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id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_paleotropical" title="Regne paleotropical – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne paleotropical" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4otropis" title="Paläotropis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paläotropis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دیرین‌حاره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیرین‌حاره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_Paleotropikal" title="Alam Paleotropikal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam Paleotropikal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotropik_oblast" title="Paleotropik oblast – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paleotropik oblast" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_paleotropikalne" title="Państwo paleotropikalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo paleotropikalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Flor%C3%ADstico_Paleotropical" title="Reino Florístico Paleotropical – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino Florístico Paleotropical" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Палеотропическое флористическое царство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палеотропическое флористическое царство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Палеотропско флористичко царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Палеотропско флористичко царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Палеотропічне флористичне царство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Палеотропічне флористичне царство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleotropical_Kingdom&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleotropical Kingdom">Paleotropical Kingdom</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the Earth's six floristic kingdoms</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paleotr%C3%B3pico.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paleotr%C3%B3pico.png/220px-Paleotr%C3%B3pico.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paleotr%C3%B3pico.png/330px-Paleotr%C3%B3pico.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paleotr%C3%B3pico.png/440px-Paleotr%C3%B3pico.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Extent of the Paleotropical kingdom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galleryforest_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Galleryforest_300.jpg/220px-Galleryforest_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Galleryforest_300.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gallery_forest" title="Gallery forest">Gallery forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acacia_Bild1086.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Acacia_Bild1086.jpg/220px-Acacia_Bild1086.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Acacia_Bild1086.jpg/330px-Acacia_Bild1086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Acacia_Bild1086.jpg/440px-Acacia_Bild1086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Savanna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG/220px-Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG/330px-Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG/440px-Thorn_Tree_Sossusvlei_Namib_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_erioloba" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia erioloba">Acacia erioloba</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Namib_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Namib Desert">Namib Desert</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandanus_utilis_fruit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pandanus_utilis_fruit.JPG/220px-Pandanus_utilis_fruit.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pandanus_utilis_fruit.JPG/330px-Pandanus_utilis_fruit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pandanus_utilis_fruit.JPG/440px-Pandanus_utilis_fruit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_utilis" title="Pandanus utilis">Pandanus utilis</a></i></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepenthes_villosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nepenthes_villosa.jpg/220px-Nepenthes_villosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nepenthes_villosa.jpg/330px-Nepenthes_villosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nepenthes_villosa.jpg/440px-Nepenthes_villosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nepenthes_villosa" title="Nepenthes villosa">Nepenthes villosa</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Paleotropical kingdom</b> (<b>Paleotropis</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">floristic kingdom</a> composed of the tropical areas of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>), as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Good" title="Ronald Good">Ronald Good</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armen_Takhtajan" title="Armen Takhtajan">Armen Takhtajan</a>. Part of its flora is inherited from the ancient supercontinent of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> or exchanged later (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a> with pantropical distribution and but few warm temperate representatives). These Gondwanan <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineages</a> are related to those in the <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical kingdom">Neotropical kingdom</a>, composed of the tropical areas of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Flora from the Paleotropical kingdom influenced the tropical flora of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Kingdom">Australian Kingdom</a>. The kingdom is subdivided into five floristic subkingdoms according to Takhtajan (or three, according to Good) and about 13 <a href="/wiki/Floristic_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic regions">floristic regions</a>. In this article the floristic subkingdoms and regions are given as delineated by Takhtajan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleotropical_kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A distinct community of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> evolved millions of years ago, and are now found on several separate areas. Millions of years ago, the warmer and wetter areas supported a tropical adapted flora, including forests of <a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">podocarps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_beech" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern beech">southern beech</a>. They were a type of flora characteristic of parts of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> but were present in equivalent ecological areas. </p><p>Over millions of years, these type of vegetation present, covered much of the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Many species are today <a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relicts</a> of a type of <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> disappeared, which originally covered much of the mainland of Africa, Madagascar, India, South America, Antarctica, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, North America, Europe, and other lands when their <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> were more <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humid</a> and warm. Although warm <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forests</a> disappeared during the glaciations, they re-colonized large areas every time the weather was favorable again. Most of the cloud forests are believed to have retreated and advanced during successive geological eras, and their species adapted to warm and wet gradually retreated and advanced, replaced by more <a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">cold</a>-tolerant or <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>-tolerant <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">sclerophyll</a> plant communities. Many of the existing species became extinct because they could not cross the barriers posed by new oceans, mountains and deserts, but others found refuge as species relict in coastal areas and Islands. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, New Zealand and New Caledonia were on the periphery of Gondwana, which included Africa, South America, Antarctica, India, New Zealand and Australia. Paleomagnetic data locate New Caledonia originally near the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, Gondwana moved northward, warming the eastern margin. New Caledonia separated from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> during the breakup of the super-continent, separating from Australia at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> (66 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>) and probably completing its separation from New Zealand in the mid-<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>. </p><p>The ecological requirements of many of the species, are those of the laurel forest and like most of their counterparts laurifolia in the world, they are vigorous species with a great ability to populate the habitat that is conducive. The geographical isolation and special edaphic conditions helped to preserve it too. </p><p>Many members of the late Cretaceous–early Tertiary Gondwanan flora survived in islands and Coastal area's equable climate but were eliminated in mainland due to increasingly dry conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the large landmasses became drier and with a harsher climate, this type of forest was reduced to those boundaries areas. <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, Chile, New Zealand and New Caledonia share related species extinct in Australia mainland. The same case occurs in the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesia</a> islands and Pacific <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Islands">Ryūkyū Islands</a>. Although some remnants of archaic rich flora still persisted in their coastal mountains and shelter sites, their biodiversity were reduced. The location of Islands in the oceans moderated these climatic fluctuations, and maintained the relatively humid and mild climate which has allowed these communities to persist to the present day. </p><p>Plants have limited <i><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">seed dispersal</a></i> mobility away from the parent plant and consequently rely upon a variety of <a href="/wiki/Dispersal_vector" title="Dispersal vector">dispersal vectors</a> to transport their propagules, including both <a href="/wiki/Abiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotic">abiotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">biotic</a> vectors. Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant individually or collectively, as well as dispersed in both space and time. Tertiary vegetal species isolated on islands have led to vicariant species; genera and families extinct in the rest of the world have been preserved as island endemics. </p><p>For example, genera, <i><a href="/wiki/Archeria_(plant)" title="Archeria (plant)">Archeria</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Wollemia" title="Wollemia">Wollemia</a></i> in the family <a href="/wiki/Araucariaceae" title="Araucariaceae">Araucariaceae</a>, was known only from fossil remains before the discovery of the living species in 1994 in a temperate <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> wilderness area of the <a href="/wiki/Wollemi_National_Park" title="Wollemi National Park">Wollemi National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, in a remote series of narrow, steep-sided sandstone <a href="/wiki/Gorge" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorge">gorges</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lithgow,_New_South_Wales" title="Lithgow, New South Wales">Lithgow</a>. </p><p>Fossils dating from before the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciations</a> show that species of <i><a href="/wiki/Laurus" title="Laurus">Laurus</a></i> were formerly distributed more widely around the Mediterranean and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, isolated gave rise to <i><a href="/wiki/Laurus_azorica" title="Laurus azorica">Laurus azorica</a></i> in Azores Islands, <i><a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">Laurus nobilis</a></i> in mainland and <i><a href="/wiki/Laurus_novocanariensis" title="Laurus novocanariensis">Laurus novocanariensis</a></i> in Canary Islands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleotropical_kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The paleotropical <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> is characterized by about 40 <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> plant <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>, the most famous being <a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthaceae">Nepenthaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flagellariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellariaceae">Flagellariaceae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but including also <a href="/wiki/Matoniaceae" title="Matoniaceae">Matoniaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipteridaceae" title="Dipteridaceae">Dipteridaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stangeriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stangeriaceae">Stangeriaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welwitschiaceae" title="Welwitschiaceae">Welwitschiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafflesiaceae" title="Rafflesiaceae">Rafflesiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didiereaceae" title="Didiereaceae">Didiereaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didymelaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Didymelaceae">Didymelaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancistrocladaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancistrocladaceae">Ancistrocladaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioncophyllaceae" title="Dioncophyllaceae">Dioncophyllaceae</a>, Scytopetalaceae (<i>Scytopetalum</i>), <a href="/wiki/Medusagynaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Medusagynaceae">Medusagynaceae</a>, Scyphostegiaceae (<i>Scyphostegia</i>), <a href="/wiki/Sarcolaenaceae" title="Sarcolaenaceae">Sarcolaenaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphaerosepalaceae" title="Sphaerosepalaceae">Sphaerosepalaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huaceae" title="Huaceae">Huaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandaceae" title="Pandaceae">Pandaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crypteroniaceae" title="Crypteroniaceae">Crypteroniaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duabangaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Duabangaceae">Duabangaceae</a>, Strephonemataceae (<i>Strephonema</i>), <a href="/wiki/Psiloxylaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psiloxylaceae">Psiloxylaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirachmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirachmaceae">Dirachmaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phellinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinaceae">Phellinaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lophopyxidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopyxidaceae">Lophopyxidaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvadoraceae" title="Salvadoraceae">Salvadoraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medusandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Medusandraceae">Medusandraceae</a>, Mastixiaceae (<i><a href="/wiki/Mastixia" title="Mastixia">Mastixia</a></i>), Hoplestigmataceae (<i><a href="/wiki/Hoplestigma" title="Hoplestigma">Hoplestigma</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Lowiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowiaceae">Lowiaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleotropical_kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_subkingdom">African subkingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleotropical_kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: African subkingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>10 endemic families (incl. <a href="/wiki/Dioncophyllaceae" title="Dioncophyllaceae">Dioncophyllaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentadiplandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadiplandraceae">Pentadiplandraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scytopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scytopetalaceae">Scytopetalaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medusandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Medusandraceae">Medusandraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirachmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirachmaceae">Dirachmaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkiaceae" title="Kirkiaceae">Kirkiaceae</a>), many endemic genera. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Guineo-Congolian_region" title="Guineo-Congolian region">Guineo-Congolian region</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usambara-Zululand_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usambara-Zululand region (page does not exist)">Usambara-Zululand region</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudano-Zambezian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudano-Zambezian region (page does not exist)">Sudano-Zambezian region</a> (including tropical Asia west of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karoo-Namib_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karoo-Namib region (page does not exist)">Karoo-Namib region</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Helena_and_Ascension_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Helena and Ascension region (page does not exist)">St. Helena and Ascension region</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madagascan_subkingdom">Madagascan subkingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleotropical_kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Madagascan subkingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>9 endemic families, more than 450 endemic genera, about 80% endemic species. It ceased to be influenced by the African flora in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, but underwent heavy influence of the Indian region's flora. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Madagascan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Madagascan region">Madagascan region</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Malesian_subkingdom">Indo-Malesian subkingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleotropical_kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indo-Malesian subkingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>11 endemic families (incl. <a href="/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barclayaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclayaceae">Barclayaceae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastixiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mastixiaceae (page does not exist)">Mastixiaceae</a>) and many endemic genera </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian region">Indian region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochinese region">Indochinese region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malesian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malesian region">Malesian region</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fijian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fijian region (page does not exist)">Fijian region</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polynesian_subkingdom">Polynesian subkingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleotropical_kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polynesian subkingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No endemic families, many endemic genera. The flora is mostly derivative from that of the Indo-Malesian subkingdom. </p> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polynesian region (page does not exist)">Polynesian region</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawaiian region (page does not exist)">Hawaiian region</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neocaledonian_subkingdom">Neocaledonian subkingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleotropical_kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Neocaledonian subkingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Caledonia" title="Biodiversity of New Caledonia">Biodiversity of New Caledonia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> lies on the southernmost edge of the tropical zone, near the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a>. This flora originated on the supercontinent Gondwana, and persist in current day New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia and South America. This flora is fossil in Antarctica. The <i><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Caledonia" title="Biodiversity of New Caledonia">biodiversity of New Caledonia</a></i> include several endemic families (incl. <a href="/wiki/Amborellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellaceae">Amborellaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasburgeriaceae" title="Strasburgeriaceae">Strasburgeriaceae</a>) and more than 130 endemic genera (incl. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exospermum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exospermum (page does not exist)">Exospermum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zygogynum" title="Zygogynum">Zygogynum</a></i>). The flora is partially shared with the Indo-Malesian subkingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Kingdom">Australian Kingdom</a>. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Neocaledonian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocaledonian region">Neocaledonian region</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleotropical_kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_the_Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Flora of the Coral Sea Islands">Flora of the Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora of India</a> – Plants native to India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia">Flora of Indonesia</a> – Plants that are commonly found in Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Flora of the Marquesas Islands">Flora of the Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_St_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora of St Helena">Flora of St Helena</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleotropical_kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/newcaledonia/">"MBG: Diversity, Endemism, and Extinction in the Flora and Vegetation of New Caledonia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MBG%3A+Diversity%2C+Endemism%2C+and+Extinction+in+the+Flora+and+Vegetation+of+New+Caledonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2Fmobot%2Fresearch%2Fnewcaledonia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleotropical+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Тахтаджян А. Л. Флористические области Земли / Академия наук СССР. Ботанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова. — Л.: Наука, Ленинградское отделение, 1978. — 247 с. — 4000 экз. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herba.msu.ru/shipunov/school/books/takhtajan1978_flor_oblasti_zemli.djvu">DjVu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gylTK3CsScC">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Takhtajan, A. (1986). <i>Floristic Regions of the World</i>. (translated by T.J. Crovello & A. Cronquist). University of California Press, Berkeley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/024192430.pdf">PDF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herba.msu.ru/shipunov/school/books/takhtajan1986_flor_regions.djvu">DjVu</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Floristic_regions_of_the_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Floristic_regions" title="Template:Floristic regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Floristic_regions" title="Template talk:Floristic regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Floristic_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Floristic regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Floristic_regions_of_the_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phytochorion" title="Phytochorion">Floristic regions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boreal_kingdom" title="Boreal kingdom">Holarctic kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumboreal region">Circumboreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asiatic_region" title="Eastern Asiatic region">Eastern Asiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Atlantic_region" title="North American Atlantic region">North American Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_floristic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain floristic region">Rocky Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharo-Arabian_region" title="Saharo-Arabian region">Saharo-Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochorion#VIII._Irano-Turanian_region" title="Phytochorion">Irano-Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrean_region" title="Madrean region">Madrean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paleotropical kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guineo-Congolian_region" title="Guineo-Congolian region">Guineo-Congolian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usambara-Zululand_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usambara-Zululand region (page does not exist)">Usambara-Zululand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudano-Zambezian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudano-Zambezian region (page does not exist)">Sudano-Zambezian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karoo-Namib_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karoo-Namib region (page does not exist)">Karoo-Namib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Helena_and_Ascension_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Helena and Ascension Region (page does not exist)">St. Helena and Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_of_Madagascar" title="Ecoregions of Madagascar">Madagascan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian region">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochinese region">Indochinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malesia" title="Malesia">Malesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuasia" title="Papuasia">Papuasian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fijian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fijian region (page does not exist)">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polynesian region (page does not exist)">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawaiian region (page does not exist)">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocaledonian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocaledonian region">Neocaledonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_floristic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean floristic region">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_the_Guayana_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Region of the Guayana Highlands">Guayana Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonian region">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brazilian region (page does not exist)">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_floristic_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andean floristic region (page does not exist)">Andean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_floristic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape floristic region">South African kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_floristic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape floristic region">Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian kingdom">Australian kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Australian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northeast Australian region (page does not exist)">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Australian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Australian region">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eremaean_province" title="Eremaean province">Central Australian or Eremaean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_floristic_kingdom" title="Antarctic floristic kingdom">Antarctic kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernandezian_region" title="Fernandezian region">Fernandezian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chile-Patagonian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chile-Patagonian region (page does not exist)">Chile-Patagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Region_of_the_South_Subantarctic_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Region of the South Subantarctic Islands (page does not exist)">South Subantarctic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neozeylandic_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neozeylandic region (page does not exist)">Neozeylandic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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