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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategic_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Strategic importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_advance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_advance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Italian advance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_advance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_capture_of_Tobruk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_capture_of_Tobruk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>British capture of Tobruk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_capture_of_Tobruk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_capture_of_Tobruk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_capture_of_Tobruk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>German capture of Tobruk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_capture_of_Tobruk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Commando_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Commando_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>British Commando raid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Commando_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_recapture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_recapture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>British recapture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_recapture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libyan_Civil_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan_Civil_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Libyan Civil Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libyan_Civil_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tobruk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobroek" title="Tobroek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tobroek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="طبرق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruq" title="Tobruq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tobruq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="তোবরুক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তোবরুক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Табрук – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Табрук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Тобрук – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тобрук" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk_(kapital_sa_distrito_sa_Libya)" title="Tobruk (kapital sa distrito sa Libya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tobruk (kapital sa distrito sa Libya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A2ubruq" title="Ţubruq – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ţubruq" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA" title="Τομπρούκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τομπρούκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="طبرق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طبرق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobrouk" title="Tobrouk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tobrouk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%81%AC" title="투브루크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투브루크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Տոբրուկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տոբրուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thubruq" title="Thubruq – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thubruq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3br%C3%BAk" title="Tóbrúk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tóbrúk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruch" title="Tobruch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tobruch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7" title="טוברוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוברוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ტობრუკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტობრუკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubrukas" title="Tubrukas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tubrukas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="टोब्रुक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टोब्रुक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="طبرق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طبرق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobroek" title="Tobroek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tobroek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="トブルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トブルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubruq" title="Tubruq – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tubruq" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruque" title="Tobruque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tobruque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Тобрук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тобрук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Тобрук – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тобрук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="துப்ருக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துப்ருக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Тобрук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тобрук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="طبرق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طبرق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubruk" title="Tubruk – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tubruk" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tobruk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%9C%E9%B2%81%E6%A0%BC" title="图卜鲁格 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图卜鲁格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%9C%E9%B2%81%E6%A0%BC" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tobruk&params=32_4_34_N_23_57_41_E_region:LY_type:city(120000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°4′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">23°57′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.07611°N 23.96139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.07611; 23.96139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tobruk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tobruk (disambiguation)">Tobruk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tabuk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tabuk (disambiguation)">Tabuk</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Cyrenaica, Libya</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tobruk</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طبرق</span></span><br /><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Tobruch</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobruk_port.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Tobruk"><img alt="Panorama of Tobruk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tobruk_port.jpg/300px-Tobruk_port.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tobruk_port.jpg/450px-Tobruk_port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Tobruk_port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="347" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Panorama of Tobruk</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tobruk is located in Libya"><img alt="Tobruk is located in Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Libya_location_map.svg/250px-Libya_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Libya_location_map.svg/375px-Libya_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Libya_location_map.svg/500px-Libya_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="929" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.258%;left:90.618%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tobruk"><img alt="Tobruk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Tobruk</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Libya</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tobruk&params=32_4_34_N_23_57_41_E_region:LY_type:city(120000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°4′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">23°57′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.07611°N 23.96139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.07611; 23.96139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Libya" title="Districts of Libya">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Butnan_District" title="Butnan District">Butnan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-wolfram_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolfram-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 m (16 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">120,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Libya" title="Vehicle registration plates of Libya">License Plate Code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tobruk</b> or <b>Tobruck</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀντίπυργος</span>, <i>Antipyrgos</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Antipyrgus</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Tobruch</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طبرق</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭubruq</i></span>; also <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> as <i>Tobruch</i> and <i>Tubruk</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Port_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Port city">port city</a> on <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>'s eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean coast</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Libya_border" title="Egypt–Libya border">border with Egypt</a>. It is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Butnan_District" title="Butnan District">Butnan District</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Tobruk_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobruk District">Tobruk District</a>) and has a population of 120,000 (2011 est.).<sup id="cite_ref-TobBC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TobBC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobruk_port_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tobruk_port_23.jpg/220px-Tobruk_port_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tobruk_port_23.jpg/330px-Tobruk_port_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tobruk_port_23.jpg/440px-Tobruk_port_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tobruk" title="Port of Tobruk">Port of Tobruk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tobruk was the site of an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> colony and, later, of a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> fortress guarding the frontier of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TobBC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TobBC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the centuries, Tobruk also served as a waystation along the coastal <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravan route</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TobBC_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TobBC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1911, Tobruk had become an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> military post. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Allied forces, mainly the Australian <a href="/wiki/6th_Division_(Australia)" title="6th Division (Australia)">6th Division</a>, took Tobruk on 22 January 1941. The Australian 9th Division ("<a href="/wiki/The_Rats_of_Tobruk" title="The Rats of Tobruk">The Rats of Tobruk</a>") pulled back to Tobruk to avoid encirclement after actions at <a href="/wiki/Ar_Rajma" title="Ar Rajma">Er Regima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechili" title="Mechili">Mechili</a> and reached Tobruk on 9 April 1941. There <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">prolonged fighting</a> followed, against a siege by German and Italian forces. </p><p>Although the siege was lifted by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a> in November 1941, a renewed offensive by <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> the following year resulted in Tobruk being captured in June 1942. It was held by the Axis forces until November 1942, when it was recaptured by the Allies. </p><p>Rebuilt after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Tobruk was later expanded during the 1960s to include a <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tobruk" title="Port of Tobruk">port terminal</a> linked by an <a href="/wiki/Oil_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil pipeline">oil pipeline</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sarir_oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarir oil field">Sarir oil field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TobBC_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TobBC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris of Libya</a> had his palace at Bab Zaytun. Tobruk was traditionally a stronghold of the Senussi royal dynasty and one of the first to rebel against <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobruk_air_view03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tobruk_air_view03.jpg/220px-Tobruk_air_view03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tobruk_air_view03.jpg/330px-Tobruk_air_view03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tobruk_air_view03.jpg/440px-Tobruk_air_view03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption>An aerial image of Tobruk's harbour.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tobruk has a <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tobruk" title="Port of Tobruk">strong, naturally protected deep harbour</a>. It is probably the best natural port in northern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although due to the lack of important nearby land sites it is certainly not the most popular. The city is effectively surrounded by a desert lightly populated with <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> herdsmen who travel from <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> to oasis. </p><p>There are many <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a> (cliffs) to the south of Tobruk, as is common across Cyrenaica, the eastern half of Libya. These escarpments generally have their high sides to the south and their low sides (<a href="/wiki/Dip_slope" title="Dip slope">dip slopes</a>) to the north. This constitutes a substantial physical barrier between the north and south of Libya in the Tobruk area. </p><p>Previously, Tobruk was some 470 km (290 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Coastal_Highway" title="Libyan Coastal Highway">Libyan Coastal Highway</a>, but this distance was shortened to 450 km (280 mi) after the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Charruba%E2%80%93Timimi_Road" title="Charruba–Timimi Road">Charruba–Timimi Road</a> between the years 1975 and 1985. Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tobruk%E2%80%93Ajdabiya_Road" title="Tobruk–Ajdabiya Road">Tobruk–Ajdabiya Road</a> reduced the distance between those two cities from 620 km (390 mi) to about 410 km (250 mi). </p><p>Because it is approximately 150 km (93 mi) away from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> by land, Tobruk is also an important hub for merchants from both <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and for travellers between the two countries as well as those from <a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Bayda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a>. </p><p>Tobruk suffers a serious <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a> problem. A factory for the <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> of sea water has been built there.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tobruk features a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<i>BWh</i> according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>.) However, its maritime location allows it to receive significantly more precipitation than areas further inland in the Sahara desert. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tobruk (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #EF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.6<br />(108.7) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(109.4) </td> <td style="background: #D40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.6<br />(112.3) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7<br />(112.5) </td> <td style="background: #FA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.8<br />(107.2) </td> <td style="background: #EF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.6<br />(108.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.5<br />(104.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.7<br />(112.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.5<br />(1.83) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(1.19) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(0.38) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(0.12) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(0.30) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(0.06) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(0.61) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(0.61) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.1<br />(1.70) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">173.0<br />(6.81) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000D5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">232.5 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">299.5 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">246.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">306.9 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">348.0 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">350.3 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">331.7 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">285.0 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,413.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (Sunshine 1996–2015),<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather Online<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marmarica" title="Marmarica">Marmarica</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa during Antiquity">North Africa during Antiquity</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> agricultural colony, <i>Antipyrgus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀντίπυργος</span>, <i>Antipyrgos</i>) was once on the site of modern Tobruk,<sup id="cite_ref-TobBC_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TobBC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ancient name is still occasionally in use. The name roughly meant "across from <a href="/wiki/Tylissos" title="Tylissos">Pyrgos</a>", referring to a location in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> from Antipyrgos. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> era, the town became a Roman <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a> guarding the <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaican</a> frontier. With the spread of Christianity, Antipyrgus became an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a>. Only one of its ancient bishops is known by name: Aemilianus, who took part in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> in 553.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No longer a residential bishopric, Antipyrgus is today listed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the site became a way station on the <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravan</a> route that ran along the coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a></b> that contextualizes different points of view.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a></div> <p>At the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya was an Italian colony</a> and Tobruk became the site of important <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battles</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis powers</a>. Tobruk was strategically important to the conquest of Eastern Libya, then the province of Cyrenaica, for several reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strategic_importance">Strategic importance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Strategic importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_siege_of_Tobruk_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_siege_of_Tobruk_1942.jpg/300px-Map_of_siege_of_Tobruk_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_siege_of_Tobruk_1942.jpg/450px-Map_of_siege_of_Tobruk_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_siege_of_Tobruk_1942.jpg/600px-Map_of_siege_of_Tobruk_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a> in May 1942, which was fought in the vicinity of Tobruk</figcaption></figure> <p>Tobruk had a deep, natural, and protected harbour, which meant that even if the port were bombed, ships would still be able to anchor there and be safe from <a href="/wiki/Squall" title="Squall">squalls</a>, so the port could never be rendered wholly useless regardless of military <a href="/wiki/Bombardment" title="Bombardment">bombardment</a>. This was of critical importance, as it made Tobruk an excellent place to supply a <a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">desert warfare</a> campaign. It was also heavily fortified by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">the Italians</a> prior to their invasion of Egypt in November 1940. </p><p>In addition to these prepared fortifications, there were a number of <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a> and cliffs to the south of Tobruk, providing substantial physical barriers to any advance on the port over land. Tobruk was also on a peninsula, allowing it to be defended by a minimal number of troops, which the Allies used to their advantage when the port was under siege. An attacker could not simply bypass the defenders, for if they did, the besieged would <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sally forth</a> and cut off the nearby <a href="/wiki/Supply_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply line">supply lines</a> of the attacker, spoiling their advance. </p><p>But Tobruk was also strategically significant, due to its location with regard to the remainder of Cyrenaica. Attackers from the east who had secured Tobruk could then advance through the desert to <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a>, cutting off all enemy troops along the coast, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a>. This advance would be protected from <a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">counterattack</a>, due to escarpments that were quite difficult for a military force to climb, running generally from Tobruk to <a href="/wiki/Suluq" title="Suluq">Suluq</a>. Due to the importance of maintaining <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">supply</a> in the desert, getting cut off in this area was disastrous. Therefore, whoever held both Suluq and Tobruk controlled the majority of Cyrenaica. </p><p>Finally, 24 km (15 mi) south of the port was the largest airfield in eastern Libya. This was significant due to the importance of <a href="/wiki/Air_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air power">air power</a> in desert warfare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_advance">Italian advance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italian advance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian forces (and their native Libyan allies—about two <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> of the latter) <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">invaded Egypt</a> in early September 1940 but halted their advance after a week and dug in at <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Barrani" title="Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a>. In early December, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Empire</a> forces—an armoured division and two infantry divisions—launched a counterstrike codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>. The Italians had previously <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">invaded Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian-occupied_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-occupied France">occupied part of the south of France</a>, and had now made a military incursion into a British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_capture_of_Tobruk">British capture of Tobruk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British capture of Tobruk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_capture_of_Tobruk" title="British capture of Tobruk">British capture of Tobruk</a></div> <p>The counterstrike involved the British pocketing two of the Italian camps against the Mediterranean, forcing their surrender. This led to a general Italian retreat to <a href="/wiki/El_Agheila" title="El Agheila">El Agheila</a>. Tobruk was captured by British, Australian and Indian forces on 22 January 1941. </p><p> Italy called on her German ally, which sent an army <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a>, under the name <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Afrika_Korps" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Afrika Korps">Deutsches Afrika Korps</a></i> (DAK). Italy also sent several more divisions to Libya. These forces, under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>, drove the Allies back across Cyrenaica to the Egyptian border, leaving Tobruk isolated and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">under siege</a>. The defenders of the fortress consisted of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">Australian 9th Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Australia)" title="7th Division (Australia)">Australian 18th Brigade</a> and some British tanks and artillery. They were later reinforced and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/British_70th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="British 70th Infantry Division">British 70th Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Independent_Carpathian_Rifle_Brigade" title="Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade">Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_11th_Infantry_Battalion" title="Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion">Czechoslovak battalion</a> and a British tank brigade. The siege lasted until December, when <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a> pushed the DAK and Italians back out of Cyrenaica.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smiling_Indian_Soldiers_in_Tobruk_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Smiling_Indian_Soldiers_in_Tobruk_1941.jpg/220px-Smiling_Indian_Soldiers_in_Tobruk_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Smiling_Indian_Soldiers_in_Tobruk_1941.jpg/330px-Smiling_Indian_Soldiers_in_Tobruk_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Smiling_Indian_Soldiers_in_Tobruk_1941.jpg/440px-Smiling_Indian_Soldiers_in_Tobruk_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Smiling Indian Soldiers in Tobruk 1941</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_capture_of_Tobruk">German capture of Tobruk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: German capture of Tobruk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axis_capture_of_Tobruk" title="Axis capture of Tobruk">Axis capture of Tobruk</a></div> <p>Rommel's second offensive took place in May and June 1942. Tobruk <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">was taken in an outflanking attack on 21 June 1942</a>, capturing the largest number of <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> troops after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">fall of Singapore</a> earlier in the year, where over 80,000 were captured. Rommel was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a>, shortly thereafter and was the youngest in the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Heer</a> to achieve this rank. The following units were deployed in Tobruk on 20 June 1942, and most of them were captured by the Axis forces:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Infantry Division (South Africa)">2nd South African Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="4th Royal Tank Regiment">4th Royal Tank Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="7th Royal Tank Regiment">7th Royal Tank Regiment</a></li> <li>3rd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Foresters" title="Sherwood Foresters">Sherwood Foresters</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_Regiment" title="Worcestershire Regiment">Worcestershire Regiment</a></li> <li>2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Cameron_Highlanders" title="Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders">Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders</a></li> <li>2nd Battalion, 5th <a href="/wiki/Mahratta_Light_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahratta Light Infantry">Mahratta Light Infantry</a></li> <li>2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/7th_Gurkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Gurkha Rifles">7th Gurkha Rifles</a></li> <li>67 Medium Regiment, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a></li> <li>68 Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery</li> <li>25th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Commando_raid">British Commando raid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: British Commando raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A British raid on Tobruk on 13–14 September 1942, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement">Operation Agreement</a>, intended to destroy port facilities and stores being used to support the Axis forces further west. Special forces approached from across the desert while <a href="/wiki/Commandos_(United_Kingdom)" title="Commandos (United Kingdom)">Commandos</a> attacked from the sea. A preparatory air raid by RAF heavy bombers served only to alert the Italian and German defenders. The special forces were unable to silence the coastal artillery batteries and the seaborne assault had to be abandoned after some of the Commandos had been landed in the wrong place. The retiring vessels were then attacked from the air. The British sustained almost 800 casualties, together with a cruiser, two destroyers and several smaller ships and boats.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_recapture">British recapture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: British recapture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tobruk remained in Axis hands until 11 November 1942, when the Allies captured it after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a>. It remained in Allied hands thereafter. Although not as much a reason for its strategic significance, the British built a rail line from <a href="/wiki/El_Alamein" title="El Alamein">El Alamein</a> to Tobruk during the course of the war. This rail line was significant both for purposes of supply and as a sense of pride to the Allied troops, as the rail line was built through a little-populated, inhospitable desert. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libyan_Civil_Wars">Libyan Civil Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Libyan Civil Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the outset of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">First Libyan Civil War</a>, the city quickly came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">NTC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2014 the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">internationally recognized government</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> relocated to a Greek car ferry in Tobruk harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rival <a href="/wiki/New_General_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="New General National Congress">New General National Congress</a> parliament continued to operate in Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-WPost_Aug._24_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost_Aug._24-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-20140909_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20140909-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2014 they again re-located, to a hotel named <i>Dar al-Salam</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the Al Masira Hotel<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Tobruk. In November 2014 that government was declared illegal by Libya's highest court.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professor Omar El Barasi (b. 1951), who once managed the Libyan branch of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a>, and later became a deputy of Libya PM <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahim_El-Keib" title="Abdurrahim El-Keib">Abdurrahim El-Keib</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is from Tobruk and gained his doctorate in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">petroleum engineering</a> from <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eman_al-Obeidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eman al-Obeidi">Eman al-Obeidi</a>, a Libyan woman who was abused by the Gaddafi government during the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a>, is from Tobruk. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Mukhtar">Omar Mukhtar</a> was born in Zanjhur, near Tobruk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Tobruk_Airport" title="Tobruk Airport">Tobruk Airport</a>, with two major domestic airlines serving it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Libya" title="List of cities in Libya">List of cities in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Libya" title="Railway stations in Libya">Railway stations in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knightsbridge_War_Cemetery" title="Knightsbridge War Cemetery">Knightsbridge War Cemetery</a> WW2 British Commonwealth Cemetery</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>On 1 January 1934, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan were united as the Italian colony of Libya. However, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> these names continued to be used.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wolfram-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wolfram_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Tubruq">"Tubruq - Wolfram-Alpha"</a>. <i>wolframalpha.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053409/http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Tubruq">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wolframalpha.com&rft.atitle=Tubruq+-+Wolfram-Alpha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wolframalpha.com%2Finput%2F%3Fi%3DTubruq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html"><i>Der Spiegel</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065516/http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html">Archived</a> 2014-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2011 Aug 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), <i>English Pronouncing Dictionary</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2"><bdi>3-12-539683-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-12-539683-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TobBC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TobBC_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TobBC_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TobBC_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TobBC_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TobBC_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tobruk" (history), <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 2006, Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, <i>Concise.Britannica.com</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9380861/Tobruk">BC-Tobruk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102054148/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9380861/Tobruk">Archived</a> 2008-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Libya/CSV/TOBRUK_62062.csv">"Climate Normals 1991-2020"</a>. <i>NOAA.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA.gov&rft.atitle=Climate+Normals+1991-2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-1-WMO-Normals-9120%2FLibya%2FCSV%2FTOBRUK_62062.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_620620_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Tobruk / Libyen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world</i> (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415113253/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_620620_kt.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961-1990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Tobruk+%2F+Libyen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_620620_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFweatheronline.co.uk" class="citation web cs1">weatheronline.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=1&FYY=1996&LMM=12&LYY=2015&WMO=62062&CONT=afri&REGION=0011&LAND=LY&ART=SON&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab">"Daily Hours of Sunshine - Tobruk - Climate Robot Libya"</a>. <i>www.weatheronline.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419122402/http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=1&FYY=1996&LMM=12&LYY=2015&WMO=62062&CONT=afri&REGION=0011&LAND=LY&ART=SON&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.weatheronline.co.uk&rft.atitle=Daily+Hours+of+Sunshine+-+Tobruk+-+Climate+Robot+Libya&rft.au=weatheronline.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.co.uk%2Fweather%2Fmaps%2Fcity%3FFMM%3D1%26FYY%3D1996%26LMM%3D12%26LYY%3D2015%26WMO%3D62062%26CONT%3Dafri%26REGION%3D0011%26LAND%3DLY%26ART%3DSON%26R%3D0%26NOREGION%3D1%26LEVEL%3D162%26LANG%3Den%26MOD%3Dtab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Lequien, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=86weAemI-e4C"><i>Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103031022/https://books.google.com/books?id=86weAemI-e4C&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 2016-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 633-634</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 834</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgar-HamiltonTurner1952" class="citation book cs1">Agar-Hamilton, J. A. I. & Turner, L. F. C. (1952). <i>Crisis in the Desert: May - July 1942</i>. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+the+Desert%3A+May+-+July+1942&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Agar-Hamilton&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+I.&rft.au=Turner%2C+L.+F.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span> Appendix C</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN.2013" class="citation web cs1">N., Anthony (2013-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comandosupremo.com/operation-agreement/">"Operation Agreement: Victory Over Allied Commando Forces"</a>. <i>Comando Supremo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comando+Supremo&rft.atitle=Operation+Agreement%3A+Victory+Over+Allied+Commando+Forces&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.aulast=N.&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomandosupremo.com%2Foperation-agreement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/20112235434767487.html">"Gaddafi defiant as state teeters"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 23 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319101656/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/20112235434767487.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Gaddafi+defiant+as+state+teeters&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2011%2F02%2F20112235434767487.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30681904">"Greek oil tanker bombed in Libyan port of Derna"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160210102326/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30681904">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Greek+oil+tanker+bombed+in+Libyan+port+of+Derna&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-30681904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Stephen2014" class="citation web cs1">Chris Stephen (9 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry">"Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140916072346/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Libyan+parliament+takes+refuge+in+Greek+car+ferry&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.au=Chris+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fsep%2F09%2Flibyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPost_Aug._24-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WPost_Aug._24_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825222828/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-denies-intervening-in-libya/2014/08/24/88b364ee-2b7d-11e4-be9e-60cc44c01e7f_story.html">"Libya's Islamist militias claim control of capital"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Associated Press. 24 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-denies-intervening-in-libya/2014/08/24/88b364ee-2b7d-11e4-be9e-60cc44c01e7f_story.html">the original</a> on August 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Libya%27s+Islamist+militias+claim+control+of+capital&rft.date=2014-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fegypt-denies-intervening-in-libya%2F2014%2F08%2F24%2F88b364ee-2b7d-11e4-be9e-60cc44c01e7f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-20140909-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian-20140909_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Stephen2014" class="citation news cs1">Chris Stephen (9 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry">"Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140916072346/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Libyan+parliament+takes+refuge+in+Greek+car+ferry&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.au=Chris+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fsep%2F09%2Flibyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlf_Laessing2014" class="citation web cs1">Ulf Laessing (2 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118212920/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/02/uk-libya-security-insight-idUKKCN0HR1GD20141002">"Insight - Libya's runaway parliament seeks refuge in Tobruk bubble"</a>. <i>Reuters UK</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-security-insight-idUKKCN0HR1GD20141002">the original</a> on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters+UK&rft.atitle=Insight+-+Libya%27s+runaway+parliament+seeks+refuge+in+Tobruk+bubble&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft.au=Ulf+Laessing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-libya-security-insight-idUKKCN0HR1GD20141002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29603393">"Libya's government holed up in a 1970s hotel"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129034855/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29603393">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Libya%27s+government+holed+up+in+a+1970s+hotel&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-29603393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Hotel_Review-g1641758-d3171777-Reviews-Al_Masira_Hotel-Tobruk_Al_Butnan_District.html#photos">"Al Masira Hotel"</a>. <i>tripadvisor.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151227114600/http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Hotel_Review-g1641758-d3171777-Reviews-Al_Masira_Hotel-Tobruk_Al_Butnan_District.html#photos">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tripadvisor.co.uk&rft.atitle=Al+Masira+Hotel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.co.uk%2FHotel_Review-g1641758-d3171777-Reviews-Al_Masira_Hotel-Tobruk_Al_Butnan_District.html%23photos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/11/libyan-court-suspends-un-backed-parliament-201411691057750925.html">"Libyan court rules elected parliament illegal"</a>. <i>aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180211045633/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/11/libyan-court-suspends-un-backed-parliament-201411691057750925.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Libyan+court+rules+elected+parliament+illegal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F11%2Flibyan-court-suspends-un-backed-parliament-201411691057750925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117004820/http://www.pm.gov.ly/ministries/item/63-deputy-prime-minster-2.html">"Libyan Transitional Government-Bureau Of Prime minister (defunct)"</a>. <i>pm.gov.ly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pm.gov.ly/ministries/item/63-deputy-prime-minster-2.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pm.gov.ly&rft.atitle=Libyan+Transitional+Government-Bureau+Of+Prime+minister+%28defunct%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pm.gov.ly%2Fministries%2Fitem%2F63-deputy-prime-minster-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobruk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tobruk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tobruk">Tobruk</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-battles/ww2/tobruk.htm">Tobruk: Australian toughness beats Rommel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryclub.info/erika/video/video04.htm">Tobruk War cemetery - video</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Al_Butnan" title="Template:Al Butnan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Al_Butnan" title="Template talk:Al Butnan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Al_Butnan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Al Butnan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Libya&#124;link=Libya_Butnan_District,_Libya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Butnan_District" title="Butnan District">Butnan District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Capital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobruk</a></b></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabiat_Al_Butnan_since_2007.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the district of Al Buntan"><img alt="Map of the district of Al Buntan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Shabiat_Al_Butnan_since_2007.svg/50px-Shabiat_Al_Butnan_since_2007.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Shabiat_Al_Butnan_since_2007.svg/75px-Shabiat_Al_Butnan_since_2007.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Shabiat_Al_Butnan_since_2007.svg/100px-Shabiat_Al_Butnan_since_2007.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1830" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Towns and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaghbub,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaghbub, Libya">Jaghbub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardia" title="Bardia">Bardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazala" title="Gazala">Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaid" title="Musaid">Musaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acroma" title="Acroma">Acroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Adm" title="Al Adm">Al Adm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%27r_al_Ashhab" title="Bi'r al Ashhab">Bi'r al Ashhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiyat_Janzur" title="Zawiyat Janzur">Zawiyat Janzur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambut" title="Kambut">Kambut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasr_el_Jadi" title="Gasr el Jadi">Gasr el Jadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_seats_of_the_districts_of_Libya" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:District_capitals_of_Libya" title="Template:District capitals of Libya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:District_capitals_of_Libya" title="Template talk:District capitals of Libya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:District_capitals_of_Libya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:District capitals of Libya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_seats_of_the_districts_of_Libya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative seats of <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Libya" title="Districts of Libya">the districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajdabiya" title="Ajdabiya">Ajdabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jawf,_Libya" title="Al Jawf, Libya">Al Jawf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98Aziziya" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Aziziya">‘Aziziya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beida,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Beida, Libya">Beida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brak,_Libya" title="Brak, Libya">Brak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharian">Gharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat,_Libya" title="Ghat, Libya">Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun,_Libya" title="Hun, Libya">Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marj" title="Marj">Marj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murzuk" title="Murzuk">Murzuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalut" title="Nalut">Nalut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebha">Sebha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubari" title="Ubari">Ubari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya,_Libya" title="Zawiya, Libya">Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuwara">Zuwara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libyan_Oil-ports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libyan_Oil-ports" title="Template:Libyan Oil-ports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libyan_Oil-ports" title="Template talk:Libyan Oil-ports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libyan_Oil-ports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libyan Oil-ports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libyan_Oil-ports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Libyan Oil-ports</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidra,_Libya" title="Sidra, Libya">Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_Lanuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra's Lanuf">Ra's Lanuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brega" title="Brega">Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuwetina" title="Zuwetina">Ez Zweitina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tobruk" title="Port of Tobruk">Tobruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya,_Libya" title="Zawiya, Libya">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182092#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182092#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182092#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133885887">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4060288-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002021646">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15035535q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15035535q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tobrúk (Libye)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge681369&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007471633905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/716525">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/101828209">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&oldid=1252576318">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobruk&oldid=1252576318</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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