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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>William M. Schniedewind</b> (born 1962, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holds the Kershaw Chair of Ancient Eastern Mediterranean Studies and is a Professor of <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical Studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic Languages</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ucla_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucla-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">William Schniedewind</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._William_Schniedewind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dr._William_Schniedewind.jpg/220px-Dr._William_Schniedewind.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dr._William_Schniedewind.jpg/330px-Dr._William_Schniedewind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dr._William_Schniedewind.jpg/440px-Dr._William_Schniedewind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3375"></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.brandeis.edu/permalink/f/18so381/BRAND_ALMA21195096650001921"><i>Prophets, Prophecy, and Inspiration: A Study of Prophecy in the Book of Chronicles</i></a> (1992)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data">Biblical studies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>He has a B.A. in religion from <a href="/wiki/George_Fox_University" title="George Fox University">George Fox University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newberg,_Oregon" title="Newberg, Oregon">Newberg, Oregon</a>, an M.A. in historical geography of ancient Israel, from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_University_College" title="Jerusalem University College">Jerusalem University College</a>, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Near Eastern and Judaic studies, from <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ucla_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucla-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schniedewind serves on the steering committees for both the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/religion/home.html">Center for the Study of Religion</a> and the Center for Jewish Studies at UCLA.<sup id="cite_ref-ucla_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucla-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He serves as network editor for the Dead Sea Scrolls & Second Temple Judaism section of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cssr.org/"><i>Religious Studies Review</i></a>. He serves on the editorial boards for the <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, the Journal of Biblical Literature, and Tel Aviv</i>. He was a trustee and the secretary of the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research. </p><p>An article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a></i> refers to Schniedewind as having demonstrated in his book <i>How the Bible Became a Book</i> his knowledge of the archaeology of ancient Israel, the history of the Hebrew language, and the development of historical literature based on the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schniedewind is listed in the 2007 <i>Distinguished Lecturer Series Speaker Biographies</i> in the Dead Sea Scroll exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum" title="San Diego Natural History Museum">San Diego Natural History Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schniedewind was the director of the Qumran Visualization Project (QVP), which created a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> model of ancient Qumran under the auspices of UCLA's Experiential Technologies Center (which also has notable projects for 2nd Temple Jerusalem, Islamic Jerusalem, and Ancient Rome). </p><p>Schniedewind has participated in excavations and surveys in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Safi" title="Tell es-Safi">Tell es-Safi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Qumran" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Qumran">Wadi Qumran</a>, Har Tuv, and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Batash" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Batash">Tel Batash</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is currently the Associate Director of UCLA's Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Schniedewind&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <ul><li><i>Who Really Wrote the Bible: The Story of the Scribes</i> (Princeton, 2024)</li> <li><i>The Finger of the Scribe: How Scribes Learned to Write the Bible</i> (Oxford, 2019)</li> <li><i>A Social History of Hebrew: Its Origins Through the Rabbinic Period</i> (Yale, 2013), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300176686" title="Special:BookSources/0300176686">0300176686</a></li> <li><i>The El-Amarna Correspondence (2 Vol. Set): A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna Based on Collations of All Extant Tablets</i> (by Anson F. Rainey, volume 1 edited by W. Schniedewind) (Brill, 2014), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004281452" title="Special:BookSources/9004281452">9004281452</a></li> <li><i>A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture, and Literature</i> (with Joel Hunt) (Cambridge, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87933-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87933-0">978-0-521-87933-0</a></li> <li><i>How the Bible Became a Book: The Textualization of Ancient Israel</i> (Cambridge, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521536227" title="Special:BookSources/0521536227">0521536227</a></li> <li><i>Society and the Promise to David: A Reception History of 2 Samuel 7:1-17</i> (Oxford, 1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512680-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512680-7">0-19-512680-7</a></li> <li><i>The Word of God in Transition: From Prophet to Exegete in the Second Temple Period</i> (Sheffield, 1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85075-550-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85075-550-7">1-85075-550-7</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Schniedewind&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Directory of American Scholars: Foreign Languages, Linguistics and Philology</i> (The Gale Group, 1999; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787631647" title="Special:BookSources/0787631647">0787631647</a>), p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucla-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ucla_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucla_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucla_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelc.ucla.edu/Faculty/Schniedewind.htm">"William M. Schniedewind, Faculty Page, UCLA NELC"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+M.+Schniedewind%2C+Faculty+Page%2C+UCLA+NELC&rft.pub=UCLA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nelc.ucla.edu%2FFaculty%2FSchniedewind.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Schniedewind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, David <i>The Christian Century</i>, Vol. 121, August 24, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdnhm.org/scrolls/speakers/index.html">"Distinguished Lecturer Series Speaker Biographies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum" title="San Diego Natural History Museum">San Diego Natural History Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distinguished+Lecturer+Series+Speaker+Biographies&rft.pub=San+Diego+Natural+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdnhm.org%2Fscrolls%2Fspeakers%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Schniedewind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelc.ucla.edu/qumran/staff.html">"About the Staff, Qumran Visualization Project"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Staff%2C+Qumran+Visualization+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nelc.ucla.edu%2Fqumran%2Fstaff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Schniedewind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_Schniedewind&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelc.ucla.edu">"Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Near+Eastern+Languages+and+Cultures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nelc.ucla.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Schniedewind" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://international.ucla.edu/bcir/uirs/article.asp?parentid=72510">"Virtual Qumran Sheds New Light on Dead Sea Scrolls Discovery Site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> Undergraduate International Relations Society. June 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Qumran+Sheds+New+Light+on+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Discovery+Site&rft.pub=UCLA+Undergraduate+International+Relations+Society&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternational.ucla.edu%2Fbcir%2Fuirs%2Farticle.asp%3Fparentid%3D72510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Schniedewind" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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