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Initially commercial progress was slow, but a move in 1962 to fabrics having more attractive surface appearance led to a rapid increase in sales and profits [55, 56]. ICI licensed this process to selected\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e based on hydroxylended polyesters made from adipic acid and a small excess of ethylene glycol, which were then reacted with naphthalenic diisocyanates to lengthen the chains and to cap them with isocyanate groups. These\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e room temperatures when the copolymer contained 40 to 70 mol% of units derived from the aliphatic acid. These polymers could be meltspun and drawn to give elastic yarns, with extensions to break as high as 300 % and recoveries\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA35","page_number":"35","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e produced by further polycondensation in an additional solid-state process (SSP) under vacuum or in an inert gas atmosphere, respectively [1]. The formation of prepolymer can also be achieved by transesterification of dimethyl\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA36","page_number":"36","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e plant capacities are 240–600t/d for bottle resin production, 100–200t/d for staple fibres and 100–300 t/d for filament-spinning textile grades. Batch plants for the production of industrial yarns have \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e capacities of 20–40\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA52","page_number":"52","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e batch process, the polycondensation time needed to prepare a polymer with an IV of 0.64dL/g increases by about one third with co-monomer IPA and by about two thirds with co-monomer CHDM, in comparison to homo-PET. This may in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA72","page_number":"72","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e industrial operations, TPA is not dissolved in EG or BHET but in prepolymer. The latter contains PET oligomers with one to approximately six to eight repeat units and a significant concentration of carboxyl end groups of between\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA90","page_number":"90","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e molar ratio of EG to TPA lies between 1.1 and 1.3. The esterification temperature and the molar ratio of monomers are the main controlling factors for the average degree of polycondensation of the esterification product\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA95","page_number":"95","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e process conditions and a \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e evolution of product properties are summarized in Tables 2.13 and 2.14, respectively. Stabilizers, additives and colorants are mostly added into the esterification reactor or before the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA96","page_number":"96","snippet_text":"... reactor l reactor ll polycfenaiigrsanon postpolycondensation PET polymer 7 I Figure 2.37 Continuous PET process based on TPA with four reactors in series [130] M M M M M M Table 2.13 \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e process. 96 HEDI\u0026#39;IOA \u0026#39;S GNV NNVWNOEIIH \u0026#39;H_L."},{"page_id":"PA97","page_number":"97","snippet_text":"Chemistry and Technology of Polyesters and Copolyesters John Scheirs, Timothy E. Long. M M M M M M Table 2.13 \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e process conditions for a continuous PET process;. POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) 97."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e process conditions for a continuous PET process; final IV, 0.64 dL/g Condition (unit) Esterification Prepolycondensation Finisher Product temperature( ◦C) 250–265 265–275 275–295 Reactor pressure (Pa) (1.2–1.8) × 105 2500–3000\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA118","page_number":"118","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e formed from aromatic esters or acids. Cyclic oligomers are found in commercial grades of PBT and PET at levels of 0.5–3.0%, being formed in their equilibrium concentration during melt polymerization reactions. The cyclic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA119","page_number":"119","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e anti-solvent precipitation or Soxhlet extraction, followed by chromatography and recrystallization. The cyclic (3 + 3) trimer of poly(ethylene terephthalate) was first isolated in 1954 [6], and the dimer in 1969 [7]. An\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA130","page_number":"130","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e used much longer reaction times (24–72 h) for the depolymerization of PET [27]. This group also reported that the titanates were ineffective catalysts for depolymerization, but it is not known whether measures to prevent\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA133","page_number":"133","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e as a function of time in a PBT depolymerization reaction. It can be seen that initially the levels dimer ... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e PBT depolymerization reaction Scheme 3.4 Ring-opening polymerization of oligomeric PBT cyclics Figure\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA134","page_number":"134","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e in the range of 2.0–3.0, as in conventional polycondensation of polyesters (commercial Valox 315 has Mw/Mn ∼ 2.3). GPC traces are \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e monomodal, with a small amount (1–3%) of cyclics remaining, presumably the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"... of the titanate-initiated systems (much higher Mws and lower apparent dispersivities). Basic catalysis proved ineffective (entry 16). The polymerization reaction was \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e carried out at 180–200◦C, well. CYCLIC POLYESTER OLIGOMERS 137."},{"page_id":"PA138","page_number":"138","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e carried out at 180–200◦C, well below the PBT melting point of ∼225 ◦C. Regardless, complete polymerization with only 1–3% cyclics remaining (by GPC) could be achieved. Three factors controlled the completeness of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA143","page_number":"143","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e between 16000 and 19000 (intrinsic viscosity (IV), 0.58–0.68) is reached before the melt is cooled and granulated into amorphous pellets. After first undergoing crystallization, the molecular weight of these pellets is then\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA146","page_number":"146","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e capacity was 30–60t/d in one line, today the most \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e single-line capacity is 300t/d with the first 450t/d plant coming into operation in 2000. In the future, the capacity is expected to increase up to 600t/d, and possibly\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA154","page_number":"154","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypically\u003c/b\u003e, the molecular weight increase is proportional to the square root of time, as shown in Figure 4.6. This has been confirmed in other studies [15, 36–38]. Such behaviour is said to be \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e for a reaction involving both\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA162","page_number":"162","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e seen close to the melting point, with values of 2 [54, 56, 68] closer to the glass transition temperature. To explain Avrami exponents of 2 and even 1 [55], even though the final crystal structure is known to be spherulitic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA167","page_number":"167","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e precursor material specification for bottle grade is as follows: • Copolyester containing up to ca ... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e limited to 200–220 ◦C, depending upon the plant size and the material characteristics. 4.2 BUHLER PET-SSP\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA168","page_number":"168","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e used as the heating medium in both beds, whereby the gas temperature generally does not exceed 185 ◦C. Higher temperatures can be employed, but nitrogen rather than air is used to prevent oxidation and the yellowing of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA169","page_number":"169","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e DSC thermograms (obtained at heating /\\/\\ Preheater 5mW O X 2 Bottle grade/tyre grade PET I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 50 100 150 200 250 300 T (°C). Raw amorphous PET 50 100 150 200 250 300 T(°C)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA171","page_number":"171","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e residence times in the range of 10–20 h at temperatures of 210 ◦C are required to reach the desired IV ... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e kept below. Figure 4.16 Roof-type preheater for annealing of PET pellets Figure 4.19 Schematic of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA172","page_number":"172","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e kept below 1.0. The nitrogen flow rate is generally not low enough to influence the mass transfer of the by-products from the pellet to the gas. However, the by-product concentration increases as the gas moves through the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA173","page_number":"173","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e \u0026lt;10 ppm. 4.3 PROCESS COMPARISON A simplified schematic of various available SSP systems is shown in Figure 4.18. The four main process stages of crystallization, annealing, reaction and cooling are present in all of the plant\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA175","page_number":"175","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e a homopolyester with a melting point of 260 ◦C or higher, secondly the final viscosity of 1.0 to 1.2 is much higher, and thirdly the plant throughputs, \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e between 30 and 90 t/d, are much smaller. These three\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA176","page_number":"176","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypically\u003c/b\u003e, for a viscosity increase from 0.60 up to 1.0, the crystallinity increases to ca. 62 vol%, and the carboxyl end group concentration decreases by approximately 10–15mol/t. This equates to both esterification and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA177","page_number":"177","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e 180 to 200 ◦C. Although PBT is less oxidation-sensitive than PET [43], processing still takes place under nitrogen. The reaction rate of PBT is faster than that of PET and is attributed to a difference in the reactivity of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA179","page_number":"179","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e between 6mm and 14mm, and washed. Labels, label adhesives, lids, base cups, some foreign plastic layers and coatings, as well as dirt and residual content, are then removed from the bottle material [112]. The washed PET flakes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA181","page_number":"181","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e between 250 and 450 kg/m3. Compared to pellets, with a \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e bulk density of between 750 and 850kg/m3, this has a negative effect on equipment sizing and product handling. Further comminuting the PET flakes increases the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA185","page_number":"185","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e specifications for a product originating from a curb-side collection are shown in Table 4.3. Table 4.3 \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e specifications for reclaimed flakes, recycled PET pellets and virgin PET pellets Specification Washed Flake Upgraded\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA205","page_number":"205","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e industrial processing conditions has been developed by Ravindrath and Mashelkar [15]. Their calculations are also based on experimental data reported in the literature. The results allow the \u0026#39;rough\u0026#39; conclusion that the reaction\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA233","page_number":"233","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e course of discontinuous SSP on the commercial scale (batch size, 22t) with respect to the variables of temperature, time, vacuum and intrinsic viscosity. This figure shows the IV plotted as a function 2 12 8 10 4 6 o f f i n a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA247","page_number":"247","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e modification of PET with \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e less than 5mol% of comonomers such as diethylene glycol, poly(ethylene glycol), cyclohexanedimethanol and isophthalate have been reviewed elsewhere [2]. At this time of writing, isophthalic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA254","page_number":"254","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e hydroxyethyl repeat unit. Significant in its enhancement of the Tg, introduction of this comonomer results in ... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e lower the temperatures of thermal transitions, the levels of observed crystallinities vary with the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA260","page_number":"260","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e fall into the incorporation of either (i) polyethers, which increase the ambient moisture level (beyond the 0.3–0.4wt% level of PET homopolymer [66, 79]) in addition to introducing organic radical sensitive units, and (ii)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA269","page_number":"269","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e produced as a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers, with an equilibrium ratio of approximately 30/70 cis/trans. Additional patents disclose technology for affecting the CHDM isomer ratio [19] and for isomerization of cis-CHDM to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA274","page_number":"274","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e of other crystalline polymers such as PET (Tg at about 70 ◦C) or PBT (Tg at about 35 ◦C). Figure 7.2 compares the crystallization half-times of PET and PCT from both the glass and the melt (data were obtained via DSC\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA277","page_number":"277","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e contain 30–40 wt % of glass fiber, or a mixture of glass fiber and mineral filler. Stabilization packages ... \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e competitive materials in this market include poly(phenylene sulfide), with an HDT of about POLYESTERS\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA278","page_number":"278","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e 30 % glass-reinforced, flame-retarded grade of PCT are shown in Table 7.2. Flame-retarded grades are widely ... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e connectors and related parts. As higher temperature soldering techniques become more common in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA297","page_number":"297","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e uses a single catalyst. In PBT resins, the catalyst is not \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e quenched (deactivated) at the end of the polymerization process. An active catalyst in the resin can sometimes lead to further reaction of the PBT in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA300","page_number":"300","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e about 1h) than the polycondensation reaction times (\u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e 1–2h, depending on the desired degree of polymerization). Continuous process trains involve a series of continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) followed by\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA301","page_number":"301","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e used in textile applications due to its perceived high price. Compared to amorphous resins such as ABS, polycarbonate and polystyrene, a semicrystalline resin like PBT will show much better solvent resistance, higher strength\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA326","page_number":"326","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e differential scanning colorimetric (DSC) traces shown in Figure 9.2 compare the thermal transitions of similar low-DEG-content PEN and PET resins. The fact that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PEN is 45–50 ◦C higher\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA331","page_number":"331","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e manufactured from resins with molecular weights lower than those needed for containers or industrial fibers. Optimal properties are achieved by considering the natural draw ratios corresponding to the molecular weight of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA346","page_number":"346","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e shrinks 3% under these conditions. Consequently, heat-stabilized PEN film offers greater dimensional ... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e relaxation processes α and β, i.e. a glass transition α-process and a low-temperature β-process. In addition\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA356","page_number":"356","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e observer and are machine-readable. The PEN quarter-wave mirror films may be fine-line embossed and thinly layered which enhances their appearance [76]. 4.8 PACKAGING MATERIALS High-performance PEN films have excellent properties\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA369","page_number":"369","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e used to dissolve PTT. However, HFIPA is a very expensive solvent for routine IV measurements, and methylene chloride is too volatile to maintain in a 1:1 mixture with trifluoroacetic acid at elevated temperatures or in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA388","page_number":"388","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypically\u003c/b\u003e the take-up godet is not heated. The fiber is stretched at a low draw ratio of 1.01–1.3 between the take-up godet and a draw godet heated to 50–80 ◦C. A large draw of 2.5–3.5 is applied between the draw roll and the heated\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA402","page_number":"402","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e packaged in bales, and often blended with natural staples such as cotton or wool. They are designed with cut lengths and diameters similar to their blend partners, ∼30–100mm long and ∼10–20μm in diameter. Fiber diameter is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA403","page_number":"403","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e used for filters, interliners, absorbent layers, cushioning material, etc. Special fiber types developed for nonwoven fabrics include short-cut fibers (ca. 10 mm or less in length) and thermally fusible fibers such as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA405","page_number":"405","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e accomplished either by measurement of the molten viscosity (e.g. by measuring the pressure drop through a ... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e IV level, in o-chlorophenol (OCP) solvent, for the aforementioned textile grade polymer is 0.62\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA407","page_number":"407","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e ∼20 repeat units, before entanglement with another chain terminates the process. Crystalline regions come in different sizes, and the size and distribution of these crystallites contribute to fiber properties such as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA413","page_number":"413","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e forces acting upon a spinning threadline [8]. From Ziabicki, A. and Kawai, H., High Speed Fiber Spinning – Science and Engineering Aspects, 1991, and reproduced by permission of Krieger, Malabar, FL For a Newtonian polymer, the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA418","page_number":"418","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e just above the Tg, so there is minimal thermal disorientation to compete with orientation induced during stretching. While fibers may have been extended by a factor of 100–200 during spinning, a draw ratio in the range of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA422","page_number":"422","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e of 100 % PET. Such yarns have provided a fertile field for imaginative engineering of cross-sectional shapes, fiber sizes and combinations of color and texture. An entire field of specialty filament yarns known as \u0026#39;Shingosen\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA426","page_number":"426","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e requires polymer additives or copolymers. (Copolymerization \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e results in greater permanence than additives which can migrate to the fiber surface and be lost.) Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is frequently added to PET to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA427","page_number":"427","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e used to impart crimp to the fiber. If the fiber is formed from polymers with different shrinkage characteristics, and Core/Sheath Side/Side Figure 12.16 Common cross-sectional shapes for bico fibers POLYESTER FIBERS: FORMATION\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA430","page_number":"430","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e expensive and/or deleterious to fiber properties. Here, bico technology is helpful, so that the additives can be incorporated into the sheath without sacrificing the strength of the core of the fiber. their applications that\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA461","page_number":"461","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e shapes which cause the breaks in the manufacturing process. In addition, the oligomers are located not only at the surface, but are also distributed inside the fiber and disturb the formation of a homogenous structure during\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA502","page_number":"502","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e reaction conditions are 240◦C for 3min. PBO also acts as a carboxyl group scavenger and in doing so increases the hydrolytic stability of the resultant PET. A concentration of 0.5% PBO in PET can reduce the carboxyl content\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA503","page_number":"503","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e reaction condition for the coupling of PET was heating with the chain extender under an argon atmosphere above its melting temperature (280 ◦C) for several minutes. CH3 (a) C OCH2CHCH2 O OCH2CH O H2C CH3 Epon 828 (diepoxide) (b)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA505","page_number":"505","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e 3–5 min). The increase in intrinsic viscosity of PET can be adjusted by the amount of CBC. In practice, about 0.5 wt% of CBC is \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e used. CBC is commercially available under the tradename ALLINCO (DSM, Geleen, The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA506","page_number":"506","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypically\u003c/b\u003e, an IV enhancement of 0.10 dL/g requires 10 h of solid-stating. In the presence of an SSP accelerator, this time is reduced to just 5 h. Irgamod 1425 also contributes to reduced yellowing of the PET resin. For instance, 0.1 wt\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA518","page_number":"518","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e based on a three-component package comprising the following: (i) sodium stearate (chemical nucleating ... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e use rate of sodium ionomer-based nucleating agents is 3–4wt%. The sodium salt of poly(ethylene-co\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA524","page_number":"524","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e 1.0–3.0%. Approximately 1% addition of the PE 48/10/96 masterbatch will remove 0.1% of water from the polymer during the extrusion or compounding process. 8 REINFORCEMENTS The reinforcing nature of inorganic fillers is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA532","page_number":"532","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e applications for engineering-grade PET Sector Specific applications Consumer electronics and appliances Motor housings and internal components, corn poppers, coffee makers, hair curlers and dryers Furniture Arm rests, seat\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA533","page_number":"533","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e toughened PET composition claimed in this DuPont patent is as follows: (a) 20 % of E–BA–GMA (Elvaloy with 63 % of ethylene, 31 % of n-butyl acrylate (BA) and 6% of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)) was first compounded with 80 % of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA536","page_number":"536","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e automotive applications for reinforced and toughened PET are illustrated in Figure 14.19. Recently, Mitsubishi Motors have produced a 1900cm2 engine cover injection moulded from glass-fibre-reinforced recycled PET. This polymer\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA544","page_number":"544","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypically\u003c/b\u003e, the heterogeneous type, particularly talc, provides sufficient nucleation without molecular weight degradation and is widely utilized in PET. As the polyester continues to cool in the mold, it passes through the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA547","page_number":"547","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e translate into better \u0026#39;toughness\u0026#39; in real-world applications. 3.2 POLY(1,4-CYCLOHEXYLENEDIMETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) Poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (PCT) is a high-heat thermoplastic polyester produced from 1,4\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA549","page_number":"549","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e changes (decreases) with each processing step. Another important factor is that the molecular weights \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e utilized in polyesters are either very close to or less than the critical molecular weight (Mc). In polyolefins\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA552","page_number":"552","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypically\u003c/b\u003e, PET is made to a moderate molecular weight in the melt phase. The resin is then pelletized, crystallized and then \u0026#39;solid-stated\u0026#39; [12]. The solid-state process builds molecular weight, but the temperature is below the melting\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA555","page_number":"555","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e thermoplastic polyester composites are formulations consisting of the resin, nucleating agent, plasticizer, reinforcing fiber, thermal and oxidative stabilizers, coloring agents and fillers. Many of the \u0026#39;stabilizers\u0026#39; are not\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA568","page_number":"568","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e catalyzed by solutions consisting of antimony trioxide or germanium oxide. Both polycondensation catalysts also catalyze the reverse reaction, which is driven by an excess of ethylene glycol at melt conditions, generally above\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA599","page_number":"599","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e 21–28 day active aeration cycle, the resulting compost is held for a 3–6month curing period prior to ... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e dark brown or black, porous, friable, and spongy (not soggy) when wet. Humus is beneficial to the soil for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA700","page_number":"700","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypically\u003c/b\u003e, a dihydroxy compound, or mixtures of dihydroxy compounds, are treated with maleic anhydride and/or together with other dicarboxylic acids such as aromatic or aliphatic dicarboxylic acids under elevated temperature to remove\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA704","page_number":"704","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e with an Mn of less than 1000. These polyester materials have a DCPD moiety on both ends, with DCPD accounting for up to 30–40 % of the polymer composition. The ability to incorporate a large amount of the bulky and highly\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA705","page_number":"705","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypical\u003c/b\u003e blended resins include combinations of DCPD resins with isophthalic, orthophthalic or vinyl ester resins. Creating blends with higher-molecular-weight phthalic anhydride, isophthalic or vinyl ester resins can toughen neat DCPD\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA707","page_number":"707","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypical\u003c/b\u003e fillers and their effects on the unsaturated polyester resin formulation properties. 3.4 REINFORCEMENTS Since ... \u003cb\u003eTypically\u003c/b\u003e, tensile strength, impact strength and stiffness are the physical properties of most interest\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA709","page_number":"709","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etypically\u003c/b\u003e require higher styrene monomer content as a diluent processing aid. The unsaturated polyester resins used to produce gel-coat formulations can be classified into three categories, i.e. orthophthalic-, isophthalic- and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA717","page_number":"717","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTYPICAL\u003c/b\u003e EXAMPLE OF THE PREPARATION OF CURED POLYESTERS The polyester product is first dissolved in styrene at a level of 60% polyester and 40 % styrene. The initiators, either benzoyl peroxides (BPOs) or methyl ethyl ketone peroxide\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA726","page_number":"726","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTypically\u003c/b\u003e, a fully cured PEER polymer containing 35% unsaturation shows a tensile strength of about 7000psi and a flexural strength of about 15000psi. Because of the ether linkages and the lack of rigid aromatic structure when compared\u0026nbsp;..."}],"search_query_escaped":"typically"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>