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1);}}.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FA6400;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;min-width:1.25rem;margin-top:-0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{text-align:center;min-width:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{margin-top:0;min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:currentcolor;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{padding-left:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;width:1.5rem;height:1.375rem;vertical-align:-0.5em;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;background:none;min-width:1.25rem;text-align:center;margin-top:-0.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{text-align:center;min-width:1.5rem;}}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:currentcolor;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:3rem;width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{background:#F6F6F6;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:1rem;padding:0.75rem 0.625rem;margin-left:0.5rem;min-width:11.25rem;outline:0.0625rem solid transparent;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{display:none;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:active,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus{background:#E6E8EA;color:#000000;}}.ssrcss-1lc3dkf-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.625rem;height:1.625rem;vertical-align:middle;width:1.75rem;height:1.8125rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1lc3dkf-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1.375rem;height:1.375rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1lc3dkf-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1rem;height:1rem;vertical-align:-0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-qefkng-SearchText{padding-left:0.5rem;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-qefkng-SearchText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer{overflow:hidden;visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-property:max-height,height;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);transition-delay:0s,0s,0.4s;transition-duration:0.4s,0.4s,0s;transition-property:max-height,height,display;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-duration:0.2s,0.2s,0s;}}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer:focus{outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu{height:0;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{visibility:visible;display:block;height:auto;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:28rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:8.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}.ssrcss-1obp207-MenuWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList:focus{outline:none;}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList>*{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-basis:50%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:50%;flex-basis:50%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList>*{-webkit-flex-basis:auto;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;}}@supports (display: grid){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{display:grid;grid-gap:0 0.5rem;gap:0 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(7.5rem, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList>*{min-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(1){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(2){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(3){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(4){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(5){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(6){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 40.875rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(7){display:none;}}.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem{height:1.75rem;margin:0.25rem 0;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem{height:3.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem{padding-right:1.25rem;}}.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem:focus>*::after,.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:currentcolor;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#482878;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#002856;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#149EDC;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FA6400;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1ejv6c9-CloseButtonWrapper{margin-top:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;padding:calc(0.5rem - 2px) calc(0.75rem - 2px);border:2px solid transparent;min-height:2.75rem!important;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;line-height:1.375!important;-webkit-transition:0.2s;transition:0.2s;background:transparent;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:2px solid transparent;-webkit-transition:border-bottom 0.2s;transition:border-bottom 0.2s;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;-webkit-transition:text-decoration 0.2s;transition:text-decoration 0.2s;}}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:hover,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:active{cursor:pointer;background:#0051AD;color:#FFFFFF;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #0051AD;}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:hover .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:active .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:2px solid currentcolor;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:hover .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:active .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;}}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:0.125rem;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #0051AD,0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline-offset:calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem);}.ssrcss-1hfawy1-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.125rem;height:1.125rem;min-width:1.25rem;vertical-align:middle;}.ssrcss-12njlvq-ProductNavigationContainer{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;background-color:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;position:relative;}.ssrcss-nt5ozj-Masthead{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;background:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-nt5ozj-Masthead{font-size:2rem;line-height:1.125;}}.ssrcss-12x0ma7-ContentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-kpltdl-LogoWrapper{margin:0.25rem 0;}.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:auto;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none),(-ms-high-contrast: active){.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{width:100%;}}.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{display:block;padding:calc(0.75rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.625rem;fill:currentcolor;max-width:10rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(0.875rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.75rem;max-width:15.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(1rem - 0.25rem) 0;max-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-as2ggt-Navigation{border-top:0.0625rem solid #DB7F7F;}}html.no-js .ssrcss-wlpshj-MainNavBarContainer{border-bottom:0.25rem solid #B80000;}.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 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tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-1xg4l7r-Heading e10rt3ze0"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Planes are having their GPS hacked. Could new clocks keep them safe?</p></h1></div><div class="ssrcss-p1x80k-MetadataStripWrapper e1wz1n9n7"><ul class="ssrcss-195mc3u-MetadataStripList e1wz1n9n6"><li><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</span><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-61mhsj-MetadataText e4wm5bw1"><time data-testid="timestamp" dateTime="2025-03-03T00:39:34.086Z">3 March 2025</time></span></span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1t9jjvj-ImageBox e1wz1n9n5"><div class="ssrcss-1sk2upk-SquareImageWrapper e1wz1n9n2"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-got162-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/400/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 400w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/640/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 640w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/960/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 960w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 1280w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1440/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 1440w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1800/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 1800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 1920w" type="image/webp" sizes="(min-width: 900px) 50vw, 100vw"/><img alt="A treated image of a plane set against a background featuring half a compass and half a clock dial" sizes="(min-width: 900px) 50vw, 100vw" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/2560/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/400/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 400w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/640/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 640w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/960/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 960w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 1280w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1440/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 1440w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1800/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 1800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/7044/live/14e403d0-f524-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 1920w" width="2560" height="2560" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span></div></figure></div></div></header><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="byline-block" class="ssrcss-1d4ve09-BylineComponentWrapper e8mq1e90"><div class="ssrcss-qt5zqv-BylineWrapper e19uhciu17"><div class="ssrcss-19r1h8t-ContributorContainer e19uhciu16"><div class="ssrcss-1bsxjdu-Container-ContributorPhoto e19uhciu12"><div class="ssrcss-1f4spe2-ImageWrapper e19uhciu11"><span class="ssrcss-got162-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/160/cpsprodpb/7a1f/live/da654b60-f366-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 160w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Pallab Ghosh" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/160/cpsprodpb/7a1f/live/da654b60-f366-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/160/cpsprodpb/7a1f/live/da654b60-f366-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 160w" width="160" height="160" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1qc7pto-Container-ContributorDetails e19uhciu13"><div class="ssrcss-68pt20-Text-TextContributorName e19uhciu6">Pallab Ghosh</div><div class="ssrcss-84ltp5-Text e19uhciu10">Science Correspondent</div><div class="ssrcss-84ltp5-Text e19uhciu10"><div class="ssrcss-1q14p6q-LinkWithChevronContainer e19uhciu0"><a href="https://twitter.com/BBCPallab" class="ssrcss-1r7rgv0-StyledLink e19uhciu1"><span class="byline-link-text">@BBCPallab</span><span class="ssrcss-1b62ywz-IconContainer-IconContainerChevron e19uhciu3"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M21.6 14.3 5.5 31h6.4l14.6-15L11.9 1H5.5l16.1 16.7z"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-jlwt2c-Divider e19uhciu15"></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">As a Ryanair flight from London approached Vilnius, Lithuania, on 17 January, its descent was suddenly aborted. Just minutes from touching down, the aircraft's essential Global Positioning System (GPS) suffered an unexplained interference, triggering an emergency diversion.</b></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The Boeing 737 MAX 8-200 had already descended to around 850ft (259m) when the disruption occurred. Instead of landing, the plane was forced to climb back into the sky and divert nearly 400km (250 miles) south to Warsaw, Poland. Lithuanian air authorities later confirmed the aircraft had been affected by "GPS signal interference".</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This was not an isolated incident. Over the last three months of 2024, more than 800 cases of GPS interference were recorded in Lithuanian airspace. Estonia and Finland have also raised concerns, accusing Russia of deploying technology to jam satellite navigation signals near Nato's eastern flank – though the country has denied that. Last March the then Defence Secretary, Grant Shapps, was on a plane that had its GPS signal jammed while flying close to Russian territory.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The threat of GPS jamming extends beyond aviation. Without GPS, our lives would grind to a halt: in 2017, <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a82c84ced915d74e34038ab/satellite-derived-time-and-position-blackett-review.pdf" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">a government report stated<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a> that systematic GPS jamming could bring the UK's financial, electricity and communications systems to a standstill.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-nfzzhy-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ep2nwvo1"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-n0t9s-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="A vintage photo from the 1950s shows Dr Charles H Townes explaining to Marianne MacDonald how the atomic clock differs from a common electric clock" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 976w" width="1920" height="1280" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">NPL's atomic clock, alongside clocks from around 80 labs worldwide, helps set Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), the official global time standard</p></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">To pinpoint our exact location, we need to know the exact time. GPS works by users receiving signals from multiple satellites. The length of time it takes each signal to reach a device is used to determine exactly where on Earth we are.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Very large atomic clocks communicate directly with the satellites, allowing them to know the time to within 100 billionths of a second, and this precision timing is key to a variety of economic activities around the world, including communication systems, electrical power grids, and financial networks.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The potential cost of losing GPS has been <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/report-the-economic-impact-on-the-uk-of-a-disruption-to-gnss#:~:text=The%20benefits%20of%20GNSS%20to%20the%20UK%20economy%20were%20estimated,to%20be%20" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">put at £1.4bn each day <span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>– no wonder GPS jamming is on the government's national risk register as one of the UK's greatest threats.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">With this in mind, a group of British scientists – dubbed the "Time Lords" – has been asked to come up with a solution.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The plan is simple: to develop a more secure alternative to GPS by enabling the portable use of new atomic clocks, rather than relying on signals from satellites in space that can be jammed. But its execution is fiendishly difficult: to harness the power of the atom, develop a new type of clock, and even change the way we measure time itself – all within a few years.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In recent months, the UK government has set up research initiatives to tackle the threat of GPS jamming. But turning prototypes into robust devices that could one day be incorporated into our phones is an enormous undertaking – and the need for the new technology is getting ever more urgent.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="A-new-way-of-measuring-time" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">A new way of measuring time</span></h2></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The challenge can be compared to the invention of a portable clock for marine navigation by John Harrison in the 18th Century, which solved the so-called longitude problem, allowing a new era of trade and a golden age of exploration.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Three hundred years on, researchers are once again racing to perfect a new clock to solve the GPS problem – and the impact could be at least as transformative.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"History shows that each time we have an improvement in the ability to measure time, new applications follow to make things possible that people didn't dream of before," says Dr Helen Margolis, head scientist (time and frequency) of the UK's timing laboratories at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in south-west London.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In 1967, the world's timekeepers, an intergovernmental body called the General Conference on Weights and Measures, agreed to define time using atomic clocks, rather than by the Earth's rotation.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The switch transformed our world just as radically as Harrison's clock, laying the foundation for GPS and similar space-based systems. These provided precise timekeeping from atomic clocks on satellites, which allowed rapid and huge volumes of communications, computation, and transactions to be carried out everywhere in the world near instantaneously, as well as more precise navigation.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-nfzzhy-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ep2nwvo1"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-n0t9s-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="On the left, a close up of the Marine Timekeeper 'H4' watch made by John Harrison, and on the right, a portrait of John Harrison" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 976w" width="1920" height="1280" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">John Harrison's marine clock revolutionised navigation, paving the way for global trade and exploration</p></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The search for a new portable alternative to GPS involves a field called quantum technologies, finding ways to manipulate atoms. Much of the buzz around the subject in recent years has been about the development of powerful quantum computers which, the narrative goes, will make our fastest supercomputers seem like abacuses by comparison.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But a quieter revolution to improve navigation and measurement of time has flown under the radar, and it is in this field that quantum technology is set to make its earliest impact, according to Prof Douglas Paul of the UK Hub for Quantum Enabled Position Navigation and Timing (QEPNT), which was set up last December by the government to develop these new devices.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"We are expecting to see some sort of navigation system within two to five years in the marketplace," he says. "So, some of these technologies are already quite advanced."</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="The-Time-Lords" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">The 'Time Lords'</span></h2></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Prof Paul and his quantum scientists are working with Dr Margolis and her fellow researchers at NPL, who have been given the "Time Lords" nickname by other horologists. In 1955, the NPL invented the first atomic clock of the sort that is used today, based on the frequency of radiation from an atom of the element caesium.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">GPS and other satellite navigation systems reset their own clocks by touching base with these more accurate clocks on the ground. For the alternative to GPS, the scientists will need a new type of atomic clock that can eventually be miniaturised and robust enough to work in everyday situations, rather than the carefully controlled conditions inside a lab.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The NPL researchers are perfecting a so-called optical clock to achieve this, which is 100 times more accurate than the most accurate caesium clocks used today. It looks as if it might be part of Dr Who's Tardis and is stimulated with laser light rather than microwaves.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">When optical clocks take over from caesium ones as the timepieces that determine Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), the way the passage of time is defined will also have to change, according to Dr Margolis.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"The international community has drawn up a road map for the redefinition of the second," she tells BBC News.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The NPL's immediate hope is to have a national network by 2030, connecting four atomic clocks across the UK that businesses can plug into for secure accurate timekeeping and for developing new innovative applications that harness ultra-fast time.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Eventually, critical systems in the UK in finance, telecommunications, energy, utilities and national security could switch over – though that would take longer. "To convert everything is at least a decade away, and probably significantly longer," says Prof Paul.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Yet the stakes are high, and the alternative this new technology offers is significant. "The US Department of Defence might decide to stop supporting GPS, it could be taken out in a conflict or by an accident," he says. "There is no guarantee GPS … will always be available. With all the jamming and spoofing [where a criminal gives a false signal with an incorrect time and location], you cannot always guarantee you have an assured signal, so if you cannot get or trust the information then people will stop using it."</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-nfzzhy-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ep2nwvo1"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-n0t9s-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Grant Shapps on a plane which experienced GPS jamming" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 976w" width="1920" height="1280" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>UK MOD</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In March 2024, the then Defence Secretary Grant Shapps experienced GPS jamming first-hand when his plane lost signal while flying near Russian territory</p></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">While this type of research is taking place around the world, it's being led by the UK. When an aircraft with the technology on board <a href="/news/articles/cz744gpl1dpo" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">carried out a test flight in May 2024</a>, the then science minister Andrew Griffith described it as "further proof of the UK as one of the world leaders on quantum". According to the government, it was the first test of this type of technology in the UK on an aircraft in flight, and "the first such flight worldwide that has been publicly acknowledged".</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">By carrying a group of atoms cooled to -273C on the plane itself, rather than relying on an external signal, the technology can't be interfered with by jamming.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But the problem is that the equipment is still too large to be used routinely on planes.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Henry White, part of the team from BAE Systems that worked on the test flight, told BBC News that he thought the first application could be aboard ships, "where there's a bit more space".</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Quantum clocks, gyroscopes and accelerometers are large, bulky and incredibly expensive, with an accurate quantum clock costing around £100,000. Yet military research is allowing the creation of smaller, better and cheaper systems.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-nfzzhy-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ep2nwvo1"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-n0t9s-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Ukrainian forces train on Salisbury Plain" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/b7f2/live/b55a1c20-f513-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.png 976w" width="1920" height="1280" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Press Association</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">GPS jamming is disrupting British military operations in conflict zones like Ukraine, posing serious challenges</p></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">GPS jamming is causing problems for the British military in conflict zones such as Ukraine. One of the main challenges faced by scientists at the government's Defence, Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) is making the sensitive technology work not just in the real world, which in the Navy's case is often in very choppy seas, but also in the harshest of environments; the battlefield, according to a lead researcher at the DSTL, who has to remain anonymous for security reasons.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"We are harnessing atoms," she points out.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"You have vibrations, you have pressure changes, you have temperature changes, and you have environments which have all of these different variables going on while you are trying to manipulate the properties of light. So, it's precision that is needed".</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="Atomic-clocks-in-our-pockets" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">Atomic clocks in our pockets</span></h2></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The ultimate aim for some of those working on this new technology is for each of us to have the equivalent of our own personal GPS system incorporated into our phones.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This would comprise a miniaturised optical clock as well as a tiny gyroscope, so we know which direction we are going in, and a device called an accelerometer, which will tell us how fast we are going.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">QEPNT has been set up by the government to shrink the devices on to a chip, making them robust enough for everyday life and affordable for everyone.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">That process isn't going to happen soon, though. "This is many decades away from happening for all critical national infrastructure across the UK," says Prof Paul.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Quantum clock researchers are facing exactly the same problems experienced by John Harrison when he was developing his portable marine clock in the 18th Century. Mr Harrison had to build a clock whose timekeeping was not affected by changes in temperature, pressure or humidity, and was able to function in a constantly moving ship – his greatest difficulty was to make it small.</p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="links-block" class="ssrcss-1syj6ok-LinksComponentWrapper e3eyuya0"><section class="ssrcss-msolhr-LinksWrapper e3eyuya5"><div class="ssrcss-1lqqmgw-LinksHeadingWrapper e3eyuya4"><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-ad2rmd-Heading e10rt3ze0">More from InDepth</h2></div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1y914pf-InContentLinksGrid e3eyuya3"><li class="ssrcss-r2yl4r-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-j49bjq-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1djxueb-PromoCompact e18gnqux0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah913"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/articles/c5y0g2gnjrqo" class="ssrcss-1ijo9ug-PromoLink exn3ah95"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah910"><span aria-hidden="false">Generation K: The disturbing rise of ketamine abuse among young people</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-61mhsj-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">25 February</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-r2yl4r-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-j49bjq-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1djxueb-PromoCompact e18gnqux0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah913"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/articles/cx2xngznyego" class="ssrcss-1ijo9ug-PromoLink exn3ah95"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah910"><span aria-hidden="false">Three years on, Ukraine's extinction nightmare has returned</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-61mhsj-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">24 February</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-r2yl4r-PromoItem e3eyuya1"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-j49bjq-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-1djxueb-PromoCompact e18gnqux0"><div class="ssrcss-1d68cot-PromoContent exn3ah913"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/news/articles/cn04lpe38rwo" class="ssrcss-1ijo9ug-PromoLink exn3ah95"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-1sen9vx-PromoHeadline exn3ah910"><span aria-hidden="false">Race policies or Israel - what's really driving Trump's fury with South Africa?</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1ik71mx-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02"><li role="listitem" class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Published</div><div class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent eh44mf00"><span class="ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet e4wm5bw3"><span class="ssrcss-61mhsj-MetadataText e4wm5bw1">23 February</span></span></div></li></div></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li></ul></section></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But it turned out that his difficulty was also the path to his solution. The smaller he made his clocks, the more robust he found they were at sea. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"Harrison found that it was it easier to isolate them from all those external influences," says another DSTL scientist.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"As was the case 300 years ago, as we make these systems smaller, it will become easier to control the environment around them and isolate them from the effects of vibration, temperature, pressure, and humidity."</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Prominent 18th-Century scientists, including Sir Isaac Newton, thought that navigation with marine clocks was impossible. But eventually Mr Harrison, a simple clockmaker and carpenter, proved his more illustrious colleagues wrong.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Bringing prototype optical clocks first into the battlefield and then eventually into everyday life is just as challenging. Will the scientists working on the problem be able to find solutions fast enough?</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">One day we might have them in our pockets, but the more urgent aim is to get them in a state where we can safely fly, as incidents of GPS jamming on planes and critical computer systems increase. The Time Lords and quantum scientists hope to continue the humble clockmaker's legacy – transforming the measurement of time, and protecting the UK's critical systems from GPS attack.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2">Top image credit: Getty Images</i></p></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1l0d712-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/bbcindepth" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0"><i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2">BBC InDepth</i></a><i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2"> is the home on the website and app for the best analysis, with fresh perspectives that challenge assumptions and deep reporting on the biggest issues of the day. 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Just minutes from touching down, the aircraft's essential Global Positioning System (GPS) suffered an unexplained interference, triggering an emergency diversion.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As a Ryanair flight from London approached Vilnius, Lithuania, on 17 January, its descent was suddenly aborted. Just minutes from touching down, the aircraft's essential Global Positioning System (GPS) suffered an unexplained interference, triggering an emergency diversion.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Boeing 737 MAX 8-200 had already descended to around 850ft (259m) when the disruption occurred. Instead of landing, the plane was forced to climb back into the sky and divert nearly 400km (250 miles) south to Warsaw, Poland. Lithuanian air authorities later confirmed the aircraft had been affected by \\\"GPS signal interference\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Boeing 737 MAX 8-200 had already descended to around 850ft (259m) when the disruption occurred. Instead of landing, the plane was forced to climb back into the sky and divert nearly 400km (250 miles) south to Warsaw, Poland. Lithuanian air authorities later confirmed the aircraft had been affected by \\\"GPS signal interference\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This was not an isolated incident. Over the last three months of 2024, more than 800 cases of GPS interference were recorded in Lithuanian airspace. Estonia and Finland have also raised concerns, accusing Russia of deploying technology to jam satellite navigation signals near Nato's eastern flank – though the country has denied that. Last March the then Defence Secretary, Grant Shapps, was on a plane that had its GPS signal jammed while flying close to Russian territory.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This was not an isolated incident. Over the last three months of 2024, more than 800 cases of GPS interference were recorded in Lithuanian airspace. Estonia and Finland have also raised concerns, accusing Russia of deploying technology to jam satellite navigation signals near Nato's eastern flank – though the country has denied that. Last March the then Defence Secretary, Grant Shapps, was on a plane that had its GPS signal jammed while flying close to Russian territory.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The threat of GPS jamming extends beyond aviation. Without GPS, our lives would grind to a halt: in 2017, a government report stated that systematic GPS jamming could bring the UK's financial, electricity and communications systems to a standstill.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The threat of GPS jamming extends beyond aviation. Without GPS, our lives would grind to a halt: in 2017, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a government report stated\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a government report stated\",\"attributes\":[]}}],\"locator\":\"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a82c84ced915d74e34038ab/satellite-derived-time-and-position-blackett-review.pdf\",\"isExternal\":true}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" that systematic GPS jamming could bring the UK's financial, electricity and communications systems to a standstill.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"NPL's atomic clock, alongside clocks from around 80 labs worldwide, helps set Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), the official global time standard\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"NPL's atomic clock, alongside clocks from around 80 labs worldwide, helps set Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), the official global time standard\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"A vintage photo from the 1950s shows Dr Charles H Townes explaining to Marianne MacDonald how the atomic clock differs from a common electric clock\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":1280,\"width\":1920,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3a7c/live/80578310-f512-11ef-9e61-71ee71f26eb1.png 976w\"}],\"loading\":\"lazy\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"To pinpoint our exact location, we need to know the exact time. GPS works by users receiving signals from multiple satellites. The length of time it takes each signal to reach a device is used to determine exactly where on Earth we are.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"To pinpoint our exact location, we need to know the exact time. GPS works by users receiving signals from multiple satellites. The length of time it takes each signal to reach a device is used to determine exactly where on Earth we are.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Very large atomic clocks communicate directly with the satellites, allowing them to know the time to within 100 billionths of a second, and this precision timing is key to a variety of economic activities around the world, including communication systems, electrical power grids, and financial networks.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Very large atomic clocks communicate directly with the satellites, allowing them to know the time to within 100 billionths of a second, and this precision timing is key to a variety of economic activities around the world, including communication systems, electrical power grids, and financial networks.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The potential cost of losing GPS has been put at £1.4bn each day – no wonder GPS jamming is on the government's national risk register as one of the UK's greatest threats.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The potential cost of losing GPS has been \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"put at £1.4bn each day \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"put at £1.4bn each day \",\"attributes\":[]}}],\"locator\":\"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/report-the-economic-impact-on-the-uk-of-a-disruption-to-gnss#:~:text=The%20benefits%20of%20GNSS%20to%20the%20UK%20economy%20were%20estimated,to%20be%20\",\"isExternal\":true}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"– no wonder GPS jamming is on the government's national risk register as one of the UK's greatest threats.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"With this in mind, a group of British scientists – dubbed the \\\"Time Lords\\\" – has been asked to come up with a solution.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"With this in mind, a group of British scientists – dubbed the \\\"Time Lords\\\" – has been asked to come up with a solution.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The plan is simple: to develop a more secure alternative to GPS by enabling the portable use of new atomic clocks, rather than relying on signals from satellites in space that can be jammed. But its execution is fiendishly difficult: to harness the power of the atom, develop a new type of clock, and even change the way we measure time itself – all within a few years.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The plan is simple: to develop a more secure alternative to GPS by enabling the portable use of new atomic clocks, rather than relying on signals from satellites in space that can be jammed. But its execution is fiendishly difficult: to harness the power of the atom, develop a new type of clock, and even change the way we measure time itself – all within a few years.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In recent months, the UK government has set up research initiatives to tackle the threat of GPS jamming. But turning prototypes into robust devices that could one day be incorporated into our phones is an enormous undertaking – and the need for the new technology is getting ever more urgent.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In recent months, the UK government has set up research initiatives to tackle the threat of GPS jamming. But turning prototypes into robust devices that could one day be incorporated into our phones is an enormous undertaking – and the need for the new technology is getting ever more urgent.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A new way of measuring time\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A new way of measuring time\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"A-new-way-of-measuring-time\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The challenge can be compared to the invention of a portable clock for marine navigation by John Harrison in the 18th Century, which solved the so-called longitude problem, allowing a new era of trade and a golden age of exploration.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The challenge can be compared to the invention of a portable clock for marine navigation by John Harrison in the 18th Century, which solved the so-called longitude problem, allowing a new era of trade and a golden age of exploration.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Three hundred years on, researchers are once again racing to perfect a new clock to solve the GPS problem – and the impact could be at least as transformative.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Three hundred years on, researchers are once again racing to perfect a new clock to solve the GPS problem – and the impact could be at least as transformative.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"History shows that each time we have an improvement in the ability to measure time, new applications follow to make things possible that people didn't dream of before,\\\" says Dr Helen Margolis, head scientist (time and frequency) of the UK's timing laboratories at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in south-west London.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"History shows that each time we have an improvement in the ability to measure time, new applications follow to make things possible that people didn't dream of before,\\\" says Dr Helen Margolis, head scientist (time and frequency) of the UK's timing laboratories at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in south-west London.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In 1967, the world's timekeepers, an intergovernmental body called the General Conference on Weights and Measures, agreed to define time using atomic clocks, rather than by the Earth's rotation.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In 1967, the world's timekeepers, an intergovernmental body called the General Conference on Weights and Measures, agreed to define time using atomic clocks, rather than by the Earth's rotation.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The switch transformed our world just as radically as Harrison's clock, laying the foundation for GPS and similar space-based systems. These provided precise timekeeping from atomic clocks on satellites, which allowed rapid and huge volumes of communications, computation, and transactions to be carried out everywhere in the world near instantaneously, as well as more precise navigation.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The switch transformed our world just as radically as Harrison's clock, laying the foundation for GPS and similar space-based systems. These provided precise timekeeping from atomic clocks on satellites, which allowed rapid and huge volumes of communications, computation, and transactions to be carried out everywhere in the world near instantaneously, as well as more precise navigation.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"John Harrison's marine clock revolutionised navigation, paving the way for global trade and exploration\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"John Harrison's marine clock revolutionised navigation, paving the way for global trade and exploration\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"On the left, a close up of the Marine Timekeeper 'H4' watch made by John Harrison, and on the right, a portrait of John Harrison\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":1280,\"width\":1920,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3c1f/live/7bb10570-f512-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 976w\"}],\"loading\":\"lazy\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The search for a new portable alternative to GPS involves a field called quantum technologies, finding ways to manipulate atoms. Much of the buzz around the subject in recent years has been about the development of powerful quantum computers which, the narrative goes, will make our fastest supercomputers seem like abacuses by comparison.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The search for a new portable alternative to GPS involves a field called quantum technologies, finding ways to manipulate atoms. Much of the buzz around the subject in recent years has been about the development of powerful quantum computers which, the narrative goes, will make our fastest supercomputers seem like abacuses by comparison.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But a quieter revolution to improve navigation and measurement of time has flown under the radar, and it is in this field that quantum technology is set to make its earliest impact, according to Prof Douglas Paul of the UK Hub for Quantum Enabled Position Navigation and Timing (QEPNT), which was set up last December by the government to develop these new devices.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But a quieter revolution to improve navigation and measurement of time has flown under the radar, and it is in this field that quantum technology is set to make its earliest impact, according to Prof Douglas Paul of the UK Hub for Quantum Enabled Position Navigation and Timing (QEPNT), which was set up last December by the government to develop these new devices.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We are expecting to see some sort of navigation system within two to five years in the marketplace,\\\" he says. \\\"So, some of these technologies are already quite advanced.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We are expecting to see some sort of navigation system within two to five years in the marketplace,\\\" he says. \\\"So, some of these technologies are already quite advanced.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The 'Time Lords'\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The 'Time Lords'\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"The-Time-Lords\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prof Paul and his quantum scientists are working with Dr Margolis and her fellow researchers at NPL, who have been given the \\\"Time Lords\\\" nickname by other horologists. In 1955, the NPL invented the first atomic clock of the sort that is used today, based on the frequency of radiation from an atom of the element caesium.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prof Paul and his quantum scientists are working with Dr Margolis and her fellow researchers at NPL, who have been given the \\\"Time Lords\\\" nickname by other horologists. In 1955, the NPL invented the first atomic clock of the sort that is used today, based on the frequency of radiation from an atom of the element caesium.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"GPS and other satellite navigation systems reset their own clocks by touching base with these more accurate clocks on the ground. For the alternative to GPS, the scientists will need a new type of atomic clock that can eventually be miniaturised and robust enough to work in everyday situations, rather than the carefully controlled conditions inside a lab.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"GPS and other satellite navigation systems reset their own clocks by touching base with these more accurate clocks on the ground. For the alternative to GPS, the scientists will need a new type of atomic clock that can eventually be miniaturised and robust enough to work in everyday situations, rather than the carefully controlled conditions inside a lab.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The NPL researchers are perfecting a so-called optical clock to achieve this, which is 100 times more accurate than the most accurate caesium clocks used today. It looks as if it might be part of Dr Who's Tardis and is stimulated with laser light rather than microwaves.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The NPL researchers are perfecting a so-called optical clock to achieve this, which is 100 times more accurate than the most accurate caesium clocks used today. It looks as if it might be part of Dr Who's Tardis and is stimulated with laser light rather than microwaves.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When optical clocks take over from caesium ones as the timepieces that determine Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), the way the passage of time is defined will also have to change, according to Dr Margolis.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When optical clocks take over from caesium ones as the timepieces that determine Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), the way the passage of time is defined will also have to change, according to Dr Margolis.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The international community has drawn up a road map for the redefinition of the second,\\\" she tells BBC News.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The international community has drawn up a road map for the redefinition of the second,\\\" she tells BBC News.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The NPL's immediate hope is to have a national network by 2030, connecting four atomic clocks across the UK that businesses can plug into for secure accurate timekeeping and for developing new innovative applications that harness ultra-fast time.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The NPL's immediate hope is to have a national network by 2030, connecting four atomic clocks across the UK that businesses can plug into for secure accurate timekeeping and for developing new innovative applications that harness ultra-fast time.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Eventually, critical systems in the UK in finance, telecommunications, energy, utilities and national security could switch over – though that would take longer. \\\"To convert everything is at least a decade away, and probably significantly longer,\\\" says Prof Paul.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Eventually, critical systems in the UK in finance, telecommunications, energy, utilities and national security could switch over – though that would take longer. \\\"To convert everything is at least a decade away, and probably significantly longer,\\\" says Prof Paul.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Yet the stakes are high, and the alternative this new technology offers is significant. \\\"The US Department of Defence might decide to stop supporting GPS, it could be taken out in a conflict or by an accident,\\\" he says. \\\"There is no guarantee GPS … will always be available. With all the jamming and spoofing [where a criminal gives a false signal with an incorrect time and location], you cannot always guarantee you have an assured signal, so if you cannot get or trust the information then people will stop using it.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Yet the stakes are high, and the alternative this new technology offers is significant. \\\"The US Department of Defence might decide to stop supporting GPS, it could be taken out in a conflict or by an accident,\\\" he says. \\\"There is no guarantee GPS … will always be available. With all the jamming and spoofing [where a criminal gives a false signal with an incorrect time and location], you cannot always guarantee you have an assured signal, so if you cannot get or trust the information then people will stop using it.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In March 2024, the then Defence Secretary Grant Shapps experienced GPS jamming first-hand when his plane lost signal while flying near Russian territory\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In March 2024, the then Defence Secretary Grant Shapps experienced GPS jamming first-hand when his plane lost signal while flying near Russian territory\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Grant Shapps on a plane which experienced GPS jamming\",\"copyright\":\"UK MOD\",\"height\":1280,\"width\":1920,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/497d/live/033e2bf0-f511-11ef-8c03-7dfdbeeb2526.png 976w\"}],\"loading\":\"lazy\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"While this type of research is taking place around the world, it's being led by the UK. When an aircraft with the technology on board carried out a test flight in May 2024, the then science minister Andrew Griffith described it as \\\"further proof of the UK as one of the world leaders on quantum\\\". According to the government, it was the first test of this type of technology in the UK on an aircraft in flight, and \\\"the first such flight worldwide that has been publicly acknowledged\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"While this type of research is taking place around the world, it's being led by the UK. When an aircraft with the technology on board \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"carried out a test flight in May 2024\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"carried out a test flight in May 2024\",\"attributes\":[]}}],\"locator\":\"/news/articles/cz744gpl1dpo\",\"isExternal\":false}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", the then science minister Andrew Griffith described it as \\\"further proof of the UK as one of the world leaders on quantum\\\". According to the government, it was the first test of this type of technology in the UK on an aircraft in flight, and \\\"the first such flight worldwide that has been publicly acknowledged\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By carrying a group of atoms cooled to -273C on the plane itself, rather than relying on an external signal, the technology can't be interfered with by jamming.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By carrying a group of atoms cooled to -273C on the plane itself, rather than relying on an external signal, the technology can't be interfered with by jamming.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But the problem is that the equipment is still too large to be used routinely on planes.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But the problem is that the equipment is still too large to be used routinely on planes.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Henry White, part of the team from BAE Systems that worked on the test flight, told BBC News that he thought the first application could be aboard ships, \\\"where there's a bit more space\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Henry White, part of the team from BAE Systems that worked on the test flight, told BBC News that he thought the first application could be aboard ships, \\\"where there's a bit more space\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Quantum clocks, gyroscopes and accelerometers are large, bulky and incredibly expensive, with an accurate quantum clock costing around £100,000. 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One of the main challenges faced by scientists at the government's Defence, Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) is making the sensitive technology work not just in the real world, which in the Navy's case is often in very choppy seas, but also in the harshest of environments; the battlefield, according to a lead researcher at the DSTL, who has to remain anonymous for security reasons.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"GPS jamming is causing problems for the British military in conflict zones such as Ukraine. One of the main challenges faced by scientists at the government's Defence, Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) is making the sensitive technology work not just in the real world, which in the Navy's case is often in very choppy seas, but also in the harshest of environments; the battlefield, according to a lead researcher at the DSTL, who has to remain anonymous for security reasons.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We are harnessing atoms,\\\" she points out.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We are harnessing atoms,\\\" she points out.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"You have vibrations, you have pressure changes, you have temperature changes, and you have environments which have all of these different variables going on while you are trying to manipulate the properties of light. So, it's precision that is needed\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"You have vibrations, you have pressure changes, you have temperature changes, and you have environments which have all of these different variables going on while you are trying to manipulate the properties of light. So, it's precision that is needed\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Atomic clocks in our pockets\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Atomic clocks in our pockets\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"Atomic-clocks-in-our-pockets\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The ultimate aim for some of those working on this new technology is for each of us to have the equivalent of our own personal GPS system incorporated into our phones.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The ultimate aim for some of those working on this new technology is for each of us to have the equivalent of our own personal GPS system incorporated into our phones.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This would comprise a miniaturised optical clock as well as a tiny gyroscope, so we know which direction we are going in, and a device called an accelerometer, which will tell us how fast we are going.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This would comprise a miniaturised optical clock as well as a tiny gyroscope, so we know which direction we are going in, and a device called an accelerometer, which will tell us how fast we are going.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"QEPNT has been set up by the government to shrink the devices on to a chip, making them robust enough for everyday life and affordable for everyone.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"QEPNT has been set up by the government to shrink the devices on to a chip, making them robust enough for everyday life and affordable for everyone.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"That process isn't going to happen soon, though. \\\"This is many decades away from happening for all critical national infrastructure across the UK,\\\" says Prof Paul.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"That process isn't going to happen soon, though. \\\"This is many decades away from happening for all critical national infrastructure across the UK,\\\" says Prof Paul.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Quantum clock researchers are facing exactly the same problems experienced by John Harrison when he was developing his portable marine clock in the 18th Century. Mr Harrison had to build a clock whose timekeeping was not affected by changes in temperature, pressure or humidity, and was able to function in a constantly moving ship – his greatest difficulty was to make it small.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Quantum clock researchers are facing exactly the same problems experienced by John Harrison when he was developing his portable marine clock in the 18th Century. Mr Harrison had to build a clock whose timekeeping was not affected by changes in temperature, pressure or humidity, and was able to function in a constantly moving ship – his greatest difficulty was to make it small.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"links\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"link\",\"model\":{\"headline\":\"Generation K: The disturbing rise of ketamine abuse among young people\",\"metadataStripItems\":[{\"label\":\"Published\",\"text\":\"25 February\"}],\"url\":\"/news/articles/c5y0g2gnjrqo\",\"service\":\"news\"}},{\"type\":\"link\",\"model\":{\"headline\":\"Three years on, Ukraine's extinction nightmare has returned\",\"metadataStripItems\":[{\"label\":\"Published\",\"text\":\"24 February\"}],\"url\":\"/news/articles/cx2xngznyego\",\"service\":\"news\"}},{\"type\":\"link\",\"model\":{\"headline\":\"Race policies or Israel - what's really driving Trump's fury with South Africa?\",\"metadataStripItems\":[{\"label\":\"Published\",\"text\":\"23 February\"}],\"url\":\"/news/articles/cn04lpe38rwo\",\"service\":\"news\"}}],\"isAfterContent\":false,\"title\":\"More from InDepth\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But it turned out that his difficulty was also the path to his solution. The smaller he made his clocks, the more robust he found they were at sea. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But it turned out that his difficulty was also the path to his solution. The smaller he made his clocks, the more robust he found they were at sea. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Harrison found that it was it easier to isolate them from all those external influences,\\\" says another DSTL scientist.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Harrison found that it was it easier to isolate them from all those external influences,\\\" says another DSTL scientist.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"As was the case 300 years ago, as we make these systems smaller, it will become easier to control the environment around them and isolate them from the effects of vibration, temperature, pressure, and humidity.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"As was the case 300 years ago, as we make these systems smaller, it will become easier to control the environment around them and isolate them from the effects of vibration, temperature, pressure, and humidity.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prominent 18th-Century scientists, including Sir Isaac Newton, thought that navigation with marine clocks was impossible. But eventually Mr Harrison, a simple clockmaker and carpenter, proved his more illustrious colleagues wrong.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prominent 18th-Century scientists, including Sir Isaac Newton, thought that navigation with marine clocks was impossible. But eventually Mr Harrison, a simple clockmaker and carpenter, proved his more illustrious colleagues wrong.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Bringing prototype optical clocks first into the battlefield and then eventually into everyday life is just as challenging. Will the scientists working on the problem be able to find solutions fast enough?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Bringing prototype optical clocks first into the battlefield and then eventually into everyday life is just as challenging. Will the scientists working on the problem be able to find solutions fast enough?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One day we might have them in our pockets, but the more urgent aim is to get them in a state where we can safely fly, as incidents of GPS jamming on planes and critical computer systems increase. The Time Lords and quantum scientists hope to continue the humble clockmaker's legacy – transforming the measurement of time, and protecting the UK's critical systems from GPS attack.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One day we might have them in our pockets, but the more urgent aim is to get them in a state where we can safely fly, as incidents of GPS jamming on planes and critical computer systems increase. The Time Lords and quantum scientists hope to continue the humble clockmaker's legacy – transforming the measurement of time, and protecting the UK's critical systems from GPS attack.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Top image credit: Getty Images\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Top image credit: Getty Images\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"suitableForAbridgement\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"BBC InDepth is the home on the website and app for the best analysis, with fresh perspectives that challenge assumptions and deep reporting on the biggest issues of the day. And we showcase thought-provoking content from across BBC Sounds and iPlayer too. 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