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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20_July_plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>20 July plot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20_July_plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayals_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayals_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Portrayals in media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayals_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ludwig Beck</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%BA_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83" title="لودفيغ بيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لودفيغ بيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="لودویق بک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لودویق بک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Людвіг Бек – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Людвіг Бек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Лудвиг Бек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лудвиг Бек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck_(General)" title="Ludwig Beck (General) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ludwig Beck (General)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF_%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="لودویگ بک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لودویگ بک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%8A%B8%EB%B9%84%ED%9E%88_%EB%B2%A0%ED%81%AC" title="루트비히 베크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루트비히 베크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%A7" title="לודוויג בק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לודוויג בק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%92_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ლუდვიგ ბეკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუდვიგ ბეკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Beck" title="Aloysius Beck – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aloysius Beck" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83" title="لودفيج بيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لودفيج بيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ルートヴィヒ・ベック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルートヴィヒ・ベック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Бек, Людвиг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бек, Людвиг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Лудвиг Бек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лудвиг Бек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%84" title="ลูทวิช เบ็ค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลูทวิช เบ็ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ludwig Beck" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Людвіг Бек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людвіг Бек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="路德维希·贝克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路德维希·贝克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57170#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ludwig_Beck" rel="discussion" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chief of Staff of the German Army between 1935 and 1938</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ludwig Beck</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Beck_1936_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white head shot of Beck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ludwig_Beck_1936_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Beck_1936_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ludwig_Beck_1936_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ludwig_Beck_1936_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ludwig_Beck_1936_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ludwig_Beck_1936_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Beck in 1936 as Generaloberst</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chief of the General Staff <br /> of the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">German Army High Command</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 July 1935 – 31 August 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">as Supreme Commander of the Army</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Truppenamt" title="Truppenamt">Troop Office</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 October 1933 – 1 July 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Adam_(general)" title="Wilhelm Adam (general)">Wilhelm Adam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself <span style="font-size:85%;">as Chief of the OKH General Staff</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ludwig August Theodor Beck</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1880-06-29</span>)</span>29 June 1880<br /><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden-Biebrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiesbaden-Biebrich">Biebrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 July 1944<span style="display:none">(1944-07-20)</span> (aged 64)<br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Amelie Pagenstecher</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1916; died 1917)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partner</th><td class="infobox-data">Amalie Christine Auguste Luise Pagenstecher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Gertrud Beck</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Beck_(industrial)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Beck (industrial) (page does not exist)">Ludwig Beck</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Beck_(Industrieller)" class="extiw" title="de:Ludwig Beck (Industrieller)">de</a>]</span><br />Bertha Draudt</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (to 1918)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (to 1933)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1898–1938</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg/40px-WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg/60px-WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg/120px-WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="274" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Generaloberst" title="Generaloberst">Generaloberst</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ludwig August Theodor Beck</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈluːt.vɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>bɛk]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget 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navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Ludwig_Beck.ogg" title="File:De-Ludwig Beck.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; 29 June 1880 – 20 July 1944) was a German <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">general</a> and Chief of the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a> during the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Although Beck never became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, in the early 1930s he supported <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s forceful denunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and the need to re-arm, although he believed Germany needed more time to rearm before starting a war. </p><p>In serving as Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a> between 1935 and 1938, Beck became increasingly disillusioned and stood in opposition to the rising totalitarianism of the Nazi regime and to Hitler's aggressive foreign policy. Public foreign-policy disagreements with Hitler made Beck resign as Chief of Staff in August 1938. Beck became a major leader within the <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">conspiracy against Hitler</a>. The 20 July plot failed, however, and Beck shot himself in the head but succeeded only in severely wounding himself. One of General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fromm" title="Friedrich Fromm">Friedrich Fromm</a>'s men then shot him in the back of the neck. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Beck&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beck was born on 29 June 1880 in <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden-Biebrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiesbaden-Biebrich">Biebrich</a> (now a borough of <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, at Biebrich, Hessen in Germany to Bertha (nee Draudt) and industrialist Ludwig Georg Ernst Wilhelm Beck.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancestry-Beck1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancestry-Beck1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He served on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> as a staff officer. After the war, he served in various staff and command appointments. In 1931 and 1932, he led the group of army writers, at the Department of the Army (<i><a href="/wiki/Truppenamt" title="Truppenamt">Truppenamt</a></i>), which published the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> Operations Manual, <i><a href="/wiki/Truppenf%C3%BChrung" title="Truppenführung">Truppenführung</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NDB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first section was promulgated in 1933 and the second section in 1934. A modified version is still in use today by the <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to <i><a href="/wiki/Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a></i> in 1932. Two years later, in 1934, he replaced General <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Adam_(general)" title="Wilhelm Adam (general)">Wilhelm Adam</a> as chief of the <i>Truppenamt</i>, the camouflaged General Staff (the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> explicitly forbade the existence of the General Staff).<sup id="cite_ref-NDB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September and October 1930, Beck was a leading defence witness at the trial in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> of three junior <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a> officers: Lieutenant Richard Scheringer, Hans Friedrich Wendt and <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Ludin" title="Hanns Ludin">Hanns Ludin</a>. The three men were charged with being members of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> since members of the Reichswehr were forbidden from membership of political parties. The three officers admitted their membership and used as their defence the claim that Nazi Party membership should not be forbidden to Reichswehr personnel. When the three officers were arrested after being caught <a href="/wiki/In_flagrante_delicto" title="In flagrante delicto">red-handed</a> distributing Nazi literature at their base, Beck, the commanding officer of the 5th Artillery Regiment based in <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, to which the three Nazi officers belonged, was furious and argued that since the Nazi Party was a force for good, Reichswehr personnel should not be banned from joining the party. At the preliminary hearing, Beck spoke on behalf of the three officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967217_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967217-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Leipzig trial of Ludin and Scheringer, Beck testified to the good character of the accused, described the Nazi Party as a positive force in German life and proclaimed his belief that the Reichswehr ban on Nazi Party membership should be rescinded. When Lieutenant Scheringer spoke of a future war in which the Nazi Party and the Reichswehr would fight hand in hand as brothers in a "war of liberation" to abrogate the Treaty of Versailles, Beck supported Scheringer by testifying, "The Reichswehr is told daily that it is an army of leaders. What is a young officer to understand by that?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967217_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967217-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians such as Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">John Wheeler-Bennett</a> have noted that Beck was deliberately distorting the principle of <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Seeckt" title="Hans von Seeckt">Hans von Seeckt</a>'s <i>Führerarmee</i> ("Army of Leaders"), which trained soldiers to be leaders for when the army would be expanded beyond the limits permitted by the Treaty of Versailles, by seeking to apply it to politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967217_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967217-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_in_Nazi_Germany">Early career in Nazi Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Beck&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career in Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933, on witnessing the Nazi <i><a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">Machtergreifung</a></i>, Beck wrote, "I have wished for years for the political revolution, and now my wishes have come true. It is the first ray of hope since 1918".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200033_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200033-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1934, Beck expressed some alarm at <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Nazi Germany">Nazi foreign policy</a> involving Germany in a "premature war" after the failed <a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">Nazi putsch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, which led Beck to warn that those in "leading positions" must understand that foreign adventures might then lead to Germany being forced to make a "humiliating retreat", which might bring about the end of the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200035_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200035-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1934, after the death of President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, which led to Hitler's assumption of the roles of powers of the presidency, most notably the position of commander-in-chief, Beck wrote that Hitler's move created "favourable conditions" for the Reichswehr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200034_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200034-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beck gained respect with the publication of his tactical manual, <i>Truppenführung</i>. Both Beck and General <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a> commanded the <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(Reichswehr)" title="1st Cavalry Division (Reichswehr)">1st Cavalry Division</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt an der Oder</a> prior to assuming their command positions. During his time first as Chief of the <i>Truppenamt</i> (1933–1935) and then as <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a> (1935–1938), Beck encouraged the development of armoured forces but not to the extent that advocates of <i><a href="/wiki/Panzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer">Panzer</a></i> warfare, such as <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>, wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray198433–34_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray198433–34-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Beck's conception of power politics, it was crucial to have German military power restored to its pre-1919 levels, and from the latter half of 1933, he advocated a level of military spending beyond even those considered by Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985158_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985158-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once Germany was sufficiently rearmed, Beck thought that the Reich should wage a series of wars that would establish Germany as Europe's foremost power and place all of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> into the German <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985158–159_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985158–159-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B3516,_Wehrmachtman%C3%B6ver,_Werner_v._Fritsch,_Ludwig_Beck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B3516%2C_Wehrmachtman%C3%B6ver%2C_Werner_v._Fritsch%2C_Ludwig_Beck.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B3516%2C_Wehrmachtman%C3%B6ver%2C_Werner_v._Fritsch%2C_Ludwig_Beck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B3516%2C_Wehrmachtman%C3%B6ver%2C_Werner_v._Fritsch%2C_Ludwig_Beck.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B3516%2C_Wehrmachtman%C3%B6ver%2C_Werner_v._Fritsch%2C_Ludwig_Beck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B3516%2C_Wehrmachtman%C3%B6ver%2C_Werner_v._Fritsch%2C_Ludwig_Beck.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_136-B3516%2C_Wehrmachtman%C3%B6ver%2C_Werner_v._Fritsch%2C_Ludwig_Beck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Beck (right) with <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a> in 1937.</figcaption></figure> <p>As Chief of the General Staff, Beck lived in a modest home in the <a href="/wiki/Lichterfelde_(Berlin)" title="Lichterfelde (Berlin)">Lichterfelde</a> suburb of Berlin, and worked normally from 09:00 to 19:00 every day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200034_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200034-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that role, Beck was widely respected for his intelligence and work ethic but was often criticised by other officers for being too interested in administrative details.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200034_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200034-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, Beck wrote a lengthy covering letter to a long report on the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> armour manoeuvres as a way of encouraging interest in armoured warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray198435_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray198435-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Beck's view of the General Staff's role, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">War Minister</a> served in a mere administrative function, and the Chief of the General Staff should have been able to advise the Reich leadership directly. His views led to conflicts with War Minister <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a>, who resented Beck's efforts to diminish his powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200033–34_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200033–34-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, Beck strongly supported Hitler during the <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a> against Blomberg, who feared the French reaction to such a move.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200037_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200037-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1937 and early 1938, Beck had come into increasing conflict with other officers over the place and importance of the General Staff in the German military hierarchy, in which Beck wished to have all of the important decisionmaking moved into the arms of the General Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985155_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985155-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1930s, Beck started to create his own intelligence network of German military attachés, whom he used both to collect and to leak information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985152_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985152-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides military attachés, Beck also recruited civilians for his private intelligence network, the most notable volunteer being <a href="/wiki/Carl_Goerdeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Goerdeler">Carl Goerdeler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985152_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985152-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1937, Beck refused an order to draw up orders for executing <i>Fall Otto</i> (Case Otto), the German plan for an invasion of Austria, under the grounds that such a move might cause a world war before Germany was ready.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1980297_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1980297-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i> of February–March 1938, once Beck was convinced that no war would result from a move against Austria, he swiftly drew up the orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1980297_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1980297-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Beck's conception of <a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">power politics</a>, war was a necessary part of restoring Germany to a great power if the wars were limited and if Germany possessed enough strength and had allies that were sufficiently strong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller198364_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller198364-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Blomberg-Fritsch_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Blomberg-Fritsch Affair">Blomberg-Fritsch Crisis</a> in early 1938, Beck saw a chance to reassert the interests and power of the army against what he regarded as the excessive power of the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller198364_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller198364-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-war_conflict_with_Hitler">Pre-war conflict with Hitler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Beck&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-war conflict with Hitler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beck resented <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> for his efforts to curb the army's position of influence. Beck tried very early—as Chief of the General Staff—to deter Hitler from using the grievances of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, most of whose population was ethnically German, as an excuse for war in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-munich_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munich-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beck had no moral objection to the idea of a <a href="/wiki/War_of_aggression" title="War of aggression">war of aggression</a> to eliminate Czechoslovakia as a state. In 1935, he had a series of meetings with Prince Bernard von Bülow, the State Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/German_Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="German Foreign Office">German Foreign Office</a> and the Chief of the Hungarian General Staff to discuss plans "for the division of Czechoslovakia". On 12 November 1937, Beck submitted a memorandum stating that "various facts" show the requirement "for an imminent solution by force" of the problem of Czechoslovakia and that it was desirable to start preparing "the political ground among those powers which stood on our side or who were not against us" and that the "military discussion in either the one case or the other should begin at once".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985158–159_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985158–159-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Beck felt that Germany needed more time to rearm before starting such a war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985159_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985159-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Beck's assessment, the earliest date Germany could risk a war was 1940, and any war that was started in 1938 would be a "premature war" that Germany would lose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985160_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985160-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the generals felt that the idea of starting a war in 1938 was highly risky, but none of them would confront Hitler with a refusal to carry out orders since most of them thought that Beck's arguments against war in 1938 were flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985164_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985164-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From May 1938, Beck had bombarded Hitler, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a> with memoranda opposing <i><a href="/wiki/Fall_Gr%C3%BCn_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Fall Grün (Czechoslovakia)">Fall Grün</a></i> (Case Green), the plan for a war against Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984182–183_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984182–183-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first memorand, on 5 May 1938, Beck argued that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese War</a> meant Japan would be unable to come to Germany's aid, that the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> was the best fighting force in Europe and that Britain would certainly intervene on the side of France if Germany attacked Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984174–175_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984174–175-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his May memorandum, Beck argued that Hitler's assumptions about France, which were made in the <a href="/wiki/Hossbach_Memorandum" title="Hossbach Memorandum">Hossbach Memorandum</a> of 1937, were mistaken and stated his belief that France "wishes for peace or, perhaps more accurately, abhors a new war" but that "in case of a real threat, or what is perceived by the people to be foreign policy pressure, the French nation comes together as if one".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200068_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200068-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beck believed "The French army is and remains intact and is at the moment the strongest in Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200068_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200068-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beck ended with these comments: "The military-economic situation of Germany is bad, worse than in 1917–1918. In its current military, military-political and military-economic condition, Germany cannot expose itself to the risk of a long war".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200069_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200069-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The May Crisis of 21–22 May 1938 further convinced Beck of the dangers of going to war in 1938 and led him to increase his efforts to stop a war that he felt that Germany could not win.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985160_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985160-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1938, Beck informed a friend that from the time of the May Crisis, he had only one consideration in his mind: "How can I prevent a war?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985160_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985160-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 May 1938, Hitler stated that he had deep respect for Beck for his pro-Nazi testimony at the Ulm trial of 1930, but his views were too much that of a Reichswehr general and not enough of a Wehrmacht general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984182_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984182-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler commented that Beck was "one of the officers still imprisoned in the idea of the hundred-thousand-man army".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200072_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200072-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 May 1938, Beck had a meeting with Hitler, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, Wilhelm Keitel, and Walther von Brauchitsch, during which Hitler restated the views that he had first expressed in the Hossbach Memorandum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200069–70_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200069–70-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Beck drafted another memo on 29 May in which he presented a case that the Czechoslovak Army was not, as Hitler argued, a weak force and that a limited regional war in Central Europe was not a realistic possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984176_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984176-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same memorandum, Beck proclaimed his agreement with Hitler's views about the necessity of acquiring <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i> in Eastern Europe, called the existence of Czechoslovakia "intolerable" and concluded that "a way must be found to eliminate it (Czechoslovakia) as a threat to Germany, even, if necessary, by war".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200070_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200070-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Beck argued that Germany was not strong enough to fight the general war that would result from an attack on Czechoslovakia in 1938 and urged Hitler to avoid a "premature war".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200070_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200070-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Beck argued, "It is not accurate to judge Germany today as stronger than in 1914". He also presented a detailed military case that more time was needed before the <i>Wehrmacht</i> would be as strong as the army of 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200070_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200070-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Beck contended that he could not "accept these estimates of the military power of France and England.... Germany, whether alone or in alliance with Italy, is not in a position militarily to match England or France".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200070_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200070-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, Beck felt that Hitler's rush to war in 1938 was caused not by his personality but rather him receiving poor military advice, especially from Keitel. As a result, Beck spent much of his time urging a reorganization of the command structure so that Hitler would receive his advice from the General Staff and presumably abandon his plans for aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200071_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200071-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a memorandum opposing war in 1938, Beck commented: "Once again, the comments of the Führer demonstrate the complete inadequacy of the current top military-advisory hierarchy". Beck advocated the need for a "continual, competent advising of the commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht on questions of war leadership" and predicted that otherwise, "the future destiny of the Wehrmacht in peace and war, indeed the destiny of Germany in a future war, must be painted in the blackest of colors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200071_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200071-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was only in June 1938 that Beck realised that Hitler was behind the drive for war. In a memorandum to Brauchitsch, Beck urged that all of the senior officers threaten a mass collective resignation to force Hitler to abandon his plans for <i>Fall Grün</i> in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200074_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200074-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beck ended his appeal to Brauchitsch: "If they all act together, then it will be impossible to carry out military action.... If a soldier in a position of highest authority in such times see his duties and tasks only within the limits of his military responsibilities, without consciousness of his higher responsibility to the whole people, then he shows a lack of greatness, a lack of comprehension of responsibility. Extraordinary times demand extraordinary actions!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200074_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200074-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beck's campaign for a mass resignation was not aimed at the overthrow of Hitler but was rather intended to persuade Hitler to abandon his plans for war in 1938 and to purge certain "radical" elements from the Nazi Party, which Beck believed to have a negative influence on Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985162_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985162-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the <i><a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></i> chief, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris" title="Wilhelm Canaris">Wilhelm Canaris</a>, and the German Foreign Office's State Secretary, Baron <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst von Weizsäcker">Ernst von Weizsäcker</a>, Beck was a leader of the "antiwar" group in the German government, which was determined to avoid a war in 1938 that it felt Germany would lose. The group was not necessarily committed to the overthrow of the regime but was loosely allied to another, more radical group, the "anti-Nazi" faction centred on Colonel <a href="/wiki/Hans_Oster" title="Hans Oster">Hans Oster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bernd_Gisevius" title="Hans Bernd Gisevius">Hans Bernd Gisevius</a>, which wanted to use the crisis as an excuse for executing a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">putsch</a></i> to overthrow the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985162–163_&_166–167_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985162–163_&_166–167-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The divergent aims between both factions produced considerable tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1985170_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1985170-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a June 1938 General Staff study, Beck concluded that Germany could defeat Czechoslovakia but that to do so would leave western Germany empty of troops, which could allow the French to seize the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> with little difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984178_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984178-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beck maintained that Czechoslovak defences were very formidable, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> could mobilise at least 38 divisions and at least 30 German divisions would be needed to break through, which required a campaign of at least three weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200071_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200071-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beck concluded that Hitler's assumptions about a limited war in 1938 were mistaken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200071–72_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200071–72-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1938, upon being shown Beck's 5 May 1938 memorandum opposing <i>Fall Grün</i> by Brauchitsch, Hitler called Beck's arguments "<i>kindische Kräfteberechnungen</i>" ("childish calculations").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984183_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984183-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another memorandum of July 1938, Beck contended that a war against Czechoslovakia, France and Britain would end in Germany's defeat and urged Hitler to postpone his plans for aggression until Germany was strong enough for such a war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984178–179_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984178–179-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late July 1938, <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a>, a leading protégé of Beck's, wrote to his mentor urging him to stay at his post and to place his faith in Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984180–181_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984180–181-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 July, Beck wrote a memorandum stating the German Army had the duty to prepare for possible wars with foreign enemies and "for an internal conflict which need only take place in Berlin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothfels196157_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothfels196157-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 29 July memo is normally considered to be the start of Beck's efforts to overthrow the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothfels196157_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothfels196157-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1938, Beck suggested to Brauchitsch that a "house cleaning" of the Nazi regime was necessary, under which the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> would be reduced, but Hitler would continue as dictator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984180_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984180-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a 10 August summit, attended by the leading generals of the <i>Reich</i>, Hitler spent much of the time attacking Beck's arguments against <i>Fall Grün</i> and won over the majority of the generals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984183_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984183-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beck resigned alone on 18 August. He was replaced, as head of the General Staff, by General <a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984184_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984184-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Hitler's request, Beck kept his resignation secret and thus nullified the protest value of his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1984184_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1984184-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler promised Beck that if he kept his resignation secret, he would be rewarded with a major field command, and Beck was much disillusioned after he was instead put on the retired list.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200077–78_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200077–78-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plotting">Plotting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Beck&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plotting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the following years, Beck lived in retirement in his Berlin apartment and ceased to have any meaningful influence on German military affairs. His opposition to Hitler had brought him in contact with a small number of senior officers intent on deposing the dictator, and his home became the headquarters of the small circle of opposition. He increasingly came to rely on contacts with the British in the hope that London would successfully exert its influence on Hitler through threats and warnings, but he failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller198370–72_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller198370–72-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beck and his conspirators knew that Germany faced certain and rapid defeat if France and Britain helped Czechoslovakia in 1938. Accordingly, they contacted the <a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Office">British Foreign Office</a>, informed Britain of their plot and asked for a firm British warning to deter Hitler from attacking Czechoslovakia. In September 1938, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a> and Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, which handed the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany. That ended the crisis and hence Beck's efforts at a <i>putsch</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-munich_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munich-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the autumn of 1939, Beck was in contact with German Army officers, politicians, and civil servants, including General Halder, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>, Carl Goerdeler, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Hans_Oster" title="Hans Oster">Hans Oster</a> about the possibility of staging a <i>putsch</i> to overthrow the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2000217_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2000217-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, Beck had come to accept that it was not possible to overthrow the Nazi regime if that meant keeping Hitler in power. After a successful <i>putsch</i>, Germany was to be governed by a triumvirate of Beck, Goerdeler and Schacht, who would negotiate a peace with Britain and France that would allow Germany to keep most of its conquests, including Austria, all of western Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Reich Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2000217–218_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2000217–218-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early stages of the war, after Poland had been overrun but before France and the Low Countries had been attacked, the German Resistance sought the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in preparations for a coup to oust Hitler. <a href="/wiki/Josef_M%C3%BCller_(CSU_politician)" title="Josef Müller (CSU politician)">Josef Müller</a> was despatched on a <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII_and_the_German_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII and the German Resistance">clandestine mission to Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Hoffmann_p.161_&_294_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Hoffmann_p.161_&_294-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> considered Müller to be a representative of Beck and agreed to offer the machinery for mediation between the plotters and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Hoffmann_p.160_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Hoffmann_p.160-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p648-9_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p648-9-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pope, communicating with Britain's <a href="/wiki/Francis_d%27Arcy_Osborne" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis d'Arcy Osborne">Francis d'Arcy Osborne</a>, channelled communications back and forth in secrecy. The British were non-committal, but the Resistance were encouraged by the talks.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January to February 1940, a series of meetings between Goerdeler, Beck, <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hassell" title="Ulrich von Hassell">Ulrich von Hassell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Popitz" title="Johannes Popitz">Johannes Popitz</a> produced agreement that when the Nazi regime was overthrown, Beck was to head the Council of Regency, which would govern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967508_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967508-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940 and 1941, Beck spent much time discussing with Goerdeler, Hassell and <a href="/wiki/Erwin_von_Witzleben" title="Erwin von Witzleben">Erwin von Witzleben</a> aspects of the proposed state after the successful overthrow of the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967501–502_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967501–502-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20_July_plot">20 July plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Beck&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20 July plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_of_Colonel_General_Ludwig_Beck%27s_suicide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Site_of_Colonel_General_Ludwig_Beck%27s_suicide.jpg/250px-Site_of_Colonel_General_Ludwig_Beck%27s_suicide.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Site_of_Colonel_General_Ludwig_Beck%27s_suicide.jpg/330px-Site_of_Colonel_General_Ludwig_Beck%27s_suicide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Site_of_Colonel_General_Ludwig_Beck%27s_suicide.jpg/500px-Site_of_Colonel_General_Ludwig_Beck%27s_suicide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5032" data-file-height="3443" /></a><figcaption>Site of Beck's suicide attempt in the Bendlerblock office in which Valkyrie was planned.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1943, Beck planned two abortive attempts to kill Hitler by means of a bomb. In May 1944, a memorandum by Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> made it clear that his participation in the proposed <i>putsch</i> was based on the condition of Beck serving as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> in the new government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967608_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967608-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, Beck was one of the driving forces of the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a>, along with Carl Goerdeler and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a>. It was proposed that Beck would become <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsverweser" title="Reichsverweser">Reichsverweser</a></i> (regent) and head of the provisional government that would assume power in Germany after Hitler had been eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plot failed, however, and by the evening, Beck was in the custody of General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fromm" title="Friedrich Fromm">Friedrich Fromm</a>. Beck requested permission to keep his private pistol with the intention to commit suicide to avoid torture by the Gestapo. He shot himself in the head but succeeded only in severely wounding himself, and one of Fromm's men was brought in to administer the <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce" title="Coup de grâce">coup de grâce</a></i> by shooting Beck in the back of the neck. Beck, along with other conspirators, was buried in secret that night.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Beck&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Bremen on 12 May 1916, Beck married Amalie Christine Auguste Luise Pagenstecher, who had been born in Bremen on 6 May 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancestry-Beck1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancestry-Beck1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancestry-Pagenstecher_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancestry-Pagenstecher-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her youth Amalie had been treated for tuberculosis at the Stillachhaus Sanatorium in <a href="/wiki/Oberstdorf" title="Oberstdorf">Oberstdorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had been advised by its head, Dr Luebhard Saathoff, never to have children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following her marriage, he was persuaded to change his opinion. Amalie gave birth to Gertrud Beck on 1 January 1917 in Wiesbaden, Hassen-Nassau, Preussen.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancestry-Getrud_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancestry-Getrud-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine months later, on 16 November 1917, Amalie died in the sanatorium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beck was serving on the Western Front at the time of his wife’s death and had little interest in his five-year-old child. Consequently, Dr Saathoff took responsibility for her and she joined his family of five children and several adopted children. From the age of 14, Gertrud began living permanently with her father. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–261,_363_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–261,_363-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the start of World War II, to avoid being conscripted into the labour service, she moved to a family friend's forestry estate in East Prussia. Here she met Gunther Neubaur, who was born on 18 October 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancestry-Neubaur_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancestry-Neubaur-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite already being engaged and his parents objecting, since at 23 they considered her to be too young,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the couple went ahead and married in Berlin on 2 March 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancestry-Getrud_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancestry-Getrud-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their daughter was born in January 1941. Neubaur was serving as a <a href="/wiki/Hauptmann" title="Hauptmann">Hauptmann</a> (captain) when he was shot near Leningrad and died on 10 February 1942 while on the way to hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancestry-Neubaur_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancestry-Neubaur-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944, considering the risk from Allied bombing to be high, Beck arranged for Gertrud and her daughter to stay with her Neubaur in-laws in Oberstdorf due to its remote location in the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Alps" title="Bavarian Alps">Bavarian Alps</a>. They were still there at the time of the failed plot to kill Hitler. Eight days after the event, two members of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> visited her and requested that she accompany them. Her sister-in-law, Annemarie, was present and suggested that since it was late in the day they should have dinner at a nearby hotel and stay the night there. After the Gestapo had left to take up the suggestion, the two women burnt any incriminating letters and documents that they could find. The next morning the Gestapo took her to Munich, her three-year-old daughter remaining behind in the village. Eventually the Gestapo released her from prison and she returned to Oberstdorf, where she spent the rest of her life, dying in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals_in_media">Portrayals in media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Beck&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Portrayals in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The character of Beck appears in all film, literary, and TV dramatisations of the July 1944 plot, being played by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Hinz" title="Werner Hinz">Werner Hinz</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plot_to_Assassinate_Hitler" title="The Plot to Assassinate Hitler">The Plot to Assassinate Hitler</a></i> (1955),<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Diehl" title="Karl Ludwig Diehl">Karl Ludwig Diehl</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Jackboot_Mutiny" title="Jackboot Mutiny">Jackboot Mutiny</a></i> (1955),<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Richardson" title="Ian Richardson">Ian Richardson</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plot_to_Kill_Hitler" title="The Plot to Kill Hitler">The Plot to Kill Hitler</a></i> (1990),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Remo_Girone" title="Remo Girone">Remo Girone</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Stauffenberg_(film)" title="Stauffenberg (film)">Stauffenberg</a></i> (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Terence_Stamp" title="Terence Stamp">Terence Stamp</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie_(film)" title="Valkyrie (film)">Valkyrie</a></i> (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Beck&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ancestry-Beck1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancestry-Beck1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancestry-Beck1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrank" class="citation web cs1">Frank, KR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com.au/family-tree/person/tree/156660163/person/392209691263/facts">"Ludwig August Beck"</a>. <i>Ancestry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancestry&rft.atitle=Ludwig+August+Beck&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=KR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com.au%2Ffamily-tree%2Fperson%2Ftree%2F156660163%2Fperson%2F392209691263%2Ffacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NDB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoerster,_Wolfgang1953" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Foerster, Wolfgang (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016233/images/index.html?seite=719">"Beck, Ludwig August Theodor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (in German). 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Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 699</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beck%2C+Ludwig+August+Theodor&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=699&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Foerster%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016233%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn118508032.html">full text online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rienner.com/title/On_the_German_Art_of_War_Truppenfuhrung">"On the German Art of War Truppenfuhrung"</a>. <i>Lynne Rienner Publishers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Military Intelligence Foundation: 129. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26202052">26202052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Intelligence+Journal&rft.atitle=Colonel+General+Ludwig+Beck%3A+Conspirator&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26202052%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancestry-Pagenstecher-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ancestry-Pagenstecher_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank" class="citation web cs1">Frank, KR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com.au/family-tree/person/tree/156660163/person/392209788543/facts">"Amalie Christine Auguste Luise Pagenstecher"</a>. <i>Ancestry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancestry&rft.atitle=Amalie+Christine+Auguste+Luise+Pagenstecher&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=KR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com.au%2Ffamily-tree%2Fperson%2Ftree%2F156660163%2Fperson%2F392209788543%2Ffacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–259,_363_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoydPatel2022">Boyd & Patel 2022</a>, pp. 258–259, 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancestry-Getrud-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancestry-Getrud_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancestry-Getrud_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank" class="citation web cs1">Frank, KR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com.au/family-tree/person/tree/156660163/person/392209788624/facts">"Gertrud K Beck (Neubaur - Neubauer)"</a>. <i>Ancestry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancestry&rft.atitle=Gertrud+K+Beck+%28Neubaur+-+Neubauer%29&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=KR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com.au%2Ffamily-tree%2Fperson%2Ftree%2F156660163%2Fperson%2F392209788624%2Ffacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–261,_363-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydPatel2022258–261,_363_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoydPatel2022">Boyd & Patel 2022</a>, pp. 258–261, 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancestry-Neubaur-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancestry-Neubaur_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancestry-Neubaur_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com.au/discoveryui-content/view/568723:61641">"G Neubaur in the Germany, Military Killed in Action, 1939-1948"</a>. <i>Ancestry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancestry&rft.atitle=G+Neubaur+in+the+Germany%2C+Military+Killed+in+Action%2C+1939-1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com.au%2Fdiscoveryui-content%2Fview%2F568723%3A61641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047790/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0">"IMDB entry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=IMDB+entry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0047790%2F%3Fref_%3Dnv_sr_srsg_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0048040/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0">"IMDB entry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=IMDB+entry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0048040%2F%3Fref_%3Dnv_sr_srsg_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0100376/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0">"IMDB entry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=IMDB+entry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0100376%2F%3Fref_%3Dnv_sr_srsg_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0388437/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast">"Stauffenberg – full cast and crew"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Stauffenberg+%E2%80%93+full+cast+and+crew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0388437%2Ffullcredits%3Fref_%3Dtt_cl_sm%23cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0985699/fullcredits">"Valkyrie – Full Cast and Crew"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Valkyrie+%E2%80%93+Full+Cast+and+Crew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0985699%2Ffullcredits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Beck&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoydPatel2022" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Julia; Patel, Angelika (2022). <i>A Village in the Third Reich</i> (Paperback). London: Elliot and Thompson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78396-656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78396-656-1"><bdi>978-1-78396-656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Village+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Elliot+and+Thompson&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-78396-656-1&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.au=Patel%2C+Angelika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1988" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Peter (1988). <i>German Resistance to Hitler</i> (Paperback). Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67435-086-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67435-086-1"><bdi>978-0-67435-086-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Resistance+to+Hitler&rft.place=Harvard%2C+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-67435-086-1&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMay2000" class="citation book cs1">May, Ernst (2000). <i>Strange Victory</i>. New York: Hill & Wang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Victory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Moorhouse, Roger <i>Killing Hitler</i>, Jonathan Cape, London, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07121-5">978-0-224-07121-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller1983" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Klaus-Jürgen (1983). "The German Military Opposition before the Second World War". In <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mommsen" title="Wolfgang Mommsen">Mommsen, Wolfgang</a>; Lettenacke, Lothar (eds.). <i>The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement</i>. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940068-9"><bdi>978-0-04-940068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+German+Military+Opposition+before+the+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=The+Fascist+Challenge+and+the+Policy+of+Appeasement&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-04-940068-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller1985" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Klaus-Jürgen (1985). "The Structure and Nature of the National Conservative Opposition in Germany up to 1940". In Koch, H. W. (ed.). <i>Aspects of the Third Reich</i>. London: Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-35272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-35272-4"><bdi>978-0-333-35272-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Structure+and+Nature+of+the+National+Conservative+Opposition+in+Germany+up+to+1940&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-333-35272-4&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray1984" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Williamson (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changeineuropean0000murr"><i>The Change in the European Balance of Power, 1938–1939 The Path to Ruin</i></a></span>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05413-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05413-1"><bdi>978-0-691-05413-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Change+in+the+European+Balance+of+Power%2C+1938%E2%80%931939+The+Path+to+Ruin&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05413-1&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangeineuropean0000murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reynolds, Nicholas <i>Treason was No Crime: Ludwig Beck, Chief of the German General Staff</i>, 1975, London: Kimber, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7183-0014-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7183-0014-2">978-0-7183-0014-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2204228">2204228</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothfels1961" class="citation book cs1">Rothfels, Hans (1961). <i>The German Opposition to Hitler</i>. London: Oswald Wolff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Opposition+to+Hitler&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oswald+Wolff&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Rothfels&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard</a> (1980). <i>The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-88511-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-88511-7"><bdi>978-0-226-88511-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Hitler%27s+Germany+Starting+World+War+II&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-226-88511-7&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">Wheeler-Bennett, John</a> (1967) [1964]. <i>The Nemesis of Power: The German Army In Politics, 1918–1945</i>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nemesis+of+Power%3A+The+German+Army+In+Politics%2C+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALudwig+Beck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Beck&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Generaloberst_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Template:Generaloberst of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generaloberst_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Template talk:Generaloberst of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generaloberst_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generaloberst of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German_Colonel_Generals_and_General_Admirals_of_Nazi_Germany2256" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">German <a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel Generals</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="General Admiral">General Admirals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a><br />(<i>Generaloberst</i>)<br />of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Adam_(general)" title="Wilhelm Adam (general)">Wilhelm Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_von_Arnim" title="Hans-Jürgen von Arnim">Hans-Jürgen von Arnim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ludwig Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Blaskowitz" title="Johannes Blaskowitz">Johannes Blaskowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Dietl" title="Eduard Dietl">Eduard Dietl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Dollmann" title="Friedrich Dollmann">Friedrich Dollmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Falkenhorst" title="Nikolaus von Falkenhorst">Nikolaus von Falkenhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Frie%C3%9Fner" title="Johannes Frießner">Johannes Frießner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fromm" title="Friedrich Fromm">Friedrich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Haase" title="Curt Haase">Curt Haase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Hammerstein-Equord" title="Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord">Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Harpe" title="Josef Harpe">Josef Harpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Heinrici" title="Gotthard Heinrici">Gotthard Heinrici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heitz" title="Walter Heitz">Walter Heitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hilpert" title="Carl Hilpert">Carl Hilpert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Hoepner" title="Erich Hoepner">Erich Hoepner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Adolf_Hollidt" title="Karl-Adolf Hollidt">Karl-Adolf Hollidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hoth" title="Hermann Hoth">Hermann Hoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Valentin_Hube" title="Hans-Valentin Hube">Hans-Valentin Hube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Jaenecke" title="Erwin Jaenecke">Erwin Jaenecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Lindemann" title="Georg Lindemann">Georg Lindemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_von_Mackensen" title="Eberhard von Mackensen">Eberhard von Mackensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Raus" title="Erhard Raus">Erhard Raus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg-Hans_Reinhardt" title="Georg-Hans Reinhardt">Georg-Hans Reinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Rendulic" title="Lothar Rendulic">Lothar Rendulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ruoff" title="Richard Ruoff">Richard Ruoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Salmuth" title="Hans von Salmuth">Hans von Salmuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schmidt" title="Rudolf Schmidt">Rudolf Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ritter_von_Schobert" title="Eugen Ritter von Schobert">Eugen Ritter von Schobert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Strauss_(general)" title="Adolf Strauss (general)">Adolf Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Strecker" title="Karl Strecker">Karl Strecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Vietinghoff" title="Heinrich von Vietinghoff">Heinrich von Vietinghoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wei%C3%9F" title="Walter Weiß">Walter Weiß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Zeitzler" title="Kurt Zeitzler">Kurt Zeitzler</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg/60px-WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg/120px-WMacht_H_OF9_GenOberst_h_1935-1945.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="274" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WMacht_Lw_OF9_GenOberst_h_1945.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WMacht_Lw_OF9_GenOberst_h_1945.svg/50px-WMacht_Lw_OF9_GenOberst_h_1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WMacht_Lw_OF9_GenOberst_h_1945.svg/75px-WMacht_Lw_OF9_GenOberst_h_1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WMacht_Lw_OF9_GenOberst_h_1945.svg/100px-WMacht_Lw_OF9_GenOberst_h_1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="274" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kriegsmarine_epaulette_Generaladmiral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kriegsmarine_epaulette_Generaladmiral.svg/50px-Kriegsmarine_epaulette_Generaladmiral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kriegsmarine_epaulette_Generaladmiral.svg/75px-Kriegsmarine_epaulette_Generaladmiral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kriegsmarine_epaulette_Generaladmiral.svg/100px-Kriegsmarine_epaulette_Generaladmiral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="274" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_Oberst-Gruppenf%C3%BChrer_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/SS_Oberst-Gruppenf%C3%BChrer_h.svg/50px-SS_Oberst-Gruppenf%C3%BChrer_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/SS_Oberst-Gruppenf%C3%BChrer_h.svg/75px-SS_Oberst-Gruppenf%C3%BChrer_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/SS_Oberst-Gruppenf%C3%BChrer_h.svg/100px-SS_Oberst-Gruppenf%C3%BChrer_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="223" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a><br />(<i>Generaloberst</i>)<br />of the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_De%C3%9Floch" title="Otto Deßloch">Otto Deßloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Grauert" title="Ulrich Grauert">Ulrich Grauert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jeschonnek" title="Hans Jeschonnek">Hans Jeschonnek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Keller" title="Alfred Keller">Alfred Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Korten" title="Günther Korten">Günther Korten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Loerzer" title="Bruno Loerzer">Bruno Loerzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_L%C3%B6hr" title="Alexander Löhr">Alexander Löhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_R%C3%BCdel" title="Günther Rüdel">Günther Rüdel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Student" title="Kurt Student">Kurt Student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Stumpff" title="Hans-Jürgen Stumpff">Hans-Jürgen Stumpff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Udet" title="Ernst Udet">Ernst Udet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Weise" title="Hubert Weise">Hubert Weise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/General_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="General Admiral">General Admiral</a><br />(<i>Generaladmiral</i>)<br />of the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Albrecht" title="Conrad Albrecht">Conrad Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Boehm_(admiral)" title="Hermann Boehm (admiral)">Hermann Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Carls" title="Rolf Carls">Rolf Carls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_von_Friedeburg" title="Hans-Georg von Friedeburg">Hans-Georg von Friedeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kummetz" title="Oskar Kummetz">Oskar Kummetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marschall" title="Wilhelm Marschall">Wilhelm Marschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Saalw%C3%A4chter" title="Alfred Saalwächter">Alfred Saalwächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schniewind" title="Otto Schniewind">Otto Schniewind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schultze" title="Otto Schultze">Otto Schultze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Warzecha" title="Walter Warzecha">Walter Warzecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Witzell" title="Karl Witzell">Karl Witzell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Oberst-Gruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer">Oberst-Gruppenführer</a></i><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hausser" title="Paul Hausser">Paul Hausser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chiefs_of_the_German_General_Staff_of_the_Wehrmacht950" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">Chiefs of general staff of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ludwig Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Zeitzler" title="Kurt Zeitzler">Kurt Zeitzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Heusinger" title="Adolf Heusinger">Adolf Heusinger</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(Wehrmacht_general)" title="Hans Krebs (Wehrmacht general)">Hans Krebs</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">Chiefs of the general staff of the <i>Luftwaffe</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Wever_(general)" title="Walther Wever (general)">Walther Wever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Stumpff" title="Hans-Jürgen Stumpff">Hans-Jürgen Stumpff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jeschonnek" title="Hans Jeschonnek">Hans Jeschonnek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Korten" title="Günther Korten">Günther Korten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Kreipe" title="Werner Kreipe">Werner Kreipe</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Koller_(general)" title="Karl Koller (general)">Karl Koller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Seekriegsleitung" title="Seekriegsleitung">Chiefs of the general staff of the <i>Kriegsmarine</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schniewind" title="Otto Schniewind">Otto Schniewind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Fricke" title="Kurt Fricke">Kurt Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Meisel" title="Wilhelm Meisel">Wilhelm Meisel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>*Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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