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<span>Equipment mounting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment_mounting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment mounting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment_mounting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fastening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fastening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fastening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fastening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Structural support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rails_(slides)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rails_(slides)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rails (slides)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rails_(slides)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_mounting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_mounting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Computer mounting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_mounting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rack_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rack_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Rack types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rack_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four-post_cabinet_racks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four-post_cabinet_racks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Four-post cabinet racks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four-post_cabinet_racks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two-post_relay_racks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-post_relay_racks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Two-post relay racks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-post_relay_racks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ATA_road_case_racks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ATA_road_case_racks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>ATA road case racks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ATA_road_case_racks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiberglass-reinforced_plastic_case_racks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiberglass-reinforced_plastic_case_racks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Fiberglass-reinforced plastic case racks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiberglass-reinforced_plastic_case_racks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyethylene_molded_case_racks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyethylene_molded_case_racks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.5</span> <span>Polyethylene molded case racks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyethylene_molded_case_racks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rack_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rack_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rack unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rack_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-10-inch_rack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10-inch_rack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>10-inch rack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10-inch_rack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11-foot_frame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11-foot_frame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>11-foot frame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11-foot_frame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ETSI_rack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ETSI_rack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>ETSI rack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ETSI_rack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-23-inch_rack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#23-inch_rack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>23-inch rack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-23-inch_rack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_Rack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Rack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Open Rack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_Rack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OpenVPX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenVPX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>OpenVPX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OpenVPX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurorack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurorack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Eurorack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurorack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurocard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurocard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Eurocard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurocard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99f_(komp%C3%BCter)" title="Rəf (kompüter) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rəf (kompüter)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack" title="Rack – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rack" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack" title="Rack – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rack" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack" title="Rack – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rack" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadmep%C3%BCstik" title="Seadmepüstik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seadmepüstik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastidor_de_19_pulgadas" title="Bastidor de 19 pulgadas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bastidor de 19 pulgadas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-cola_rako" title="19-cola rako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="19-cola rako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C" title="قفسه ۱۹ اینچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قفسه ۱۹ اینچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_19_pouces" title="Rack 19 pouces – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rack 19 pouces" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_%EB%9E%99" title="19인치 랙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="19인치 랙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_(informatica)" title="Rack (informatica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rack (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%93_19_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A5%27" title="מסד 19 אינץ' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסד 19 אינץ'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_colos_rack" title="19 colos rack – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="19 colos rack" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_inchrek" title="19 inchrek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="19 inchrek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="19インチラック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="19インチラック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack" title="Rack – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rack" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastidor_de_19_polegadas" title="Bastidor de 19 polegadas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bastidor de 19 polegadas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Телекоммуникационная стойка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телекоммуникационная стойка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack" title="Rack – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rack" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_tuuman_r%C3%A4kki" title="19 tuuman räkki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="19 tuuman räkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikrack" title="Elektronikrack – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektronikrack" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_in%C3%A7_raf" title="19 inç raf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="19 inç raf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Телекомунікаційна стійка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телекомунікаційна стійка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%E5%90%8B%E6%A9%9F%E6%AB%83" title="19吋機櫃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="19吋機櫃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard width frame for electronic equipment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rack-mounted" redirects here. See also <a href="/wiki/Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">Industrial PC</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chassis-Plans-Rack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chassis-Plans-Rack.jpg/160px-Chassis-Plans-Rack.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chassis-Plans-Rack.jpg/240px-Chassis-Plans-Rack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chassis-Plans-Rack.jpg/320px-Chassis-Plans-Rack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A full-height rack cabinet</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>19-inch rack</b> is a standardized frame or enclosure for mounting multiple electronic equipment modules. Each module has a front panel that is 19 inches (482.6 mm) wide. The 19 inch dimension includes the edges or <i>ears</i> that protrude from each side of the equipment, allowing the module to be fastened to the rack frame with screws or bolts. Common uses include <a href="/wiki/Computer_servers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer servers">computer servers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">telecommunications equipment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">networking hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audiovisual" title="Audiovisual">audiovisual</a> production gear, <a href="/wiki/Professional_audio" title="Professional audio">professional audio</a> equipment, and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific equipment">scientific equipment</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_and_history">Overview and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Equipment designed to be placed in a rack is typically described as <b>rack-mount</b>, <b>rack-mount instrument</b>, a <b>rack-mounted system</b>, a <b>rack-mount chassis</b>, <b>subrack</b>, <b>rack cabinet</b>, <b>rack-mountable</b>, or occasionally simply <b>shelf</b>. The height of the electronic modules is also standardized as multiples of 1.75 inches (44.45 mm) or one <a href="/wiki/Rack_unit" title="Rack unit">rack unit</a> or U (less commonly RU). The industry-standard rack cabinet is 42U tall;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, many data centers have racks taller than this.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <b>relay rack</b> appeared first in the world of <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1911, the term was also being used in <a href="/wiki/Railroad_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad signaling">railroad signaling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little evidence that the dimensions of these early racks were standardized. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rack_mounted_telephone_equipment_(1923).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rack_mounted_telephone_equipment_%281923%29.png/170px-Rack_mounted_telephone_equipment_%281923%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rack_mounted_telephone_equipment_%281923%29.png/255px-Rack_mounted_telephone_equipment_%281923%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rack_mounted_telephone_equipment_%281923%29.png/340px-Rack_mounted_telephone_equipment_%281923%29.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>Telephone equipment racks (1923)</figcaption></figure> <p>The 19-inch rack format with rack-units of 1.75 inches (44.45 mm) was established as a standard by AT&T around 1922 in order to reduce the space required for <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeater</a> and termination equipment in a telephone company <a href="/wiki/Central_office_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central office (telecommunications)">central office</a>. The earliest repeaters from 1914 were installed in ad hoc fashion on shelves, in wooden boxes and cabinets. Once serial production started, they were built into custom-made racks, one per repeater. But in light of the rapid growth of the toll network, the engineering department of AT&T undertook a systematic redesign, resulting in a family of modular factory-assembled panels all "designed to mount on vertical supports spaced 19<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches between centers. The height of the different panels will vary,... but... in all cases to be a whole multiple of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1934, it was an established standard with holes <a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">tapped</a> for <a href="/wiki/Unified_Thread_Standard" title="Unified Thread Standard">12-24 screws</a> with alternating spacings of 1.25 inches (31.75 mm) and 0.5 inches (12.70 mm) <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_EIA_standards#300–399" title="List of EIA standards">EIA standard</a> was revised again in 1992 to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Foreign_Trade_and_Competitiveness_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act">1988 public law 100-418</a>, setting the standard U as 15.875 mm (0.625 in) + 15.875 mm (0.625 in) + 12.7 mm (0.500 in), making each <i>U</i> 44.45 millimetres (1.75 in).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19-inch rack format has remained constant while the technology that is mounted within it has changed considerably and the set of fields to which racks are applied has greatly expanded. The 19-inch (482.6 mm) standard rack arrangement is widely used throughout the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">audio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a> and other industries, though the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a> <a href="/wiki/23-inch_rack" class="mw-redirect" title="23-inch rack">23-inch standard</a>, with holes on 1-inch (25.4 mm) centers, is still used in legacy <a href="/wiki/ILEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ILEC">ILEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Competitive_local_exchange_carrier" title="Competitive local exchange carrier">CLEC</a> facilities. </p><p>Nineteen-inch racks in two-post or four-post form hold most equipment in enterprise <a href="/wiki/Data_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Data centers">data centers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISP</a> facilities, and professionally designed corporate <a href="/wiki/Server_room" title="Server room">server rooms</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Hyperscale_computing" title="Hyperscale computing">hyperscale computing</a> typically use wider racks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They allow for dense hardware configurations without occupying excessive floor space or requiring shelving. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tektronix_oscilloscope_7603_in_19_inch_rack_version_with_three_plug-ins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tektronix_oscilloscope_7603_in_19_inch_rack_version_with_three_plug-ins.jpg/350px-Tektronix_oscilloscope_7603_in_19_inch_rack_version_with_three_plug-ins.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tektronix_oscilloscope_7603_in_19_inch_rack_version_with_three_plug-ins.jpg/525px-Tektronix_oscilloscope_7603_in_19_inch_rack_version_with_three_plug-ins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tektronix_oscilloscope_7603_in_19_inch_rack_version_with_three_plug-ins.jpg/700px-Tektronix_oscilloscope_7603_in_19_inch_rack_version_with_three_plug-ins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A professional-grade <a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscope</a> <a href="/wiki/Tektronix_analog_oscilloscopes" title="Tektronix analog oscilloscopes">Tektronix 7603</a> (1970s) for use in electronics and scientific laboratories. Typically for rack-mounted devices, the width of the front panel exceeds the width of the device itself, which provides the overlap zone (including screw holes) with the left and right rack rails.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nineteen-inch racks are also often used to house professional audio and video equipment, including <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a>, interfaces, <a href="/wiki/Headphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headphone">headphone</a> amplifiers, and even small-scale audio mixers. A third common use for rack-mounted equipment is <a href="/wiki/Industrial_control_system" title="Industrial control system">industrial power, control, and automation hardware</a>. </p><p>Typically, a piece of equipment being installed has a front panel height <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> inch (0.031 in; 0.79 mm) less than the allotted number of Us. Thus, a 1U rackmount computer is not 1.750 inches (44.5 mm) tall but is 1.719 inches (43.7 mm) tall. If <i>n</i> is number of rack units, the ideal formula for panel height is <span class="nowrap"><i>h</i> = 1.75<i>n</i> − 0.031</span> for calculating in inches, and <span class="nowrap"><i>h</i> = 44.45<i>n</i> − 0.794</span> for calculating in millimeters. This gap allows a bit of room above and below an installed piece of equipment so it may be removed without binding on the adjacent equipment. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_mounting">Equipment mounting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Equipment mounting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Server_rack_rail_dimensions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Server_rack_rail_dimensions.svg/170px-Server_rack_rail_dimensions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Server_rack_rail_dimensions.svg/255px-Server_rack_rail_dimensions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Server_rack_rail_dimensions.svg/340px-Server_rack_rail_dimensions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>A typical section of 19-inch (482.6 mm) server rack rail, dimensions noted in US inch</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19%22_Server_rack_rail_dimensions_in_mm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/19%22_Server_rack_rail_dimensions_in_mm.svg/170px-19%22_Server_rack_rail_dimensions_in_mm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/19%22_Server_rack_rail_dimensions_in_mm.svg/255px-19%22_Server_rack_rail_dimensions_in_mm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/19%22_Server_rack_rail_dimensions_in_mm.svg/340px-19%22_Server_rack_rail_dimensions_in_mm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>A typical section of 19-inch (482.6 mm) server rack rail, dimensions noted in mm (exact)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fastening">Fastening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fastening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, the mounting holes were <a href="/wiki/Taps_and_dies" class="mw-redirect" title="Taps and dies">tapped</a> with a particular screw thread. When rack rails are too thin to tap, <a href="/wiki/Rivet_nut" title="Rivet nut">rivet nuts</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Threaded_insert" title="Threaded insert">threaded inserts</a> can be used, and when the particular class of equipment to be mounted is known in advance, some of the holes can be omitted from the mounting rails.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Threaded mounting holes in racks where the equipment is frequently changed are problematic because the threads can be damaged or the mounting screws can break off; both problems render the mounting hole unusable. Tapping large numbers of holes that may never be used is expensive; nonetheless, tapped-hole racks are still in use, generally for hardware that rarely changes. Examples include telephone exchanges, network cabling panels, broadcast studios and some government and military applications. </p><p>The tapped-hole rack was first replaced by clearance-hole (Round Hole, Round Unthreaded Holes,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Versa Rail<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) racks. The holes are large enough to permit a bolt to be freely inserted through without binding, and bolts are fastened in place using <a href="/wiki/Cage_nut" title="Cage nut">cage nuts</a>. In the event of a nut being stripped out or a bolt breaking, the nut can be easily removed and replaced with a new one. Production of clearance-hole racks is less expensive. </p><p>The next innovation in rack design has been the square-hole rack. Square-hole racks allow boltless mounting, such that the rack-mount equipment only needs to insert through and hook down into the lip of the square hole. Installation and removal of hardware in a square-hole rack is very easy and boltless, where the weight of the equipment and small retention clips are all that is necessary to hold the equipment in place. Older equipment meant for round-hole or tapped-hole racks can still be used, with the use of cage nuts made for square-hole racks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_support">Structural support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structural support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rack-mountable equipment is traditionally mounted by bolting or clipping its front panel to the rack. Within the IT industry, it is common for network/communications equipment to have multiple mounting positions, including tabletop and wall mounting, so rack-mountable equipment will often feature L-brackets that must be screwed or bolted to the equipment prior to mounting in a 19-inch rack. With the prevalence of <a href="#Related_standards">23-inch racks</a> in the Telecoms industry, the same practice is also common, but with equipment having 19-inch and 23-inch brackets available, enabling them to be mounted in existing racks. </p><p>A key structural weakness of front-mounted support is the bending stress placed on the mounting brackets of the equipment, and the rack itself. As a result, 4-post racks have become common, featuring a mirrored pair of rear mounting posts. Since the spacing between the front and rear mounting posts may differ between rack vendors and/or the configuration of the rack (some racks may incorporate front and rear rails that may be moved forwards and backward, e.g. APC SX-range racks), it is common for equipment that features 4-post mounting brackets to have an adjustable rear bracket. </p><p>Servers and deep pieces of equipment are often mounted using rails that are bolted to the front and rear posts (as above, it is common for such rails to have an adjustable depth), allowing the equipment to be supported by four posts, while also enabling it to be easily installed and removed. </p><p>Although there is no standard for the depth of equipment, nor specifying the outer width and depth of the rack enclosure itself (incorporating the structure, doors and panels that contain the mounting rails), there is a tendency for 4-post racks to be 600 mm (23.62 in) or 800 mm (31.50 in) wide, and for them to be 600 mm (23.62 in), 800 mm (31.50 in) or 1,010 mm (39.76 in) deep. This of course varies by manufacturer, the design of the rack and its purpose, but through common constraining factors (such as raised-floor tile dimensions), these dimensions have become quite common. The extra width and depth enables cabling to be routed with ease (also helping to maintain the minimum bend radius for fiber and copper cables) and deeper equipment to be utilized. A common feature in IT racks is mounting positions for <i>zero-U</i> accessories, such as <a href="/wiki/Power_distribution_unit" title="Power distribution unit">power distribution units</a> (PDUs) and vertical cable managers and ducts, that utilize the space between the rear rails and the side of the rack enclosure. </p><p>The strength required of the mounting posts means they are invariably not merely flat strips but actually a wider folded strip arranged around the corner of the rack. The posts are usually made of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> of around 2 mm thickness (the official standard recommends a minimum of 1.9 mm), or of slightly thicker <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>. </p><p>Racks, especially two-post racks, are often secured to the floor or adjacent building structure so as not to fall over. This is usually required by local building codes in <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">seismic zones</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Telcordia_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telcordia Technologies">Telcordia Technologies</a> Generic Requirements document GR-63-CORE, during an earthquake, telecommunications equipment is subjected to motions that can over-stress equipment framework, circuit boards, and connectors. The amount of motion and resulting stress depends on the structural characteristics of the building and framework in which the equipment is contained and the severity of the earthquake. Seismic racks rated according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-63&">GR-63</a>, <i>NEBS Requirements: Physical Protection,</i> are available,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Zone 4 representing the most demanding environment.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-3108&">GR-3108</a>, <i>Generic Requirements for Network Equipment in the Outside Plant (OSP),</i> specifies the usable opening of seismic-compliant 19-inch racks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rails_(slides)"><span id="Rails_.28slides.29"></span>Rails (slides)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rails (slides)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heavy equipment or equipment that is commonly accessed for servicing, for which attaching or detaching at all four corners simultaneously would pose a problem, is often not mounted directly onto the rack but instead is mounted via rails (or slides). A pair of rails is mounted directly onto the rack, and the equipment then slides into the rack along the rails, which support it. When in place, the equipment may also then be bolted to the rack. The rails may also be able to fully support the equipment in a position where it has been slid clear of the rack; this is useful for inspection or maintenance of equipment which will then be slid back into the rack.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some rack slides even include a tilt mechanism allowing easy access to the top or bottom of rack-mounted equipment when it is fully extended from the rack.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slides or rails for computers and other data processing equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Disk_array" title="Disk array">disk arrays</a> or <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a> often need to be purchased directly from the equipment manufacturer, as there is no standardization on such equipment's thickness (measurement from the side of the rack to the equipment) or means for mounting to the rail. </p><p>A rails kit may include a cable management arm (CMA), which folds the cables attached to the server and allows them to expand neatly when the server is slid out, without being disconnected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_mounting">Computer mounting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Computer mounting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Opera_Server.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/My_Opera_Server.jpg/220px-My_Opera_Server.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/My_Opera_Server.jpg/330px-My_Opera_Server.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/My_Opera_Server.jpg/440px-My_Opera_Server.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Example of 19-inch computer rack with servers</figcaption></figure> <p>Computer servers designed for rack-mounting can include a number of extra features to make the server easy to use in the rack: </p> <ul><li>The sliding rails can lock in various extended positions to prevent the equipment from moving when extended out from the rack for service.</li> <li>The server itself might have locking pins on the sides that just drop into slots on the extended rail assembly, in a manner similar to a removable kitchen drawer. This permits very easy server installation and removal since there is no need for the server to be held in midair while someone fastens each rail to the sides of the server with screws.</li> <li>Some manufacturers of rack-mount hardware include a folding cable tray behind the server, so that the cables are held into a neat and tidy folded channel when inside the rack, but can unfold out into a long strip when pulled out of the rack, allowing the server to continue to be plugged in and operating normally even while fully extended and hanging in mid-air in front of the rack. This piece of equipment thus simplifies maintenance but at the cost of providing a restriction to airflow.</li> <li>Rack-optimized servers might duplicate indicator lights on the front and rear of the rack to help identify a machine needing attention or provide separate <i>identify</i> <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> indicators on both sides of the server (which can be turned on in software or by pushing an associated button). Since some configurations permit over fifty 1U servers in a single rack, this provides a simple method to determine exactly which machine is having a problem when at the rear of the rack.</li> <li>A handle may be provided at the rear of the server rails, to help pull or push the server without having to pull on the cables.</li></ul> <p>When there is a large number of computers in a single rack, it is impractical for each one to have its own separate keyboard, mouse, and monitor. Instead, a <a href="/wiki/KVM_switch" title="KVM switch">KVM switch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Out-of-band_management" title="Out-of-band management">LOM</a> software is used to share a single keyboard/video/mouse set amongst many different computers. </p><p>Since the mounting hole arrangement is vertically symmetric, it is possible to mount rack-mountable equipment upside-down. However, not all equipment is suitable for this type of mounting. For instance, most <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> players will not work upside-down because the driving <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a> mechanism does not grip the disc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rack_types">Rack types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rack types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>19-inch server racks can vary in quality. A standard 19-inch server rack cabinet is typically 42u in height, 600 millimetres (24 in) wide, and 36 inches (914.40 mm) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This comprises a volume of 974 L, or just under a cubic meter. Newer server rack cabinets come with adjustable mounting rails allowing the user to place the rails at a shorter depth if needed. There are a multitude of specialty server racks including soundproof server racks, air-conditioned server racks, NEMA-rated, seismic-rated, open frame, narrow, and even miniature 19-inch racks for smaller applications. Cabinets are generally sized to be no wider than the standard 24-inch-wide (610 mm) floor tiles used in most data centers. </p><p>Racks carrying telecom equipment like routers and switches often have extra width to accommodate the many cables on the sides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Four-post_cabinet_racks">Four-post cabinet racks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Four-post cabinet racks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Four-post racks</i> allow for mounting rails to support the equipment at the front and rear. These racks may be open in construction without sides or doors or may be enclosed by front and/or rear doors, side panels, and tops.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most data centers use four-post racks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two-post_relay_racks">Two-post relay racks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Two-post relay racks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Two-post racks</i> provide two vertical posts. These posts are typically heavy gauge metal or extruded aluminum. A top bar and wide foot connect the posts and allow the rack to be securely attached to the floor and/or roof for seismic safety. Equipment can be mounted either close to its center of gravity (to minimize load on its front panel), or via the equipment's front panel holes.<sup id="cite_ref-RelayRack_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RelayRack-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Relay Racks</i> name comes from early two-post racks which housed telephone relay and switching equipment. Two-post racks are most often used for telecommunication installations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ATA_road_case_racks">ATA road case racks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ATA road case racks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amps_(QuadFest)_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Amps_%28QuadFest%29_%28edited%29.jpg/220px-Amps_%28QuadFest%29_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Amps_%28QuadFest%29_%28edited%29.jpg/330px-Amps_%28QuadFest%29_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Amps_%28QuadFest%29_%28edited%29.jpg/440px-Amps_%28QuadFest%29_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2959" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption>Rack-mounted audio <a href="/wiki/Power_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amplifier">power amplifiers</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement system</a>. The racks each have large heavy-duty rollers. This is typical for relatively impromptu venues such as open-air concerts.</figcaption></figure> <p>19-inch equipment that needs to be moved often or protected from harsh treatment can be housed in a <i><a href="/wiki/Road_case" title="Road case">road case</a></i> approved by the <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Transport Association of America">Air Transport Association of America</a> (ATA), sometimes also referred to as a <i>flight case</i>. Road cases typically have plywood sides laminated with <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC), extruded aluminum edges, steel corners, handles, and latches. Larger cases typically have wheels for easy transport. Road case racks come in different heights based on the 1U standard and different depths. Non-isolated cases simply mount 19-inch mounting posts inside the case. To protect equipment from shock and vibration road rack cases use an inner and outer case. These cases can be isolated by thick layers of foam or may use spring-loaded shock mounting. Touring musicians, theatrical productions and sound and light companies use road case racks.<sup id="cite_ref-ATARoadCase_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATARoadCase-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiberglass-reinforced_plastic_case_racks">Fiberglass-reinforced plastic case racks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fiberglass-reinforced plastic case racks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1965, a durable <a href="/wiki/Fiber-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-reinforced plastic">fiber-reinforced plastic</a> 19-inch rackmount case was patented by ECS Composites and became widely used in military and commercial applications for electronic deployment and operation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rackmount cases are also constructed of thermo-stamped composite, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> for military and commercial uses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polyethylene_molded_case_racks">Polyethylene molded case racks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Polyethylene molded case racks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portable rack cases using a rotary-molded <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> outer shell are a lower-cost alternative to the more durable ATA-approved case. These cases are marketed to musicians and entertainers for equipment not subject to frequent transportation and rough handling. The polyethylene shell is not fiberglass reinforced and is not rigid. The shape of small cases is maintained by the rack rails and the cover seal extrusions alone. Larger cases are further reinforced with additional plywood or sheet metal. The outer shell is frequently embossed in a self-mating pattern to combat the tendency for stacked cases to deform slightly creating a slope that encourages the upper case to slide off. The cases typically use extruded aluminum bands at the ends of the body with tongue-and-groove mating to like bands for the covers. End covers are typically secured with either a simple draw latch or a rotary cam <i>butterfly</i> latch, named for the shape of the twist handle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooling">Cooling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_cooling#Servers" title="Computer cooling">Computer cooling § Servers</a></div> <p>There is no standard for airflow and cooling of rack-mounted equipment. A variety of airflow patterns can be found, including front intakes and rear exhausts, as well as side intakes and exhausts. Low-wattage devices may not employ active cooling, but use only passive thermal radiation and <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> to dissipate heat. </p><p>For rack-mounted computer servers, devices generally intake air on the front and exhaust on the rear. This prevents circular airflows where hot exhaust air is recirculated through an adjacent device and causes overheating. </p><p>Although open-frame racks are the least expensive, they also expose air-cooled equipment to dust, lint, and other environmental contamination. An enclosed sealed cabinet with forced air fans permits air filtration to protect equipment from dust. </p><p>Large server rooms will often group rack cabinets together so that racks on both sides of an aisle are either front-facing or rear-facing, which simplifies cooling by supplying cool air to the front of the racks and collecting hot air from the rear of the racks. These aisles may themselves be enclosed into a cold air containment tunnel so that cooling air does not travel to other parts of the building where it is not needed or mixes with hot air, making it less efficient. <a href="/wiki/Raised_floor" title="Raised floor">Raised or false floor</a> cooling in server rooms can serve a similar purpose; they permit cooling airflow to equipment through the underfloor space to the underside of enclosed rack cabinets.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A difficulty with forced air fan cooling in rack equipment is that fans can fail due to age or dust. The fans themselves can be difficult to replace. In the case of network equipment, it may be necessary to unplug 50 or more cables from the device, remove the device from the rack, and then disassemble the device chassis to replace the fans. </p><p>However, some rack equipment has been designed to make fan replacement easy, using quick-change fan trays that can be accessed without removing the cabling or the device from the rack, and in some cases without turning off the device so that operation is uninterrupted during replacement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chassis-Plans-Rack-Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chassis-Plans-Rack-Detail.jpg/220px-Chassis-Plans-Rack-Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chassis-Plans-Rack-Detail.jpg/330px-Chassis-Plans-Rack-Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chassis-Plans-Rack-Detail.jpg/440px-Chassis-Plans-Rack-Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Computer keyboard and monitor mounted on a sliding tray in a rack</figcaption></figure> <p>The formal standards for a 19-inch (482.6 mm) rack are available from the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Alliance" title="Electronic Industries Alliance">Electronic Industries Alliance</a> EIA-310-D, Cabinets, Racks, Panels, and Associated Equipment, dated September 1992. (Latest Standard Now REV E 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Electronics Association">Consumer Electronics Association</a> CEA-310-E design requirements for Cabinets, Panels, Racks and Subracks., dated December 14, 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> - Multiple documents are available in French and English versions. <ul><li>IEC 60297 <i>Mechanical structures for electronic equipment - Dimensions of mechanical structures of the 482,6 mm (19 in) series</i> <ul><li>IEC 60297-1 Replaced by IEC 60297-3-100</li> <li>IEC 60297-2 Replaced by IEC 60297-3-100</li> <li>IEC 60297-3-100 <i>Part 3-100: Basic dimensions of front panels, subracks, chassis, racks and cabinets</i></li> <li>IEC 60297-3-101 <i>Part 3-101: Subracks and associated plug-in units</i></li> <li>IEC 60297-3-102 <i>Part 3-102: Injector/extractor handle</i></li> <li>IEC 60297-3-103 <i>Part 3-103: Keying and alignment pin</i></li> <li>IEC 60297-3-104 <i>Part 3-104: Connector dependent interface dimensions of subracks and plug-in units</i></li> <li>IEC 60297-3-105 <i>Part 3-105: Dimensions and design aspects for 1U chassis</i></li> <li>IEC 60297-4 Replaced by IEC 60297-3-102</li> <li>IEC 60297-5 Multiple documents, -100, 101, 102, ... 107, replaced by IEC 60297-3-101</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normung" title="Deutsches Institut für Normung">Deutsches Institut für Normung</a></i></span> DIN 41494 - Multiple documents in German but some documents are available in English. <ul><li>DIN 41494 <i>Equipment practices for electronic equipment; mechanical structures of the 482,6 mm (19 inch) series</i> <ul><li>DIN 41494-7 <i>Dimensions of cabinets and suites of racks</i>.</li> <li>DIN 41494-8 <i>Components on front panels; mounting conditions, dimensions</i></li> <li>DIN IEC 60297-3-100 (see above in IEC section)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>A rack's mounting fixture consists of two parallel metal strips (also referred to as <i>posts</i> or <i>panel mounts</i>) standing vertically. The posts are each 0.625 inches (15.88 mm) wide, and are separated by a gap of 17.75 inches (450.85 mm), giving an overall rack width of 19 inches (482.60 mm). The posts have holes in them at regular intervals, with both posts matching, so that each hole is part of a horizontal pair with a center-to-center distance of 18.312 inches (465.12 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The holes in the posts are arranged vertically in repeating sets of three, with center-to-center separations of 0.5 inches (12.70 mm), 0.625 inches (15.88 mm), 0.625 inches (15.88 mm). The hole pattern thus repeats every 1.75 inches (44.45 mm). </p><p>Holes so arranged can either be tapped (usually 10-32 <a href="/wiki/Unified_Thread_Standard" title="Unified Thread Standard">UNF</a> thread, or, less often, 6mm <a href="/wiki/Metric_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric thread">metric</a>) or have square holes for <a href="/wiki/Cage_nut" title="Cage nut">cage nuts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rack_unit">Rack unit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rack unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rack_unit" title="Rack unit">Rack unit</a></div> <p>Racks are vertically divided into regions, 44.45 millimetres (1.75 in) in height. Each region has three complete hole pairs on each side. The holes are centered at 6.35 millimetres (0.25 in), 22.25 millimetres (0.88 in), and 38.15 millimetres (1.50 in) from the top or bottom of the region. Such a region is commonly known as a <b>U</b>, for <i>unit</i>, <b>RU</b> for <i>rack unit</i> or, in German, <b>HE</b>, for <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6heneinheit" class="extiw" title="de:Höheneinheit">Höheneinheit</a></i>. Heights within racks are measured by this unit. Rack-mountable equipment is usually designed to occupy some integer number of U. For example, an <a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscope</a> might be 4U high. Rack-mountable computers and servers are mostly between 1U and 4U high. A <a href="/wiki/Blade_server" title="Blade server">blade server</a> enclosure might require 10U. </p><p>Occasionally, one may see fractional U devices such as a 1.5U server or devices that are just 22.5 or 15 cm in width, allowing for 2 or 3 such devices to be installed side by side, but these are much less common. </p><p>The height of a rack can vary from a few inches, such as in a broadcast console, to a floor-mounted rack whose interior is 45 rack units (200.2 centimetres or 78.82 inches) high. 42U is a common configuration. Many wall-mounted enclosures for industrial equipment use 19-inch racks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_standards">Related standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Related standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10-inch_rack">10-inch rack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 10-inch rack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19_inch_vs_10_inch_correct_rack_dimensions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/19_inch_vs_10_inch_correct_rack_dimensions.svg/220px-19_inch_vs_10_inch_correct_rack_dimensions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/19_inch_vs_10_inch_correct_rack_dimensions.svg/330px-19_inch_vs_10_inch_correct_rack_dimensions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/19_inch_vs_10_inch_correct_rack_dimensions.svg/440px-19_inch_vs_10_inch_correct_rack_dimensions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Comparison between 10-inch and 19-inch rack dimensions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some telecommunications and networking equipment is available in a narrower 10-inch format with the same unit height as a standard 19-inch rack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11-foot_frame">11-foot frame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 11-foot frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frames for holding rotary-dial telephone equipment such as step-by-step telephone switches were generally 11 feet 6 inches (3.51 m) high. A series of studies led to the adoption of frames 7 feet (2.1 m) high, with modular widths in multiples of 1 foot 1 inch (0.33 m)—most often 2 feet 2 inches (0.66 m) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-keller_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keller-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ETSI_rack">ETSI rack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: ETSI rack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimensions_19-inch_ETSI_rack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dimensions_19-inch_ETSI_rack.png/220px-Dimensions_19-inch_ETSI_rack.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dimensions_19-inch_ETSI_rack.png/330px-Dimensions_19-inch_ETSI_rack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dimensions_19-inch_ETSI_rack.png/440px-Dimensions_19-inch_ETSI_rack.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Racks: 19-inch and ETSI</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>ETSI rack</b> is defined by the <a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a> (ETS 300 119). The distance of the right edge of the right mounting rail to the left edge of the left mounting rail is 535 millimetres (21.1 in). As 535 mm is very close to 21 inches, these racks are sometimes called <i>21-inch racks</i>. The gap between the posts is 500 millimetres (19.69 in). As 19-inch equipment has a maximum width of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">17<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches (438.15 mm), they can easily be mounted in an ETSI rack by means of an ETSI bracket or adapter plate. </p><p>In contrast to the 19-inch standards, ETSI also defined the size of the rack enclosure: the four allowed widths are 150, 300, 600, 900 millimetres (5.9, 11.8, 23.6, 35.4 in) and two allowed depths are 300 and 600 millimetres (12 and 24 in). Hole spacing is 25 millimetres (0.98 in). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="23-inch_rack">23-inch rack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 23-inch rack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SSEM_Manchester_museum_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SSEM_Manchester_museum_close_up.jpg/200px-SSEM_Manchester_museum_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SSEM_Manchester_museum_close_up.jpg/300px-SSEM_Manchester_museum_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SSEM_Manchester_museum_close_up.jpg/400px-SSEM_Manchester_museum_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3430" data-file-height="2286" /></a><figcaption>The 1948 original <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Baby" title="Manchester Baby">Manchester Baby</a> and the 1998 working replica (pictured) were mounted on 23-inch racking.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A 23-inch (580 mm) rack is used for housing <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> (primarily), <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a>, and other equipment though is less common than the 19-inch rack. The size denotes the width of the faceplate for the installed equipment. The <a href="/wiki/Rack_unit" title="Rack unit">rack unit</a> is a measure of vertical spacing and is common to both the 19 and 23-inch racks. </p><p>Hole spacing is either on 1-inch (25 mm) centers (Western Electric standard), or the same as for 19-inch (482.6 mm) racks (0.625 in or 15.9 mm spacing). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_Rack">Open Rack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Open Rack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_Rack" title="Open Rack">Open Rack</a></div> <p>Open Rack is a mounting system designed by <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Open_Compute_Project" title="Open Compute Project">Open Compute Project</a> that has the same outside dimensions as typical 19-inch racks (e.g. 600 mm width), but supports wider equipment modules of 547 millimetres (21.5 in).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OpenVPX">OpenVPX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: OpenVPX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/VPX" title="VPX">VPX</a></div> <p>OpenVPX is an industry standard for modules that can be installed in chassis in defense applications. The modules can provide a variety of functions, similarly to equipment in a rack.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurorack">Eurorack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Eurorack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eurorack" title="Eurorack">Eurorack</a></div> <p>Eurorack is a standard generally used in electronic music production to install components of a <a href="/wiki/Modular_synthesizer" title="Modular synthesizer">modular synthesizer</a>, an electronic music instrument. This is achieved with a rack mounting system specific to the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurocard">Eurocard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eurocard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eurocard_(printed_circuit_board)" title="Eurocard (printed circuit board)">Eurocard (printed circuit board)</a></div> <p>Eurocard is an <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> standard format for <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> (PCB) cards that can be plugged together into a standard chassis which, in turn, can be mounted in a 19-inch rack. The chassis consists of a series of slotted card guides on the top and bottom, into which the cards are slid so they stand on end, like books on a shelf. At the spine of each card is one or more connectors which plug into mating connectors on a backplane that closes the rear of the chassis.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several standards such as <a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VMEbus</a> (Versa Module Eurocard<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bus), <a href="/wiki/STEbus" title="STEbus">STEbus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation">PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation</a>, openGear<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others were developed, which share goals with Eurocard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pictures of 19-inch racks </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DL380sREAR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A server rack seen from the rear"><img alt="A server rack seen from the rear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/DL380sREAR.jpg/180px-DL380sREAR.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/DL380sREAR.jpg/270px-DL380sREAR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/DL380sREAR.jpg/360px-DL380sREAR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A server rack seen from the rear</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the front"><img alt="Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_08.jpg/180px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_08.jpg/270px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_08.jpg/360px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4965" data-file-height="3309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> servers as seen from the front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the rear"><img alt="Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the rear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_23.jpg/180px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_23.jpg/270px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_23.jpg/360px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the rear</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the rear"><img alt="Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the rear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_02.jpg/180px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_02.jpg/270px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_02.jpg/360px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Servers-8055_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the rear</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuji_TV_(5712870769).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19-inch racks with video equipment"><img alt="19-inch racks with video equipment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fuji_TV_%285712870769%29.jpg/180px-Fuji_TV_%285712870769%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fuji_TV_%285712870769%29.jpg/270px-Fuji_TV_%285712870769%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fuji_TV_%285712870769%29.jpg/360px-Fuji_TV_%285712870769%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19-inch racks with video equipment</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">Data center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_pitch" title="Horizontal pitch">Horizontal pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_unit" title="Rack unit">Rack unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_case" title="Transit case">Transit case</a>, for rack cases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Compute_Project" title="Open Compute Project">Open Compute Project</a>, wider, deeper rack design</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=19-inch_rack&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWestDeanAndrews2015" class="citation book cs1">West, Jill; Dean, Tamara; Andrews, Jean (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KjadBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">"Structured Cabling and Networking Elements"</a>. <i>Network+ Guide to Networks</i> (Seventh ed.). Boston, MA: Engage Learning. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781305480865" title="Special:BookSources/9781305480865"><bdi>9781305480865</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>Racks are measured in rack units (RU or U) with the industry standard being 42U tall — about 6 feet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Structured+Cabling+and+Networking+Elements&rft.btitle=Network%2B+Guide+to+Networks&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=169&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Engage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781305480865&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.au=Dean%2C+Tamara&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKjadBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19-inch+rack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/servers/data-center-racks-getting-taller-wider-deeper">https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/servers/data-center-racks-getting-taller-wider-deeper</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowenthal1899" class="citation journal cs1">Lowenthal, Max (February 2, 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bH5NAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA144">"The New Exchange of the Central New York Telephone and Telegraph Co. at Syracuse, N.Y."</a> <i>The Electrical Engineer</i>. <b>XXVII</b> (561): 142–147<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Electrical+Engineer&rft.atitle=The+New+Exchange+of+the+Central+New+York+Telephone+and+Telegraph+Co.+at+Syracuse%2C+N.Y.&rft.volume=XXVII&rft.issue=561&rft.pages=142-147&rft.date=1899-02-02&rft.aulast=Lowenthal&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbH5NAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19-inch+rack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8w0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA344">"New Electric Interlocking at Allentown, PA"</a>. <i>The Signal Engineer</i>. Vol. 4, no. 9. Chicago: The Railroad Gazette. September 1911. pp. 344–345<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Signal+Engineer&rft.atitle=New+Electric+Interlocking+at+Allentown%2C+PA&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=344-345&rft.date=1911-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8w0AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19-inch+rack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemarest1923" class="citation magazine cs1">Demarest, Charles S. (July 1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bstj2-3-112">"Telephone Equipment for Long Cable Circuits"</a>. <i>Bell System Technical Journal</i>. Vol. 2, no. 3. New York: American Telephone and Telegraph Company. pp. 112–140<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+System+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=Telephone+Equipment+for+Long+Cable+Circuits&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=112-140&rft.date=1923-07&rft.aulast=Demarest&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbstj2-3-112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19-inch+rack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMezger1934" class="citation magazine cs1">Mezger, G. Robert (November 1934). "The Relay Rack in Amateur Construction". <i>QST</i>. American Radio Relay League. pp. 27–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QST&rft.atitle=The+Relay+Rack+in+Amateur+Construction&rft.pages=27-30&rft.date=1934-11&rft.aulast=Mezger&rft.aufirst=G.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19-inch+rack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ANSI/EIA-310-D-1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opencompute.org/projects/rack-and-power">"Open Compute Project"</a>. <i>Open Compute Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Compute+Project&rft.atitle=Open+Compute+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opencompute.org%2Fprojects%2Frack-and-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19-inch+rack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrosoHölzleRanganathan2018" class="citation book cs1">Barroso, Luiz André; Hölzle, Urs; Ranganathan, Parthasarathy (2018-10-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b951DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Datacenter as a Computer: Designing Warehouse-Scale Machines, Third Edition</i></a>. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68173-434-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68173-434-7"><bdi>978-1-68173-434-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Datacenter+as+a+Computer%3A+Designing+Warehouse-Scale+Machines%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Claypool+Publishers&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft.isbn=978-1-68173-434-7&rft.aulast=Barroso&rft.aufirst=Luiz+Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=H%C3%B6lzle%2C+Urs&rft.au=Ranganathan%2C+Parthasarathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db951DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19-inch+rack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/pdp8/UI-8/guide.shtml#pdp8rack">The Computer Rack</a> section of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/pdp8/UI-8/guide.shtml">The University of Iowa's DEC PDP-8</a>, documents a relay rack made in 1965; Nov. 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.server-racks.com/rack-hole-types.html">"Define: Rack Hole Types"</a>. <i>server-racks.com</i>. 14 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=server-racks.com&rft.atitle=Define%3A+Rack+Hole+Types&rft.date=2007-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.server-racks.com%2Frack-hole-types.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19-inch+rack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.server-racks.com/dell-versa-rail.html">"What is a Versa Rail"</a>. <i>server-racks.com</i>. 15 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=server-racks.com&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Versa+Rail&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.server-racks.com%2Fdell-versa-rail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19-inch+rack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/ido/AUX/GR_63_TOC.i03.pdf">Telcordia GR-63-CORE, NEBS Requirements: Physical Protection</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-1502&">"Telcordia GR-1502-CORE, Central Office/Network Environment Detail Engineering Generic Requirements"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716204652/https://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-1502&">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telcordia+GR-1502-CORE%2C+Central+Office%2FNetwork+Environment+Detail+Engineering+Generic+Requirements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net%2Fsite-cgi%2Fido%2Fdocs.cgi%3FID%3DSEARCH%26DOCUMENT%3DGR-1502%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A19-inch+rack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113154540/http://www.hoffmanonline.com/stream_document.aspx?rRID=16186&pRID=16185">"Seismic Enclosures Provide an Extra Measure of Protection"</a>. 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George, <i>Chassis Slide Mechanism</i>, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3092429">U.S. patent 3,092,429</a></span>, granted June 4, 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott F. 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">Arcade cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskless_node" title="Diskless node">Diskless node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_appliance" title="Internet appliance">Internet appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent terminal">Intelligent terminal</a></li> <li><a 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_supercomputer" title="Personal supercomputer">Personal super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-in-one_computer" title="All-in-one computer">All-in-one</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panel_PC" title="Panel PC">Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_computer" title="Table computer">Tabletop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_computer" title="Surface computer">Surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deskside_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskside computer">Deskside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">Pizza box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_form_factor_PC" title="Small form factor PC">Small form factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_PC" title="Mini PC">Mini PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_computer" title="Plug computer">Plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_PC" title="Stick PC">Stick PC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blade_server" title="Blade server">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_PC" title="Blade PC">Blade PC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop" title="2-in-1 laptop">2-in-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_convertible" title="2-in-1 laptop">Convertible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_detachable" title="2-in-1 laptop">Detachable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Handheld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">Electronic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmtop_PC" title="Palmtop PC">Palmtop PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_data_terminal" title="Portable data terminal">Portable data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siftable" title="Siftable">Siftable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">Calculator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_tracker" title="Activity tracker">Activity tracker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smart_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart band">Smart band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch#Digital" title="Watch">Digital wristwatch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_watch" title="Calculator watch">Calculator watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_watch" title="GPS watch">Sportwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_ring" title="Smart ring">Smart ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Supermini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minisupercomputer" title="Minisupercomputer">Minisuper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Super</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">Information appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocomputer" title="Nanocomputer">Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Rugged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_smartphone" title="Rugged smartphone">Rugged smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-on-module" title="Computer-on-module">Computer-on-module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template talk:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEC_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60027" title="IEC 60027">60027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60034" title="IEC 60034">60034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60038" title="IEC 60038">60038</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKM_code" title="RKM code">60062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_series_of_preferred_numbers" title="E series of preferred numbers">60063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60068" title="IEC 60068">60068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Tracking_Index" title="Comparative Tracking Index">60112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60228" title="IEC 60228">60228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60269" title="IEC 60269">60269</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">60297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60309" title="IEC 60309">60309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60320" title="IEC 60320">60320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60364" title="IEC 60364">60364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60446" title="IEC 60446">60446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">60559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60601" title="IEC 60601">60601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60906-1" title="IEC 60906-1">60906-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">60908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60929" title="IEC 60929">60929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">60958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_60980-344&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEC 60980-344 (page does not exist)">60980-344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">61030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131" title="IEC 61131">61131</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131-3" title="IEC 61131-3">61131-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">61131-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61162" title="IEC 61162">61162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61334" title="IEC 61334">61334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61355" title="IEC 61355">61355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61360" title="IEC 61360">61360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61400" title="IEC 61400">61400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61499" title="IEC 61499">61499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">61508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61511" title="IEC 61511">61511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">61883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_nomenclature" title="Battery nomenclature">61960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61968" title="IEC 61968">61968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61970" title="IEC 61970">61970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">62014-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">62026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62061" title="IEC 62061">62061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_62262" title="EN 62262">62262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62264" title="IEC 62264">62264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">62304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62325" title="IEC 62325">62325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">62365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62366" title="IEC 62366">62366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62379" title="IEC 62379">62379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">62386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62455" title="IEC 62455">62455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">62680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62682" title="IEC 62682">62682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62700" title="IEC 62700">62700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63119" title="IEC 63119">63119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63382" title="IEC 63382">63382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10021" title="ISO/IEC 10021">10021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">13346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">13522-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19788" title="ISO/IEC 19788">19788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24727" title="ISO/IEC 24727">24727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">24744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Remote_Console" title="Universal Remote Console">24752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000-series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27040" title="ISO/IEC 27040">27040</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29119" title="ISO/IEC 29119">29119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_33001" title="ISO/IEC 33001">33001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_81346" title="IEC 81346">81346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International 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