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href="/wiki/Data_pre-processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Data pre-processing">data pre-processing</a> technique used to reduce the effects of minor <a href="/wiki/Observation_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Observation error">observation errors</a>. The original data values which fall into a given small interval, a <i><a href="/wiki/Bin_(computational_geometry)" title="Bin (computational geometry)">bin</a></i>, are replaced by a value representative of that interval, often a <a href="/wiki/Central_tendency" title="Central tendency">central value</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is related to <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantization</a>: data binning operates on the <a href="/wiki/Abscissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abscissa">abscissa</a> axis while quantization operates on the <a href="/wiki/Ordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinate">ordinate</a> axis. Binning is a generalization of <a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">rounding</a>. </p><p><b>Statistical data binning</b> is a way to group numbers of more-or-less continuous values into a smaller number of "bins". For example, if you have data about a group of people, you might want to arrange their ages into a smaller number of age intervals (for example, grouping every five years together). It can also be used in <a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">multivariate statistics</a>, binning in several dimensions at once. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">digital image processing</a>, "binning" has a very different meaning. <a href="/wiki/Pixel_binning" title="Pixel binning">Pixel binning</a> is the process of combining blocks of adjacent <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> throughout an image, by summing or averaging their values, during or after readout. It reduces the amount of data; also the relative noise level in the result is lower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_usage">Example usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_binning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Example usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">Histograms</a> are an example of data binning used in order to observe underlying <a href="/wiki/Frequency_(statistics)" title="Frequency (statistics)">frequency distributions</a>. They typically occur in <a href="/wiki/One-dimensional_space" title="One-dimensional space">one-dimensional space</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector#Equality" title="Euclidean vector">equal</a> <a href="/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)" title="Interval (mathematics)">intervals</a> for ease of visualization. </p><p>Data binning may be used when small instrumental shifts in the spectral dimension from <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> (MS) or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> (NMR) experiments will be falsely interpreted as representing different components, when a collection of data profiles is subjected to <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">pattern recognition</a> analysis. A straightforward way to cope with this problem is by using binning techniques in which the spectrum is reduced in resolution to a sufficient degree to ensure that a given peak remains in its bin despite small spectral shifts between analyses. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">NMR</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_shift" title="Chemical shift">chemical shift</a> axis may be discretized and coarsely binned, and in <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">MS</a> the spectral accuracies may be rounded to integer <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">atomic mass unit</a> values. Also, several <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital camera</a> systems incorporate an automatic pixel binning function to improve image contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-example_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-example-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Binning is also used in <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> to speed up<sup id="cite_ref-lightgbm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lightgbm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the decision-tree <a href="/wiki/Boosting_(machine_learning)" title="Boosting (machine learning)">boosting</a> method for supervised classification and regression in algorithms such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/LightGBM" title="LightGBM">LightGBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.HistGradientBoostingClassifier.html">Histogram-based Gradient Boosting Classification Tree</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_binning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binning_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Binning (disambiguation)">Binning (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censoring_(statistics)" title="Censoring (statistics)">Censoring (statistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discretization_of_continuous_features" title="Discretization of continuous features">Discretization of continuous features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouped_data" title="Grouped data">Grouped data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">Histogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_measurement" title="Level of measurement">Level of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">Quantization (signal processing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">Rounding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_binning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-example-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-example_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Nikon, FSU<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Use+of+binning+in+photography.&rft.pub=Nikon%2C+FSU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microscopyu.com%2Ftutorials%2Fccd-signal-to-noise-ratio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+binning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lightgbm-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lightgbm_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/hash/6449f44a102fde848669bdd9eb6b76fa-Abstract.html">"LightGBM: A Highly Efficient Gradient Boosting Decision Tree"</a>. Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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