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id="toc-Hutterite,_Austria_(founded_16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oneida_Community,_Oneida,_New_York_(1848)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oneida_Community,_Oneida,_New_York_(1848)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Oneida Community, Oneida, New York (1848)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oneida_Community,_Oneida,_New_York_(1848)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kibbutzim_(1890)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kibbutzim_(1890)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Kibbutzim (1890)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kibbutzim_(1890)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manhattan_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manhattan_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Manhattan Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manhattan_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Community_organization:_intentional_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_organization:_intentional_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Community organization: intentional communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_organization:_intentional_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Indigenous collaboration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Game theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military-industrial_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military-industrial_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Military-industrial complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-industrial_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skunk_Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skunk_Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Skunk Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skunk_Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Project management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Academia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_Mountain_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Mountain_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Black Mountain College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Mountain_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Occupational examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occupational_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occupational examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occupational_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Figurative_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figurative_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Figurative arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figurative_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Ballet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.1</span> <span>Classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Technical communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collaboration_between_stakeholders_in_health_and_social_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_between_stakeholders_in_health_and_social_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Collaboration between stakeholders in health and social care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_between_stakeholders_in_health_and_social_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>The Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commons-based_peer_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commons-based_peer_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Commons-based peer production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commons-based_peer_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massively_distributed_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massively_distributed_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.3</span> <span>Massively distributed collaboration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massively_distributed_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Collaboration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1" title="تضافر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تضافر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সহযোগিতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সহযোগিতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D2%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Хеҙмәттәшлек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хеҙмәттәшлек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolaborasyon" title="Kolaborasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kolaborasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сътрудничество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сътрудничество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koost%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Koostöö – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koostöö" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colaboraci%C3%B3n" title="Colaboración – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colaboración" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlaborado" title="Kunlaborado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kunlaborado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C" title="همکاری علمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همکاری علمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Collaboration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%91%EC%97%85" title="협업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="협업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="सहयोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहयोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suradnja" title="Suradnja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suradnja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolaborasi" title="Kolaborasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolaborasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Коллаборация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Коллаборация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushirikiano" title="Ushirikiano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ushirikiano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="コラボレーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コラボレーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarbeid" title="Samarbeid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samarbeid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsp%C3%B3%C5%82praca" title="Współpraca – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Współpraca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colabora%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Colaboração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colaboração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colaborare" title="Colaborare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colaborare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сотрудничество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сотрудничество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Collaboration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolaboracija" title="Kolaboracija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kolaboracija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollaboration" title="Kollaboration – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kollaboration" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கூட்டுழைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூட்டுழைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F_birli%C4%9Fi" title="İş birliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İş 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Collaboration (disambiguation)">Collaboration (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3d10_fm_de_vilafranca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3d10_fm_de_vilafranca.jpg/220px-3d10_fm_de_vilafranca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3d10_fm_de_vilafranca.jpg/330px-3d10_fm_de_vilafranca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3d10_fm_de_vilafranca.jpg/440px-3d10_fm_de_vilafranca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Catalan <i><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">castellers</a></i> collaborate, working together with a shared goal</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Collaboration</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>com-</i> "with" + <i>laborare</i> "to labor", "to work") is the process of two or more people, entities or <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a> working together to complete a task or achieve a goal.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaboration is similar to <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a>. The form of leadership can be social within a <a href="/wiki/Decentralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized">decentralized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-spencelecture_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spencelecture-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teams that work collaboratively often access greater resources, recognition and rewards when facing competition for finite resources.<sup id="cite_ref-wagner_and_leydesdorff_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner_and_leydesdorff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Structured methods of collaboration encourage <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">introspection</a> of behavior and communication.<sup id="cite_ref-spencelecture_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spencelecture-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such methods aim to increase the success of teams as they engage in collaborative <a href="/wiki/Problem-solving" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem-solving">problem-solving</a>. Collaboration is present in opposing goals exhibiting the notion of <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_collaboration" title="Adversarial collaboration">adversarial collaboration</a>, though this is not a common use of the term. In its applied sense, "[a] collaboration is a purposeful relationship in which all parties strategically choose to cooperate in order to accomplish a shared outcome".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade between nations is a form of collaboration between two societies which produce and exchange different portfolios of goods. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples">Historical examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade began in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times and continues because it benefits all of its participants. Prehistoric peoples bartered goods and services with each other without a modern currency. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Watson_(business_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Watson (business writer)">Peter Watson</a> dates the <a href="/wiki/History_of_international_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="History of international trade">history of long-distance commerce</a> from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:circa">circa</a> 150,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade exists because different communities have a <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a> in the production of tradable goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> used collaboration through ruling with visible control, which lasted from 31BC until (in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">east</a>) 1453CE, across around fifty countries. The growth of trade was supported by the stable administration of the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel,_M._2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel,_M._2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence shows that the Roman Empire and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> were influenced by the Greek writer <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <i>The Education of Cyrus</i> on leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel,_M._2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel,_M._2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This says that 'social bonds, not command and control, were to be the primary mechanisms of governance'. Classics professor <a href="/wiki/Emma_Dench" title="Emma Dench">Emma Dench</a> notes that the Roman Empire extended its <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizenship</a> "to enemies, former enemies of state, to people who'd helped them. The Romans were incredibly good at co-opting people and ideas."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans created a stable empire that benefitted both ruled and allied countries. Gold and silver were <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currencies</a> created by the Romans which supported a market economy, leading to trading within the Roman Empire and taxes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hutterite,_Austria_(founded_16th_century)"><span id="Hutterite.2C_Austria_.28founded_16th_century.29"></span>Hutterite, Austria (founded 16th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hutterite, Austria (founded 16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterite</a> communities housing units are built and assigned to individual families, but belong to the colony with little personal property. Meals are taken by the entire colony in a common long room.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oneida_Community,_Oneida,_New_York_(1848)"><span id="Oneida_Community.2C_Oneida.2C_New_York_.281848.29"></span>Oneida Community, Oneida, New York (1848)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oneida Community, Oneida, New York (1848)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a> practiced <i>Communalism</i> (in the sense of communal property and possessions) and <i>Mutual Criticism</i>, where every member of the community was subject to criticism by committee or the community as a whole, during a general meeting. The goal was to remove bad character traits.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kibbutzim_(1890)"><span id="Kibbutzim_.281890.29"></span>Kibbutzim (1890)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kibbutzim (1890)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutz</a> is an Israeli collective community. The movement combines <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> seeking a form of practical <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a>. Choosing communal life, and inspired by their own ideology, kibbutz members developed a communal mode of living. The kibbutzim lasted for several generations as <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a> communities, although most became capitalist enterprises and regular towns.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manhattan_Project">Manhattan Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Manhattan Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> was a collaborative project during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> that developed the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">atomic bomb</a>. It was a collaborative effort by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p><p>The value of this project as an influence on organized collaboration is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>. In early 1940, Bush lobbied for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee" title="National Defense Research Committee">National Defense Research Committee</a>. Frustrated by previous bureaucratic failures in implementing technology in World War I, Bush sought to organize the scientific power of the United States for greater success.<sup id="cite_ref-bennis_biederman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bennis_biederman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">test detonation</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> implosion bomb on July 16 (the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity test">Trinity test</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo, New Mexico</a>; an <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a> bomb code-named "<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>" on August 6 over <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, Japan; and a second <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> bomb, code-named "<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_examples">Contemporary examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_organization:_intentional_communities">Community organization: intentional communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Community organization: intentional communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_aliyah_Pioneers_in_Migdal_1912_in_kuffiyeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Second_aliyah_Pioneers_in_Migdal_1912_in_kuffiyeh.jpg/220px-Second_aliyah_Pioneers_in_Migdal_1912_in_kuffiyeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Second_aliyah_Pioneers_in_Migdal_1912_in_kuffiyeh.jpg/330px-Second_aliyah_Pioneers_in_Migdal_1912_in_kuffiyeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Second_aliyah_Pioneers_in_Migdal_1912_in_kuffiyeh.jpg/440px-Second_aliyah_Pioneers_in_Migdal_1912_in_kuffiyeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Organization and cooperation between community members provides economic and social benefits.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">intentional community</a></div> <p>The members of an intentional community typically hold a common <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> vision. They share responsibilities and resources. Intentional communities include <a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">cohousing</a>, residential <a href="/wiki/Trust_(property)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (property)">land trusts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">ecovillages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commune_(intentional_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune (intentional community)">communes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashrams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">housing cooperatives</a>. Typically, new members of an intentional community are selected by the community's existing membership, rather than by real estate agents or land owners (if the land is not owned by the community).<sup id="cite_ref-Ahomeincommunity_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahomeincommunity-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_collaboration">Indigenous collaboration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indigenous collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collaboration in indigenous communities, particularly in the Americas, often involves the entire community working toward a common goal in a horizontal structure with flexible <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children in some indigenous American communities collaborate with the adults. Children can be contributors in the process of meeting objectives by taking on tasks that suit their skills.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavajay_55–66_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavajay_55–66-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous learning techniques comprise <a href="/wiki/Learning_by_Observing_and_Pitching_In" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning by Observing and Pitching In">Learning by Observing and Pitching In</a>. For example, a study of Mayan fathers and children with traditional Indigenous ways of learning worked together in collaboration more frequently when building a 3D model puzzle than Mayan fathers with western schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavajay_55–66_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavajay_55–66-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Chillihuani people of the Andes value work and create work parties in which members of each household in the community participate.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children from indigenous-heritage communities want to help around the house voluntarily.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Mazahua Indigenous community of Mexico, school children show initiative and autonomy by contributing in their classroom, completing activities as a whole, assisting and correcting their teacher during lectures when a mistake is made.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifth and sixth graders in the community work with the teacher installing a classroom window; the installation becomes a class project in which the students participate in the process alongside the teacher. They all work together without needing leadership, and their movements are all in sync and flowing. It is not a process of instruction, but rather a hands-on experience in which students work together as a synchronous group with the teacher, switching roles and sharing tasks. In these communities, collaboration is emphasized, and learners are trusted to take initiative. While one works, the other watches intently and all are allowed to attempt tasks with the more experienced stepping in to complete more complex parts, while others pay close attention.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Game_theory">Game theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Game theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a> is a branch of applied mathematics, computer science, and economics that looks at situations where multiple players make decisions in an attempt to maximize their returns. The first documented discussion of game theory is in a letter written by <a href="/wiki/James_Waldegrave,_1st_Earl_Waldegrave" title="James Waldegrave, 1st Earl Waldegrave">James Waldegrave, 1st Earl Waldegrave</a> in 1713. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Antoine Augustin Cournot</a>'s <i>Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth</i> in 1838 provided the first general theory. In 1928 it became a recognized field when <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> published a series of papers. Von Neumann's work in game theory culminated in the 1944 book The <i>Theory of Games and Economic Behavior</i> by von Neumann and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Morgenstern" title="Oskar Morgenstern">Oskar Morgenstern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military-industrial_complex">Military-industrial complex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military-industrial complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Military-industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Military-industrial complex">military-industrial complex</a> refers to a close and <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> relationship among a nation's <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Private_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Private industry">private industry</a>, and associated <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> interests. In such a system, the military is dependent on industry to supply material and other support, while the defence industry depends on government for revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skunk_Works">Skunk Works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Skunk Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Skunk_Works" title="Skunk Works">Skunk Works</a> is a term used in engineering and technical fields to describe a group within an organization given a high degree of autonomy unhampered by bureaucracy, tasked with advanced or secret projects. One such group was created at <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> in 1943. The team developed highly innovative aircraft in short time frames, notably beating its first deadline by 37 days.<sup id="cite_ref-bennis_biederman_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bennis_biederman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_management">Project management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Project management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_John_W_Brown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SS_John_W_Brown.jpg/220px-SS_John_W_Brown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SS_John_W_Brown.jpg/330px-SS_John_W_Brown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SS_John_W_Brown.jpg/440px-SS_John_W_Brown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>The 2,751 <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ships</a> built in four years by the United States during World War II required new approaches in organization and manufacturing.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Collaboration" title="Special:EditPage/Collaboration">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a discipline, project management developed from different fields including construction, engineering and defense. In the United States, the forefather of project management is <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a>, who is known for his use of the <a href="/wiki/Gantt_chart" title="Gantt chart">"bar" chart</a> as a project management tool, for being an associate of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a>'s theories of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a>, and for his study of the management of Navy ship building. His work is the forerunner to many modern project management tools including the <a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">work breakdown structure</a> (WBS) and resource allocation. </p><p>The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern project management era. Again, in the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> basis using mostly <a href="/wiki/Gantt_chart" title="Gantt chart">Gantt charts</a>, and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project scheduling models were developed: (1) the "<a href="/wiki/Program_Evaluation_and_Review_Technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Program Evaluation and Review Technique">Program Evaluation and Review Technique</a>" or PERT, developed as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>'s (in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed Corporation</a>) <a href="/wiki/Polaris_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaris missile">Polaris missile</a> submarine program;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (2) the "<a href="/wiki/Critical_Path_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Path Method">Critical Path Method</a>" (CPM) developed in a joint venture by both <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand Corporation</a> for managing plant maintenance projects. These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises. </p><p>In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a> (PMI) was formed to serve the interest of the project management industry. The premise of PMI is that the tools and techniques of project management are common even among the widespread application of projects from the <a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">software industry</a> to the construction industry. In 1981, the PMI Board of Directors authorized the development of what has become <i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge">A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge</a></i> (PMBOK), standards and guidelines of practice that are widely used throughout the profession. The International Project Management Association (IPMA), founded in Europe in 1967, has undergone a similar development and instituted the IPMA Project Baseline. Both organizations are now participating in the development of a global project management standard. </p><p>However, the exorbitant cost overruns and missed deadlines of large-scale infrastructure, military R&D/procurement and utility projects in the US demonstrates that these advances have not been able to overcome the challenges of such projects.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia">Academia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Collaboration" title="Special:EditPage/Collaboration">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_Mountain_College">Black Mountain College</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Black Mountain College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded in 1933 by <a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Rice" title="John Andrew Rice">John Andrew Rice</a>, Theodore Dreier and other former faculty of <a href="/wiki/Rollins_College" title="Rollins College">Rollins College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_College" title="Black Mountain College">Black Mountain College</a> was experimental by nature and committed to an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> approach, attracting a faculty which included leading visual artists, poets and designers. </p><p>Operating in a relatively isolated rural location with little budget, Black Mountain fostered an informal and <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">collaborative</a> spirit. Innovations, relationships and unexpected connections formed at Black Mountain had a lasting influence on the postwar American art scene, <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a> and eventually <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a> met student <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Snelson" title="Kenneth Snelson">Kenneth Snelson</a> at Black Mountain, and the result was the first <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic dome</a> (improvised out of slats in the school's back yard); <a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Merce Cunningham</a> formed his dance company; and <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> staged his first <a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">happening</a>. </p><p>Black Mountain College was a consciously directed <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a> school that grew out of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">progressive education movement</a>. In its day it was a unique educational experiment for the artists and writers who conducted it, and as such an important incubator for the American <a href="/wiki/Avant_garde" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant garde">avant garde</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Learning">Learning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evergreen_clocktower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Evergreen_clocktower.jpg/220px-Evergreen_clocktower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Evergreen_clocktower.jpg/330px-Evergreen_clocktower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Evergreen_clocktower.jpg/440px-Evergreen_clocktower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>The Evergreen signature clock tower</figcaption></figure> <p>Dr. Wolff-Michael Roth and Stuart Lee of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a> assert<sup id="cite_ref-rothandlee_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothandlee-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that until the early 1990s the individual was the 'unit of instruction' and the focus of research. The two observed that researchers and practitioners switched<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the idea that "knowing" is better thought of as a cultural practice.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roth and Lee also claim<sup id="cite_ref-rothandlee_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothandlee-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that this led to changes in learning and teaching design in which students were encouraged to share their ways of doing mathematics, history, science, with each other. In other words, that children take part in the construction of consensual domains, and 'participate in the negotiation and institutionalization of ... meaning'. In effect, they are participating in <a href="/wiki/Learning_community" title="Learning community">learning communities</a>. </p><p>This analysis does not consider the appearance of Learning communities in the United States in the early 1980s. For example, <a href="/wiki/The_Evergreen_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="The Evergreen State College">The Evergreen State College</a>, which is widely considered a pioneer in this area, established an intercollegiate learning community in 1984. In 1985, the college established The Washington Center for Improving the Quality of Undergraduate Education, which focuses on collaborative education approaches, including learning communities as one of its centerpieces. The school later became notorious for less-successful collaborations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_examples">Occupational examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Occupational examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Collaboration" title="Special:EditPage/Collaboration">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Figurative_arts">Figurative arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Figurative arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The romanticized notion of a lone, genius artist has existed since the time of <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Artists">Lives of the Artists</a></i>, published in 1568. Vasari promulgated the idea that artistic skill was endowed upon chosen individuals by gods, which created an enduring and largely false popular misunderstanding of many artistic processes. Artists have used collaboration to complete large scale works for centuries, but the myth of the lone artist was not widely questioned until the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collaborative art groups include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiments_in_Art_and_Technology" title="Experiments in Art and Technology">Experiments in Art and Technology</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujeres_Muralistas" title="Mujeres Muralistas">Mujeres Muralistas</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colab" title="Colab">Colab</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Girls" title="Guerrilla Girls">Guerrilla Girls</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SITO_(artist_collective)" title="SITO (artist collective)">SITO</a> (1993)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ballet">Ballet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ballet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a> is a collaborative art form. It entails music, dancers, costumes, a venue, lighting, etc. Hypothetically, one person could control all of this, but most often every work of ballet is the by-product of collaboration. From the earliest formal works of ballet, to the great 19th century masterpieces of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Tchaikovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marius_Petipa" title="Marius Petipa">Marius Petipa</a>, to the 20th century masterworks of <a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, to today's ballet companies, feature strong collaborative connections between choreographers, composers and costume designers are essential. Within dance as an art form, there is also the collaboration between choreographer and dancer. The choreographer creates a movement in her/his head and then physically demonstrates the movement to the dancer, which the dancer sees and attempts to either mimic or interpret.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Musical collaboration occurs when musicians in different places or groups work on the piece. Typically, multiple parties are involved (singers, songwriters, lyricists, composers, and producers) and come together to create one work. For example, one specific collaboration from recent times (2015) was the song "<a href="/wiki/FourFiveSeconds" title="FourFiveSeconds">FourFiveSeconds</a>". This single represents a type of collaboration because it was developed by pop idol <a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> (former bassist, composer and vocalist for <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>), and rapper/composer <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a>. Websites and software facilitate musical collaboration over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, resulting in the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Internet_band" title="Internet band">online bands</a>. </p><p>Several awards exist specifically for collaboration in music: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Country_Collaboration_with_Vocals" title="Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals">Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals</a>—awarded since 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Collaboration_with_Vocals" title="Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals">Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals</a>—awarded since 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rap/Sung_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration">Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration</a>—awarded since 2002</li></ul> <p>Collaboration has been a constant feature of <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">electroacoustic music</a>, due to the technology's complexity. Embedding technological tools into the process stimulated the emergence of new agents with new expertise: the musical assistant, the technician, the computer music designer, the music mediator (a profession that has been described and defined in different ways over the years) – aiding with writing, creating new instruments, recording and/or performance. The musical assistant explains developments in musical research and translates artistic ideas into programming languages. Finally, he or she transforms those ideas into a score or a computer program and often performs the musical piece during the concerts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of collaboration include <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> and Andrew Gerzso, Alvise Vidolin and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_(composer)" title="Jonathan Harvey (composer)">Jonathan Harvey</a> and Gilbert Nouno. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_written_in_collaboration" title="Classical music written in collaboration">Classical music written in collaboration</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Collaboration" title="Special:EditPage/Collaboration">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Although relatively rare compared with collaboration in popular music, there have been some notable examples of music written collaboratively by classical composers. Perhaps the best-known examples are: </p><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hexameron_(musical_composition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexameron (musical composition)">Hexameron</a></i>, a set of <a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">variations</a> for solo <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> on a theme from <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/I_puritani" title="I puritani">I puritani</a></i>. It was written and first performed in 1837. The contributors were <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Carl Czerny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Sigismond Thalberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Pixis" title="Johann Peter Pixis">Johann Peter Pixis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Herz" title="Henri Herz">Henri Herz</a>.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/F-A-E_Sonata" title="F-A-E Sonata">F-A-E Sonata</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Sonata" title="Sonata">sonata</a> for <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and piano, written in 1853 as a gift for the violinist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joseph Joachim</a>. The composers were <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dietrich" title="Albert Dietrich">Albert Dietrich</a> (first movement), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> (second and fourth movements), and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> (third movement).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collaboration in entertainment dates from the origin of theatrical productions, millennia ago. It takes the form of writers, directors, actors, producers and other individuals or groups working on the same production. In the twenty-first century, new technology has enhanced collaboration. A system developed by <a href="/wiki/Will_Wright_(game_designer)" title="Will Wright (game designer)">Will Wright</a> for the TV series title <i>Bar Karma</i> on CurrentTV facilitates plot collaboration over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Screenwriter organizations bring together professional and amateur writers and filmmakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></div> <p>Collaboration in business can be found both within and across organizations,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and examples range from formalised <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnerships</a>, use of <a href="/wiki/Coworking" title="Coworking">coworking</a> spaces where freelancers can work with others in a collaborative environment and <a href="/wiki/Crowd_funding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowd funding">crowd funding</a>, to the complexity of a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporation</a>. Inter-organizational collaboration brings participating parties to invest resources, mutually achieve goals, share information, resources, rewards and responsibilities, as well as make joint decisions and solve problems.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaboration between public, private and voluntary sectors can be effective in tackling complex policy problems, but may be handled more effectively by <a href="/wiki/Boundary_spanning" title="Boundary spanning">boundary-spanning</a> teams and <a href="/wiki/Network_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Network organization">networks</a> than by formal organizational structures.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, business and management scholars have paid much attention to the importance of both formal and informal mechanisms to support inter-organizational collaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They especially point to the role of <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contractual</a> and relational mechanisms and the inherent tensions between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a> offers to collaborate with innovating <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">start-up</a> businesses, and its "Unilever Foundry" refers to over 400 examples of "strategic collaboration" in this field.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaborative <a href="/wiki/Procurement" title="Procurement">procurement</a> has been commended as a means of achieving financial savings and operational efficiency in the acquisition of common goods and services in the public sector,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and producing mutually beneficial results in the private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaboration allows for better communication within organizations and along <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chains</a>. It is a way of coordinating different ideas from numerous people to generate a wide variety of knowledge. Collaboration with a few selected firms has been shown to positively impact firm performance and innovation outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technology has provided the internet, wireless connectivity and collaboration tools such as blogs and wikis, and has as such created the possibility of "<a href="/wiki/Mass_collaboration" title="Mass collaboration">mass collaboration</a>". People are able to rapidly communicate and share ideas, crossing longstanding geographical and cultural boundaries. Social networks permeate business culture where collaborative uses include <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_transfer" title="Knowledge transfer">knowledge transfer</a>. According to author <a href="/wiki/Evan_Rosen" title="Evan Rosen">Evan Rosen</a> command-and-control organizational structures inhibit collaboration and replacing such structures allows collaboration to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Studies have found that collaboration can increase achievement and productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bill Huber, former chair of the International Association for Contract and Commercial Management (IACCM, now <a href="/wiki/World_Commerce_%26_Contracting" class="mw-redirect" title="World Commerce & Contracting">World Commerce & Contracting</a>), notes that not all companies have what he calls "collaborative DNA".<sup id="cite_ref-huber_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huber-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huber argues that<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>often when companies fail to implement or sustain successful collaborative relationships, the causes can be traced to insufficient leadership support or to underdeveloped collaboration skills.<sup id="cite_ref-huber_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huber-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Andrew Cox, formerly of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Business_School_(University_of_Birmingham)" title="Birmingham Business School (University of Birmingham)">Birmingham Business School</a> and the founder of the International Institute for Advanced Purchasing and Supply (IIAPS),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has highlighted the dangers in thinking that collaborative relationships always produce mutually advantageous "<a href="/wiki/Win-win" class="mw-redirect" title="Win-win">win-win</a>" outcomes for both buyers and sellers in commercial relationships. Cox uses case studies which show where competent <a href="/wiki/Buyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyer">buyers</a> have used collaboration successful to secure <a href="/wiki/Value_for_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Value for money">value for money</a>, and other examples where "incompetent buyers" utilizing "what initially appear to be win-win outcomes" subsequently lose out to "more commercially competent suppliers".<sup id="cite_ref-cox_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In relation to one of his examples, Cox concludes that<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From a perception that the buyer was in a win-win situation, it soon became apparent that it was either close to a lose-win or at best a partial win-win situation favouring the supplier.<sup id="cite_ref-cox_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A four-year study of interorganizational collaboration in a mental health setting found that successful collaboration can be rapidly derailed through external policy steering, particularly where it undermines relations built on trust.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaboration is also threatened by opportunism from the business partners and the possibility of coordination failures that can derail the efforts of even well-intentioned parties. </p><p>Margarita Leib, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Tilburg_University" title="Tilburg University">Tilburg University</a> in the Netherlands, wrote about how individuals working together sometimes promote dishonest behavior that prioritizes profit, like what <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> did to fake <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal" title="Volkswagen emissions scandal">vehicle emission levels</a>. This often begins with one person lying, which incentivizes or pressures everyone else to escalate in response.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm/220px--Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="108" data-mwtitle="Development_of_"Mathe_für_Nicht-Freaks"_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm/Development_of_%22Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks%22_from_Sep_2009_to_June_2016.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Visualization of the collaborative work in the German textbook project <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/de:Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks" class="extiw" title="b:de:Mathe für Nicht-Freaks">Mathe für Nicht-Freaks</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In recent years, co-teaching has become more common, found in US classrooms across all grade levels and content areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Co-teaching_as_a_context_for_teache_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Co-teaching_as_a_context_for_teache-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once regarded as connecting <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special education</a> and general education teachers, it is now more generally defined as "…two professionals delivering substantive instruction to a diverse group of students in a single physical space."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As American classrooms have become increasingly diverse, so have the challenges for educators. Due to the diverse needs of students with designated special needs, <a href="/wiki/English-language_learner" title="English-language learner">English language learners</a> (ELL), and students of varied academic levels, teachers have developed new approaches that provide additional student support.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, students remain in the classroom and receive instruction by both their general teacher and special education teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-Co-teaching_as_a_context_for_teache_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Co-teaching_as_a_context_for_teache-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1996 report "What Matters Most: Teaching for America's Future" economic success could be enhanced if students developed the capacity to learn how to "manage teams… and…work together successfully in teams".<sup id="cite_ref-NCTAF_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCTAF-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teachers increasingly use <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">collaborative software</a> to establish <a href="/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual learning environment">virtual learning environments</a> (VLEs). This allows them to share learning materials and feedback with both students and in some cases, parents. Approaches include:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_skills" title="21st century skills">21st century skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_partnerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative partnerships">Collaborative partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Partnerships:_Business/Industry-Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative Partnerships: Business/Industry-Education">Collaborative Partnerships: Business/Industry-Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_circle" title="Learning circle">Learning circle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writing">Writing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_fiction" title="Collaborative fiction">Collaborative fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_editing" title="Collaborative editing">Collaborative editing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_duos" title="Category:Writing duos">Category:Writing duos</a></div> <p>Writers, both in fiction and non-fiction, may cooperate on a one-time or long-term basis. It can be as simple as dual-authorship or as complex as <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">commons-based peer production</a>. Tools include <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">e-mail lists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wikis</a> while '<a href="/wiki/Brick_and_mortar_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Brick and mortar business">brick and mortar</a>' examples include <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a> (books) and periodicals such as newspapers, journals and magazines. One approach is for an author to publish early drafts/chapters of a work on the Internet and solicit suggestions from the world at large. This approach helped ensure that the technical aspects of the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(Weir_novel)" title="The Martian (Weir novel)">The Martian</a></i> were as accurate as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The science fiction author <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a> was noted for his longtime collaborations with <a href="/wiki/Cyril_M._Kornbluth" title="Cyril M. Kornbluth">Cyril Kornbluth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Williamson" title="Jack Williamson">Jack Williamson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_communication">Technical communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Technical communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collaboration in technical communication (also commonly referred to as technical writing) has become increasingly important in the creation and dissemination of technical documents in multiple technical and occupational fields, including: computer hardware and software, medicine, engineering, robotics, aeronautics, biotechnology, information technology, and finance. Collaboration in technical communication allows for greater flexibility, productivity and innovation for technical writers and the companies they work for, resulting in technical documents that are more comprehensive and accurate than documents produced by individuals. Technical communication collaboration typically occurs on shared document work-spaces (such as Google Docs), through social media sites, videoconferencing, SMS and IM, and on cloud-based authoring platforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_2.0" title="Science 2.0">Science 2.0</a></div><p>Scientific collaboration rapidly advanced throughout the twentieth century as measured by the increasing numbers of coauthors on published papers. Wagner and <a href="/wiki/Loet_Leydesdorff" title="Loet Leydesdorff">Leydesdorff</a> found international collaborations to have doubled from 1990 to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-wagner_and_leydesdorff_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner_and_leydesdorff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_authorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative authorship">collaborative authorships</a> within nations has also risen, this has done so at a slower rate and is not cited as frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-wagner_and_leydesdorff_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner_and_leydesdorff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable examples of scientific collaboration include <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, the <a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a> nuclear fusion experiment, and the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Human_Brain_Project" title="Human Brain Project">Human Brain Project</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collaboration in health care is defined as health care professionals assuming complementary roles and cooperatively working together, sharing responsibility for problem-solving and making decisions to formulate and carry out plans for patient care.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaboration between physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals increases team members' awareness of each other's type of knowledge and skills, leading to continued improvement in decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collaborative plan is filed with each <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">state</a> board of medicine where the PA works. This plan formally delineates the scope of practice approved by the physician. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collaboration_between_stakeholders_in_health_and_social_care">Collaboration between stakeholders in health and social care</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Collaboration between stakeholders in health and social care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Welfare services, including healthcare systems, have become more specialised over time and are provided by an increasing number of departments and organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One disadvantage from this development is fragmented supply of health and social services, which hampers integration of services resulting in suboptimal care, higher cost due to overlaps and poor quality of care.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current system, in which care is fragmented and delivered by several different stakeholders, increases the need of all relevant stakeholders to coordinate and collaborate both within and between organisations in order to deliver services tailored to people's needs. </p><p>This need of increased collaboration between stakeholders corresponds with the principles of people-centered care.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">Collaborative software</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALMA_Trilateral_Agreement_Signed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ALMA_Trilateral_Agreement_Signed.jpg/220px-ALMA_Trilateral_Agreement_Signed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ALMA_Trilateral_Agreement_Signed.jpg/330px-ALMA_Trilateral_Agreement_Signed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ALMA_Trilateral_Agreement_Signed.jpg/440px-ALMA_Trilateral_Agreement_Signed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>Trilateral agreement between <a href="/wiki/ESO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESO">ESO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Natural_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Natural Sciences">National Institutes of Natural Sciences</a> for the operation of <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Collaboration in technology encompasses a broad range of tools that enable groups of people to work together including social networking, instant messaging, team spaces, web sharing, audio conferencing, video, and telephony. Many large companies adopt collaboration platforms to allow employees, customers and partners to intelligently connect and interact. </p><p>Enterprise collaboration tools focus on encouraging <a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">collective intelligence</a> and staff collaboration at the organization level, or with partners. These include features such as staff networking, expert recommendations, information sharing, expertise location, <a href="/wiki/Peer_feedback" title="Peer feedback">peer feedback</a>, and real-time collaboration. At the personal level, this enables employees to enhance social awareness and their profiles and interactions Collaboration encompasses both asynchronous and synchronous methods of communication and serves as an umbrella term for a wide variety of software packages. Perhaps the most commonly associated form of synchronous collaboration is web conferencing, but the term can encompass IP telephony, instant messaging, and rich video interaction with telepresence, as well. </p><p>The effectiveness of a collaborative effort is driven by three critical factors: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workflow" title="Workflow">Workflow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Internet">The Internet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: The Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Internet's low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made collaborative work dramatically easier. Not only can a group cheaply communicate, but the wide reach of the Internet allows groups to easily form, particularly among dispersed, niche participants. An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a> in software development which produced <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> from scratch and has taken over development of <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a> (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communicator" title="Netscape Communicator">Netscape Communicator</a> and <a href="/wiki/StarOffice" title="StarOffice">StarOffice</a>). </p><p>With the recent development of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> platforms, there has been a constant and quick growth in the use of the Internet for communication and collaboration between people. The <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">2.0 version of the internet</a> has become a tool for collaborative projects, <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">online communities</a>, social networks, group games. An example of how social media aids in more effective collaboration is seen via the business environment.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communication and collaboration create new hierarchies and wider networks for employees and partners of organisations. Additionally, it also enables businesses to broaden their <a href="/wiki/Marketing_strategy" title="Marketing strategy">marketing strategies</a> by collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Influencers" class="mw-redirect" title="Influencers">influencers</a> of those social media platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commons-based_peer_production">Commons-based peer production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Commons-based peer production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a> is a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> Law professor <a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a> to describe a new model of economic production in which the creative energy of large numbers of people is coordinated (usually with the aid of the internet) into large, meaningful projects, mostly without hierarchical organization or financial compensation. He compares this to firm production (where a centralized decision process decides what has to be done and by whom) and <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market-based production</a> (when tagging different prices to different jobs serves as an attractor to anyone interested in doing the job). </p><p>Examples of products created by means of commons-based peer production include <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>; <a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a>, a news and announcements website; <a href="/wiki/Kuro5hin" title="Kuro5hin">Kuro5hin</a>, a discussion site for technology and culture; <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, an online <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Clickworkers" title="Clickworkers">Clickworkers</a>, a collaborative scientific work. Another example is <a href="/wiki/Socialtext" title="Socialtext">Socialtext</a>, a software solution that uses tools such as wikis and weblogs and helps companies to create a collaborative work environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massively_distributed_collaboration">Massively distributed collaboration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Massively distributed collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Mass_collaboration" title="Mass collaboration">massively distributed collaboration</a> was coined by <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Kapor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchell Kapor">Mitchell Kapor</a>, in a presentation at <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> on 2005-11-09, to describe an emerging activity of <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wikis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">electronic mailing lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a> and other content-creating <a href="/wiki/Virtual_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual communities">virtual communities</a> online. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_war">In war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: In war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration" title="Wartime collaboration">Wartime collaboration</a> refers to cooperating with the enemy or enemies of one's own country. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Collaboration with Imperial Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Islamic_State" title="Collaboration with the Islamic State">Collaboration with the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Collaboration with Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Collaboration with Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_collaboration" title="Clinical collaboration">Clinical collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_governance" title="Collaborative governance">Collaborative governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_innovation_network" title="Collaborative innovation network">Collaborative innovation network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_leadership" title="Collaborative leadership">Collaborative leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_search_engine" title="Collaborative search engine">Collaborative search engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_translation" title="Collaborative translation">Collaborative translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Compliance (disambiguation)">Compliance (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_call" title="Conference call">Conference call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_game_theory" title="Cooperative game theory">Cooperative game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coworking" title="Coworking">Coworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Collaboration" title="The Culture of Collaboration">The Culture of Collaboration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">Design thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_collaboration" title="Digital collaboration">Digital collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitation_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Facilitation (business)">Facilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helping_behavior" title="Helping behavior">Helping behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intranet_portal" title="Intranet portal">Intranet portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_circle" title="Learning circle">Learning circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malicious_compliance" title="Malicious compliance">Malicious compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outstaffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Outstaffing">Outstaffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartisan" title="Postpartisan">Postpartisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">Reciprocal altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-based_collaboration" title="Role-based collaboration">Role-based collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociality" title="Sociality">Sociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teamwork" title="Teamwork">Teamwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">Telepresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unorganisation">Unorganisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikinomics" title="Wikinomics">Wikinomics</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marinez-Moyano, I. J. <i>Exploring the Dynamics of Collaboration in Interorganizational Settings</i>, Ch. 4, p. 83, in Schuman (Editor). Jossey-bass, 2006. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7879-8116-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7879-8116-8">0-7879-8116-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spencelecture-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spencelecture_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spencelecture_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, Muneera U. <i>"Graphic Design: Collaborative Processes = Understanding Self and Others."</i> (lecture) Art 325: Collaborative Processes. Fairbanks Hall, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon" title="Corvallis, Oregon">Corvallis, Oregon</a>. 13 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revolutionphiladelphia.aiga.org/resources/content/2/5/7/0/documents/MSpence.pdf">See also</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410234154/http://revolutionphiladelphia.aiga.org/resources/content/2/5/7/0/documents/MSpence.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wagner_and_leydesdorff-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wagner_and_leydesdorff_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wagner_and_leydesdorff_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wagner_and_leydesdorff_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_S._Wagner" title="Caroline S. Wagner">Caroline S. Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loet_Leydesdorff" title="Loet Leydesdorff">Loet Leydesdorff</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.fmg.uva.nl/lleydesdorff/cswagner07/index.htm">Globalisation in the network of science in 2005: The diffusion of international collaboration and the formation of a core group</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825174955/http://users.fmg.uva.nl/lleydesdorff/cswagner07/index.htm">Archived</a> 2007-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubin2009" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Hank (2009). <i>Collaborative leadership : developing effective partnerships for communities and schools</i> (2nd ed.). 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Globalization and Higher Education in Economics and Business Administration - GEBA 2013. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">277–</span>282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2212-5671%2815%2900075-1">10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00075-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-5671">2212-5671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Economics+and+Finance&rft.atitle=Social+Media+%E2%80%93+The+New+Paradigm+of+Collaboration+and+Communication+for+Business+Environment&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E282&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2212-5671%2815%2900075-1&rft.issn=2212-5671&rft.aulast=Georgescu&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft.au=Popescul%2C+Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS2212-5671%252815%252900075-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollaboration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Daugherty" title="Patricia Daugherty">Daugherty, Patricia J</a>, R. Glenn Richey, Anthony S. Roath, Soonhong Min, Haozhe Chen, Aaron D. Arndt, Stefan E. Genchev (2006), "Is Collaboration Paying Off For Firms?" Business Horizons, Vol. 49, pp. 61–70.</li> <li>Lewin, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourgroups.com/blog/archives/24/the-tension-in-collaboration/">"The Tension in Collaboration".</a></li> <li>London, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottlondon.com/reports/ppcc.html">"Collaboration and Community"</a></li> <li>Marcum, James W. <i>After the Information Age: A Dynamic Learning Manifesto.</i> Vol. 231. Counterpoints: Studies in the Postmodern Theory of Education. New York, NY: Peter Lang, 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRicheyRoathWhippleFawcett2010" class="citation journal cs1">Richey, R. Glenn; Roath, Anthony S.; Whipple, Judith S.; Fawcett, Stan (2010). "Exploring Governance Theory of Supply Chain Integration: Barriers and Facilitators to Integration". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Business_Logistics" title="Journal of Business Logistics">Journal of Business Logistics</a></i>. <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2158-1592.2010.tb00137.x">10.1002/j.2158-1592.2010.tb00137.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Logistics&rft.atitle=Exploring+Governance+Theory+of+Supply+Chain+Integration%3A+Barriers+and+Facilitators+to+Integration&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2158-1592.2010.tb00137.x&rft.aulast=Richey&rft.aufirst=R.+Glenn&rft.au=Roath%2C+Anthony+S.&rft.au=Whipple%2C+Judith+S.&rft.au=Fawcett%2C+Stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollaboration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rosen, Evan.<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://TheCultureofCollaboration.com">The Bounty Effect: 7 Steps to The Culture of Collaboration</a></i></li> <li>Rosen, Evan. <a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Collaboration" title="The Culture of Collaboration"><i>The Culture of Collaboration: Maximizing Time, Talent and Tools to Create Value in the Global Economy</i></a></li> <li>Schneider, Florian: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415070645/http://summit.kein.org/node/190">Collaboration: Some Thoughts Concerning New Ways of Learning and Working Together.</a></i>, in: Academy, edited by Angelika Nollert and Irit Rogoff, 280 pages, Revolver Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86588-303-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-86588-303-6">3-86588-303-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinRoathDaughertyGenchev2005" class="citation journal cs1">Min, Soonhong; Roath, Anthony S.; <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Daugherty" title="Patricia Daugherty">Daugherty, Patricia J.</a>; Genchev, Stefan E.; Chen, Haozhe; Arndt, Aaron D.; Richey, R. Glenn (2005). "Supply Chain Collaboration: What's Really Happening". <i>International Journal of Logistic Management</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F09574090510634539">10.1108/09574090510634539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Logistic+Management&rft.atitle=Supply+Chain+Collaboration%3A+What%27s+Really+Happening&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F09574090510634539&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=Soonhong&rft.au=Roath%2C+Anthony+S.&rft.au=Daugherty%2C+Patricia+J.&rft.au=Genchev%2C+Stefan+E.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Haozhe&rft.au=Arndt%2C+Aaron+D.&rft.au=Richey%2C+R.+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollaboration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228101119/http://www.itnext.in/content/power-collectives.html">The Power of Collectives, IT NEXT, Jatinder Singh</a></li> <li>Spence, Muneera U. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410234154/http://revolutionphiladelphia.aiga.org/resources/content/2/5/7/0/documents/MSpence.pdf">"Graphic Design Collaborative Processes: a Course in Collaboration."</a> Oregon State University. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: AIGA, 2005.</li> <li>Toivonen, Tuukka (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2369540">"The Emergence of the Social Innovation Community: Towards Collaborative Changemaking?"</a> University of Oxford. Available on SSRN. (See section on "Cultures of Changemaking and the Collaborative Logic")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219155647/http://www.iste.org/standards/nets-for-students.aspx">Nets for students</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211155949/http://www.iste.org/standards/nets-for-teachers.aspx">Nets for teachers</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEchavarria2015" class="citation book cs1">Echavarria, Martin (2015). <i>Enabling Collaboration – Achieving Success Through Strategic Alliances and Partnerships</i>. LID Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780986079337" title="Special:BookSources/9780986079337"><bdi>9780986079337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enabling+Collaboration+%E2%80%93+Achieving+Success+Through+Strategic+Alliances+and+Partnerships&rft.pub=LID+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780986079337&rft.aulast=Echavarria&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollaboration" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaboration&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Collaboration" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Collaboration">Collaboration</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/collaboration" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/collaboration"><i>collaboration</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On aspect or<br />relationship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_management" title="Perception management">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On problem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">On resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_inventory_management" title="Field inventory management">Field inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_management" title="Information technology management">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skills_management" title="Skills management">Skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interim_management" title="Interim management">Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_management" title="Middle management">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Methods,<br />approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_method" title="Collaborative method">Collaborative method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">Evidence-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_range_leadership_model" title="Full range leadership model">Full range leadership model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_by_objectives" title="Management by objectives">Management by objectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_style" title="Management style">Management style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromanagement" title="Macromanagement">Macromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_building" title="Team building">Team building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_management" title="Virtual management">Virtual management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Skills,<br />activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Pioneers,<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_M._Goldratt" title="Eliyahu M. Goldratt">Eliyahu M. Goldratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Business_Manager" title="Certified Business Manager">Certified Business Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Management_Institute" title="Chartered Management Institute">Chartered Management Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_management_studies" title="Critical management studies">Critical management studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration">Bachelor of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhD_in_management" title="PhD in management">PhD in management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctor of Business Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_compensation" title="Executive compensation">Executive compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">Management consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_(management)" title="Control (management)">Management control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_development" title="Management development">Management development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_fad" title="Management fad">Management fad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_system" title="Management system">Management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_psychology" title="Managerial psychology">Managerial psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerialism" title="Managerialism">Managerialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Organization development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management" title="Organizational behavior management">Organizational behavior management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointy-haired_Boss" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointy-haired Boss">Pointy-haired Boss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Systems science portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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