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id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_to_mid-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_to_mid-20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early to mid-20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_to_mid-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_period_to_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_period_to_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Postwar period to the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_period_to_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Urban area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main sights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Parks and gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mayor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>City council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bicycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram_and_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram_and_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Tram and bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram_and_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Government offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Research and science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Museums and galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Braunschweig</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswyk" title="Brunswyk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brunswyk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%BA_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="براونشفايغ (مدينة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براونشفايغ (مدينة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braun%C5%9Fveyq" title="Braunşveyq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Braunşveyq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82" title="براونشوایق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="براونشوایق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Браўншвайг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Браўншвайг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Браўншвайг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Браўншвайг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Брауншвайг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брауншвайг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreisfreie_Stadt_Braunschweig" title="Kreisfreie Stadt Braunschweig – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kreisfreie Stadt Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Μπράουνσβαϊγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπράουνσβαϊγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick" title="Brunswick – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick" title="Brunswick – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="براونشوایگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="براونشوایگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_(Basse-Saxe)" title="Brunswick (Basse-Saxe) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brunswick (Basse-Saxe)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breunswyk" title="Breunswyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Breunswyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC" title="브라운슈바이크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라운슈바이크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A3" title="Բրաունշվայգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրաունշվայգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="ब्रंजविक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रंजविक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%C5%A1wik" title="Brunšwik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Brunšwik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Брауншвейг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Брауншвейг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAnsv%C3%ADk" title="Brúnsvík – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brúnsvík" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%92" title="בראונשווייג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בראונשווייג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ბრაუნშვაიგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრაუნშვაიგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Брауншвейг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Брауншвейг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Брауншвейг – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Брауншвейг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunsvicum" title="Brunsvicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Brunsvicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braun%C5%A1veiga" title="Braunšveiga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Braunšveiga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braun%C5%A1veigas" title="Braunšveigas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Braunšveigas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B3" title="Брауншвајг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брауншвајг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97" title="ब्राउनश्वाइग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्राउनश्वाइग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="براونشفايج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="براونشفايج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Брауншвайг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Брауншвайг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig_(stad)" title="Braunschweig (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Braunschweig (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broenswiek_(stad)" title="Broenswiek (stad) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Broenswiek (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF" title="ブラウンシュヴァイク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラウンシュヴァイク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Брауншвейг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Брауншвейг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_(Bassa_Sax%C3%B2nia)" title="Brunswick (Bassa Saxònia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brunswick (Bassa Saxònia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronswiek" title="Bronswiek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bronswiek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunszwik" title="Brunszwik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brunszwik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunsvique" title="Brunsvique – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brunsvique" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Брауншвейг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брауншвейг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunshvajgu" title="Braunshvajgu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Braunshvajgu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%A4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="براونشڤایگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="براونشڤایگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B3" title="Брауншвајг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брауншвајг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Брауншвейг – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Брауншвейг" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" title="เบราน์ชไวค์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบราน์ชไวค์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Брауншвейг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Брауншвейг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="برانشویگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برانشویگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunshw%C3%A9yg" title="Braunshwéyg – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Braunshwéyg" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BC%A6%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B" title="不伦瑞克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="不伦瑞克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B" title="布倫瑞克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布倫瑞克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Braunschweig" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BC%A6%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B" title="不伦瑞克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="不伦瑞克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2773#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Braunschweig&params=52_16_N_10_31_E_type:city(251804)_region:DE-NI"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°31′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.267°N 10.517°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.267; 10.517</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and district in Lower Saxony, Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the German city. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Braunschweig (disambiguation)">Braunschweig (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Brunswick (disambiguation)">Brunswick (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Lower Saxony, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Brunswick </span></div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Braunschweig</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Bronswiek</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:260px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20180102_Braunschweig_Burgplatz_Panorama_DSC07785_mid_equiRect_PtrQs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20180102_Braunschweig_Burgplatz_Panorama_DSC07785_mid_equiRect_PtrQs.jpg/260px-20180102_Braunschweig_Burgplatz_Panorama_DSC07785_mid_equiRect_PtrQs.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20180102_Braunschweig_Burgplatz_Panorama_DSC07785_mid_equiRect_PtrQs.jpg/390px-20180102_Braunschweig_Burgplatz_Panorama_DSC07785_mid_equiRect_PtrQs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20180102_Braunschweig_Burgplatz_Panorama_DSC07785_mid_equiRect_PtrQs.jpg/520px-20180102_Braunschweig_Burgplatz_Panorama_DSC07785_mid_equiRect_PtrQs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="4391" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Alte_Waage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Braunschweig_Alte_Waage.jpg/129px-Braunschweig_Alte_Waage.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Braunschweig_Alte_Waage.jpg/194px-Braunschweig_Alte_Waage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Braunschweig_Alte_Waage.jpg/258px-Braunschweig_Alte_Waage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1656" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Happy_Rizzi_House_Mai_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Happy_Rizzi_House_Mai_2014.jpg/129px-Happy_Rizzi_House_Mai_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Happy_Rizzi_House_Mai_2014.jpg/194px-Happy_Rizzi_House_Mai_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Happy_Rizzi_House_Mai_2014.jpg/258px-Happy_Rizzi_House_Mai_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5311" data-file-height="3541" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BraunschweigAltstadtmarkt2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BraunschweigAltstadtmarkt2022.jpg/129px-BraunschweigAltstadtmarkt2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BraunschweigAltstadtmarkt2022.jpg/194px-BraunschweigAltstadtmarkt2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BraunschweigAltstadtmarkt2022.jpg/258px-BraunschweigAltstadtmarkt2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8646" data-file-height="5764" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Rathaus_Westseite_(2012).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Braunschweig_Rathaus_Westseite_%282012%29.JPG/129px-Braunschweig_Rathaus_Westseite_%282012%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Braunschweig_Rathaus_Westseite_%282012%29.JPG/194px-Braunschweig_Rathaus_Westseite_%282012%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Braunschweig_Rathaus_Westseite_%282012%29.JPG/258px-Braunschweig_Rathaus_Westseite_%282012%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20171029_SchlossFassade_RL_breit_DSC00157_PtrQs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/20171029_SchlossFassade_RL_breit_DSC00157_PtrQs.jpg/260px-20171029_SchlossFassade_RL_breit_DSC00157_PtrQs.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/20171029_SchlossFassade_RL_breit_DSC00157_PtrQs.jpg/390px-20171029_SchlossFassade_RL_breit_DSC00157_PtrQs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/20171029_SchlossFassade_RL_breit_DSC00157_PtrQs.jpg/520px-20171029_SchlossFassade_RL_breit_DSC00157_PtrQs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2238" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top: Castle Square with <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Cathedral" title="Brunswick Cathedral">Brunswick Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dankwarderode_Castle" title="Dankwarderode Castle">Dankwarderode Castle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Lion" title="Brunswick Lion">Brunswick Lion</a>, Happy <a href="/wiki/James_Rizzi" title="James Rizzi">Rizzi</a> House, Town Hall, <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Palace" title="Brunswick Palace">Brunswick Palace</a>, Old Town market with the Church of Saint Martin and the <i>Alte Waage</i> with the Church of Saint Andrew</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Braunschweig_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brunswick"><img alt="Flag of Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/DEU_Braunschweig_Flag.svg/100px-DEU_Braunschweig_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/DEU_Braunschweig_Flag.svg/150px-DEU_Braunschweig_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/DEU_Braunschweig_Flag.svg/200px-DEU_Braunschweig_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Brunswick"><img alt="Coat of arms of Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg/69px-DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="69" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg/104px-DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg/138px-DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="599" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:line; margin-top:0.2px"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="height:auto; padding:0.1em; padding-left:0.3em; padding-right:1.5em;">Location of Brunswick within Lower Saxony</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Saxony_BS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lower_Saxony_BS.svg/250px-Lower_Saxony_BS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lower_Saxony_BS.svg/375px-Lower_Saxony_BS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lower_Saxony_BS.svg/500px-Lower_Saxony_BS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1203" /></a></span> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brunswick is located in Germany"><img alt="Brunswick is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.861%;left:50.17%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brunswick"><img alt="Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Brunswick </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brunswick is located in Lower Saxony"><img alt="Brunswick is located in Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/250px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/375px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/500px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1202" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.893%;left:75.792%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brunswick"><img alt="Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Brunswick </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lower Saxony</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Braunschweig&params=52_16_N_10_31_E_type:city(251804)_region:DE-NI"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°31′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.267°N 10.517°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.267; 10.517</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">9th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">19 <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">boroughs</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2021–26) </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Thorsten Kornblum<sup id="cite_ref-mayor_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">192.13 km<sup>2</sup> (74.18 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">75 m (246 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">251,804</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,300/km<sup>2</sup> (3,400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">375,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,582,740<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">38100–38126</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0531, 05307, 05309, 05300</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">BS</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.braunschweig.de/">Braunschweig.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Braunschweig</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbʁaʊnʃvaɪk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/74\/De-Braunschweig.ogg\/De-Braunschweig.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Braunschweig.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/De-Braunschweig.ogg/De-Braunschweig.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Braunschweig.ogg" title="File:De-Braunschweig.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) or <b>Brunswick</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BRUN</span>-zwik</i></a>; from <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Brunswiek</i></span>, local dialect: <span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Bronswiek</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nds-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈbrɔˑnsviːk]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, Germany, north of the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river <a href="/wiki/Oker" title="Oker">Oker</a>, which connects it to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> via the rivers <a href="/wiki/Aller_(Germany)" title="Aller (Germany)">Aller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>. In 2016, it had a population of 250,704 and in 2024, it has a population of 272,417.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A powerful and influential centre of commerce in medieval Germany, Brunswick was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> from the 13th until the 17th century. It was the capital city of three successive states: the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> (1269–1432, 1754–1807, and 1813–1814), the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Duchy of Brunswick</a> (1814–1918), and the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Free State of Brunswick</a> (1918–1946). </p><p>Today, Brunswick is the second-largest city in Lower Saxony and a major centre of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific research</a> and development.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurostat_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Braunschweig" title="Timeline of Braunschweig">Timeline of Braunschweig</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BurgDankwarderode2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BurgDankwarderode2016.jpg/220px-BurgDankwarderode2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BurgDankwarderode2016.jpg/330px-BurgDankwarderode2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BurgDankwarderode2016.jpg/440px-BurgDankwarderode2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5109" data-file-height="3406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dankwarderode_Castle" title="Dankwarderode Castle">Dankwarderode Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_history">Foundation and early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The date and circumstances of the town's foundation are unknown. Tradition maintains that Brunswick was created through the merger of two settlements, one founded by <a href="/wiki/Bruno,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Bruno, Duke of Saxony">Brun(o)</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Saxon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon people">Saxon</a> count who died in 880, on one side of the River Oker – the legend gives the year 861 for the foundation – and the other the settlement of a legendary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_Dankward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count Dankward (page does not exist)">Count Dankward</a>, after whom <a href="/wiki/Dankwarderode_Castle" title="Dankwarderode Castle">Dankwarderode Castle</a> (the "Castle of Dankward's clearing"), which was reconstructed in the 19th century, is named.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-braunschweig.de_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braunschweig.de-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town's original name of <i>Brunswik</i> may be a combination of the name Bruno and <a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a> <i>wik</i> (related to the Latin <i>vicus</i>), a place where merchants rested and stored their goods. The town's name, therefore, may indicate a resting place, consistent with its location by a <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">ford</a> across the Oker River. An alternative explanation of the city's name is that it comes from <i>Brand</i>, or burning, indicating a place which developed after the landscape was cleared through burning.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was first mentioned in documents from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Magni_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Magni Church (page does not exist)">St. Magni Church</a> from 1031, which give the city's name as <i>Brunesguik</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-braunschweig.de_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braunschweig.de-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_early_modern_period">Middle Ages and early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braun_Braunschweig_UBHD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Braun_Braunschweig_UBHD.jpg/220px-Braun_Braunschweig_UBHD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Braun_Braunschweig_UBHD.jpg/330px-Braun_Braunschweig_UBHD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Braun_Braunschweig_UBHD.jpg/440px-Braun_Braunschweig_UBHD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2039" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Brunswick in the 16th century, from the <i>Civitates orbis terrarum</i> by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Braun" title="Georg Braun">Georg Braun</a> and Frans Hogenberg<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunswick_cathedral.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brunswick_cathedral.JPG/220px-Brunswick_cathedral.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Brunswick_cathedral.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Brunswick Cathedral, St. Blasius, with lion statue</figcaption></figure> <p>Up to the 12th century, Brunswick was ruled by the Saxon noble family of the <a href="/wiki/Brunonids" title="Brunonids">Brunonids</a>; then, through marriage, the town fell to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a>. In 1142, <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a> of the House of Welf became duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> and made Braunschweig the capital of his state (which, from 1156 on, also included the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duchy of Bavaria</a>). He turned Dankwarderode Castle, the residence of the counts of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Brunswick" title="County of Brunswick">Brunswick</a>, into his own <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Pfalz</a></i> and developed the city further to represent his authority. Under Henry's rule, the <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Cathedral" title="Brunswick Cathedral">Cathedral</a> of St. Blasius was built and he also had the statue of a lion, his heraldic animal, erected in front of the castle. The <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Lion" title="Brunswick Lion">lion</a> subsequently became the city's landmark.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Henry the Lion became so powerful that he dared to refuse military aid to the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_Barbarossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I Barbarossa">Frederick I Barbarossa</a>, which led to his banishment in 1182. Henry went into exile in England. He had previously established ties to the English crown in 1168, through his marriage to King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_England,_Duchess_of_Saxony" title="Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony">Matilda</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Henry's son <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto</a>, who regained influence and was eventually crowned <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, continued to foster the city's development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Brunswick was an important center of trade, one of the economic and political centers in Northern Europe and a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th century to the middle of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the year 1600, Brunswick was the seventh largest city in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although formally one of the residences of the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>, a constituent state of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, Brunswick was <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> ruled independently by a powerful class of <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">patricians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> throughout much of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a>. Because of the growing power of Brunswick's <a href="/wiki/Medieval_bourgeoisie" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval bourgeoisie">burghers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>, who ruled over one of the subdivisions of Brunswick-Lüneburg, finally moved their <i><a href="/wiki/Residenz" title="Residenz">Residenz</a></i> out of the city and to the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a> in 1432.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel did not regain control over the city until the late 17th century, when <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Augustus,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>, took the city by siege.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century Brunswick was not only a political, but also a cultural centre. Influenced by the philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, dukes like <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ulrich,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Anthony Ulrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Charles I</a> became patrons of the arts and sciences. In 1745, Charles I founded the <i>Collegium Carolinum</i>, predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Braunschweig University of Technology">Brunswick University of Technology</a>, and in 1753 he moved the ducal residence back to Brunswick. With this he attracted poets and thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Anton_Leisewitz" title="Johann Anton Leisewitz">Leisewitz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Mauvillon" title="Jakob Mauvillon">Jakob Mauvillon</a> to his court and the city.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Emilia_Galotti" title="Emilia Galotti">Emilia Galotti</a></i> by Lessing and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust</a></i> were performed for the first time in Brunswick.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Brunswick_BS-Landtag_(2005).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Braunschweig_Brunswick_BS-Landtag_%282005%29.JPG/220px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_BS-Landtag_%282005%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Braunschweig_Brunswick_BS-Landtag_%282005%29.JPG/330px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_BS-Landtag_%282005%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Braunschweig_Brunswick_BS-Landtag_%282005%29.JPG/440px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_BS-Landtag_%282005%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1563" /></a><figcaption><i>Landschaftliches Haus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></i> building of the Duchy and the Free State of Brunswick</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1806, the city was captured by the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and became part of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a> in 1807. The exiled Duke <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Frederick William</a> raised a volunteer corps, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Brunswickers" title="Black Brunswickers">Black Brunswickers</a>, who fought the French in several battles.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarck1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarck1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815, Brunswick was made capital of the re-established independent <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Duchy of Brunswick</a>, later a constituent state of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> from 1871. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> in 1830, in Brunswick duke <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Charles II</a> was forced to abdicate. His <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist</a> governing style had previously alienated the nobility and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, while the lower classes were disaffected by the bad economic situation. During the night of 7–8 September 1830, the <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Palace" title="Brunswick Palace">ducal palace</a> in Brunswick was stormed by an angry mob, set on fire, and destroyed completely.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/William_VIII,_Duke_of_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="William VIII, Duke of Brunswick">William VIII</a>. During William's reign, liberal reforms were made and Brunswick's parliament was strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> caused a rapid growth of population in the city, eventually causing Brunswick to be for the first time significantly enlarged beyond its medieval <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">fortifications</a> and the River Oker.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 December 1838, the first section of the <a href="/wiki/Brunswick%E2%80%93Bad_Harzburg_railway" title="Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway">Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway</a> line connecting Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel opened as the first railway line in Northern Germany, operated by the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick_State_Railway" title="Duchy of Brunswick State Railway">Duchy of Brunswick State Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_to_mid-20th_century">Early to mid-20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early to mid-20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Braunschweig.jpg/220px-Braunschweig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Braunschweig.jpg/330px-Braunschweig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Braunschweig.jpg/440px-Braunschweig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption>Braunschweig around 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig15101944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Braunschweig15101944.jpg/220px-Braunschweig15101944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Braunschweig15101944.jpg/330px-Braunschweig15101944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Braunschweig15101944.jpg/440px-Braunschweig15101944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Braunschweig in the early hours of 15 October 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 November 1918, at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' council</a> forced Duke <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick">Ernest Augustus</a> to abdicate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 November, the council proclaimed the Socialist Republic of Brunswick under one-party government by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (USPD); however, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Landtag_elections_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Brunswick Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic"><i>Landtag</i> election</a> on 22 December 1918 was won by the <a href="/wiki/Majority_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany">Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (MSPD), and the USPD and MSPD formed a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An uprising in Braunschweig in 1919, led by the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_League" title="Spartacus League">Spartacus League</a>, was defeated when <i><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i> troops under <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ludwig_Rudolf_Maercker" title="Georg Ludwig Rudolf Maercker">Georg Ludwig Rudolf Maercker</a> took over the city on order of the German Minister of Defence, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Noske" title="Gustav Noske">Gustav Noske</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An MSPD-led government was subsequently established; in December 1921, a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> was approved for the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Free State of Brunswick</a>, now a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, again with Braunschweig as its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <i>Landtag</i> election of 1930, Brunswick became the second state in Germany where the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a> participated in government, when the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialist German Workers' Party</a> (NSDAP) formed a coalition government with several conservative and right-wing parties.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Klagges" title="Dietrich Klagges">Dietrich Klagges</a>, Brunswick's minister of the interior, the NSDAP organized a large <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> rally in Braunschweig. On 17–18 October 1931, 100,000 SA stormtroopers marched through the city; street fights between Nazis, socialists, and communists left several dead or injured.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 February 1932, the state of Brunswick granted <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> German citizenship to allow him to run in the <a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932 German presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Braunschweig, Nazis carried out several attacks on political enemies, with the acquiescence of the state government.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi seizure of power">Nazi seizure of power</a> in 1933, several state institutions were placed in Braunschweig, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt">Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkenrode" title="Völkenrode">Völkenrode</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <a href="/wiki/Academy_for_Youth_Leadership" title="Academy for Youth Leadership">Academy for Youth Leadership</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">SS</a>-<a href="/wiki/SS-Junker_Schools" title="SS-Junker Schools">Junkerschule Braunschweig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Reichswerke_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Reichswerke Hermann Göring">Reichswerke Hermann Göring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Stadt des KdF-Wagens</a>, as well as several factories in the city itself (including <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCssing" title="Büssing">Büssing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagenwerk_Braunschweig" title="Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig">Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig</a>), the Braunschweig region became one of the centres of the German <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Braunschweig was a sub-area headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Wehrkreis_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wehrkreis XI">Wehrkreis XI</a> (one of Germany's military districts),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the garrison city of the <a href="/wiki/31st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="31st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">31st Infantry Division</a> that took part in the invasions of Poland, Belgium, and France, largely being destroyed during its retreat following the invasion of Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In this period, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern workers">Eastern workers</a> were brought to the city as <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the 1943–1945 period at least 360 children taken away from such workers died in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ausl%C3%A4nderkinder-Pflegest%C3%A4tte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte">Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen</a></i> ("Maternity Ward for Eastern Workers").<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944, two <a href="/wiki/Subcamp" title="Subcamp">subcamps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme concentration camp</a> were established in Braunschweig. The subcamp <i>Schillstraße</i> or <i>Büssing-NAG/Schillstraße</i>, located where the BraWo Park's parking lot is today, held about 800 male prisoners, who were forced to work in the arms production at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCssing" title="Büssing">Büssing-NAG</a>. After about 300 had died due to disease, hunger, and maltreatment over the course of just a few months, a further 200 were transferred to the infirmary of a nearby subcamp in early January 1945 in order to reduce the number of deaths. However, this was only effective to some degree, as another 80 bodies landed in the city's crematory until the subcamp's closing in March 1945, when Büssing-NAG had to halt production due to severe bombing damages.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schillstrasse.de/">Gedenkstätte Schillstraße</a>,</i> located very close to the former premises of the subcamp, documents Braunschweig's history during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Büssing-NAG also had another subcamp in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Vechelde" title="Vechelde">Vechelde</a>, which held a further 400 male prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subcamp <i>SS-Reitschule</i>, named so as it was located on the former premises of the <a href="/wiki/SS-Junker_Schools" title="SS-Junker Schools">SS-Junker School</a>'s riding school, held approximately 800 prisoners, all female, who were tasked with clearing away rubble. This subcamp was commissioned by the city of Braunschweig. Although it was only open for two months - from December 1944 until February 1945, there were at least 17 deaths and a transfer of about 50 prisoners to a nearby subcamp's infirmary. The number of survivors is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piera Sonnino (1922–1999), an Italian author, writes of her imprisonment in Braunschweig in her book, <i>This Has Happened</i>, published in English in 2006 by MacMillan Palgrave.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Braunschweig_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Braunschweig in World War II">Allied air raid</a> on October 15, 1944, destroyed most of the city's churches, and the <i>Altstadt</i> (old town), the largest homogeneous ensemble of half-timbered houses in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 100 out of 800 half-timbered houses survived as well as the most important places and streets, preserved in 5 areas of the old town.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's cathedral, which had been converted to a <i>Nationale Weihestätte</i> (national shrine) by the Nazi government, still stood.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_period_to_the_21st_century">Postwar period to the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Postwar period to the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 10% of the inner city survived Allied bombing and remain to represent its distinctive architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral was restored to its function as a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> church.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the old town city centre large historic quarters remain like <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stliches_Ringgebiet" title="Östliches Ringgebiet">Östliches Ringgebiet</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a> architecture. </p><p>Politically, after the war, the Free State of Brunswick was dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Occupation Zones in Germany">Allied occupying authorities</a>, Braunschweig ceased to be a capital, and most of its lands were incorporated in the newly formed state of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Braunschweig, then part of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, suffered economically due to its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>. The city lost its historically strong economic ties to what was then <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>; for decades, economic growth remained, on average, below the rest of the country while unemployment was above-average for West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 February 1974, as part of a district reform in Lower Saxony, the <a href="/wiki/Landkreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis">rural district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_(district)" title="Braunschweig (district)">Braunschweig</a>, which had surrounded the city, was disestablished. The major part of the former district was incorporated into the city of Braunschweig, increasing its population by roughly 52,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, efforts increased to reconstruct historic buildings that had been destroyed in the air raid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The façade of the <i><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Palace" title="Brunswick Palace">Braunschweiger Schloss</a></i> was rebuilt, and buildings such as the <i>Alte Waage</i> (originally built in 1534) now stand again.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1330</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1758</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">22,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+40.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1788</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">26,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1811</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1830</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">35,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+27.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1849</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">75,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+92.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">100,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">128,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">146,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">196,068</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">231,091</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">240,431</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">246,085</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1966</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">234,665</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−4.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">222,805</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1976</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">268,519</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">260,342</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">247,836</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">258,833</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">245,516</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">242,537</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">252,816</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Braunschweig has a population of 250,000 and is the 2nd largest city in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>. Braunschweig is considered as one of the oldest cities in Germany, founded in 1031 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>. Braunschweig first reached its peak of over 100,000 in 1890. In the 1960s and 1970s industrialization boomed in Braunschweig due to automobile and other companies coming to Braunschweig and surrounding cities like <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>. Braunschweig's population reached its highest peak of population in 1975 with population of about 273,000. Braunschweig's population started to decline in the 1980s. In the 1990s - after the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> - it began to grow again as many East Germans moved there due to its close close proximity to former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. Currently, Braunschweig has a strong focus on research and development. According to 2019 data, it has the highest R&D intensity (ratio of R&D expenditure to <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>) in the entire EU and over 4% of all employed people are R&D personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, 91,785 people (or 36.3% of the population) were <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant</a> and 34,604 (13.7%) people were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>; 126,379 people (50.0%) either adhered to other denominations or followed no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Population_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roughly 17,000 Muslims (6.2% of the population) live in Braunschweig. Mosques like <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMK_Moschee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMK Moschee (page does not exist)">DMK Moschee</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatih_Moschee_Braunschweig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatih Moschee Braunschweig (page does not exist)">Fatih Moschee Braunschweig</a> and cultural clubs are present throughout the city but mosque buildings with minerates have not been built in Braunschweig but can be seen in its <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a> for example the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%BCne_Moschee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grüne Moschee (page does not exist)">Grüne Moschee</a> in Wolfenbüttel, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatih_Moschee_Salzgitter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatih Moschee Salzgitter (page does not exist)">Fatih Moschee Salzgitter</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanischer-Kulturverein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albanischer-Kulturverein (page does not exist)">Albanischer-Kulturverein</a> in Gifhorn. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moschee,_2,_Kniestedt,_Salzgitter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moschee%2C_2%2C_Kniestedt%2C_Salzgitter.jpg/220px-Moschee%2C_2%2C_Kniestedt%2C_Salzgitter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moschee%2C_2%2C_Kniestedt%2C_Salzgitter.jpg/330px-Moschee%2C_2%2C_Kniestedt%2C_Salzgitter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moschee%2C_2%2C_Kniestedt%2C_Salzgitter.jpg/440px-Moschee%2C_2%2C_Kniestedt%2C_Salzgitter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Salzgitter Fatih Moschee</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A total of 84,994 of Braunschweig's residents, including citizens with <a href="/wiki/Second_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Second passport">second passport</a>, had a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_background&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration background (page does not exist)">migration background</a> in 2023 (31.2% of the total population). <a href="/wiki/Weststadt" class="mw-disambig" title="Weststadt">Weststadt</a> has the highest migration percentage being 63%.<sup id="cite_ref-Population_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those, 39,785 were non-German citizens (15%);<sup id="cite_ref-Population_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the following table lists up the largest minority groups, including citizens with a migration background from a specific nation or region: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Rank </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Nationality </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Population (2024-03-31) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>13,303 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>10,665 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>8,278 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>6,092 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>5,770 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>4,877 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>4,235 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>3,931 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td>3,462 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan</a></td> <td>3,347 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>3,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>3,087 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td>2,233 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td>2,136 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>2,028 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>1,502 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>1,382 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>1,307 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>1,278 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>1,226 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td>1,207 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td>1,174 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>1,057 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>1,045 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>1,033 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>1,008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></td> <td>871 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>786 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>776 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>723 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-braunschweig_Infoline_StaFo_BS_2024-07_MigraPro_2023_ee_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braunschweig_Infoline_StaFo_BS_2024-07_MigraPro_2023_ee-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-braunschweiger-zeitung.de_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braunschweiger-zeitung.de-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The estimated migration population in 2025 is 95,961 (35% of 274,233). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_area">Urban area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Urban area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a> area of Braunschweig is approximately 400,000 in 2024, making it one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Regiopolis" title="Regiopolis">regiopolis</a> after <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the largest one in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>. This area includes <a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meine" title="Meine">Meine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salzgitter-Thiede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salzgitter-Thiede (page does not exist)">Salzgitter-Thiede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter-Lebenstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Salzgitter-Lebenstedt">Salzgitter-Lebenstedt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weddel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weddel (page does not exist)">Weddel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sickte" title="Sickte">Sickte</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timmerlah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timmerlah (page does not exist)">Timmerlah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lengede" title="Lengede">Lengede</a> and other towns and regions within a 15 kilometer radius. Braunschweig's urban area makes it a bigger city compared to others with a similar size e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a>, and since the urban area is not significantly smaller than <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, it makes itself an important and major city in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>. Companies like <a href="/wiki/New_Yorker_(clothing)" title="New Yorker (clothing)">New Yorker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter_AG" title="Salzgitter AG">Salzgitter AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4germeister" title="Jägermeister">Jägermeister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosch_(company)" title="Bosch (company)">Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordzucker" title="Nordzucker">Nordzucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosatec_Computer_(German_IT_distributor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosatec Computer (German IT distributor) (page does not exist)">Kosatec</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosatec_Computer" class="extiw" title="de:Kosatec Computer">de</a>]</span> and others are headquartered or have a branch in this area. </p><p><br /> <b>Information about the Urban Agglomeration in 2024</b>: </p><p><b>Population</b>: 401,234 </p><p>Area size: 585.16 </p><p><b>Density</b>: 698 per square Kilometer </p><p><b>Migration background percentage</b>: 44.7% </p><p><b>Largest cities, districts and towns</b>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Braunschweig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Wolfenbüttel (page does not exist)">Kreis Wolfenbüttel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lehrte" title="Lehrte">Lehrte</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Cremlingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Cremlingen (page does not exist)">Kreis Cremlingen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Gifhorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Gifhorn (page does not exist)">Kreis Gifhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vechelde" title="Vechelde">Vechelde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lengede" title="Lengede">Lengede</a> </p><p>The population of the urban area with a migration background is 178,998 in 2023, making it 44.7% of the population. This makes the agglomeration one of the most diverse in Germany and the most in Lower Saxony. The city is unique because unlike most cities with migrant populations concentrated inside the city itself, higher number of migrant populations are also found in surrounding areas. Braunschweig's urban agglomeration has a higher migration percentage compared to its city due to industrialization and other major factors since 2011. </p><p>One of the largest Vietnamese, Cameroonian and Tunisian populations in Germany are located in the surroundings and within Braunschweig. </p><p>These are the biggest nationalities in the urban area (<b>these include the citizens with a migration background and a second passport</b>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Rank </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Countries predominant in the urban area </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Population (2024-03-31) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>20,578 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>18,439 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>16,783 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>13,045 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>10,346 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>10,222 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>8,346 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td>6,543 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>6,423 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan</a></td> <td>6,322 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>6,208 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>5,894 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>5,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>4,589 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>4,341 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td>3,780 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>3,678 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>3,430 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td>3,234 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>3,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td>3,156 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td>2,760 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-braunschweig_Infoline_StaFo_BS_2024-07_MigraPro_2023_ee_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braunschweig_Infoline_StaFo_BS_2024-07_MigraPro_2023_ee-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-braunschweiger-zeitung.de_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braunschweiger-zeitung.de-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braunschweig's climate is classified as <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>; <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: <i>Dobk</i>). The average annual temperature in Braunschweig is 9.9 °C (49.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 614.8 mm (24.20 in) with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 18.7 °C (65.7 °F), and lowest in January, at around 1.8 °C (35.2 °F). </p><p>The Braunschweig weather station has recorded the following extreme values:<sup id="cite_ref-sklima_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sklima-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Highest Temperature 38.3 °C (100.9 °F) on <a href="/wiki/2022_European_heatwaves#July_heatwave_2" title="2022 European heatwaves">20 July 2022</a>.</li> <li>Warmest Minimum 22.6 °C (72.7 °F) on 10 July 2010.</li> <li>Coldest Maximum −17.5 °C (0.5 °F) on 11 February 1929.</li> <li>Lowest Temperature −26.3 °C (−15.3 °F) on 11 February 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-wetterzentrale_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wetterzentrale-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Highest Daily Precipitation 79.9 mm (3.15 in) on 17 July 2002.</li> <li>Wettest Month 212.6 mm (8.37 in) in July 2002.</li> <li>Wettest Year 989.3 mm (38.95 in) in 2002.</li> <li>Driest Year 295.7 mm (11.64 in) in 1959.</li> <li>Earliest Snowfall: 4 October 1925.</li> <li>Latest Snowfall: 22 April 1929.</li> <li>Longest annual sunshine: 2,128.2 hours in 2018.</li> <li>Shortest annual sunshine: 1,270.4 hours in 1960.</li></ul> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Braunschweig (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1891–present<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4<br />(95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3<br />(100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.3<br />(100.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0<br />(14.0) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.2<br />(17.2) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−12.2<br />(10.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.6<br />(−10.5) </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.3<br />(−15.3) </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.5<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3<br />(18.9) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7<br />(27.1) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.3<br />(−0.9) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.9<br />(−5.6) </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−26.3<br />(−15.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.3<br />(1.98) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(1.39) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.2<br />(1.70) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.8<br />(1.53) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.8<br />(2.16) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.2<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.6<br />(2.78) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.6<br />(2.62) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.1<br />(2.01) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.6<br />(2.11) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.1<br />(1.89) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4<br />(1.91) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">614.8<br />(24.20) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.3<br />(2.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2929FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.3 </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.3 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.0 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.6 </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.7 </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.8 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">180.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.9 </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.6 </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.8 </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.7 </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.4 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.2 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0 </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.9 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.5 </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.0 </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.4 </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.0 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #5F5F5F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.4 </td> <td style="background: #949494; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.1 </td> <td style="background: #B7B756; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.3 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.6 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">212.5 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.1 </td> <td style="background: #B2B274; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.5 </td> <td style="background: #666666; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.1 </td> <td style="background: #4B4B4B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,692.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: DWD Open Data<sup id="cite_ref-wetterzentrale_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wetterzentrale-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sklima_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sklima-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i>Burgplatz</i> (Castle Square), comprising a group of buildings of great historical and cultural significance: the <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Cathedral" title="Brunswick Cathedral">Cathedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">St Blasius</a>, built at the end of the 12th century); the <i>Burg Dankwarderode</i> (Dankwarderode Castle) (a 19th-century reconstruction of the old castle of Henry the Lion); the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">Neo-Gothic</a> Town Hall (built in 1893–1900); as well as some picturesque <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">half-timbered houses</a>, such as the <i>Gildehaus</i> (Guild House), today the seat of the Craftsman's Association. In the centre of the square stands a copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Lion" title="Brunswick Lion">Burglöwe</a></i> (Brunswick Lion), a <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> statue of a lion, cast in bronze in 1166. The original statue can be seen in the museum of Dankwarderode Castle. The lion remains the symbol of Braunschweig today.</li> <li>The <i>Altstadtmarkt</i> ("Old Town market"), surrounded by the Old Town town hall (built between the 13th and the 15th centuries in Gothic style), and the <i>Martinikirche</i> (Church of <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Saint Martin</a>, from 1195), with important historical houses including the <i><a href="/wiki/Cloth_hall" title="Cloth hall">Gewandhaus</a></i> (the former house of the drapers' guild, built sometime before 1268) and the <i>Stechinelli-Haus</i> (built in 1690) and a fountain from 1408.</li> <li>The <i>Kohlmarkt</i> ("coal market"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a market with many historical houses and a fountain from 1869.</li> <li>The <i>Hagenmarkt</i> ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hag" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Hag">Hagen</a> market"), with the 13th-century <i>Katharinenkirche</i> (Church of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Saint Catherine</a>) and the <i>Heinrichsbrunnen</i> ("Henry the Lion's Fountain") from 1874.</li> <li>The <i>Magniviertel</i> (<a href="/wiki/Magnus_of_Anagni" title="Magnus of Anagni">St Magnus</a>' Quarter), a remainder of ancient Braunschweig, lined with cobblestoned streets, little shops and cafés, centred on the 13th-century <i>Magnikirche</i> (St Magnus' Church). Here is also the <i>Rizzi-Haus</i>, a highly distinctive, cartoonish office building designed by architect <a href="/wiki/James_Rizzi" title="James Rizzi">James Rizzi</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Expo_2000" title="Expo 2000">Expo 2000</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <i>Andreaskirche</i> (Church of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Saint Andrew</a>), built mainly between the 13th and 16th centuries with stained glass by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Crodel" title="Charles Crodel">Charles Crodel</a>. Surrounding the church are the <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brick_Gothic_buildings#Lower_Saxony_and_Bremen" title="List of Brick Gothic buildings">Liberei</a></i>, the oldest surviving freestanding library building in Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the reconstructed <i>Alte Waage</i>.</li> <li>The Gothic <i><a href="/wiki/Aegidienkirche,_Braunschweig" title="Aegidienkirche, Braunschweig">Aegidienkirche</a></i> (Church of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Giles" title="Saint Giles">Saint Giles</a>), built in the 13th century, with an adjoining monastery, which is today a museum.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_Braunschweig" title="Staatstheater Braunschweig">Staatstheater</a></i> (State Theatre), newly built in the 19th century, goes back to the first standing public theatre in Germany, founded in 1690 by Duke Anthony Ulrich.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Palace" title="Brunswick Palace">ducal palace of Braunschweig</a> was bombed in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and demolished in 1960. The exterior was rebuilt to contain a palace museum, a library and a shopping centre, which opened in 2007.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> palace <i><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Richmond" title="Schloss Richmond">Schloss Richmond</a></i> ("Richmond Palace"), built between 1768 and 1769 with a surrounding <a href="/wiki/English_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="English garden">English garden</a> for <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Augusta of Great Britain">Princess Augusta of Great Britain</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>, to remind her of her home in England.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=BraWoPark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BraWoPark (page does not exist)">BraWoPark</a> is a shopping and a business center near <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_Hauptbahnhof" title="Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof">Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof</a> ("Braunschweig <a href="/wiki/Central_station" title="Central station">Central Station</a>") and contains three <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">office towers</a>, with the tallest having a height of 80 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddagshausen_Abbey" title="Riddagshausen Abbey">Riddagshausen Abbey</a> (German: <i>Kloster Riddagshausen</i>), a former <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> monastery, with the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">arboretum</a>. The nature reserve <i>Riddagshäuser Teiche</i> is designated as an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Area" title="Special Protection Area">Special Protection Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a> quarters like <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stliches_Ringgebiet" title="Östliches Ringgebiet">östliches Ringgebiet</a>, westliches Ringgebiet and Nordstadt-Schunteraue.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweiger_Burgplatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burgplatz, with Castle, Cathedral, lion, and Town Hall"><img alt="Burgplatz, with Castle, Cathedral, lion, and Town Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Braunschweiger_Burgplatz.jpg/270px-Braunschweiger_Burgplatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Braunschweiger_Burgplatz.jpg/405px-Braunschweiger_Burgplatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Braunschweiger_Burgplatz.jpg/540px-Braunschweiger_Burgplatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Burgplatz</i>, with Castle, Cathedral, lion, and Town Hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweiger_Loewe_Original_Brunswick_Lion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brunswick Lion, original on display in castle museum"><img alt="Brunswick Lion, original on display in castle museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Braunschweiger_Loewe_Original_Brunswick_Lion.jpg/185px-Braunschweiger_Loewe_Original_Brunswick_Lion.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Braunschweiger_Loewe_Original_Brunswick_Lion.jpg/277px-Braunschweiger_Loewe_Original_Brunswick_Lion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Braunschweiger_Loewe_Original_Brunswick_Lion.jpg/369px-Braunschweiger_Loewe_Original_Brunswick_Lion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brunswick Lion, original on display in castle museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig,_Rathaus_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Town Hall"><img alt="Town Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Braunschweig%2C_Rathaus_%281%29.jpg/135px-Braunschweig%2C_Rathaus_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Braunschweig%2C_Rathaus_%281%29.jpg/202px-Braunschweig%2C_Rathaus_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Braunschweig%2C_Rathaus_%281%29.jpg/270px-Braunschweig%2C_Rathaus_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Town Hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig,_Handwerkskammer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Veltheimsches Haus (left) and Gildehaus (right)"><img alt="Veltheimsches Haus (left) and Gildehaus (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Braunschweig%2C_Handwerkskammer.jpg/240px-Braunschweig%2C_Handwerkskammer.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Braunschweig%2C_Handwerkskammer.jpg/360px-Braunschweig%2C_Handwerkskammer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Braunschweig%2C_Handwerkskammer.jpg/480px-Braunschweig%2C_Handwerkskammer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Veltheimsches Haus</i> (left) and <i>Gildehaus</i> (right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 71.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 69.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Brunswick_Gewandhaus_Ostfassade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gewandhaus"><img alt="Gewandhaus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Gewandhaus_Ostfassade.jpg/104px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Gewandhaus_Ostfassade.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Gewandhaus_Ostfassade.jpg/157px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Gewandhaus_Ostfassade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Gewandhaus_Ostfassade.jpg/209px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Gewandhaus_Ostfassade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gewandhaus</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Altstadtrathaus_mit_Brunnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altstadtmarkt, with Old Town town hall (left) and Stechinelli-Haus"><img alt="Altstadtmarkt, with Old Town town hall (left) and Stechinelli-Haus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braunschweig_Altstadtrathaus_mit_Brunnen.jpg/277px-Braunschweig_Altstadtrathaus_mit_Brunnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braunschweig_Altstadtrathaus_mit_Brunnen.jpg/415px-Braunschweig_Altstadtrathaus_mit_Brunnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braunschweig_Altstadtrathaus_mit_Brunnen.jpg/553px-Braunschweig_Altstadtrathaus_mit_Brunnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Altstadtmarkt</i>, with Old Town town hall (left) and <i>Stechinelli-Haus</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_St.Martini_2005-01-23_(south).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St. Martin"><img alt="Church of St. Martin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Braunschweig_St.Martini_2005-01-23_%28south%29.jpg/240px-Braunschweig_St.Martini_2005-01-23_%28south%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Braunschweig_St.Martini_2005-01-23_%28south%29.jpg/360px-Braunschweig_St.Martini_2005-01-23_%28south%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Braunschweig_St.Martini_2005-01-23_%28south%29.jpg/480px-Braunschweig_St.Martini_2005-01-23_%28south%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St. Martin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Brunswick_Ritter_St_Georg_(2006).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Altstadt ("Old Town")"><img alt="Altstadt ("Old Town")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Ritter_St_Georg_%282006%29.JPG/262px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Ritter_St_Georg_%282006%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Ritter_St_Georg_%282006%29.JPG/393px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Ritter_St_Georg_%282006%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Ritter_St_Georg_%282006%29.JPG/524px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Ritter_St_Georg_%282006%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2555" data-file-height="1755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Altstadt</i> ("Old Town")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Brunswick_Haus_zum_Stern_(2004).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Haus zum Stern on Kohlmarkt"><img alt="Haus zum Stern on Kohlmarkt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Haus_zum_Stern_%282004%29.JPG/153px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Haus_zum_Stern_%282004%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Haus_zum_Stern_%282004%29.JPG/230px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Haus_zum_Stern_%282004%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Haus_zum_Stern_%282004%29.JPG/306px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Haus_zum_Stern_%282004%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2257" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Haus zum Stern</i> on <i>Kohlmarkt</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig,_St._Katharinen,_Heinrichsbrunnen_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St. Catherine and Henry the Lion's Fountain"><img alt="Church of St. Catherine and Henry the Lion's Fountain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Braunschweig%2C_St._Katharinen%2C_Heinrichsbrunnen_%282%29.jpg/135px-Braunschweig%2C_St._Katharinen%2C_Heinrichsbrunnen_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Braunschweig%2C_St._Katharinen%2C_Heinrichsbrunnen_%282%29.jpg/202px-Braunschweig%2C_St._Katharinen%2C_Heinrichsbrunnen_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Braunschweig%2C_St._Katharinen%2C_Heinrichsbrunnen_%282%29.jpg/270px-Braunschweig%2C_St._Katharinen%2C_Heinrichsbrunnen_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St. Catherine and Henry the Lion's Fountain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Brunswick_Magni-Kirche_Turm_Suedosten_(2006).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Magnus' Church"><img alt="St. Magnus' Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Magni-Kirche_Turm_Suedosten_%282006%29.JPG/135px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Magni-Kirche_Turm_Suedosten_%282006%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Magni-Kirche_Turm_Suedosten_%282006%29.JPG/202px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Magni-Kirche_Turm_Suedosten_%282006%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Magni-Kirche_Turm_Suedosten_%282006%29.JPG/270px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Magni-Kirche_Turm_Suedosten_%282006%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Magnus' Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_fachwerk_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magniviertel"><img alt="Magniviertel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Braunschweig_fachwerk_02.jpg/240px-Braunschweig_fachwerk_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Braunschweig_fachwerk_02.jpg/360px-Braunschweig_fachwerk_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Braunschweig_fachwerk_02.jpg/480px-Braunschweig_fachwerk_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Magniviertel</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Happy_RIZZI_House_Braunschweig_von_S%C3%BCden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Happy Rizzi House"><img alt="Happy Rizzi House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Happy_RIZZI_House_Braunschweig_von_S%C3%BCden.jpg/240px-Happy_RIZZI_House_Braunschweig_von_S%C3%BCden.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Happy_RIZZI_House_Braunschweig_von_S%C3%BCden.jpg/360px-Happy_RIZZI_House_Braunschweig_von_S%C3%BCden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Happy_RIZZI_House_Braunschweig_von_S%C3%BCden.jpg/480px-Happy_RIZZI_House_Braunschweig_von_S%C3%BCden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4599" data-file-height="3449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Rizzi_House" class="extiw" title="de:Happy Rizzi House">Happy Rizzi House</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig,_St._Andreaskirche_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andreaskirche"><img alt="Andreaskirche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Braunschweig%2C_St._Andreaskirche_%282%29.jpg/135px-Braunschweig%2C_St._Andreaskirche_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Braunschweig%2C_St._Andreaskirche_%282%29.jpg/202px-Braunschweig%2C_St._Andreaskirche_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Braunschweig%2C_St._Andreaskirche_%282%29.jpg/270px-Braunschweig%2C_St._Andreaskirche_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Andreaskirche</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig,_Alte_Waage_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alte Waage"><img alt="Alte Waage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Braunschweig%2C_Alte_Waage_%281%29.jpg/135px-Braunschweig%2C_Alte_Waage_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Braunschweig%2C_Alte_Waage_%281%29.jpg/202px-Braunschweig%2C_Alte_Waage_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Braunschweig%2C_Alte_Waage_%281%29.jpg/270px-Braunschweig%2C_Alte_Waage_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Alte Waage</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegidienkirche_03_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St. Giles"><img alt="Church of St. Giles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aegidienkirche_03_1a.jpg/279px-Aegidienkirche_03_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aegidienkirche_03_1a.jpg/418px-Aegidienkirche_03_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aegidienkirche_03_1a.jpg/557px-Aegidienkirche_03_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St. Giles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TheaterBS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="State Theatre"><img alt="State Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/TheaterBS.jpg/270px-TheaterBS.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/TheaterBS.jpg/405px-TheaterBS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/TheaterBS.jpg/540px-TheaterBS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5431" data-file-height="3621" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State Theatre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 350.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 348.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ECE_Schloss_06u07_1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rebuilt exterior of Brunswick Palace"><img alt="Rebuilt exterior of Brunswick Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ECE_Schloss_06u07_1b.jpg/523px-ECE_Schloss_06u07_1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="349" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ECE_Schloss_06u07_1b.jpg/785px-ECE_Schloss_06u07_1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ECE_Schloss_06u07_1b.jpg/1046px-ECE_Schloss_06u07_1b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rebuilt exterior of Brunswick Palace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Brunswick_Schloss_Richmond_Frontansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schloss Richmond (Richmond Palace)"><img alt="Schloss Richmond (Richmond Palace)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Schloss_Richmond_Frontansicht.jpg/271px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Schloss_Richmond_Frontansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Schloss_Richmond_Frontansicht.jpg/407px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Schloss_Richmond_Frontansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Schloss_Richmond_Frontansicht.jpg/542px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Schloss_Richmond_Frontansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Schloss Richmond</i> (Richmond Palace)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BS_BraWoPark_BusinessCenter_II.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Building BraWoPark"><img alt="The second building of BraWoPark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BS_BraWoPark_BusinessCenter_II.JPG/240px-BS_BraWoPark_BusinessCenter_II.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BS_BraWoPark_BusinessCenter_II.JPG/360px-BS_BraWoPark_BusinessCenter_II.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BS_BraWoPark_BusinessCenter_II.JPG/480px-BS_BraWoPark_BusinessCenter_II.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Building BraWoPark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BS_BraWoPark_3_Baustelle.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Business Center BraWoPark"><img alt="Third building for BraWoPark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BS_BraWoPark_3_Baustelle.JPG/135px-BS_BraWoPark_3_Baustelle.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BS_BraWoPark_3_Baustelle.JPG/202px-BS_BraWoPark_3_Baustelle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BS_BraWoPark_3_Baustelle.JPG/270px-BS_BraWoPark_3_Baustelle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Business Center BraWoPark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Brunswick_Klosterkirche_Riddagshausen_Osten_(2006).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riddagshausen Abbey"><img alt="Riddagshausen Abbey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Klosterkirche_Riddagshausen_Osten_%282006%29.jpg/135px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Klosterkirche_Riddagshausen_Osten_%282006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Klosterkirche_Riddagshausen_Osten_%282006%29.jpg/202px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Klosterkirche_Riddagshausen_Osten_%282006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Klosterkirche_Riddagshausen_Osten_%282006%29.jpg/270px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Klosterkirche_Riddagshausen_Osten_%282006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Riddagshausen Abbey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_(2011).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Östliches Ringgebiet"><img alt="Östliches Ringgebiet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG/240px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG/360px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG/480px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96stliches_Ringgebiet" title="Östliches Ringgebiet">Östliches Ringgebiet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grundschule-Bueltenweg_BS-Img01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nördliches Ringgebiet"><img alt="Nördliches Ringgebiet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grundschule-Bueltenweg_BS-Img01.jpg/195px-Grundschule-Bueltenweg_BS-Img01.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grundschule-Bueltenweg_BS-Img01.jpg/292px-Grundschule-Bueltenweg_BS-Img01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grundschule-Bueltenweg_BS-Img01.jpg/389px-Grundschule-Bueltenweg_BS-Img01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nördliches Ringgebiet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfenbuettel_Schloss_(2006).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wolfenbüttel Castle in nearby Wolfenbüttel with its around 1.000 timber-framed buildings"><img alt="Wolfenbüttel Castle in nearby Wolfenbüttel with its around 1.000 timber-framed buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wolfenbuettel_Schloss_%282006%29.jpg/236px-Wolfenbuettel_Schloss_%282006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wolfenbuettel_Schloss_%282006%29.jpg/354px-Wolfenbuettel_Schloss_%282006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wolfenbuettel_Schloss_%282006%29.jpg/472px-Wolfenbuettel_Schloss_%282006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Schloss Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel Castle</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a> with its around 1.000 <a href="/wiki/Timber-framed" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber-framed">timber-framed</a> buildings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanischer_Garten_Braunschweig_-_Wasserfall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Botanischer Garten"><img alt="Botanischer Garten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Botanischer_Garten_Braunschweig_-_Wasserfall.jpg/135px-Botanischer_Garten_Braunschweig_-_Wasserfall.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Botanischer_Garten_Braunschweig_-_Wasserfall.jpg/202px-Botanischer_Garten_Braunschweig_-_Wasserfall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Botanischer_Garten_Braunschweig_-_Wasserfall.jpg/270px-Botanischer_Garten_Braunschweig_-_Wasserfall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Botanischer Garten</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Brunswick_Portikus_Teich_Buergerpark_(2007).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bürgerpark"><img alt="Bürgerpark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Portikus_Teich_Buergerpark_%282007%29.JPG/230px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Portikus_Teich_Buergerpark_%282007%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Portikus_Teich_Buergerpark_%282007%29.JPG/345px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Portikus_Teich_Buergerpark_%282007%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Braunschweig_Brunswick_Portikus_Teich_Buergerpark_%282007%29.JPG/460px-Braunschweig_Brunswick_Portikus_Teich_Buergerpark_%282007%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bürgerpark</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_park_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Löwenwall"><img alt="Löwenwall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Braunschweig_park_02.jpg/135px-Braunschweig_park_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Braunschweig_park_02.jpg/202px-Braunschweig_park_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Braunschweig_park_02.jpg/270px-Braunschweig_park_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Löwenwall</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inselwallpark_Plastik.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inselwallpark"><img alt="Inselwallpark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Inselwallpark_Plastik.jpg/240px-Inselwallpark_Plastik.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Inselwallpark_Plastik.jpg/360px-Inselwallpark_Plastik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Inselwallpark_Plastik.jpg/480px-Inselwallpark_Plastik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Inselwallpark</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museumpark_Oker.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Museumpark"><img alt="Museumpark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Museumpark_Oker.JPG/240px-Museumpark_Oker.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Museumpark_Oker.JPG/360px-Museumpark_Oker.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Museumpark_Oker.JPG/480px-Museumpark_Oker.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Museumpark</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parks and gardens in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_der_Technischen_Universit%C3%A4t_Braunschweig" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Braunschweig">Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Braunschweig</a></i>, founded in 1840 by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Blasius" title="Johann Heinrich Blasius">Johann Heinrich Blasius</a>, the <i>Bürgerpark</i>, the <i>Löwenwall</i> with an <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> from 1825, the <i>Prinz-Albrecht-Park</i>, and the <i>Inselwallpark</i>. Other parks and <a href="/wiki/Recreation_area" title="Recreation area">recreation areas</a> are <i>Stadtpark</i>, <i>Westpark</i>, <i>Theaterpark</i>, <i>Museumpark</i>, <i>Heidbergsee</i>, <i>Südsee</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96lper" title="Ölper">Ölpersee</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoological garden</a> <i>Arche Noah Zoo Braunschweig</i> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Essehof_Zoo" title="Essehof Zoo">Essehof Zoo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_(electoral_district)" title="Braunschweig (electoral district)">Braunschweig (electoral district)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braunschweig is made up of 19 <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">boroughs</a> (German: <i><a href="/wiki/Stadtbezirk" title="Stadtbezirk">Stadtbezirke</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which themselves may consist of several quarters (German: <i>Stadtteile</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each. The 19 boroughs, with their official numbers, are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>112: <a href="/wiki/Wabe-Schunter-Beberbach" title="Wabe-Schunter-Beberbach">Wabe-Schunter-Beberbach</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>113: <a href="/wiki/Hondelage" title="Hondelage">Hondelage</a></li> <li>114: Volkmarode</li> <li>120: <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stliches_Ringgebiet" title="Östliches Ringgebiet">Östliches Ringgebiet</a></li> <li>131: <a href="/wiki/Innenstadt_(Braunschweig)" title="Innenstadt (Braunschweig)">Innenstadt</a></li> <li>132: <a href="/wiki/Viewegsgarten-Bebelhof" title="Viewegsgarten-Bebelhof">Viewegsgarten-Bebelhof</a></li> <li>211: <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B6ckheim-Leiferde" title="Stöckheim-Leiferde">Stöckheim-Leiferde</a></li> <li>212: <a href="/wiki/Heidberg-Melverode" title="Heidberg-Melverode">Heidberg-Melverode</a></li> <li>213: Südstadt-Rautheim-Mascherode</li> <li>221: <a href="/wiki/Weststadt_(Braunschweig)" title="Weststadt (Braunschweig)">Weststadt</a></li> <li>222: Timmerlah-Geitelde-Stiddien</li> <li>223: <a href="/wiki/Broitzem" title="Broitzem">Broitzem</a></li> <li>224: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCningen" title="Rüningen">Rüningen</a></li> <li>310: Westliches Ringgebiet</li> <li>321: <a href="/wiki/Lehndorf-Watenb%C3%BCttel" title="Lehndorf-Watenbüttel">Lehndorf-Watenbüttel</a></li> <li>322: Veltenhof-Rühme</li> <li>323: Wenden-Thune-Harxbüttel</li> <li>331: Nordstadt</li> <li>332: Schunteraue</li></ul> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Stadtbezirke.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Boroughs of Braunschweig"><img alt="Boroughs of Braunschweig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Braunschweig_Stadtbezirke.png/97px-Braunschweig_Stadtbezirke.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Braunschweig_Stadtbezirke.png/146px-Braunschweig_Stadtbezirke.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Braunschweig_Stadtbezirke.png/194px-Braunschweig_Stadtbezirke.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boroughs of Braunschweig</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Stadtteile.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Stadtteile of Braunschweig"><img alt="Stadtteile of Braunschweig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Braunschweig_Stadtteile.png/100px-Braunschweig_Stadtteile.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Braunschweig_Stadtteile.png/150px-Braunschweig_Stadtteile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Braunschweig_Stadtteile.png/200px-Braunschweig_Stadtteile.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Stadtteile</i> of Braunschweig</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_(2011).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Innenstadt"><img alt="Innenstadt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG/160px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG/240px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG/320px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Innenstadt</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_(2011).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Östliches Ringgebiet"><img alt="Östliches Ringgebiet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG/160px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG/240px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG/320px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Oestliches_Ringgebiet_%282011%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Östliches Ringgebiet</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Madamenweg_(2010).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Westliches Ringgebiet"><img alt="Westliches Ringgebiet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Braunschweig_Madamenweg_%282010%29.JPG/160px-Braunschweig_Madamenweg_%282010%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Braunschweig_Madamenweg_%282010%29.JPG/240px-Braunschweig_Madamenweg_%282010%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Braunschweig_Madamenweg_%282010%29.JPG/320px-Braunschweig_Madamenweg_%282010%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Westliches Ringgebiet</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Weststadt_Luftbild.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Weststadt"><img alt="Weststadt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braunschweig_Weststadt_Luftbild.jpg/160px-Braunschweig_Weststadt_Luftbild.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braunschweig_Weststadt_Luftbild.jpg/240px-Braunschweig_Weststadt_Luftbild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braunschweig_Weststadt_Luftbild.jpg/320px-Braunschweig_Weststadt_Luftbild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Weststadt</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riddagshausen_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riddagshausen (Wabe-Schunter-Beberbach)"><img alt="Riddagshausen (Wabe-Schunter-Beberbach)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Riddagshausen_5.jpg/180px-Riddagshausen_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Riddagshausen_5.jpg/270px-Riddagshausen_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Riddagshausen_5.jpg/360px-Riddagshausen_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Riddagshausen</i> (<i>Wabe-Schunter-Beberbach</i>)</div> </li> </ul> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meteorological observations have been carried out in Braunschweig since 1891. The data used from 1 January 1891 to 31 December 1947 are from the Braunschweig (T.H.) weather station, the data used from 1 January 1948 to 31 December 1960 are from the Braunschweig-Gliesmarode weather station, and the weather station used since 1 January 1961 to the present is the Braunschweig weather station.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formed in 2011 out of the former boroughs of Wabe-Schunter and Bienrode-Waggum-Bevenrode.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mayor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current mayor of Braunschweig is Thorsten Kornblum of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD); he has been mayor since 2021. The most recent mayoral election was held on 12 September 2021, with a runoff held on 26 September, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E3000F; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left">Thorsten Kornblum </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>41,734 </td> <td>38.4 </td> <td>79,861 </td> <td>65.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#151518; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left">Kaspar Haller </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> </td> <td>29,011 </td> <td>26.7 </td> <td>41,401 </td> <td>34.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#409A3C; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left">Tatjana Schneider </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td>24,802 </td> <td>22.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#00A2DE; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left">Mirco Hanker </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> </td> <td>4,704 </td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Birgit Huvendieck </td> <td align="left">Citizens' Initiative Braunschweig </td> <td>3,215 </td> <td>3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#BE3075; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left">Anke Schneider </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>2,827 </td> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#B5152B; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left">Thomas Hofmann </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> </td> <td>1,904 </td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left">Erdmann Gust </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>614 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>108,811 </th> <th>99.3 </th> <th>121,262 </th> <th>98.1 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>721 </th> <th>0.7 </th> <th>2,407 </th> <th>1.9 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>109,532 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>123,669 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>197,728 </th> <th>55.4 </th> <th>197,414 </th> <th>62.6 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/politik/wahlen/kw/Wahlen_aktuell_08-2021_amtliches-Ergebnis.pdf">City of Braunschweig</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: City council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Braunschweig_City_Council_election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/2021_Braunschweig_City_Council_election.svg/350px-2021_Braunschweig_City_Council_election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/2021_Braunschweig_City_Council_election.svg/525px-2021_Braunschweig_City_Council_election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/2021_Braunschweig_City_Council_election.svg/700px-2021_Braunschweig_City_Council_election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 2021 city council election</figcaption></figure> <p>The Braunschweig city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 12 September 2021, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E3000F; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td>93,546 </td> <td>29.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.5 </td> <td>16 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#409A3C; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td>71,880 </td> <td>22.7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.6 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#151518; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) </td> <td>69,670 </td> <td>22.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.2 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFED00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td>18,704 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Citizens' Initiative Braunschweig </td> <td>16,778 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.7 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#00A2DE; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td>13,512 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#BE3075; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td>12,428 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.7 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#502379; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt Germany</a> (Volt) </td> <td>6,467 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#B5152B; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (PARTEI) </td> <td>6,302 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.5 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FF820A; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party</a> (Piraten) </td> <td>3,261 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#4AA79D; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany">Grassroots Democratic Party</a> (dieBasis) </td> <td>2,999 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ED803F; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Innovation_and_Justice" title="Alliance for Innovation and Justice">Alliance for Innovation and Justice</a> (BIG) </td> <td>1,646 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>317,193 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Valid votes </th> <th>107,850 </th> <th>98.5 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Invalid votes </th> <th>1,606 </th> <th>1.5 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>109,456 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>54 </th> <th>±0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>197,728 </th> <th>55.4 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/politik/wahlen/kw/Wahlen_aktuell_08-2021_amtliches-Ergebnis.pdf">City of Braunschweig</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringerbrunnen_Braunschweig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ringerbrunnen_Braunschweig.jpg/220px-Ringerbrunnen_Braunschweig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ringerbrunnen_Braunschweig.jpg/330px-Ringerbrunnen_Braunschweig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ringerbrunnen_Braunschweig.jpg/440px-Ringerbrunnen_Braunschweig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Pedestrian zone in the city centre</figcaption></figure> <p>Braunschweig's city centre is mostly a car-free <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian zone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two main autobahns serve Braunschweig, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_2" title="Bundesautobahn 2">A2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>—<a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>—<a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_39" title="Bundesautobahn 39">A39</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>—<a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>). City roads are generally wide, as they were built after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to support the anticipated use of the car. There are several car parks in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicycle">Bicycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bicycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many residents travel around town by bicycle using an extensive system of bicycle-only lanes. The main train station includes a bicycle parking area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train">Train</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Train"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is on the main rail line between <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and Berlin. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> (German Railways) serves the city with local, inter-city and high-speed <a href="/wiki/InterCityExpress" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCityExpress">InterCityExpress</a> (ICE) trains, with frequent stops at <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_Central_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Braunschweig Central Station">Braunschweig Central Station</a> (German: <i>Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram_and_bus">Tram and bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tram and bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_6771_0756_Rathaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/100_6771_0756_Rathaus.jpg/220px-100_6771_0756_Rathaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/100_6771_0756_Rathaus.jpg/330px-100_6771_0756_Rathaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/100_6771_0756_Rathaus.jpg/440px-100_6771_0756_Rathaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>Tram in Braunschweig</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Braunschweig" title="Trams in Braunschweig">Braunschweig tramway network</a> is an inexpensive and extensive 35 km (22 mi) long electric <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tramway</a> system. First opened in 1897, it has been modernized, including a 3.2 km (2.0 mi) extension in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network has an <span class="nowrap">1,100 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in</span>) <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">gauge</a>, unique for a European railway or tramway network. However, it is being supplemented in stages by a third rail, to allow future joint working with the <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span> main railway network. </p><p>The municipally owned <a href="/wiki/Braunschweiger_Verkehrs-AG" title="Braunschweiger Verkehrs-AG">Braunschweiger Verkehrs-AG</a> currently operates five tram lines and several <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> lines. The tram lines are:<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:#fff; background:#039; text-align:center;">Line </th> <th style="color:#fff; background:#039; text-align:center;">from </th> <th style="color:#fff; background:#039; text-align:center;">to </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:red; font-size:91%;"> <b>Tram</b> </span> <b>1</b> </td> <td>Wenden </td> <td>Stöckheim </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:red; font-size:91%;"> <b>Tram</b> </span> <b>2</b> </td> <td>Siegfriedviertel </td> <td>Heidberg </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:fuchsia; font-size:91%;"> <b>Tram</b> </span> <b>3</b> </td> <td>Volkmarode </td> <td>Weststadt Weserstraße </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:magenta; font-size:91%;"> <b>Tram</b> </span> <b>4</b> </td> <td>Radeklint </td> <td>Helmstedter Straße </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:maroon; font-size:91%;"> <b>Tram</b> </span> <b>5</b> </td> <td>Hauptbahnhof </td> <td>Broitzem </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="padding:0 .4em; color:white; background:maroon; font-size:91%;"> <b>Tram</b> </span> <b>10</b> </td> <td>Hauptbahnhof </td> <td>Rühme </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Braunschweig Airport">Braunschweig Airport</a> (BWE / EDVE) is located north of the city at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Braunschweig&params=52_19_N_10_33_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°19′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°33′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.317°N 10.550°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.317; 10.550</span></span></span></a></span></span>, elev. 295 ft (90 m). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Brunswick (disambiguation)">Brunswick (disambiguation)</a></div> <p>Many other geographical locations around the world are named Brunswick, after the historical English name of Braunschweig. Between 1714 and 1837, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a> ruled Great Britain in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a>. The House of Hanover was formally known as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>, Hanover line.<sup id="cite_ref-heraldica_hanover_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldica_hanover-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many places in <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">the British colonies</a> were named after Brunswick, such as the province of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ironically, the city of Braunschweig was not ruled by the Hanoverians while its name was being given to other Brunswicks around the world. Starting in 1269, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> underwent a series of divisions and mergers, with parts of the territory being transferred between various branches of the family. The city of Braunschweig went to the senior branch of the house, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel line</a>, while <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a> eventually ended up with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover line</a>. Although the territory had been split, all branches of the family continued to style themselves as the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg.<sup id="cite_ref-heraldica_hanover_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldica_hanover-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-riedesel_1868_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riedesel_1868-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, the senior branch of the House of Welf became extinct. The Hanover line, being the last surviving line of the family, subsequently held the throne of the Duchy of Brunswick from November 1913 until November 1918. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_offices">Government offices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Government offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The offices of the <a href="/wiki/Luftfahrt-Bundesamt" title="Luftfahrt-Bundesamt">Luftfahrt-Bundesamt</a> (LBA, "Federal Aviation Office") and the <a href="/wiki/German_Federal_Bureau_of_Aircraft_Accident_Investigation" title="German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation">German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation</a> (BFU) are located in Braunschweig.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_science">Research and science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Research and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_altes_TU-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braunschweig_altes_TU-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/220px-Braunschweig_altes_TU-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braunschweig_altes_TU-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/330px-Braunschweig_altes_TU-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braunschweig_altes_TU-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/440px-Braunschweig_altes_TU-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Braunschweig University of Technology">Braunschweig University of Technology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Braunschweig has been an important industrial area. Today it is known for its <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Braunschweig University of Technology">University</a> and research institutes, mainly the <i>Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Julius_K%C3%BChn-Institut" title="Julius Kühn-Institut">Julius Kühn-Institut</a></i>, and the <i>Institute for Animal Food</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Loeffler_Institute" title="Friedrich Loeffler Institute">Friedrich Loeffler Institute</a>, until the end of 2007 all part of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Agricultural_Research_Centre" title="Federal Agricultural Research Centre">Federal Agricultural Research Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Sammlung_von_Mikroorganismen_und_Zellkulturen" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen">German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Centre_for_Infection_Research" title="Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research">Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt" title="Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt">Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt</a> (PTB). The PTB Braunschweig maintains the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clock</a> responsible for the <a href="/wiki/DCF77" title="DCF77">DCF77</a> time signal and the official German time. In 2006 the region of Braunschweig was the most R&D-intensive area in the whole <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>, investing 7.1% of its GDP for research & technology.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the figure had risen to 7.79%, making Braunschweig retain its ranking as the most R&D-intensive region in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 Braunschweig was presented the City of Science award by the <a href="/wiki/Stifterverband_f%C3%BCr_die_Deutsche_Wissenschaft" title="Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft">Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Braunschweig University of Technology (German: <i>Technische Universität Braunschweig</i>) was founded in 1745 and is the oldest member of <a href="/wiki/TU9" title="TU9">TU9</a>, an incorporated society of the nine most prestigious, oldest, and largest universities focusing on engineering and technology in Germany. With approximately 18,000 students, Braunschweig University of Technology is the third largest university in Lower Saxony.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also located in Braunschweig is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martino-Katharineum_Braunschweig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martino-Katharineum Braunschweig (page does not exist)">Martino-Katharineum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martino-Katharineum_Braunschweig" class="extiw" title="de:Martino-Katharineum Braunschweig">de</a>]</span>, a secondary school founded in 1415. It has had several notable pupils, such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann_von_Fallersleben" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann von Fallersleben">Hoffmann von Fallersleben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dedekind" title="Richard Dedekind">Richard Dedekind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Louis Spohr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2004, Braunschweig also has an <i>International School</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable secondary schools include the Gymnasium Neue Oberschule, <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_Gaussschule" title="Gymnasium Gaussschule">Gymnasium Gaussschule</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnasium_Kleine_Burg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gymnasium Kleine Burg (page does not exist)">Gymnasium Kleine Burg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_Kleine_Burg" class="extiw" title="de:Gymnasium Kleine Burg">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoffmann-von-Fallersleben-Schule_Braunschweig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoffmann-von-Fallersleben-Schule Braunschweig (page does not exist)">Hoffmann-von-Fallersleben-Schule Braunschweig</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffmann-von-Fallersleben-Schule_Braunschweig" class="extiw" title="de:Hoffmann-von-Fallersleben-Schule Braunschweig">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrierte_Gesamtschule_Franzsches_Feld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrierte Gesamtschule Franzsches Feld (page does not exist)">Integrierte Gesamtschule Franzsches Feld</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrierte_Gesamtschule_Franzsches_Feld" class="extiw" title="de:Integrierte Gesamtschule Franzsches Feld">de</a>]</span>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm-Gymnasium_(Braunschweig)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm-Gymnasium (Braunschweig) (page does not exist)">Wilhelm-Gymnasium</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm-Gymnasium_(Braunschweig)" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm-Gymnasium (Braunschweig)">de</a>]</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>'s only university of art, founded in 1963, can be found in Braunschweig, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Bildende_K%C3%BCnste_Braunschweig" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig">Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig</a></i> (Braunschweig College of Fine Arts).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HBK is an institution of higher artistic and scientific education and offers the opportunity to study for interdisciplinary artistic and scientific qualifications. Additionally, one of the campuses of the <a href="/wiki/Ostfalia_Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_angewandte_Wissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostfalia Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften">Eastphalia University of Applied Sciences</a> (German: <i>Ostfalia Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften</i>, formerly <i>Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel</i>) was located in the city until 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the German weekly business news magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswoche" title="Wirtschaftswoche">Wirtschaftswoche</a></i> ranked Braunschweig as one of the most dynamic economic spaces in all of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Braunschweig was one of the centres of the <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> in Northern Germany. During the 19th and early 20th century the <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> industries and the <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> production were of great importance for Braunschweig's economy,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but eventually other branches such as the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a> became more important, while especially the canning industry began to vanish from the city after the end of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defunct truck and bus manufacturer <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCssing" title="Büssing">Büssing</a> was headquartered in Braunschweig. Current <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factories</a> in the city include <a href="/wiki/Volkswagenwerk_Braunschweig" title="Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig">Volkswagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier Transportation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a>. </p><p>The fashion label <a href="/wiki/NewYorker" class="mw-redirect" title="NewYorker">NewYorker</a>, the publishing house <a href="/wiki/Westermann_Verlag" title="Westermann Verlag">Westermann Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordzucker" title="Nordzucker">Nordzucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Financial Services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Bank</a> have their headquarters in the city as well as the Volkswagen utility vehicle holding. Also two major optical companies were headquartered in Braunschweig: <a href="/wiki/Voigtl%C3%A4nder" title="Voigtländer">Voigtländer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rollei" title="Rollei">Rollei</a>. </p><p>During the 1980s and early 1990s the <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> companies <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore International</a> both had branches for development and production within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Braunschweig is the home of two <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> companies, both known worldwide for the high quality of their instruments: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schimmel" title="Wilhelm Schimmel">Schimmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grotrian-Steinweg" title="Grotrian-Steinweg">Grotrian-Steinweg</a>. Both companies were founded in the 19th century. Additionally <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandberg_Guitars" class="extiw" title="de:Sandberg Guitars">Sandberg Guitars</a> is based in Braunschweig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweigs_Industrie_(Postkarte_1904).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braunschweigs_Industrie_%28Postkarte_1904%29.JPG/220px-Braunschweigs_Industrie_%28Postkarte_1904%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braunschweigs_Industrie_%28Postkarte_1904%29.JPG/330px-Braunschweigs_Industrie_%28Postkarte_1904%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braunschweigs_Industrie_%28Postkarte_1904%29.JPG/440px-Braunschweigs_Industrie_%28Postkarte_1904%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption>1904 <a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">postcard</a> showing typical food of Braunschweig</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieta.Kadishman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pieta.Kadishman.jpg/220px-Pieta.Kadishman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pieta.Kadishman.jpg/330px-Pieta.Kadishman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Pieta.Kadishman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><i>Piëta</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Menashe_Kadishman" title="Menashe Kadishman">Menashe Kadishman</a>, Braunschweig</figcaption></figure> <p>Braunschweig is famous for <i><a href="/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel" title="Till Eulenspiegel">Till Eulenspiegel</a></i>, a medieval jester who played many practical jokes on its citizens. It also had many breweries, and still a very peculiar kind of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> is made called <i><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Mum" title="Brunswick Mum">Mumme</a></i>, first quoted in 1390, a malt-extract that was shipped all over the world. Two major breweries still produce in Braunschweig, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hofbrauhaus_Wolters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hofbrauhaus Wolters (page does not exist)">Hofbrauhaus Wolters</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofbrauhaus_Wolters" class="extiw" title="de:Hofbrauhaus Wolters">de</a>]</span>, founded in 1627, and the former <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldschl%C3%B6%C3%9Fchen_(Braunschweig)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feldschlößchen (Braunschweig) (page does not exist)">Feldschlößchen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldschl%C3%B6%C3%9Fchen_(Braunschweig)" class="extiw" title="de:Feldschlößchen (Braunschweig)">de</a>]</span> brewery, founded in 1871, now operated by <a href="/wiki/Oettinger_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oettinger Beer">Oettinger Beer</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Braunschweiger_(sausage)" title="Braunschweiger (sausage)">Braunschweiger</a> <a href="/wiki/Mettwurst" title="Mettwurst">Mettwurst</a>, a soft, spreadable smoked pork sausage, is named after the city. Other traditional local dishes include <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">white asparagus</a>, <i>Braunschweiger <a href="/wiki/Lebkuchen" title="Lebkuchen">Lebkuchen</a></i>, <i>Braunkohl</i> (a variant of <a href="/wiki/Kale" title="Kale">kale</a> served with <a href="/wiki/Bregenwurst" title="Bregenwurst">Bregenwurst</a>), and <i>Uhlen un Apen</i> (Low German for "<a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Owls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guenon" title="Guenon">Guenons</a>", a pastry).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braunschweig's major local newspaper is the <i><a href="/wiki/Braunschweiger_Zeitung" title="Braunschweiger Zeitung">Braunschweiger Zeitung</a></i>, first published in 1946. Papers formerly published in Braunschweig include the <i>Braunschweigische Anzeigen</i>/<i>Braunschweigische Staatszeitung</i> (1745–1934), the <i>Braunschweigische Landeszeitung</i> (1880–1936) and the <i>Braunschweiger Stadtanzeiger</i>/<i>Braunschweiger Allgemeiner Anzeiger</i> (1886–1941), and the social-democratic <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweiger_Volksfreund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braunschweiger Volksfreund (page does not exist)">Braunschweiger Volksfreund</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweiger_Volksfreund" class="extiw" title="de:Braunschweiger Volksfreund">de</a>]</span></i> (1871–1933). </p><p>Near Braunschweig at <a href="/wiki/Cremlingen" title="Cremlingen">Cremlingen</a>-Abbenrode, there is a large medium wave transmitter, which transmits the program of <i><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a></i> on 756 kHz, the <a href="/wiki/Cremlingen_transmitter" title="Cremlingen transmitter">Cremlingen transmitter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoduvel" class="extiw" title="de:Schoduvel">Schoduvel</a></i>, a medieval Northern German form of <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">carnival</a> was celebrated in Braunschweig as early as the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1979 an annual <a href="/wiki/Rosenmontag" title="Rosenmontag">Rosenmontag</a> parade is held in Braunschweig, the largest in Northern Germany, which is named Schoduvel in honour of the medieval custom.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An annual <i>Weihnachtsmarkt</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Christmas market</a>) is held in late November and December on the Burgplatz in the centre of Braunschweig. In 2008 the market had 900,000 visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Herzog_Anton_Ulrich_Museum_nachts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braunschweig_Herzog_Anton_Ulrich_Museum_nachts.jpg/220px-Braunschweig_Herzog_Anton_Ulrich_Museum_nachts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braunschweig_Herzog_Anton_Ulrich_Museum_nachts.jpg/330px-Braunschweig_Herzog_Anton_Ulrich_Museum_nachts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braunschweig_Herzog_Anton_Ulrich_Museum_nachts.jpg/440px-Braunschweig_Herzog_Anton_Ulrich_Museum_nachts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salve_Hospes_04_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Salve_Hospes_04_1a.jpg/220px-Salve_Hospes_04_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Salve_Hospes_04_1a.jpg/330px-Salve_Hospes_04_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Salve_Hospes_04_1a.jpg/440px-Salve_Hospes_04_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><i>Villa Salve Hospes</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The city's most important museum is the <a href="/wiki/Herzog_Anton_Ulrich_Museum" title="Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum">Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum</a>, a well known art museum and the oldest public museum in Germany, founded in 1754. It houses a collection of masters of Western art, including <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Cranach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Holbein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Van Dyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Vermeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Vermeer">Vermeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Braunschweigisches_Landesmuseum" title="Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum">State Museum of Brunswick</a> (<i>Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum</i>), founded in 1891, houses a permanent collection documenting the history of the <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Land" title="Brunswick Land">Brunswick area</a> ranging from its early history to the present. </p><p>The Municipal Museum of Brunswick (<i>Städtisches Museum Braunschweig</i>), founded in 1861, is a museum for art and cultural history, documenting the history of the city of Braunschweig. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Naturhistorisches_Museum_(Braunschweig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturhistorisches Museum (Braunschweig)">State Natural History Museum</a> is a zoology museum founded in 1754. </p><p>Other museums in the city include the Museum of Photography (<i>Museum für Photographie</i>), the Jewish Museum (<i>Jüdisches Museum</i>), the Museum for Agricultural Technology <i>Gut Steinhof</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gerst%C3%A4cker" title="Friedrich Gerstäcker">Gerstäcker-Museum</a>. Frequent exhibitions of contemporary art are also held by the Art Society of Braunschweig (German: <i>Kunstverein Braunschweig</i>), housed in the <i>Villa Salve Hospes</i>, a classicist villa built between 1805 and 1808. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Music and dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_Classix_Festival" title="Braunschweig Classix Festival">Braunschweig Classix Festival</a></i> was an annual classical music festival. It is the largest promoter of classical music in the region and one of the most prominent music festivals in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>. </p><p>From 2001 to 2009, and again since 2013, the annual finals of the international <a href="/wiki/Breakdance" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakdance">breakdance</a> competition <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Year" title="Battle of the Year">Battle of the Year</a> have been held at the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Halle" title="Volkswagen Halle">Volkswagen Halle</a> in Braunschweig.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Braunschweiger TSC</i> is among the leading competitive <a href="/wiki/Formation_dance" title="Formation dance">formation dance</a> teams in the world and has won multiple World and European championship titles.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BSM_Konrad-Koch_Braunschweig_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSM_Konrad-Koch_Braunschweig_01.jpg/220px-BSM_Konrad-Koch_Braunschweig_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSM_Konrad-Koch_Braunschweig_01.jpg/330px-BSM_Konrad-Koch_Braunschweig_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSM_Konrad-Koch_Braunschweig_01.jpg/440px-BSM_Konrad-Koch_Braunschweig_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption>The first German version of the rules of football by Konrad Koch</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BS_Eintracht_Stadion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BS_Eintracht_Stadion.JPG/220px-BS_Eintracht_Stadion.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BS_Eintracht_Stadion.JPG/330px-BS_Eintracht_Stadion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BS_Eintracht_Stadion.JPG/440px-BS_Eintracht_Stadion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eintracht-Stadion" title="Eintracht-Stadion">Eintracht-Stadion</a>, the stadium of <a href="/wiki/2._Bundesliga" title="2. Bundesliga">2. Bundesliga</a> club <a href="/wiki/Eintracht_Braunschweig" title="Eintracht Braunschweig">Eintracht Braunschweig</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Braunschweig's major local <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team is <a href="/wiki/Eintracht_Braunschweig" title="Eintracht Braunschweig">Eintracht Braunschweig</a>. Founded in 1895, Eintracht Braunschweig can look back on a long and chequered history. Eintracht Braunschweig won the <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_football_champions" title="List of German football champions">German football championship</a> in <a href="/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Bundesliga" title="1966–67 Bundesliga">1967</a>, and currently plays in the <a href="/wiki/2._Bundesliga" title="2. Bundesliga">2. Bundesliga</a>, the second tier of German football, and attracts a large number of supporters. Braunschweig was also arguably the city in which the first ever game of football in Germany took place. The game had been brought to Germany by the local school teacher <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Koch" title="Konrad Koch">Konrad Koch</a>, also the first to write down a German version of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">rules of football</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who organized the first match between pupils from his school <i>Martino-Katharineum</i> in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2011 German drama film <a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_a_Dream" title="Lessons of a Dream">Lessons of a Dream</a> is based on Koch. </p><p>Eintracht Braunschweig also fields a successful women's <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> team that claimed nine national championship titles between 1965 and 1978. In the past, the club also had first or second-tier teams in the sports of <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_handball" title="Field handball">field handball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Yorker_Lions" title="New Yorker Lions">New Yorker Lions</a> (formerly Braunschweig Lions) are the city's <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team, winning a record number of 12 <a href="/wiki/German_Bowl" title="German Bowl">German Bowl</a> titles, as well as five <a href="/wiki/Eurobowl" title="Eurobowl">Eurobowls</a> (a shared record). </p><p>The city's professional <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> team, the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_L%C3%B6wen_Braunschweig" title="Basketball Löwen Braunschweig">Basketball Löwen Braunschweig</a>, plays in the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga" title="Basketball Bundesliga">Basketball Bundesliga</a>, the highest level in Germany. The Löwen's predecessor <a href="/wiki/SG_Braunschweig" title="SG Braunschweig">SG Braunschweig</a> had previously played in the Bundesliga as well. Eintracht Braunschweig's women's basketball team plays in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2._Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2. Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga (page does not exist)">2. Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga" class="extiw" title="de:2. Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga">de</a>]</span>, the second tier of women's basketball in Germany. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTV_Braunschweig" title="MTV Braunschweig">MTV Braunschweig</a>, the city's oldest sports club (founded in 1847), plays in the semi-professional <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga_(Handball)" class="extiw" title="de:3. Liga (Handball)">3. Liga</a>. </p><p>Other sports clubs from Braunschweig that play or have played at the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bundesliga (disambiguation)">Bundesliga</a> or <a href="/wiki/2nd_Bundesliga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="2nd Bundesliga (disambiguation)">2nd Bundesliga</a> level include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig_Spot_Up_89ers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braunschweig Spot Up 89ers (page does not exist)">Spot Up 89ers</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig_Spot_Up_89ers" class="extiw" title="de:Braunschweig Spot Up 89ers">de</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweiger_THC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braunschweiger THC (page does not exist)">Braunschweiger THC</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweiger_THC" class="extiw" title="de:Braunschweiger THC">de</a>]</span> (field hockey), <a href="/w/index.php?title=FC_Braunschweig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FC Braunschweig (page does not exist)">SV Süd Braunschweig</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Braunschweig" class="extiw" title="de:FC Braunschweig">de</a>]</span> (handball), <a href="/wiki/Rugby-Welfen_Braunschweig" title="Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig">Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=USC_Braunschweig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USC Braunschweig (page does not exist)">USC Braunschweig</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Braunschweig" class="extiw" title="de:USC Braunschweig">de</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>). </p><p>Annual sporting events held in Braunschweig include the international <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> tournament <i>Löwen Classics</i>, <i>Rund um den Elm</i>, Germany's oldest <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">road bicycle race</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the professional <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> tournament <i><a href="/wiki/Sparkassen_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparkassen Open">Sparkassen Open</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Braunschweig is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, Indonesia (1960)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>, France (1962)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, England (1971)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>, Tunisia (1980)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Tiv%27on" title="Kiryat Tiv'on">Kiryat Tiv'on</a>, Israel (1985)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, Germany (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, Russia (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a>, United States (1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a>, China (2011)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Bay_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality">Nelson Mandela Bay</a>, (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Braunschweig" title="List of people from Braunschweig">List of people from Braunschweig</a></div> <p>Alphabetical list of some notable people associated with Braunschweig: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Blumenau" title="Hermann Blumenau">Hermann Blumenau</a> (1819–1899), founder of <a href="/wiki/Blumenau" title="Blumenau">Blumenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Christoph_Bode" title="Johann Joachim Christoph Bode">Johann Joachim Christoph Bode</a> (1731–1793), translator<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosse_(musician)" title="Bosse (musician)">Bosse</a> (born 1980), rock musician<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Bracke" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Bracke">Wilhelm Bracke</a> (1842–1880), one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany</a>, predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCssing" title="Büssing">Heinrich Büssing</a> (1843–1929), industrialist<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Freiherr_von_dem_Bussche-Streithorst" class="mw-redirect" title="Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst">Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst</a> (1919–1993), military officer and member of the <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Heinrich_Campe" title="Joachim Heinrich Campe">Joachim Heinrich Campe</a> (1746–1818), educator and writer<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Caroline of Brunswick</a> (1768–1821), <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">Queen consort</a> of King <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George IV of the United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dedekind" title="Richard Dedekind">Richard Dedekind</a> (1831–1916), mathematician<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Drude" title="Paul Drude">Paul Drude</a> (1863–1906), physicist, developed the <a href="/wiki/Drude_model" title="Drude model">Drude model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Enghaus" title="Christine Enghaus">Christine Enghaus</a> (1815–1910), actress<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Eschenburg" title="Johann Joachim Eschenburg">Johann Joachim Eschenburg</a> (1743–1820), produced the first complete German translation of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s plays.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> (1771–1815), leader of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Brunswickers" title="Black Brunswickers">Black Brunswickers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarck1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarck1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (1777–1855), mathematician<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Gaus" title="Günter Gaus">Günter Gaus</a> (1929–2004), journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gerst%C3%A4cker" title="Friedrich Gerstäcker">Friedrich Gerstäcker</a> (1816–1872), writer<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Glogowski" title="Gerhard Glogowski">Gerhard Glogowski</a> (born 1943), politician<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a> (1894–1964), <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Harder" title="Otto Harder">Otto Harder</a> (1892–1956), German international footballer<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Henke" title="Adolph Henke">Adolph Henke</a> (1775–1843), physician<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a> (1129–1195), <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bavaria">and Bavaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann" title="August Hermann">August Hermann</a> (1835–1906), "Braunschweig's Father of Physical Education"<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Heinrich_Hoffmann_von_Fallersleben" title="August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben">August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben</a> (1798–1874), poet and author of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Das Lied der Deutschen</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a> (1864–1947), historian and writer<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_August_Friedrich_Klingemann" title="Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann">Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann</a> (1777–1831), writer<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Knuth" title="Gustav Knuth">Gustav Knuth</a> (1901–1987), actor<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kubel" title="Alfred Kubel">Alfred Kubel</a> (1909–1999), politician<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Lafontaine" title="August Lafontaine">August Lafontaine</a> (1758–1831), author of sentimental didactic novels once immensely popular, born and brought up in the city<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Anton_Leisewitz" title="Johann Anton Leisewitz">Johann Anton Leisewitz</a> (1752–1806), poet<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a> (1729–1781), writer and philosopher<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Osterburg" title="Lothar Osterburg">Lothar Osterburg</a> (born 1961), printmaker and visual artist<sup id="cite_ref-Klötzer_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klötzer-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV of Brunswick</a> (1175–1218), <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Plockhorst" title="Bernhard Plockhorst">Bernhard Plockhorst</a> (1825–1907), painter<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Pockels" title="Agnes Pockels">Agnes Pockels</a> (1862–1935), chemist<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a> (1831–1910), writer<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Riedesel" title="Friedrich Adolf Riedesel">Friedrich Adolf Riedesel</a> (1738–1800), commander during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galka_Scheyer" title="Galka Scheyer">Galka Scheyer</a> (1889–1945), painter<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Dennis Schröder">Dennis Schröder</a> (born 1993), NBA basketball player, currently with the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Nets" title="Brooklyn Nets">Brooklyn Nets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Schultze" title="Norbert Schultze">Norbert Schultze</a> (1911–2002), composer<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sommer_(composer)" title="Hans Sommer (composer)">Hans Sommer</a> (1837–1922), composer and mathematician<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Louis Spohr</a> (1784–1859), composer<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Steinway" title="Henry E. Steinway">Henry E.</a> (1797–1871) and <a href="/wiki/C._F._Theodore_Steinway" title="C. F. Theodore Steinway">C. F. Theodore Steinway</a> (1825–1889), piano makers<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludger_Tom_Ring_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludger Tom Ring the Younger">Ludger Tom Ring the Younger</a> (1522–1584), painter<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wayland" title="Susan Wayland">Susan Wayland</a> (1980–), pornographic model<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Weitsch" title="Friedrich Georg Weitsch">Friedrich Georg Weitsch</a> (1758–1828), painter<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Ludewig_Theodor_Winkelmann" title="Christian Ludewig Theodor Winkelmann">Christian Ludewig Theodor Winkelmann</a> (1812–1875), piano maker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Winter" title="Franz Winter">Franz Winter</a> (1861–1930), archaeologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Wiseneder" title="Caroline Wiseneder">Caroline Wiseneder</a> (1807-1868) composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Zickerick" title="Michael Zickerick">Michael Zickerick</a> (born 1948), diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Hunold" title="Rainer Hunold">Rainer Hunold</a> (born 1949), actor</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannover%E2%80%93Braunschweig%E2%80%93G%C3%B6ttingen%E2%80%93Wolfsburg_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region">Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, Koch's original German version of the rules of football, published in 1875, still resembled <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a>—the unmodified rules of <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a> were not commonly used in Germany before the 1900s.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mayor-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mayor_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116133814/https://wahlen.statistik.niedersachsen.de/SW2021/reports/DW/DW_Uebersicht.pdf">"Stichwahlen zu Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 26. September 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen">Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen</a>. 13 October 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.statistik.niedersachsen.de/SW2021/reports/DW/DW_Uebersicht.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Ersterw%C3%A4hnung+von+%27Brunesguik%27+und+die+Gr%C3%BCndungssage&rft.pub=Braunschweig.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braunschweig.de%2Fkultur_tourismus%2Fstadtportraet%2Fgeschichte%2Fgruendungssage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModerhack1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moderhack, Richard (1997). <i>Braunschweiger Stadtgeschichte</i> (in German). Braunschweig: Wagner. pp. 14–15 and 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87884-050-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-87884-050-0"><bdi>3-87884-050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Braunschweiger+Stadtgeschichte&rft.place=Braunschweig&rft.pages=14-15+and+21&rft.pub=Wagner&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=3-87884-050-0&rft.aulast=Moderhack&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Braun1574" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Braun" title="Georg Braun">Georg Braun</a> (1574). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/inquire/p/59ff03dc-c8db-49b5-8baa-54f0ba9eaf1e"><i>Beschreibung und Contrafactur der vornembster Stät der Welt</i></a> (in German and Latin). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lion+City+of+Brunswick+%28Braunschweig%29&rft.pub=Germany.travel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germany.travel%2Fen%2Fms%2Froyal-heritage%2Fwhere-to-go%2Fbraunschweig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModerhack1997">Moderhack 1997</a>, pp. 50–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamererGarzmannPingelSchuegraf1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camerer; Garzmann; Pingel; Schuegraf (1996). <i>Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon</i> (in German) (4th ed.). p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Braunschweiger+Stadtlexikon&rft.pages=66&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Camerer&rft.au=Garzmann&rft.au=Pingel&rft.au=Schuegraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModerhack1997">Moderhack 1997</a>, pp. 60–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModerhack1997">Moderhack 1997</a>, pp. 119–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModerhack1997">Moderhack 1997</a>, pp. 136–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamererGarzmannPingelSchuegraf1996">Camerer et al. 1996</a>, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarck1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jarck1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarck1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarck/Scheel_(eds)1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Horst-Rüdiger Jarck; Günter Scheel, eds. 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Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7752-5838-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7752-5838-8"><bdi>3-7752-5838-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Braunschweigisches+Biographisches+Lexikon+%E2%80%93+19.+und+20.+Jahrhundert&rft.place=Hannover&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Hahnsche+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-7752-5838-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchildt2000" class="citation book cs1">Schildt, Gerhard (2000). "Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit". 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Meyer Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-926701-05-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-926701-05-6">3-926701-05-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModerhack1997">Moderhack 1997</a>, pp. 193–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRother1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rother, Bernd (1990). <i>Die Sozialdemokratie im Land Braunschweig 1918 bis 1933</i> (in German). Bonn: Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. pp. 27–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8012-4016-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-8012-4016-9"><bdi>3-8012-4016-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Sozialdemokratie+im+Land+Braunschweig+1918+bis+1933&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pages=27-30&rft.pub=Verlag+J.+H.+W.+Dietz+Nachf.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3-8012-4016-9&rft.aulast=Rother&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRother1990">Rother 1990</a>, pp. 36–37 and 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRother1990">Rother 1990</a>, pp. 67–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Ulrich Ludewig (2000): <i>Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Revolution (1914–1918/19)</i>, in: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), <i>Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region</i>, Braunschweig: Appelhans Verlag, pp. 935–943. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930292-28-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-930292-28-9">3-930292-28-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModerhack1997">Moderhack 1997</a>, pp. 194–195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRother1990">Rother 1990</a>, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRother1990">Rother 1990</a>, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRother1990">Rother 1990</a>, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRother1990">Rother 1990</a>, pp. 247–248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/akademie.htm">"Akademie für Jugendführung"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braunschweiger+Schloss+%2F+SS-Junkerschule&rft.pub=Vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de%2Fschloss.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jörg Leuschner (2008): <i>Die Wirtschaft des Braunschweigischen Landes im Dritten Reich (1933–1939)</i>, in: Jörg Leuschner / Karl Heinrich Kaufhold / Claudia Märtl (eds.), <i>Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Braunschweigischen Landes vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart</i>, vol. 3, Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, pp. 468–522; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-13599-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-13599-1">978-3-487-13599-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Lent (2000): <i>Kriegsgeschehen und Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg</i>, in: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), <i>Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region</i>, Braunschweig: Appelhans Verlag, pg. 1026; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930292-28-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-930292-28-9">3-930292-28-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiedler,_GudrunLudewig,_Hans-Ulrich2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fiedler, Gudrun; Ludewig, Hans-Ulrich, eds. (2003). <i>Zwangsarbeit und Kriegswirtschaft im Lande Braunschweig 1939–1945</i> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KZ-Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+Neuengamme&rft.atitle=Braunschweig+%28B%C3%BCssing-NAG%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fkz-aussenlager%2Faussenlagerliste%2Fbraunschweig-buessing-nag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/schillstrasse_geschichteneu.htm">"Die Geschichte des KZ-Außenlagers an der Schillstraße"</a>. <i>www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braunschweig+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FBraunschweig_10348.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.braunschweig.de/english/city/sights/_kohlmarkt.html">"Kohlmarkt (Coal Market)"</a>. <i>www.braunschweig.de</i>. Stadt Braunschweig<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.braunschweig.de&rft.atitle=Kohlmarkt+%28Coal+Market%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.braunschweig.de%2Fenglish%2Fcity%2Fsights%2F_kohlmarkt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadlmayer2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stadlmayer, Tina (2012). <i>Wo Braunschweigs erste Bücher standen</i> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TOBOL+%7C+Automatisierungstechnik+f%C3%BCr+Geb%C3%A4ude+%26+Rechenzentren&rft.atitle=BraWo+Park+-+Braunschweig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftobol.de%2Fportfolio_page%2Fgallery-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=3496">"Birdlife Data Zone"</a>. Birdlife.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birdlife+Data+Zone&rft.pub=Birdlife.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org%2Fdatazone%2Fsitefactsheet.php%3Fid%3D3496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130107095744/http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/sites/130225">"EUNIS -Site factsheet for Riddagshausen - Weddeler Teichgebiet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/sites/130225">the original</a> on 2013-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EUNIS+-Site+factsheet+for+Riddagshausen+-+Weddeler+Teichgebiet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feunis.eea.europa.eu%2Fsites%2F130225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/politik/stadtbezirksraete/index.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150425095907/http://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/politik/stadtbezirksraete/index.html">Archived</a> April 25, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014114956/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/stadtteile/index.html">"Stadtteile"</a>. Braunschweig.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/stadtteile/index.html">the original</a> on 2013-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stadtteile&rft.pub=Braunschweig.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braunschweig.de%2Fkultur_tourismus%2Fstadtportraet%2Fstadtteile%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a history of rail transport in the state, see Holtge, Dieter. "Braunschweig's Eisenbahnen und Strassenbahnen." (1972).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightrailnow.org/news/n_newslog2007q1.htm">"Braunschweig (Germany): New light rail tram line to suburbs reverses Transit Holocaust, February 13, 2007"</a>. Light Rail Now<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>The House of Brunswick Luneburg being one of the most illustrious and most ancient in Europe, the Hanoverian branch having filled for more than a century one of the most distinguished thrones, its possessions being among the most considerable in Germany;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldica&rft.atitle=Royal+Arms+of+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fbritain%2Froyalarm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520022041/http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1444070816858">"New Brunswick - Anthems and Symbols - Canadian Identity"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reiseland-niedersachsen.de/braunschweig-3">the original</a> on 2016-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braunschweig+-+Kulinarische+Spezialit%C3%A4ten+vom+Mittelalter+bis+heute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseland-niedersachsen.de%2Fbraunschweig-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSøndergaard,_Leif" class="citation web cs1">Søndergaard, Leif. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sitm.info/history/Groningen/sondergaard.htm">"Carnival is Festival: Dances as Entertainment"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carnival+is+Festival%3A+Dances+as+Entertainment&rft.au=S%C3%B8ndergaard%2C+Leif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sitm.info%2Fhistory%2FGroningen%2Fsondergaard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831073841/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/veranstaltungen/blickpunkte/bsm_artikel/karneval.html">"Braunschweiger Karneval "Schoduvel"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in German). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braunschweiger-zeitung.de/lokales/Braunschweig/900-000-besucher-auf-dem-weihnachtsmarkt-id468999.html">the original</a> on 30 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=900+000+Besucher+auf+dem+Weihnachtsmarkt&rft.date=2008-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braunschweiger-zeitung.de%2Flokales%2FBraunschweig%2F900-000-besucher-auf-dem-weihnachtsmarkt-id468999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925173701/http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/about.html">"About BOTY"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/about.html">the original</a> on 25 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+BOTY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braunbattleoftheyear.com%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823040042/http://www.formationen.de/content/historie/internationalemeister.html">"List of World and European champions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formationen.de/content/historie/internationalemeister.html">the original</a> on 23 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+World+and+European+champions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.formationen.de%2Fcontent%2Fhistorie%2Finternationalemeister.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207080220/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/veranstaltungen/medien-bsm/Internet_Die_Wiege_des_Fussballs_090910.pdf">"Die Wiege des Fußballs stand in Braunschweig"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/veranstaltungen/medien-bsm/Internet_Die_Wiege_des_Fussballs_090910.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Wiege+des+Fu%C3%9Fballs+stand+in+Braunschweig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braunschweig.de%2Fkultur_tourismus%2Fveranstaltungen%2Fmedien-bsm%2FInternet_Die_Wiege_des_Fussballs_090910.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeister2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoffmeister, Kurt (2010). <i>Zeitreise durch die Braunschweiger Sportgeschichte: 180 Jahre Turnen und Sport in Braunschweig</i> (in German). p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeitreise+durch+die+Braunschweiger+Sportgeschichte%3A+180+Jahre+Turnen+und+Sport+in+Braunschweig&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hoffmeister&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.braunschweig.de/leben/stadtportraet/partnerstaedte/">"Braunschweigs Partner- und Freundschaftsstädte"</a>. <i>braunschweig.de</i> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Basketball-Talent+Schr%C3%B6der%3A+Aus+der+Halfpipe+in+die+Bundesliga&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft.aulast=Bieg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fsport%2Fsonst%2Fbasketball-dennis-schroeder-ueberzeugt-in-braunschweig-a-874647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKühn2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kühn, Volker (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119362597.html">"Schultze, Norbert Arnold Wilhelm Richard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.atitle=Schultze%2C+Norbert+Arnold+Wilhelm+Richard&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=K%C3%BChn&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fpnd119362597.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraunschweig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarck/Scheel_(eds)1996">Jarck/Scheel (eds) 1996</a>, p. 573</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarck/Scheel_(eds)1996">Jarck/Scheel (eds) 1996</a>, pp. 580–581</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarck/Scheel_(eds)1996">Jarck/Scheel (eds) 1996</a>, pp. 591–592</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarck_et_al._(eds)2006">Jarck et al. (eds) 2006</a>, p. 704</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thefetishistas.com/sways-addiction/">The Fetishistas.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141126102417/http://thefetishistas.com/sways-addiction/">Archived</a> 2014-11-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Exclusive: Susan Wayland rekindles her finest addiction, Spring 2014</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bild.de/regional/leipzig/kalender/latex-lady-jetzt-maerchenhaft-sexy-43112354.bild.html">Bild.de</a>, <i>Latex-Lady jetzt märchenhaft sexy</i>, 23 October 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarck/Scheel_(eds)1996">Jarck/Scheel (eds) 1996</a>, p. 644</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Braunschweig#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Braunschweig">Bibliography of the history of Braunschweig</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Andree" title="Richard Andree">Richard Andree</a>: <i>Braunschweiger Volkskunde.</i> 2nd edition. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1901.</li> <li>Reinhard Bein, Ernst-August Roloff (eds.): <i>Der Löwe unterm Hakenkreuz. Reiseführer durch Braunschweig und Umgebung 1930–1945.</i> MatrixMedia Verlag, Göttingen 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-93231336-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-93231336-4">3-93231336-4</a>.</li> <li>Luitgard Camerer, Manfred Garzmann, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): <i>Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon.</i> Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-926701-14-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-926701-14-5">3-926701-14-5</a>.</li> <li>Oskar Doering: <i>Braunschweig.</i> E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1905.</li> <li>Hermann Dürre: <i>Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig im Mittelalter.</i> Grüneberg, Braunschweig 1861.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Dorn" title="Reinhard Dorn">Reinhard Dorn</a>: <i>Mittelalterliche Kirchen in Braunschweig.</i> Niemeyer, Hameln 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87585-043-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-87585-043-2">3-87585-043-2</a>.</li> <li>F. Fuhse (ed.): <i>Vaterländische Geschichten und Denkwürdigkeiten der Lande Braunschweig und Hannover, Band 1: Braunschweig.</i> 3rd edition. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 1925.</li> <li>Manfred Garzmann, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): <i>Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. Ergänzungsband.</i> Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-926701-30-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-926701-30-7">3-926701-30-7</a>.</li> <li>Otto Hohnstein: <i>Braunschweig am Ende des Mittelalters.</i> Ramdohr, Braunschweig 1886.</li> <li>Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Gerhard Schildt (eds.): <i>Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region.</i> 2nd edition. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930292-28-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-930292-28-9">3-930292-28-9</a>.</li> <li>Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Dieter Lent et al. (eds.): <i>Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 8. bis 18. Jahrhundert.</i> Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-937664-46-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-937664-46-7">3-937664-46-7</a>.</li> <li>Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Günter Scheel (eds.): <i>Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 19. und 20. Jahrhundert.</i> Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7752-5838-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7752-5838-8">3-7752-5838-8</a>.</li> <li>Jörg Leuschner, Karl Heinrich Kaufhold, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_M%C3%A4rtl" title="Claudia Märtl">Claudia Märtl</a> (eds.): <i>Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Braunschweigischen Landes vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart.</i> 3 vols. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-13599-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-13599-1">978-3-487-13599-1</a>.</li> <li>Richard Moderhack (ed.): <i>Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte im Überblick.</i> 3rd edition, Braunschweigischer Geschichtsverein, Braunschweig 1979.</li> <li>Richard Moderhack: <i>Braunschweiger Stadtgeschichte.</i> Wagner, Braunschweig 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87884-050-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-87884-050-0">3-87884-050-0</a>.</li> <li>E. Oppermann: <i>Landeskunde des Herzogtums Braunschweig. Geschichte und Geographie.</i> E. Appelhans, Braunschweig 1911.</li> <li>Rudolf Prescher: <i>Der Rote Hahn über Braunschweig.</i> Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1955.</li> <li>Birte Rogacki-Thiemann: <i>Braunschweig. Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte.</i> Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89702-837-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-89702-837-9">3-89702-837-9</a>.</li> <li>Ernst-August Roloff: <i>Braunschweig und der Staat von Weimar.</i> Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1964.</li> <li>Ernst-August Roloff: <i>Wie braun war Braunschweig? Hitler und der Freistaat Braunschweig.</i> Braunschweiger Zeitung, Braunschweig 2003.</li> <li>Gerd Spies (ed.): <i>Braunschweig – Das Bild der Stadt in 900 Jahren. Geschichte und Ansichten.</i> 2 vols., Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweig 1985.</li> <li>Gerd Spies (ed.): <i>Brunswiek 1031 – Braunschweig 1981. Die Stadt Heinrichs des Löwen von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart.</i> 2 vols., Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweig 1982.</li> <li>Werner Spieß: <i>Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig im Nachmittelalter. Vom Ausgang des Mittelalters bis zum Ende der Stadtfreiheit 1491–1671.</i> 2 vols., Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1966, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7495150">7495150</a>.</li> <li>Henning Steinführer, Gerd Biegel (eds.): <i>1913 – Braunschweig zwischen Monarchie und Moderne.</i> Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-944939-12-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-944939-12-4">978-3-944939-12-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunswick.de/english/index.html">Official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907192447/http://www.brunswick.de/english/index.html">Archived</a> 2009-09-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama-cities.net/braunschweig/braunschweig.html">Braunschweig – 360° Panoramas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braunschweiger-zeitung.de">Daily newspaper Braunschweiger Zeitung</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Braunschweig" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Braunschweig</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Braunschweig</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, Saxony-Anhalt">Halle</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Lower_Saxony_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_Lower_Saxony_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template talk:Germany districts Lower Saxony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Lower_Saxony_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_Lower_Saxony_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lower Saxony"><img alt="Flag of Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Urban and rural districts in the state of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> in Germany</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" title="Hanover Region">Hanover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmenhorst" title="Delmenhorst">Delmenhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammerland" title="Ammerland">Ammerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurich_(district)" title="Aurich (district)">Aurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Bentheim_(district)" title="County of Bentheim (district)">Bentheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celle_(district)" title="Celle (district)">Celle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloppenburg_(district)" title="Cloppenburg (district)">Cloppenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven_(district)" title="Cuxhaven (district)">Cuxhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepholz_(district)" title="Diepholz (district)">Diepholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsland" title="Emsland">Emsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friesland_(district)" title="Friesland (district)">Friesland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifhorn_(district)" title="Gifhorn (district)">Gifhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar_(district)" title="Goslar (district)">Goslar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_(district)" title="Göttingen (district)">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hameln-Pyrmont" title="Hameln-Pyrmont">Hameln-Pyrmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harburg_(district)" title="Harburg (district)">Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidekreis" title="Heidekreis">Heidekreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmstedt_(district)" title="Helmstedt (district)">Helmstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim_(district)" title="Hildesheim (district)">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holzminden_(district)" title="Holzminden (district)">Holzminden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leer_(district)" title="Leer (district)">Leer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCchow-Dannenberg" title="Lüchow-Dannenberg">Lüchow-Dannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_(district)" title="Lüneburg (district)">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nienburg_(district)" title="Nienburg (district)">Nienburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeim_(district)" title="Northeim (district)">Northeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(district)" title="Oldenburg (district)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_(district)" title="Osnabrück (district)">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterholz" title="Osterholz">Osterholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peine_(district)" title="Peine (district)">Peine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenburg_(district)" title="Rotenburg (district)">Rotenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg" title="Schaumburg">Schaumburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_(district)" title="Stade (district)">Stade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uelzen_(district)" title="Uelzen (district)">Uelzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vechta_(district)" title="Vechta (district)">Vechta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verden_(district)" title="Verden (district)">Verden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesermarsch" title="Wesermarsch">Wesermarsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittmund_(district)" title="Wittmund (district)">Wittmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_(district)" title="Wolfenbüttel (district)">Wolfenbüttel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Districts of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2773#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2773#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2773#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122381180">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134835052">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1202770/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJht4QyfFW6XVKcbXf8grq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008065-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50049852">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865975h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865975h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Braunschweig (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge258245&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455890">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202016120">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557388905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/5d668739-7f88-4062-9bc5-11a90e838310">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/148004571">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044955">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&oldid=1258891104">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig&oldid=1258891104</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Lower_Saxony" title="Category:Cities in Lower Saxony">Cities in Lower Saxony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Braunschweig" title="Category:Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitals_of_former_nations" 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