an effort to reach the sky, causing earthquakes, and the mist comes from her sighing. </p><p>In a version involving Urutengangana, Whiro, Tāwhiri, Tangaroa, Tuamatua, Tumatakaka, Tū, Paia, and Tāne; Tāwhiri "finally" agreed to the separation, while Whiro was against it. Tāne instructed Tumatakaka and Tū to fetch axes with which to cut Rangi's arms off, and the blood that dripped from him down onto Papatūānuku is said to be where the red sunset now comes from, as well as the origin of the colours red and blue in painting: red oxide and blue phosphate of iron.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is very different to the telling in which Tāne discards Tū's suggestions to slaughter the parents to ensure their separation, where Tāwhiri is the brother most upset by the idea to separate the parents at all. </p><p>In South Island traditions, <a href="/wiki/Rangi_and_Papa" title="Rangi and Papa">Rakinui</a> weds at least three wives including Papatūānuku. Poharuatepō is one of Rakinui's wives, and they are <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki</a>'s parents.<sup id="cite_ref-AorakiDOC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AorakiDOC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these versions, the gods that are usually considered Rakinui's children may become each other's half-siblings, some even becoming Rakinui's grandsons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Island's_creation"><span id="South_Island.27s_creation"></span>South Island's creation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South Island's creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Taranaki_legend" title="Mount Taranaki legend">Mount Taranaki legend</a></div> <p>Aoraki and his brothers <a href="/wiki/Mount_Dampier" title="Mount Dampier">Rakiora</a>, Rakirua, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tasman" title="Mount Tasman">Rarakiroa</a> travelled across the waters of the ocean to visit Rakinui's new wife - Papatūānuku. On the return journey, their canoe (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">waka</a></i></span>) became capsized on a reef, so they climbed atop its hull to escape drowning. They froze into stone, becoming the tallest peaks of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>. Afterwards they were discovered by Tūterakiwhānoa who enlisted <a href="/wiki/Uenuku#Kahukura" title="Uenuku">Kahukura</a>'s help in shaping and clothing the land.<sup id="cite_ref-Horomaka_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horomaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Te Waka o Aoraki</i></span> became the South Island.<sup id="cite_ref-AorakiDOC_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AorakiDOC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a slight variant, Aoraki and his grandfather Kirikirikatata landed at <a href="/wiki/Shag_Point" title="Shag Point">Shag Point</a> aboard the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80raiteuru" title="Āraiteuru">Āraiteuru</a></i></span>, where they turned into the ever-associated mountain and range. Kirikirikatata persuaded Aroarokaehe to come sit with them there, while her husband Mauka Atua became a peak on the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ohau_Range" title="Ben Ohau Range">Ben Ohau Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origin_of_humans">Origin of humans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Origin of humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tiki" title="Tiki">Tiki</a></div> <p>There are many mythologies that describe the creation of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humankind</a>. Though Tūmatauenga is the major god associated with humanity and its activities, humanity's creation is sometimes credited to Tāne Mahuta,<sup id="cite_ref-Tane_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tane-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often involves Tiki. In one story, Tāne Mahuta abandoned his wife <a href="/wiki/Rangahore" title="Rangahore">Rangahore</a>, for only giving birth to a stone. </p><p>One such legend of humanity's origins is which Tāne Mahuta created the first woman, Hineahuone, from soil and with her became the father of <a href="/wiki/Hine-nui-te-p%C5%8D" title="Hine-nui-te-pō">Hinetītama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tane_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tane-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tāne Mahuta concealed Hinetītama's parentage to her, and together they had children. Upon the realisation that he is her father, she flees to the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> and renames herself to <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Hine-nui-te-p%C5%8D" title="Hine-nui-te-pō">Hinenuitepō</a></i></span>, becoming the goddess (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">atua</i></span>) of night, death, and the underworld,<sup id="cite_ref-Tane_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tane-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where she receives the souls of their descendants. A similar story tells how Tiki found the first woman in a pool, imagined through his reflection and birthed into reality by covering the pool with dirt. She later became excited by the sight of an <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a>, passing on the excitement to Tiki and resulting in the first <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">reproductive act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed1963_52_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed1963_52-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other versions say either Tāne Mahuta or Tūmatauenga created Tiki as the first man. In <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Hau" title="Ngāti Hau">Ngāti Hau</a> traditions, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81rikoriko" title="Mārikoriko">Mārikoriko</a> is said to be the original woman created by <a href="/wiki/%C4%80rohirohi" title="Ārohirohi">Ārohirohi</a> with <a href="/wiki/Paoro" title="Paoro">Paoro</a>'s help. After seducing Tiki, she gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Hine-kau-ataata" title="Hine-kau-ataata">Hinekauataata</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Māui's_exploits"><span id="M.C4.81ui.27s_exploits"></span>Māui's exploits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Māui's exploits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ui_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" title="Māui (Māori mythology)">Māui (Māori mythology)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_sun_is_slowed">The sun is slowed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The sun is slowed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the days of old <a href="/wiki/Tama-nui-te-r%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Tama-nui-te-rā">Tamanuiterā</a>, the sun, used to move through the sky at much too fast a pace for humanity to complete all their days' chores leaving long, cold nights that lasted for many hours while Tamanuiterā slept. Māui and his brothers journeyed to Tamanuiterā's sleeping pit with a large rope, which in some tellings was made from their sister <a href="/wiki/Hina_(goddess)#New_Zealand" title="Hina (goddess)">Hina</a>'s hair. The brothers fashioned the rope into a noose or net, and in doing so "discovered the mode of plaiting flax into stout square-shaped ropes, (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tuamaka</i></span>); and the manner of plaiting flat ropes, (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">paharahara</i></span>); and of spinning round ropes", which when Tamanuiterā awoke found himself caught in. Using a <a href="/wiki/Patu" title="Patu">patu</a> made from the jawbone of their grandmother, Murirangawhenua, Māui beat the sun into agreeing to slow down and give the world more time during the day.<sup id="cite_ref-TeAraMaui_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAraMaui-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_and_South_Islands">North and South Islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North and South Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In south <a href="/wiki/Westland_District" title="Westland District">Westland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu" title="Ngāi Tahu">Kāti Māhaki ki Makaawhio</a>'s Te Tauraka Waka a Maui Marae<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is named in honour of the tradition stating that Māui landed his canoe in <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bay" title="Bruce Bay">Bruce Bay</a> when he arrived in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a tale collected from a <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu" title="Ngāi Tahu">Kāi Tahu</a> woman of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ellesmere_/_Te_Waihora" title="Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora">Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora</a>, Māui threw a <a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">giant</a> to the ocean and then buried him beneath a mountain at <a href="/wiki/Banks_Peninsula" title="Banks Peninsula">Banks Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horomaka_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horomaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next winter, the giant remained still underneath the mountain, but stirred during summer, which caused the land to split and form <a href="/wiki/Akaroa_Harbour" title="Akaroa Harbour">Akaroa Harbour</a>. Māui would continue to pile earth on top of the giant, and the giant would continue to stir every summer, creating a lake and Pigeon Bay in the process, until finally the giant could not move anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-Horomaka_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horomaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Māui's brothers constantly shunned him, and so never allowed him to join their fishing trips.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One day he managed to sneak out to the waters with them by hiding in their canoe. Once they were far out to sea he revealed himself and used Murirangawhenua's jawbone, now fashioned into a fishing hook, to catch fish.<sup id="cite_ref-TeAraMaui_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAraMaui-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since his brothers would not allow him to use their bait, he pierced his nose with the hook and used his blood instead. Soon, Māui caught hold of a giant fish said to be a gift from Murirangawhenua, which he successfully hauled up to the surface of the ocean, the canoe getting caught atop <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hikurangi_(Gisborne_District)" title="Mount Hikurangi (Gisborne District)">Mount Hikurangi</a> which according to <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Porou" title="Ngāti Porou">Ngāti Porou</a>, is still there.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiroa_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiroa-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Māui went to examine his catch, and have it blessed by priests from <a href="/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki">Hawaiki</a>, trusting his brothers to look after it. Out of jealousy though, the brothers took to beating the fish and cutting it open, carving out the mountains and valleys of what would become <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Te Ika-a-Māui</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>. <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Te_Waka_a_M%C4%81ui" title="Te Waka a Māui">Te Waka a Māui</a></i></span>, the South Island, likewise was the name of Māui's canoe, <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a> was <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Te Punga a Māui</i></span>, Māui's anchor stone, and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Kidnappers" title="Cape Kidnappers">Cape Kidnappers</a> became <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Te Matau-a-Māui</i></span>, Māui's fish hook.<sup id="cite_ref-Tregear_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tregear-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 284">: 284 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fire_is_brought_to_humanity">Fire is brought to humanity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fire is brought to humanity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One night, Māui put out all the fires in his village, out of a curiosity to learn where it actually comes from. His mother <a href="/wiki/Taranga_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" title="Taranga (Māori mythology)">Taranga</a>, the village's <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a></i></span>, sent Māui to his grandmother <a href="/wiki/Mahuika" title="Mahuika">Mahuika</a>, the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">atua</i></span> of fire, to retrieve more. She gave him a fingernail, but he extinguished it, so she kept giving him fingernails until she became furious with him, setting fire to the land and sea to attack Māui. He transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Swamp_harrier" title="Swamp harrier">kāhu</a> to escape, but the fire singed the underside of his wings, turning them red. He talked to his ancestors <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81whirim%C4%81tea" title="Tāwhirimātea">Tāwhirimātea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whaitiri" title="Whaitiri">Whaitirimatakataka</a> to send rain to extinguish the fire. <a href="/wiki/Mahuika" title="Mahuika">Mahuika</a> threw her last nail at Māui, which missed and set fire to the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Pennantia_corymbosa" title="Pennantia corymbosa">kaikōmako</a></i></span>, <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">tōtara</a></i></span>, <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Schefflera_digitata" title="Schefflera digitata">patete</a></i></span>, <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Laurelia_novae-zelandiae" title="Laurelia novae-zelandiae">pukatea</a></i></span>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Melicytus_ramiflorus" title="Melicytus ramiflorus">māhoe</a></i> trees; the dried sticks of the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">māhoe</i></span> were brought back by Māui to show his people how to make fire for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hina_and_Tinirau">Hina and Tinirau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hina and Tinirau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tinirau_and_Kae" title="Tinirau and Kae">Tinirau and Kae</a></div> <p>Māui turned Hina's husband, <a href="/wiki/Irawaru" title="Irawaru">Irawaru</a>, into the first dog (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Kur%C4%AB" title="Kurī">kurī</a></i></span>) after a dispute they had during a fishing trip.<sup id="cite_ref-Tregear_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tregear-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107">: 107 </span></sup> Once they reached the shore Māui crushed Irawaru underneath the canoe, breaking his back and stretching out his limbs, turning him into a dog. Upon learning of this, Hina threw herself to the ocean. Instead of drowning, she was carried across the waves to Motutapu, where she became the wife of Chief <a href="/wiki/Tinirau_and_Kae" title="Tinirau and Kae">Tinirau</a>, son of Tangaroa. She took on the name <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Hinauri" title="Hinauri">Hinauri</a></i></span> to reflect her mood since Māui changed Irawaru. </p><p>With Tinirau, Hina became the mother of Tūhuruhuru. The <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tohunga</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Tinirau_and_Kae" title="Tinirau and Kae">Kae</a>, performed the baptism ritual for the child, and so Tinirau allowed Kae to ride his pet whale (possibly a <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Taniwha" title="Taniwha">taniwha</a></i></span>), Tutunui, in order to return home. This proved to be a mistake on Tinirau's part, as despite his strict instructions to the contrary, Kae rode Tutunui into shallow water where he became stranded and died. Kae and his people then used the whale's flesh for food. Hinarau and a party of women put Kae to sleep with a magical lullaby and brought him back to Motutapu. After he woke he was taunted and killed. This broke out into a war, a notable event of which Whakatau assisted Tinirau in burning his enemies. </p><p>In a South Island variant of that myth, Tinirau and Tutunui met Kae who was in a canoe. Kae borrowed Tutunui, and Tinirau borrowed a <a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">nautilus</a> from his friend Tautini in a continued search for Hineteiwaiwa. When Tinirau smells the wind he realises Tutunui is being roasted. </p><p>In a very different variant, Hina was Māui's wife. Over a period of time where Hina visited a bathing pool Te Tunaroa, the father of eels, molested Hina. As revenge, Māui cut Te Tunaroa's body into bits, throwing them into different habitats where they became different kinds of fish; <a href="/wiki/Conger" title="Conger">conger eels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anguillidae" title="Anguillidae">freshwater eels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pouched_lamprey" title="Pouched lamprey">lampreys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failure_to_conquer_death">Failure to conquer death</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Failure to conquer death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One day Māui followed his mother to the underworld in search of his father, <a href="/wiki/Makeatutara" title="Makeatutara">Makeatutara</a>, who mistakenly performed the baptismal rituals for Māui's birth improperly, making it certain that he would die, so Māui decided to overcome death by facing his ancestress Hinenuitepō. Makeatutara instructs that she can be seen as the red flashes of sunset. His companions vary from version to version, usually being either his brothers or a group of small birds. To defeat Hinenuitepō, Māui had to crawl through her vagina in the form of a worm, and climb out through her mouth. Unfortunately, one of his brothers, or one of the birds named <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fantail" title="New Zealand fantail">Pīwakawaka</a>, bursts out into laughter at the sight of Māui beginning the task which wakes Hinenuitepō, who crushes him with the <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">pounamu</a> teeth between her thighs. </p><p>In one rare tradition, Māui swapped faces with his wife <a href="/wiki/Rohe_(mythology)" title="Rohe (mythology)">Rohe</a> against her will, out of jealousy that she was much prettier while he was ugly. She left to the underworld in anger, becoming the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">atua</i></span> of night and death. The spirits of those who pass through her realm of <a href="/wiki/Uranga-o-te-r%C4%81" title="Uranga-o-te-rā">Te Urangaoterā</a> may get beaten by her. Māui and Rohe's child was Rangihore, the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">atua</i></span> of rocks and stones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tāwhaki_complex"><span id="T.C4.81whaki_complex"></span>Tāwhaki complex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tāwhaki complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cannibalism_and_the_effects_of_tapu">Cannibalism and the effects of tapu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cannibalism and the effects of tapu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Whaitiri" title="Whaitiri">Whaitiri</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalistic</a> <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">atua</i></span> of thunder and a granddaughter of Māui, married the mortal <a href="/wiki/Kaitangata_(mythology)" title="Kaitangata (mythology)">Kaitangata</a> (<i>Eat people</i>) believing, as his name suggested, that he too was a cannibal. After she killed her favourite slave for him, she was disappointed to learn that he is instead a kind man, who was horrified at the flesh offering. His diet consisted of fish instead, but Whaitiri grew tired of eating fish, and so killed Kaitangata's relatives. When he returned from a fishing trip she asked him to perform the chants that are used to offer flesh to the gods, but he did not know any such chants. After eating, she turned his relatives' bones into barbed fish hooks for Kaitangata to use, with which he caught a few <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81puku" title="Hāpuku">hāpuku</a></i></span>. She ate the fish, which had become infused with <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Tapu_(Polynesian_culture)" title="Tapu (Polynesian culture)">tapu</a></i></span> from the hooks, and as a result she was gradually blinded. Later she was insulted by her husband when he remarked at her strange nature, so she revealed that she is 'thunder' from the sky, and returned there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_of_Tāwhaki"><span id="Life_of_T.C4.81whaki"></span>Life of Tāwhaki</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Life of Tāwhaki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whaitiri's son <a href="/wiki/Hem%C4%81_(mythology)" title="Hemā (mythology)">Hemā</a> had been killed by the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Ponaturi" title="Ponaturi">ponaturi</a></i></span>. His sons, <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81whaki" title="Tāwhaki">Tāwhaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karihi" title="Karihi">Karihi</a>, made an ascent into the sky, where they found Whaitiri, who had since become fully blinded. Her only food consisted of <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">kūmara</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>. She reveals to her grandsons how to climb further into the heavens but, in some versions, Karihi falls to his death. </p><p>While they were in the sky, Tāwhaki met his wife, either <a href="/wiki/Tangotango" title="Tangotango">Tangotango</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hinepiripiri" title="Hinepiripiri">Hinepiripiri</a>. In the version with Tangotango, the couple quarrel and she returns to heaven. There's another version where Tāwhaki was entirely human, and offended his wife Tangotango (daughter of Whaitiri), prompting her to return to the sky. In order to find her he meets his blind ancestress Matakerepō, who helps him climb further. </p><p>The brothers managed to save their mother, and together they trapped the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ponaturi</i></span> in their house and blocked off all potential sources of light or escape. Their mother explained that sunlight could kill the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ponaturi</i></span>, so the three tricked the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ponaturi</i></span> into believing it was still night, and then suddenly lit the building on fire, and tore the door off.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ponaturi</i></span> survived; <a href="/wiki/Tongahiti" title="Tongahiti">Tongahiti</a> and <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Mugil" title="Mugil">Kanae</a></i></span>. </p><p>A son named <a href="/wiki/Wahieroa" title="Wahieroa">Wahieroa</a> was born to Tāwhaki and Hinepiripiri, so named because after an attack on Tāwhaki, Hinepiripiri warmed him by the fire, with firewood. Alternatively, Tāwhaki's people were too lazy to collect firewood for their village, so Tāwhaki collected it himself and threw it to the ground, startling the people. Wahieroa would marry <a href="/wiki/Matoka-rau-t%C4%81whiri" title="Matoka-rau-tāwhiri">Matoka-rau-tāwhiri</a>, who when pregnant had a craving for <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%AB%C4%AB" title="Tūī">tūī</a></i></span> flesh, and so asked her Wahieroa to kill <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tūī</i></span> for her to eat. In journeying through the forest, Wahieroa is captured and killed by the <a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">ogre</a> <a href="/wiki/Matuku-tangotango" title="Matuku-tangotango">Matuku-tangotango</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_of_Rātā"><span id="Life_of_R.C4.81t.C4.81"></span>Life of Rātā</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Life of Rātā"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81t%C4%81_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" title="Rātā (Māori mythology)">Rātā</a>, the son of Wahieroa and Hinepiripiri, set out to avenge his father's death. How he killed Matoka-rau-tāwhiri is dependent on where the tale is told, but, he won in the end, and used the ogre's bones to make spears. He soon found out though, that Wahieroa's bones were lying with Tāwhaki's old enemies, the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ponaturi</i></span>. </p><p>In order to get to the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ponaturi</i></span>, Rātā had to build a canoe. Rātā set about chopping down the tree for his canoe, cutting the top away, and went home after the day's work was over. The next day, he found the tree standing upright as if it had never been touched. He repeated the task of chopping it, and the next day it was again re-erected. He decided to hide in a nearby bush for the night to understand what was happening, and discovered that his work was being undone by the birdlike <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81kuturi" title="Hākuturi">hākuturi</a></i></span> spirits, who explained that he didn't perform the correct rituals and thus his attempts to fell the tree were an insult to Tāne Mahuta. With expressing regret, the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">hākuturi</i></span> constructed his canoe for him. </p><p>While rescuing Wahieroa's bones, Rātā overheard the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ponaturi</i></span> singing a song called <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Titikura</i></span> while banging the bones together. He killed the priests and later used the song to turn the tides of a losing battle against them. In a flash, the dead of Rātā's people returned to life and slaughtered the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ponaturi</i></span> in their thousands. </p><p>Rātā's sons by Tonga-rau-tawhiri were <a href="/wiki/T%C5%ABwhakararo" title="Tūwhakararo">Tūwhakararo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whakatau" title="Whakatau">Whakatau</a>. In other accounts, their parents were Tūhuruhuru and <a href="/wiki/Apakura" title="Apakura">Apakura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tregear_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tregear-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> In other accounts still, Apakura as Tūwhakararo's wife threw an apron or girdle into the ocean, which a deity named Rongotakawhiu turned into Whakatau. The boy was taught a handful of magical secrets by the deity, and he was capable of living under the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Whakatau's brother, Tūwhakararo had been murdered by the Āti Hāpai (or Raeroa) tribe, so the former avenged him by gathering an army and slaughtering the offending tribe. This is one event that was said to trigger migrations from Hawaiki. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every Māori social group had its own body of traditional belief which validated its claims to the territory it occupied, gave authority to those of high rank, and justified the group's external relationships with other groups. These purposes were served because the members of the groups concerned believed that the traditions were true records of past events, and they acted accordingly. Alliances between groups were facilitated if it was believed that they shared a common heritage, and the commoner's respect for and fear of his chief were based, in part at least, on his belief in the semi-divine ancestry of those of high rank.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bruce Grandison Biggs, <i>Maori Myths and Traditions</i> (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 450">: 450 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Traditions, as opposed to myths, tell of incidents which are for the most part humanly possible. Genealogical links with the present place them within the past millennium. They are geographically located in New Zealand and knowledge of them is confined to this country.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bruce Grandison Biggs, <i>Maori Myths and Traditions</i> (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs448_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs448-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_or_origin_traditions">Discovery or origin traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Discovery or origin traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-M%C4%81ori_settlement_of_New_Zealand_theories" title="Pre-Māori settlement of New Zealand theories">Pre-Māori settlement of New Zealand theories</a></div> <p>The South Island's earliest <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Waitaha_(South_Island_iwi)" title="Waitaha (South Island iwi)">Waitaha</a>, traces its ancestors back to the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Uruaokapuarangi" title="Uruaokapuarangi">Uruaokapuarangi</a></i></span>, captained by <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81kaihaut%C5%AB" title="Rākaihautū">Rākaihautū</a> who sailed from <a href="/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki">Te Patunuioāio</a> to New Zealand with the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tohunga kōkōrangi</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>) Matiti's advice, and in mythology was credited with digging many of the island's great lakes and waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Kapakitua</i></span> is sometimes said to have arrived at a similar time, bringing the progenators of Ngāti Hawea - an <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span> that became absorbed into Waitaha. Similar ancient groups that have slipped into mythology might include <a href="/wiki/Maero" title="Maero">Maero</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Otago_Region#Initial_Māori_settlement_(1300–1500)" title="History of the Otago Region">Rapuwai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Toi-te-huatahi" title="Toi-te-huatahi">Toi</a> (Toi-kai-rākau; Toi-the-wood-eater) is the traditional origin ancestor of the tribes of the east coast of the North Island. Their traditions make no mention of his coming to New Zealand, and the inference is that he was born there. <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_T%C5%ABhoe" title="Ngāi Tūhoe">Ngāi Tūhoe</a> say that Toi's 'ancestor' Tīwakawaka was the first to settle the country aboard <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Te_Aratauwh%C4%81iti" title="Te Aratauwhāiti">Te Aratauwhāiti</a></i></span>, "but only his name is remembered".<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 451">: 451 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A man named <a href="/wiki/Uenuku#Kahukura" title="Uenuku">Kahukura</a> would take Toi's canoe, the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Horouta" title="Horouta">Horouta</a></i></span> and return to Hawaiki with it. He sent <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">kūmara</a></i></span> back to the new lands with the canoe,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Kahungunu" title="Ngāti Kahungunu">Ngāti Kahungunu</a> traditions was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Kiwa_(mythology)" title="Kiwa (mythology)">Kiwa</a>, who later sailed around to <a href="/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand" title="Gisborne, New Zealand">Gisborne</a> and became the first man there. </p><p>According to the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span> of North <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> and the west coast of the North Island, <a href="/wiki/Kupe" title="Kupe">Kupe</a> sailed to New Zealand in the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Matahourua" title="Matahourua">Matahourua</a></i></span> from Hawaiki after murdering a man called <a href="/wiki/Hoturapa" title="Hoturapa">Hoturapa</a>, and making off with his wife, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABr%C4%81marotini" title="Kūrāmarotini">Kūrāmarotini</a>. Traditional songs recount Kupe's travels along the coast of New Zealand. In <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81puhi" title="Ngāpuhi">Ngāpuhi</a> tradition, he brought the first three dogs and sent them to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Reinga" title="Cape Reinga">Cape Reinga</a> with a few men to guard the passage to the afterlife, who would become the <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Kur%C4%AB" title="Ngāti Kurī">Ngāti Kurī</a>. Kupe's exploration of <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough</a> had been impeded by Te Kāhui Tipua,<sup id="cite_ref-Mitch_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitch-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> frequently described as a tribe of ogres or giants that arrived with Rākaihautū.<sup id="cite_ref-Taumutu_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taumutu-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kupe managed to kill Te Kāhui Tipua by creating <a href="/wiki/Lake_Grassmere" title="Lake Grassmere">Lake Grassmere</a> and drowning their villages.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitch_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitch-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sailed back to Hawaiki and never came back to the land he discovered. However, others came to New Zealand according to his directions.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 451">: 451 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ngahue" title="Ngahue">Ngahue</a>, a contemporary of Kupe, sailed to New Zealand in his canoe, the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81whirirangi" title="Tāwhirirangi">Tāwhirirangi</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there he killed a <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> and discovered pounamu.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After returning to Hawaiki, Ngahue helped build the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Arawa_(canoe)" title="Arawa (canoe)">Arawa</a></i></span> using <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a> made from the pounamu.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Patupaiarehe" title="Patupaiarehe">Patupaiarehe</a></i></span> were credited with being the source of fishing nets and <a href="/wiki/Flax_in_New_Zealand" title="Flax in New Zealand">flax</a> weaving. There are at least two traditions regarding this: In one story, another man named <a href="/wiki/Uenuku#Kahukura" title="Uenuku">Kahukura</a> happened across the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">patupaiarehe</i></span> pulling in their nets during the night, and offered to help them. When they realised he was a mortal, they fled from him.<sup id="cite_ref-Tregear_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tregear-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 328">: 328 </span></sup> In another story of the <a href="/wiki/Hauraki_M%C4%81ori" title="Hauraki Māori">Hauraki Māori</a>, a <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">patupaiarehe</i></span> named Hinerehia from the <a href="/wiki/Moehau_Range" title="Moehau Range">Moehau Range</a> married a mortal man. She only weaved during the night, and so was tricked into weaving past dawn. Upset by this, she travelled within a cloud back to her mountains, where her laments can still be heard under heavy fog.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_and_settlement_traditions">Migration and settlement traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Migration and settlement traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg/220px-TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg/330px-TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg/440px-TahuhuNgatiAwa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption>Detail from a ridgepole (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tāhūhū</i></span>) in a <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Awa" title="Ngāti Awa">Ngāti Awa</a> <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Wharenui" title="Wharenui">wharenui</a></i></span>. Believed to represent one of two ancestors: Tūwharetoa or Kahungunu.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration canoes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">List of Māori waka</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_iwi" title="List of iwi">List of iwi</a></div> <p>Migration traditions are numerous, and often only pertain to small areas and to small groups of <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Porou" title="Ngāti Porou">Ngāti Porou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu" title="Ngāi Tahu">Ngāi Tahu</a> trace their founders' ancestor as <a href="/wiki/Paikea" title="Paikea">Paikea</a>, who rode a whale from Hawaiki after his brother <a href="/wiki/Ruatapu" title="Ruatapu">Ruatapu</a> attempted to kill him.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the North Island, the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Aotea_(canoe)" title="Aotea (canoe)">Aotea</a></i></span> and <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Tainui_(canoe)" title="Tainui (canoe)">Tainui</a></i></span> canoes are both prominent,<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 451">: 451 </span></sup> where the latter's <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81puhi" title="Ngāpuhi">Ngāpuhi</a> has the largest affiliation of any <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span>. <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_R%C4%81rua" title="Ngāti Rārua">Ngāti Rārua</a> in the northern South Island also identify with the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Tainui</i></span>. The captain of the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Arawa_(canoe)" title="Arawa (canoe)">Arawa</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Tama-te-kapua" title="Tama-te-kapua">Tamatekapua</a>) was confronted by the captain of the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Tainui</i></span> when they each reached the North Island.</li> <li>Most recent <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span> inhabiting the South Island, especially in the north, including <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ti_M%C4%81moe" title="Kāti Māmoe">Kāti Māmoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_T%C5%ABmatak%C5%8Dkiri" title="Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri">Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rangit%C4%81ne" title="Rangitāne">Rangitāne</a>, are descendants of the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Kurahaup%C5%8D" title="Kurahaupō">Kurahaupō</a></i></span>. The canoe is also known in the North Island.</li> <li>The <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81taatua" title="Mātaatua">Mātaatua</a></i></span> and <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Nukutere" title="Nukutere">Nukutere</a></i></span> are both prominent canoes of the Bay of Plenty. <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Iwi</i></span> associated with them include Ngāpuhi, Ngāi Tūhoe, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Awa" title="Ngāti Awa">Ngāti Awa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whakat%C5%8Dhea" title="Whakatōhea">Whakatōhea</a>, and Ngāti Porou.</li> <li><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></span> is a prominent canoe which Ngāti Kahungunu are much associated with. Tamatea Arikinui (chief of Hawaiki), one Kahukura, and Tahupōtiki have been associated with captaining it.</li></ul> <p>A deifed person, or persons, named <a href="/wiki/Uenuku" title="Uenuku">Uenuku</a> features with certain roles in some canoes' migration stories. Often he is an <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">ariki</a></i></span> of Hawaiki who serves as a catalyst for disputes, which end with the migrations to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-Tregear_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tregear-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 572">: 572 </span></sup> The name Uenuku also belongs to one or more <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">atua</i></span> associated with rainbows and war;<sup id="cite_ref-Tregear_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tregear-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 572">: 572 </span></sup> depending on the telling, he was either a mortal who was visited by a mistmaiden from the heavens and then turned into a rainbow to be with her after tricking her into staying in his house past dawn, or he was a spirit who visited Tamatea Arikinui's wife night after night and impregnated her. <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Te_Uenuku" title="Te Uenuku">Te Uenuku</a></i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Tainui" title="Tainui">Tainui</a> artefact associated with the rainbow entity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_traditions">Local traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Local traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each tribal group, whether <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span> or <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">hapū</i></span>, maintained its discrete traditional record, which generally concerned "great battles and great men"; these stories were linked together by genealogy, which in Māori tradition is an elaborate art.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 453">: 453 </span></sup> <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Hapū</i></span> were often named after a notable ancestor from the wider <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span>; the name of the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span> itself was often borrowed from a founding ancestor. Sometimes, a group was named after a particular event.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Island">North Island</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: North Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the arrival of the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Arawa</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty" title="Bay of Plenty">Bay of Plenty</a>, its people dispersed outwards and towards <a href="/wiki/Lake_Taup%C5%8D" title="Lake Taupō">Lake Taupō</a>. From the canoe, a separate <a href="/wiki/Waitaha_(Bay_of_Plenty_iwi)" title="Waitaha (Bay of Plenty iwi)">Waitaha</a> <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span> evolved. Descendants of the canoe's priest <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81toro-i-rangi" title="Ngātoro-i-rangi">Ngātoro-i-rangi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_T%C5%ABwharetoa" title="Ngāti Tūwharetoa">Ngāti Tūwharetoa</a>, began attacking the local <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Hotu" title="Ngāti Hotu">Ngāti Hotu</a> and Ngāti Ruakopiri, and drove them from Lake Taupō<sup id="cite_ref-Orbell_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orbell-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Rotoaira" title="Lake Rotoaira">Lake Rotoaira</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Whanganui_M%C4%81ori" title="Whanganui Māori">Whanganui Māori</a> would later drive them from <a href="/wiki/Kakahi,_New_Zealand" title="Kakahi, New Zealand">Kakahi</a> further into the <a href="/wiki/King_Country" title="King Country">King Country</a>, after which they disappeared from history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Island">South Island</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: South Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu#Migration_to_the_South_Island" title="Ngāi Tahu">Ngāi Tahu § Migration to the South Island</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilsemans_1642.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gilsemans_1642.jpg/220px-Gilsemans_1642.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gilsemans_1642.jpg/330px-Gilsemans_1642.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gilsemans_1642.jpg/440px-Gilsemans_1642.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>First European impression of (<a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_T%C5%ABmatak%C5%8Dkiri" title="Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri">Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri</a>) Māori, at <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bay_/_Mohua" title="Golden Bay / Mohua">Murderers' Bay</a>, 1642.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the greatest remembered traditions of the South Island are often told by or involve Kāti Māmoe, Ngāi Tara, Ngāti Wairangi, Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri, Ngāi Tahu, or Rangitāne; Waitaha was conquered and absorbed into Kāti Māmoe, which along with Ngāti Wairangi and Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri were conquered by Ngāi Tahu.<sup id="cite_ref-PolySoc1905_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolySoc1905-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri were additionally harassed by their brethren <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Kuia" title="Ngāti Kuia">Ngāti Kuia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Apa" title="Ngāti Apa">Ngāti Apa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theprow_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theprow-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Māori that clashed with <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a>'s crew at <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bay_/_Mohua" title="Golden Bay / Mohua">Golden Bay</a> in December 1642 were of Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri, and it is sometimes theorised that Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri may have interpreted the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> as <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">patupaiarehe</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-theprow_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theprow-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory suggests that the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">iwi</i></span> was concerned about the intruders possibly waking the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">taniwha</i></span> Ngārara Huarau in anchoring too close to a certain point.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of Ngāi Tahu's more memorable ancestors included; </p> <ul><li>Husband and wife, Marukore and Tūhaitara who started a war with each other that drove their descendants out of the <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand" title="Hastings, New Zealand">Hastings District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pūraho, the <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu" title="Ngāi Tahu">Ngāti Kurī</a> chief who initiated the migration to the South Island, and was killed in a war with Ngāi Tara.<sup id="cite_ref-TahuMigration_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TahuMigration-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tūteurutira, who mistakenly stole Hinerongo, one of Rangitāne's <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ti_M%C4%81moe" title="Kāti Māmoe">Ngāti Māmoe</a> slaves, and became her husband after freeing her.<sup id="cite_ref-TahuMigration_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TahuMigration-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Te Hikutawatawa, an illegitimate son who was almost cannibalised by his step-grandfather. Offended, Te Hikutawatawa destroyed his step-father's village and adopted the name <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Tūāhuriri</i></span> (<i>Sacred altar; to be angry</i>). His wives were slain by Tūtekawa of Ngāti Māmoe.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pūraho and Tūāhuriri's sons, Makōhakirikiri and Marukaitātea,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Moki and Tūrakautahi, conquered much of the island and led further battles against Kāti Māmoe, Ngāti Wairangi,<sup id="cite_ref-Moki_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moki-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moki for one was killed by a curse from two <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tohunga</i></span> named Iriraki and Tautini.<sup id="cite_ref-Moki_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moki-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tūhuru, the Ngāti Waewae chief who finally defeated Ngāti Wairangi in the <a href="/wiki/Paparoa_Range" title="Paparoa Range">Paparoa Range</a>, and then settled his people at <a href="/wiki/Greymouth" title="Greymouth">Greymouth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>One battle that Kāti Māmoe won against Ngāi Tahu was at <a href="/wiki/Lowther,_New_Zealand" title="Lowther, New Zealand">Lowther</a> under Tutemakohu, whose <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Taua" title="Taua">taua</a></i></span> retreated to the mist after their victory.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Kāti Māmoe chief of Waiharakeke Pa named Te Whetuki was described as being "of strangely wild aspect", and covered in long hair.<sup id="cite_ref-PolySoc1905_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolySoc1905-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 194">: 194 </span></sup> One tradition states that a group of Kāti Māmoe managed to escape an attack by forever disappearing into the forests on the other side of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Te_Anau" title="Lake Te Anau">Lake Te Anau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PolySoc1905_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolySoc1905-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 196">: 196 </span></sup> the descendants of which were possibly sighted in the <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81wea_/_Bligh_Sound" title="Hāwea / Bligh Sound">Hāwea / Bligh Sound</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Howell_(pioneer)" title="John Howell (pioneer)">Captain Howell</a> in 1843, and again in 1850/1 by <a href="/wiki/John_Lort_Stokes" title="John Lort Stokes">Captain Stokes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1872 by Kupa Haereroa at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Ada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Ada (page does not exist)">Lake Ada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PolySoc1905_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolySoc1905-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 198">: 198 </span></sup> and finally in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_Christian_influences">Possible Christian influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Possible Christian influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Io_Matua_Kore" title="Io Matua Kore">Io</a> is a godly figure whose existence before European (specifically <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> European) arrival has been debated. He didn't appear in manuscripts or oral discourse until late in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-TeAraCharles_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAraCharles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least two references to him from 1891 appear in <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tregear" title="Edward Tregear">Edward Tregear</a>'s <i>The Maori-Polynesian comparative dictionary</i>, where he is described as "God, the Supreme Being",<sup id="cite_ref-Tregear_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tregear-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106">: 106 </span></sup> and as a figure in <a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Moriori</a> genealogy, but as Tiki's descendant.<sup id="cite_ref-Tregear_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tregear-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 669">: 669 </span></sup> A third reference might be found in the same book under <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Maniapoto" title="Ngāti Maniapoto">Ngāti Maniapoto</a>'s genealogy.<sup id="cite_ref-Tregear_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tregear-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 667">: 667 </span></sup> It should also be noted that Io seems to be present in mythologies from <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawai‘i</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some versions of Tāwhaki's story, he sends his people to a high place to escape a flood which he summons to drown the village of his jealous brothers-in-law. There is a suggestion that this story might have inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a>, and Hemā is sometimes reimagined as <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a>. The way George Grey recorded the myths of Tāwhaki in his 1854 <i>Polynesian Mythology</i> may have given rise to these connections:<sup id="cite_ref-Reedy1993_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reedy1993-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Tāwhaki] left the place where his faithless brothers-in-law lived, and went away taking all his own warriors and their families with him, and built a fortified village upon the top of a very lofty mountain, where he could easily protect himself; and they dwelt there. Then he called aloud to the Gods, his ancestors, for revenge, and they let the floods of heaven descend, and the earth was overwhelmed by the waters and all human beings perished, and the name given to that event was 'The overwhelming of the Mataaho,' and the whole of the race perished.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sir George Grey, <i>Polynesian Mythology</i> (1854)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Similarly, in the migration story where Ruatapu attempts to kill his brother Paikea, one Ngāti Porou tradition says that Ruatapu summoned great waves that destroyed their village, which Paikea only survived through the intervention of a goddess named Moakuramanu,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Ruatapu then threatened to return as the great waves of the eighth month.<sup id="cite_ref-Reedy1993_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reedy1993-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143–146">: 143–146 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythical_beings">Mythical beings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mythical beings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_deities" title="List of Māori deities">List of Māori deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_and_spirits_in_M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Ghosts and spirits in Māori culture">Ghosts and spirits in Māori culture</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitu" title="Aitu">Aitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku-mai-tore" title="Nuku-mai-tore">Nuku-mai-tore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/64px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myths" title="Portal:Myths">Myths portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_features_with_M%C4%81ori_names" title="List of planetary features with Māori names">List of planetary features with Māori names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mana (Oceanian mythology)">Mana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wohler's work is presented in Christine Tremewan's <i>Traditional Stories from Southern New Zealand: </i><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">He Kōrero nō Te Wai Pounamu</i></span> (Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies: Christchurch), 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later scholars, however, have been critical of the editing methods used by these collectors, especially Grey, particularly for editing various regions' stories together to make a general overall version in his work.<sup id="cite_ref-PolySoc1966_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolySoc1966-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178">: 178 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey published an edited version of Te Rangikāheke's story in <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Nga Mahi a Nga Tupuna</i></span>, and translated it into English as <i>Polynesian Mythology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Tāne</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> word for <i>man</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Tīwakawaka</i></span> is also a Māori name for the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fantail" title="New Zealand fantail">fantail</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPuketapu1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ihakara_Puketapu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ihakara Puketapu">Puketapu, Ihakara Porutu</a> (1966). "Creating a Written Language". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hare_McLintock" title="Alexander Hare McLintock">McLintock, A. H.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-language/page-2"><i>Maori Language</i></a>. Wellington: Government Printer. p. 448<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creating+a+Written+Language&rft.btitle=Maori+Language&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Puketapu&rft.aufirst=Ihakara+Porutu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fmaori-language%2Fpage-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biggs447-2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs447-2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs447-2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs447-2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs447-2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggs1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Biggs" title="Bruce Biggs">Biggs, Bruce Grandison</a> (1966). "Literary Forms". In McLintock, A. H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-myths-and-traditions/page-2"><i>Maori Myths and Traditions</i></a>. Wellington: Government Printer. p. 447<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+Forms&rft.btitle=Maori+Myths+and+Traditions&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Grandison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fmaori-myths-and-traditions%2Fpage-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biggs448-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs448_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs448_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs448_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs448_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs448_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs448_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs448_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs448_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggs1966" class="citation book cs1">Biggs, Bruce Grandison (1966). "Myths and Traditions". In McLintock, A. H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-myths-and-traditions/page-3"><i>Maori Myths and Traditions</i></a>. Wellington: Government Printer. p. 448<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myths+and+Traditions&rft.btitle=Maori+Myths+and+Traditions&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Grandison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fmaori-myths-and-traditions%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biggs447-1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs447-1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs447-1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs447-1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs447-1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs447-1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggs1966" class="citation book cs1">Biggs, Bruce Grandison (1966). McLintock, A. H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-myths-and-traditions"><i>Sources for Maori Legends</i></a>. Wellington: Government Printer. p. 447<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+for+Maori+Legends&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Grandison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fmaori-myths-and-traditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PolySoc1966-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PolySoc1966_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolySoc1966_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Simmons_(ethnologist)" title="David Simmons (ethnologist)">Simmons, David</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_75_1966/Volume_75%2C_No._2/The_sources_of_Sir_George_Grey%26%2339%3Bs_Nga_Mahi_A_Nga_Tupuna%2C_by__David_Simmons%2C_p_177_-_188/p1">"The Sources of Sir George Grey's Nga Mahi a Nga Tupuna"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>LXXV</b>: 177<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=The+Sources+of+Sir+George+Grey%27s+Nga+Mahi+a+Nga+Tupuna&rft.volume=LXXV&rft.pages=177&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_75_1966%2FVolume_75%252C_No._2%2FThe_sources_of_Sir_George_Grey%2526%252339%253Bs_Nga_Mahi_A_Nga_Tupuna%252C_by__David_Simmons%252C_p_177_-_188%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biggs448-2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biggs448-2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggs1966" class="citation book cs1">Biggs, Bruce Grandison (1966). "The Sons of Heaven". In McLintock, A. H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-myths-and-traditions/page-4"><i>Maori Myths and Traditions</i></a>. Wellington: Government Printer. p. 448<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sons+of+Heaven&rft.btitle=Maori+Myths+and+Traditions&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Grandison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fmaori-myths-and-traditions%2Fpage-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal2005" class="citation web cs1">Royal, Te Ahukaramū Charles (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-creation-traditions/page-3">"Māori creation traditions: Creation and the Māori world view"</a>. <i>Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ori+creation+traditions%3A+Creation+and+the+M%C4%81ori+world+view&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Royal&rft.aufirst=Te+Ahukaram%C5%AB+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fmaori-creation-traditions%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AorakiDOC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AorakiDOC_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AorakiDOC_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AorakiDOC_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc.govt.nz/about-us/our-partners/maori/aoraki-mount-cook/">"Aoraki/Mount Cook: DOC's Maori role"</a>. <i>Department of Conservation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Conservation&rft.atitle=Aoraki%2FMount+Cook%3A+DOC%27s+Maori+role&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fabout-us%2Four-partners%2Fmaori%2Faoraki-mount-cook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creation-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Creation_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creation_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creation_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal2005" class="citation web cs1">Royal, Te Ahukaramū Charles (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-creation-traditions/page-1">"Māori creation traditions: Common threads in creation stories"</a>. <i>Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Enyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ori+creation+traditions%3A+Common+threads+in+creation+stories&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Royal&rft.aufirst=Te+Ahukaram%C5%AB+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fmaori-creation-traditions%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shortland-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shortland_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortland1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shortland" title="Edward Shortland">Shortland, Edward</a> (1856) [1854]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/traditionssupers00shoruoft"><i>Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders</i></a>. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+and+Superstitions+of+the+New+Zealanders&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+Longmans+%26+Roberts&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Shortland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftraditionssupers00shoruoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TeAraCharles-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TeAraCharles_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TeAraCharles_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal2005" class="citation web cs1">Royal, Te Ahukaramū Charles (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-creation-traditions/page-2">"Māori different creation traditions"</a>. <i>Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Enyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ori+different+creation+traditions&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Royal&rft.aufirst=Te+Ahukaram%C5%AB+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fmaori-creation-traditions%2Fpage-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tregear-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tregear_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tregear_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tregear_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tregear_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tregear_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tregear_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tregear_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tregear_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tregear_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tregear_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregear1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tregear" title="Edward Tregear">Tregear, Edward</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maoripolynesian01treggoog/page/n28/mode/2up"><i>The Maori-Polynesian comparative dictionary</i></a>. Wellington: Lyon and Blair<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maori-Polynesian+comparative+dictionary&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Lyon+and+Blair&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Tregear&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaoripolynesian01treggoog%2Fpage%2Fn28%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horomaka-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horomaka_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horomaka_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horomaka_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/ti-kouka-whenua/horomaka/">"Horomaka or Te Pataka o Rakaihautū — Banks Peninsula"</a>. <i>Christchurch City Libraries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christchurch+City+Libraries&rft.atitle=Horomaka+or+Te+Pataka+o+Rakaihaut%C5%AB+%E2%80%94+Banks+Peninsula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.christchurchcitylibraries.com%2Fti-kouka-whenua%2Fhoromaka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlewood2013" class="citation web cs1">Littlewood, Matthew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/news/8500887/Dual-names-accepted-in-Aoraki-Mt-Cook">"Dual names accepted in Aoraki-Mt Cook"</a>. <i>Stuff</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Dual+names+accepted+in+Aoraki-Mt+Cook&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Littlewood&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Ftimaru-herald%2Fnews%2F8500887%2FDual-names-accepted-in-Aoraki-Mt-Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tane-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tane_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tane_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tane_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal2005" class="citation web cs1">Royal, Te Ahukaramū Charles (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/first-peoples-in-maori-tradition/page-2">"First peoples in Māori tradition: Tāne, Hineahuone and Hine"</a>. <i>Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Enyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=First+peoples+in+M%C4%81ori+tradition%3A+T%C4%81ne%2C+Hineahuone+and+Hine&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Royal&rft.aufirst=Te+Ahukaram%C5%AB+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Ffirst-peoples-in-maori-tradition%2Fpage-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorfield" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Moorfield" title="John Moorfield">Moorfield, John C</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?keywords=tane">"Tāne"</a>. <i>Māori Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C4%81ori+Dictionary&rft.atitle=T%C4%81ne&rft.aulast=Moorfield&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaoridictionary.co.nz%2Fsearch%3Fkeywords%3Dtane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed1963_52-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reed1963_52_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1963" class="citation book cs1">Reed, A.W. (1963). <i>Treasury of Maori Folklore</i>. Wellington: A.H. & A.W. Reed. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasury+of+Maori+Folklore&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=A.H.+%26+A.W.+Reed&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=A.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TeAraMaui-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TeAraMaui_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TeAraMaui_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginsMeredith2011" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, Rawinia; Meredith, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/artwork/28358/muriranga-whenua">"Muriranga-whenua by Robyn Kahukiwa"</a>. <i>Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Enyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Muriranga-whenua+by+Robyn+Kahukiwa&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Rawinia&rft.au=Meredith%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fartwork%2F28358%2Fmuriranga-whenua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://makaawhio.maori.nz/contact-us/">"Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio contact page"</a>. <i>Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+R%C5%ABnanga+o+Makaawhio&rft.atitle=Te+R%C5%ABnanga+o+Makaawhio+contact+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmakaawhio.maori.nz%2Fcontact-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westlanddc.govt.nz/bruce-bay">"Bruce Bay"</a>. <i>Westland District Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westland+District+Council&rft.atitle=Bruce+Bay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westlanddc.govt.nz%2Fbruce-bay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrace2016" class="citation web cs1">Grace, Wiremu (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.mataurangamaori.tki.org.nz/Support-materials/Te-Reo-Maori/Maori-Myths-Legends-and-Contemporary-Stories/Maui-and-the-giant-fish">"Māui and the giant fish"</a>. <i>Te Kete Ipurangi</i>. Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Kete+Ipurangi&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ui+and+the+giant+fish&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Grace&rft.aufirst=Wiremu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.mataurangamaori.tki.org.nz%2FSupport-materials%2FTe-Reo-Maori%2FMaori-Myths-Legends-and-Contemporary-Stories%2FMaui-and-the-giant-fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hiroa-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hiroa_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHīroa1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Te_Rangi_H%C4%ABroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Rangi Hīroa">Hīroa, Te Rangi</a> (1976) [1949]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucTheC.html"><i>The Coming of the Maori</i></a> (Second ed.). Wellington: Whitcombe and Tombs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0723304084" title="Special:BookSources/0723304084"><bdi>0723304084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Maori&rft.place=Wellington&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Whitcombe+and+Tombs&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0723304084&rft.aulast=H%C4%ABroa&rft.aufirst=Te+Rangi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-BucTheC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrace2016" class="citation web cs1">Grace, Wiremu (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.mataurangamaori.tki.org.nz/Support-materials/Te-Reo-Maori/Maori-Myths-Legends-and-Contemporary-Stories/How-Maui-brought-fire-to-the-world">"How Māui brought fire to the world"</a>. <i>Te Kete Ipurangi</i>. Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Kete+Ipurangi&rft.atitle=How+M%C4%81ui+brought+fire+to+the+world&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Grace&rft.aufirst=Wiremu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.mataurangamaori.tki.org.nz%2FSupport-materials%2FTe-Reo-Maori%2FMaori-Myths-Legends-and-Contemporary-Stories%2FHow-Maui-brought-fire-to-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikaira2007" class="citation web cs1">Wikaira, Martin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/patupaiarehe/page-1">"Patupaiarehe and ponaturi"</a>. <i>Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Enyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Patupaiarehe+and+ponaturi&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wikaira&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fpatupaiarehe%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairhallTrinickMeaney2007" class="citation web cs1">Fairhall, Uenuku; Trinick, Tony; Meaney, Tamsin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA180749122&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=11771828&p=AONE&sw=w">"Grab that kite! Teaching mathematics in to reo Maori"</a>. <i>Gale Academic OneFile</i>. New Zealand Council for Educational Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gale+Academic+OneFile&rft.atitle=Grab+that+kite%21+Teaching+mathematics+in+to+reo+Maori&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fairhall&rft.aufirst=Uenuku&rft.au=Trinick%2C+Tony&rft.au=Meaney%2C+Tamsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fanonymous%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA180749122%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26linkaccess%3Dabs%26issn%3D11771828%26p%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biggs-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggs1966" class="citation book cs1">Biggs, Bruce Grandison (1966). "Tradition". In McLintock, A. H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-myths-and-traditions/page-5"><i>Maori Myths and Traditions</i></a>. Wellington: Government Printer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tradition&rft.btitle=Maori+Myths+and+Traditions&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Grandison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F1966%2Fmaori-myths-and-traditions%2Fpage-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTau2005" class="citation web cs1">Tau, Te Maire (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/ngai-tahu/page-4">"Ngāi Tahu and Waitaha"</a>. <i>Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Enyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Ng%C4%81i+Tahu+and+Waitaha&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tau&rft.aufirst=Te+Maire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fngai-tahu%2Fpage-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensonBauchopPetchey2004" class="citation web cs1">Stephenson, Janet; Bauchop, Heather; Petchey, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/science-and-technical/SfC244b.pdf#page=2">"Bannockburn Heritage Landscape Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bannockburn+Heritage+Landscape+Study&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Bauchop%2C+Heather&rft.au=Petchey%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2FDocuments%2Fscience-and-technical%2FSfC244b.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRāwiri2005" class="citation web cs1">Rāwiri, Taonui (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/canoe-traditions/page-6">"Canoe traditions: Canoes of the East Coast"</a>. <i>Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Enyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Canoe+traditions%3A+Canoes+of+the+East+Coast&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=R%C4%81wiri&rft.aufirst=Taonui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fcanoe-traditions%2Fpage-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitch-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitch_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitch_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellMitchell2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mitchell" title="Hilary Mitchell">Mitchell, Hilary</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(historian)" title="John Mitchell (historian)">Mitchell, John</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/te-tau-ihu-tribes/page-1">"Te Tau Ihu tribes: Early Traditions"</a>. <i>Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Te+Tau+Ihu+tribes%3A+Early+Traditions&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fte-tau-ihu-tribes%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taumutu-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taumutu_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tetaumuturunanga.iwi.nz/our-history/">"Our History"</a>. <i>Te Taumutu Rūnanga</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Taumutu+R%C5%ABnanga&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftetaumuturunanga.iwi.nz%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaonui2005" class="citation web cs1">Taonui, Rāwiri (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/canoe-traditions/4/6">"Canoe traditions: Greenstone adze"</a>. <i>Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Canoe+traditions%3A+Greenstone+adze&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Taonui&rft.aufirst=R%C4%81wiri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.TeAra.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fcanoe-traditions%2F4%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elsdon_Best" title="Elsdon Best">Best, Elsdon</a> (1934). "Voyage of Kupe and Ngahue from Eastern Polynesia to New Zealand". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-BesMaor-c2-1.html"><i>The Maori As He Was: A Brief Account of Maori Life as it was in Pre-European Days</i></a>. Wellington: N.Z.Dominion Museum. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Voyage+of+Kupe+and+Ngahue+from+Eastern+Polynesia+to+New+Zealand&rft.btitle=The+Maori+As+He+Was%3A+A+Brief+Account+of+Maori+Life+as+it+was+in+Pre-European+Days&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=N.Z.Dominion+Museum&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Elsdon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzetc.org%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-BesMaor-c2-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapsell2005" class="citation web cs1">Tapsell, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/te-arawa/page-1">"Te Arawa: Origins"</a>. <i>Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Te+Arawa%3A+Origins&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tapsell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fte-arawa%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindmarsh" class="citation web cs1">Hindmarsh, Gerard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/flax-the-enduring-fibre/">"Flax - the enduring fibre"</a>. <i>New Zealand Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Geographic&rft.atitle=Flax+-+the+enduring+fibre&rft.aulast=Hindmarsh&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzgeo.com%2Fstories%2Fflax-the-enduring-fibre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTau2005" class="citation web cs1">Tau, Te Maire (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/ngai-tahu/page-1">"Ngāi Tahu: Early history"</a>. <i>Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Enyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Ng%C4%81i+Tahu%3A+Early+history&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tau&rft.aufirst=Te+Maire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fngai-tahu%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaonui2005" class="citation web cs1">Taonui, Rāwiri (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/tribal-organisation/page-3">"Tribal organisation: How iwi and hapū were named"</a>. <i>Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Enyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Tribal+organisation%3A+How+iwi+and+hap%C5%AB+were+named&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Taonui&rft.aufirst=R%C4%81wiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Ftribal-organisation%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orbell-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orbell_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrbell1966" class="citation journal cs1">Orbell, Margaret (June 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao55TeA/c39.html">"Review of <i>Tuwharetoa</i> by John Te H. Grace'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Te Ao Hou</i> (55): 63<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Te+Ao+Hou&rft.atitle=Review+of+Tuwharetoa+by+John+Te+H.+Grace%27&rft.issue=55&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1966-06&rft.aulast=Orbell&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteaohou.natlib.govt.nz%2Fjournals%2Fteaohou%2Fissue%2FMao55TeA%2Fc39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PolySoc1905-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PolySoc1905_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolySoc1905_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolySoc1905_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolySoc1905_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan1905" class="citation journal cs1">Cowan, J (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_14_1905/Volume_14,_No.4,_December_1905/The_last_of_the_Ngati-Mamoe._Some_incidents_of_southern_Maori_history,_by_J._Cowan,_p_193-199/p1">"The last of the Ngati-Mamoe. Some incidents of southern Maori history"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>XIV</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=The+last+of+the+Ngati-Mamoe.+Some+incidents+of+southern+Maori+history&rft.volume=XIV&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_14_1905%2FVolume_14%2C_No.4%2C_December_1905%2FThe_last_of_the_Ngati-Mamoe._Some_incidents_of_southern_Maori_history%2C_by_J._Cowan%2C_p_193-199%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theprow-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theprow_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theprow_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellMitchell2012" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, John; Mitchell, Hilary (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theprow.org.nz/maori/ngati-tumatakokiri/">"Ngati Tumatakokiri"</a>. <i>The Prow: Ngā Kōrero o Te Tau Iho</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Prow%3A+Ng%C4%81+K%C5%8Drero+o+Te+Tau+Iho&rft.atitle=Ngati+Tumatakokiri&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Hilary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theprow.org.nz%2Fmaori%2Fngati-tumatakokiri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStade2008" class="citation web cs1">Stade, Karen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theprow.org.nz/events/the-first-meeting-abel-tasman-and-maori-in-golden-bay/">"The first meeting - Abel Tasman and Māori in Golden Bay / Mohua"</a>. <i>The Prow: Ngā Kōrero o Te Tau Iho</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Prow%3A+Ng%C4%81+K%C5%8Drero+o+Te+Tau+Iho&rft.atitle=The+first+meeting+-+Abel+Tasman+and+M%C4%81ori+in+Golden+Bay+%2F+Mohua&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stade&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theprow.org.nz%2Fevents%2Fthe-first-meeting-abel-tasman-and-maori-in-golden-bay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTumataroaRevingtonTafuna’iLeufkens2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Tumataroa, Phil; Revington, Mark; Tafuna’i, Faumuinā F. M.; Leufkens, Diana; Leslie, Simon, eds. (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/our_stories/manawa-kai-tahu-2/">"Manawa Kāi Tahu Waiata mō Huirapa"</a>. <i>Te Karaka</i>. Christchurch: Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Te+Karaka&rft.atitle=Manawa+K%C4%81i+Tahu+Waiata+m%C5%8D+Huirapa&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fngaitahu.iwi.nz%2Four_stories%2Fmanawa-kai-tahu-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TahuMigration-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TahuMigration_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TahuMigration_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTau2005" class="citation web cs1">Tau, Te Maire (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/ngai-tahu/page-2">"Ngāi Tahu: The move south"</a>. <i>Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Enyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Ng%C4%81i+Tahu%3A+The+move+south&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tau&rft.aufirst=Te+Maire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fngai-tahu%2Fpage-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/ti-kouka-whenua/tuahuriri/">"Tūāhuriri"</a>. <i>Christchurch City Libraries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christchurch+City+Libraries&rft.atitle=T%C5%AB%C4%81huriri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.christchurchcitylibraries.com%2Fti-kouka-whenua%2Ftuahuriri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/ti-kouka-whenua/mako/">"Makō (Makō-ha-kirikiri)"</a>. <i>Christchurch City Libraries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christchurch+City+Libraries&rft.atitle=Mak%C5%8D+%28Mak%C5%8D-ha-kirikiri%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.christchurchcitylibraries.com%2Fti-kouka-whenua%2Fmako%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moki-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moki_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moki_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/ti-kouka-whenua/moki/">"Moki"</a>. <i>Christchurch City Libraries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christchurch+City+Libraries&rft.atitle=Moki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.christchurchcitylibraries.com%2Fti-kouka-whenua%2Fmoki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTau2005" class="citation web cs1">Tau, Te Maire (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/ngai-tahu/page-3">"Ngāi Tahu: Spreading west and south"</a>. <i>Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+Enyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Ng%C4%81i+Tahu%3A+Spreading+west+and+south&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tau&rft.aufirst=Te+Maire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fngai-tahu%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/te-runanga-o-ngai-tahu/papatipu-runanga/ngati-waewae/">"Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Waewae"</a>. <i>Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+R%C5%ABnanga+o+Ng%C4%81i+Tahu&rft.atitle=Te+R%C5%ABnanga+o+Ng%C4%81ti+Waewae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fngaitahu.iwi.nz%2Fte-runanga-o-ngai-tahu%2Fpapatipu-runanga%2Fngati-waewae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM8AKG_Battle_of_Waitaramea">"Battle of Waitaramea"</a>. <i>Waymarking.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Waymarking.com&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Waitaramea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waymarking.com%2Fwaymarks%2FWM8AKG_Battle_of_Waitaramea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakire1935" class="citation news cs1">Makire, Hori (2 December 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Gov10_09Rail-t1-body-d16.html">"The Lost Tribe"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Railways Magazine</i>. Vol. 10, no. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2021</span> – via NZETC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Railways+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Tribe&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1935-12-02&rft.aulast=Makire&rft.aufirst=Hori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Gov10_09Rail-t1-body-d16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, A.W. "Murihiku". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-TayLore-t1-body1-d17.html"><i>Lore and history of the South Island Maori</i></a>. Christchurch: Bascands Ltd. p. 149<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Murihiku&rft.btitle=Lore+and+history+of+the+South+Island+Maori&rft.place=Christchurch&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Bascands+Ltd&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-TayLore-t1-body1-d17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dict-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dict_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorfield" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Moorfield" title="John Moorfield">Moorfield, John C</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?keywords=Io">"Io"</a>. <i>Māori Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C4%81ori+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Io&rft.aulast=Moorfield&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaoridictionary.co.nz%2Fsearch%3Fkeywords%3DIo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reedy1993-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reedy1993_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reedy1993_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedy,_Anaru1993" class="citation book cs1">Reedy, Anaru (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/items/06ff3461-dd29-4910-96be-1a2787134d3d"><i>Ngā Kōrero a Mohi Ruatapu, tohunga rongonui o Ngāti Porou: The Writings of Mohi Ruatapu</i></a>. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908812-20-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-908812-20-5"><bdi>0-908812-20-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ng%C4%81+K%C5%8Drero+a+Mohi+Ruatapu%2C+tohunga+rongonui+o+Ng%C4%81ti+Porou%3A+The+Writings+of+Mohi+Ruatapu&rft.place=Christchurch&rft.pub=Canterbury+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-908812-20-5&rft.au=Reedy%2C+Anaru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.canterbury.ac.nz%2Fitems%2F06ff3461-dd29-4910-96be-1a2787134d3d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey1854" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Grey">Grey, George</a> (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacred-texts.com/pac/grey/index.htm"><i>Polynesian Mythology</i></a>. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polynesian+Mythology&rft.place=Christchurch&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Whitcombe+and+Tombs&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fpac%2Fgrey%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.D._Craig1989" class="citation book cs1">R.D. Craig (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pG2fvBwNplYC"><i>Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology</i></a>. New York: Canterbury University Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313258902" title="Special:BookSources/0313258902"><bdi>0313258902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Polynesian+Mythology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Canterbury+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0313258902&rft.au=R.D.+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpG2fvBwNplYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedy1997" class="citation book cs1">Reedy, Anaru (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/items/b6bb01f4-446c-4c89-87c5-091e8a245558"><i>Ngā Kōrero a Pita Kāpiti: The Teachings of Pita Kāpiti</i></a>. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press. pp. 83–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908812-48-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-908812-48-5"><bdi>0-908812-48-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ng%C4%81+K%C5%8Drero+a+Pita+K%C4%81piti%3A+The+Teachings+of+Pita+K%C4%81piti&rft.place=Christchurch&rft.pages=83-85&rft.pub=Canterbury+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-908812-48-5&rft.aulast=Reedy&rft.aufirst=Anaru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.canterbury.ac.nz%2Fitems%2Fb6bb01f4-446c-4c89-87c5-091e8a245558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grey, George (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-GrePoly.html">Polynesian mythology and ancient traditional history of the New Zealand race, as furnished by their priests and chiefs</a>. London: John Murray.</li> <li>Grey, George. (1854) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kongamahingaang00greygoog/page/n6/mode/2up">Ko nga mahinga a nga tupuna Maori he mea kohikohi mai. Mythology and traditions of the New Zealanders</a>. London: G. Willis</li> <li>Reedy, A. (Trans. & Ed.). (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/items/06ff3461-dd29-4910-96be-1a2787134d3d">Ngā kōrero a Mohi Ruatapu: Tohunga rongonui o Ngāti Porou: The writings of Mohi Ruatapu. Canterbury University Press.</a></li> <li>Reedy, A. (Trans. & Ed.). (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/items/b6bb01f4-446c-4c89-87c5-091e8a245558">Ngā kōrero a Pita Kāpiti: The teachings of Pita Kāpiti. Canterbury University Press.</a></li> <li>White, John. 1887-1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-corpus-WhiAnci.html">Ancient History of the Maori</a> (13 volumes)</li> <li>Metge, Joan. <i>The Maoris of New Zealand: Rautahi</i>. Routledge, 2004</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polynesian_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polynesian_mythology" title="Template:Polynesian mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polynesian_mythology" title="Template talk:Polynesian mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesian_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesian mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polynesian_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Polynesian_mythology" title="Category:Polynesian mythology">Mythology by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mangaia_mythology" title="Category:Mangaia mythology">Mangaian mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan mythology">Mangarevan mythology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Māori mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marquesan_mythology" title="Category:Marquesan mythology">Marquesan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moriori_mythology" title="Category:Moriori mythology">Moriori mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Tahiti and Society Islands mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tikopian_mythology" title="Category:Tikopian mythology">Tikopian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongan mythology">Tongan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tuamotu_mythology" title="Category:Tuamotu mythology">Tuamotu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PouTitiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PouTitiro.jpg/50px-PouTitiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PouTitiro.jpg/75px-PouTitiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/PouTitiro.jpg/100px-PouTitiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples#Oceania" title="List of Indigenous peoples">Culture of indigenous Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Ahu" title="Easter Island">Ahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Arts" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa">kapa (Hawaiʻi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magimagi" title="Magimagi">magimagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguzu_nguzu" title="Nguzu nguzu">nguzu nguzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">tā moko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">tabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">tivaevae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broad culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Sāmoa 'ava ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving#Aboriginal" title="History of wood carving">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geo-specific,<br />general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Culture" title="Indigenous Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Culture" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands#People_and_culture" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, <i>-<a href="/wiki/Pwo" title="Pwo">Pwo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori#Revival_of_culture" title="Moriori">Chatham Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands#Culture" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Culture" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands#Culture_and_economy" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fijian_traditions_and_ceremonies" title="Fijian traditions and ceremonies">traditions and ceremonies</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam#Culture" title="Guam">Guam</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lomilomi_massage" title="Lomilomi massage">Lomilomi massage</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribati" title="Culture of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Culture of the Marquesas Islands">French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia#Culture" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nauru" title="Culture of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia#Culture" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue#Culture" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island#Culture" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau#Culture" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands#Culture_and_religion" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Culture of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Culture" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu#Culture" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#Culture" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese culture">Marshall Islands</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick charts of</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Culture" title="Yap">Yap</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation_(sailing)" title="Yap">navigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng navigation school</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Aboriginal dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)#Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)"> Paopao (Tuvalu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing#Polynesian_sailing_canoes" title="Canoe sailing">Polynesian sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAparima" title="ʻAparima">ʻAparima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibi" title="Cibi">cibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara_(Rotuman_festivity)" title="Fara (Rotuman festivity)">fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">fire dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivinau" title="Hivinau">hivinau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">kailao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meke" title="Meke">meke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27ote%27a" title="'ote'a">'ote'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27o%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'o'a">pa'o'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">poi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Rotuma" title="Dance in Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture#Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tahiti" title="Category:Dances of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamure" title="Tamure">tāmūrē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautoga" title="Tautoga">tautoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tonga" title="Category:Dances of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27upa%27upa" title="'upa'upa">'upa'upa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garma_Festival_of_Traditional_Cultures" title="Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures">Garma Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hawaiʻi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Festivals" title="Aloha Festivals">Aloha Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Invitational_Hula_Festival" title="World Invitational Hula Festival">World Invitational Hula Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Fiji" title="List of festivals in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Matatini" title="Te Matatini">Te Matatini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Pacific_Arts" title="Festival of Pacific Arts">Festival of Pacific Arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Festivals in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oceania" title="Category:Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literature_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Oceania">Literature of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Vanuatu" title="Literature of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Austral_Islands" title="Music of the Austral Islands">Austral Islands (French Polynesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Music" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lali_(drum)" title="Lali (drum)">Lali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Caledonia" title="Music of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">Slit drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fijian_mythology" title="Category:Fijian mythology">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan mythology">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Maohi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Oceanian legendary creatures">Oceanian legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanuatu_mythology" title="Category:Vanuatu mythology">Vanuatuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Policy_Research_Consortium" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium">Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Chatham Islander (Moriori <em>or</em> Rekohu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian (iTaukei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maohi" title="Maohi">Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauans" title="Tokelauans">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongans" title="Tongans">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Religion in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Religion in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tokelau" title="Religion in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For other topics including Oceanian <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Oceania">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_money_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell money in Oceania">indigenous currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing" title="Category:History of Oceanian clothing">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_folklore" title="Category:Oceanian folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_cuisine" title="Category:Oceanian cuisine">cuisine</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Category:Culture of Oceania">Category:Culture of Oceania</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Māori" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:M%C4%81ori" title="Template:Māori"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:M%C4%81ori" title="Template talk:Māori"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:M%C4%81ori" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Māori"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Māori" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Indigenous people of New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_history" title="Māori history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration canoes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">waka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Moriori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket_Wars" title="Musket Wars">Musket Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABpapa" title="Kūpapa">Kūpapa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">Land confiscations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_society" title="Category:Māori society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_and_conservation" title="Māori and conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li>Diaspora <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians" title="Māori Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders_in_the_United_Kingdom#Māori" title="New Zealanders in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Americans" title="Māori Americans">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauora" title="Hauora">Hauora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">Hapū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">Iwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marae" title="Marae">Marae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81" title="Pā">pā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangata_whenua" title="Tangata whenua">Tangata whenua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau" title="Whānau">Whānau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mana_Movement" title="Mana Movement">Mana Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_M%C4%81ori_Development" title="Minister for Māori Development">Minister for Māori Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_Motuhake" title="Mana Motuhake">Mana Motuhake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori electorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_King_movement" title="Māori King movement">Māori King movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_P%C4%81ti_M%C4%81ori" title="Te Pāti Māori">Te Pāti Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements" title="Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements">Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tino_rangatiratanga" title="Tino rangatiratanga">Tino rangatiratanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangihanga" title="Tangihanga">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_deities" title="List of Māori deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_and_spirits_in_M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Ghosts and spirits in Māori culture">Ghosts and spirits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongomaraeroa" title="Rongomaraeroa">Rongomaraeroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapu_(Polynesian_culture)" title="Tapu (Polynesian culture)">Tapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_M%C4%81ori" title="Taha Māori">Taha Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikanga_M%C4%81ori" title="Tikanga Māori">Tikanga Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taua" title="Taua">Taua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whakapapa" title="Whakapapa">Whakapapa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">Kapa haka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">Haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">Poi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taonga_p%C5%ABoro" title="Taonga pūoro">Instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_poetry" title="Māori poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">Pounamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles" title="Māori traditional textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whakairo" title="Whakairo">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_science" title="Category:Māori science">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_and_conservation" title="Māori and conservation">Conservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitiaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaitiaki">Kaitiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hui" title="Rāhui">Rāhui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Navigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_sport" title="Category:Māori sport">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haka_in_sports" title="Haka in sports">Haka in sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%AB-o-rahi" title="Kī-o-rahi">Kī-o-rahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapu_ae" title="Tapu ae">Tapu ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_r%C4%81kau" title="Mau rākau">Mau rākau</a></li> <li>Representative teams <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_cricket_team" title="New Zealand Māori cricket team">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_rugby_league_team" title="New Zealand Māori rugby league team">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_All_Blacks" title="Māori All Blacks">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_New_Zealand_Native_football_team" title="1888–89 New Zealand Native football team">1888–89 Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_sportspeople" title="List of New Zealand Māori sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Waka ama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_influence_on_New_Zealand_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori influence on New Zealand English">Influence on New Zealand English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_Kaupapa_M%C4%81ori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura Kaupapa Māori">Language immersion schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Language_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Language Commission">Māori Language Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language_revival" title="Māori language revival">Māori language revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Wiki_o_te_Reo_M%C4%81ori" title="Te Wiki o te Reo Māori">Te Wiki o te Reo Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Television">Māori Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_features_with_M%C4%81ori_names" title="List of planetary features with Māori names">Planetary names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Māori_mythology&oldid=1251783063">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Māori_mythology&oldid=1251783063</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Category:Māori mythology">Māori mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Category:Māori culture">Māori culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_religion" title="Category:Māori religion">Māori religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Creation_myths" title="Category:Creation myths">Creation myths</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_M%C4%81ori-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Māori-language text">Articles containing Māori-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_New_Zealand_English_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use New Zealand English from June 2020">Use New Zealand English from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_New_Zealand_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English">All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2020">Articles needing additional references from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2012" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 October 2024, at 01:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_mythology&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-gddqh","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.300","walltime":"1.511","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12917,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":275403,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10401,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":246677,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1275.049 1 -total"," 30.71% 391.582 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.65% 225.017 104 Template:Lang"," 12.07% 153.844 35 Template:Cite_web"," 12.01% 153.124 16 Template:Cite_book"," 11.48% 146.344 7 Template:Navbox"," 10.80% 137.668 23 Template:Rp"," 10.00% 127.465 23 Template:R/superscript"," 6.57% 83.833 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.57% 83.771 1 Template:Polynesian_mythology"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.759","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21149158,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-864bbfd546-fqxvn","timestamp":"20241130111244","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"M\u0101ori mythology","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C4%81ori_mythology","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q546879","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q546879","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-07-06T05:31:06Z","dateModified":"2024-10-18T01:39:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f2\/Maorigodsymbols.jpg","headline":"tales relating to the origins of the (M\u0101ori) world"}</script> </body> </html>