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Italie: Les renvois de migrants vers la Grèce constituent une violation de leurs droits | Human Rights Watch

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href="/web/20130512060203/http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2013/01/22/italie-les-renvois-de-migrants-vers-la-grece-constituent-une-violation-de-leurs-droi" title="Italie: Les renvois de migrants vers la Grèce constituent une violation de leurs droits">Italie: Les renvois de migrants vers la Grèce constituent une violation de leurs droits</a> </h6> </div> <h6 class="node-subtitle">L&#039;Italie ne devrait pas renvoyer les mineurs non accompagnés et les demandeurs d&#039;asile</h6> <div class="info"> <div class="meta date"> <span class="created">22 janvier 2013</span> </div> </div> <div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a 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field-field-related-images"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-nodereference-related-images view-id-nodereference_related_images view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-1"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060203/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Italy_fence.JPG" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>Clôture du port grec de Patras, devenu hautement sécurisé. Dans cette ville côtière (sud-ouest de la Grèce), des migrants tentent régulièrement de se glisser clandestinement dans des camions qui embarquent sur les ferrys à destination de l'Italie.</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060203im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2012_Italy_fence.JPG"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130512060203/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Italy_fence.JPG" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p>Clôture du port grec de Patras, devenu hautement sécurisé. Dans cette ville côtière (sud-ouest de la Grèce), des migrants tentent régulièrement de se glisser clandestinement dans des camions qui embarquent sur les ferrys à destination de l'Italie.</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2012 Human Rights Watch</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="view view-nodereference-related-images view-id-nodereference_related_images view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-2"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060203/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/DSCN3212.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>Un jeune migrant afghan de 14 ans, devant la maison abandonnée où il vit avec 25 autres migrants afghans dans la ville côtière de Patras, en Grèce. Comme de nombreux autres migrants, il souhaite monter clandestinement à bord d'un des bateaux qui font route pour l'Italie, afin de demander l'asile dans ce pays.</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060203im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/DSCN3212.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130512060203/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/DSCN3212.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p>Un jeune migrant afghan de 14 ans, devant la maison abandonnée où il vit avec 25 autres migrants afghans dans la ville côtière de Patras, en Grèce. Comme de nombreux autres migrants, il souhaite monter clandestinement à bord d'un des bateaux qui font route pour l'Italie, afin de demander l'asile dans ce pays.</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2012 Human Rights Watch</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-news-additional"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-content"> <div class="field-label">Related Materials:&nbsp;</div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-reference-views-formatter view-id-reference_views_formatter view-display-id-reference_field_1 news-related-materials view-dom-id-3"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130512060203/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/01/21/turned-away">Turned Away</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">21 janvier 2013</span> </div> <div class="views-field-tid"> <span class="field-content"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> Tous les ans, des centaines de personnes mettent leur vie en péril en se cachant dans ou sous des camions et des voitures à bord des ferrys qui traversent l'Adriatique. Bien trop souvent, l'Italie les renvoie directement en Grèce, malgré la situation et le traitement épouvantables qui les attendent là-bas. </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> Judith Sunderland, chercheuse senior au sein de la division Europe de l&#039;Ouest </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>(Rome,le 22 janvier 2013) &ndash; L<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060203/http://www.hrw.org/fr/europecentral-asia/italy">&#39;Italie</a>&nbsp;renvoie de mani&egrave;re sommaire des mineurs migrants non accompagn&eacute;s et des demandeurs d&#39;asile adultes vers la <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060203/http://www.hrw.org/fr/europecentral-asia/greece">Gr&egrave;ce</a>, o&ugrave; ils subissent les dysfonctionnements du syst&egrave;me d&#39;asile et des conditions de d&eacute;tention abusives, a d&eacute;clar&eacute; Human Rights Watch dans un <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060203/http://www.hrw.org/embargo/node/112402?signature=80ca5d887768f1cfd6bf09897f2b768d&amp;suid=6">rapport</a>&nbsp;publi&eacute; aujourd&#39;hui. Les passagers clandestins &agrave; bord des ferrys provenant de Gr&egrave;ce, parmi lesquels figurent des enfants d&egrave;s 13 ans, sont renvoy&eacute;s par les autorit&eacute;s italiennes dans les heures qui suivent leur d&eacute;couverte, sans prise en compte ad&eacute;quate des besoins sp&eacute;cifiques des mineurs, ou de la volont&eacute; de ces personnes de demander l&#39;asile.&nbsp;<br/> <br/> Lerapport de 45 pages, intitul&eacute;&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060203/http://hrw.org/reports/2013/01/22/turned-away-0">Turned Away: Summary Returns of Unaccompanied Migrant Children and Adult Asylum Seekers from Italy to Greece&nbsp;</a>(&laquo;&nbsp;Renvoy&eacute;s : retours sommaires de mineurs migrants non accompagn&eacute;s et de demandeurs d&#39;asile adultes de l&#39;Italie vers la Gr&egrave;ce&nbsp;&raquo;), expose l&#39;absence d&#39;examen appropri&eacute; de la situation des personnes qui n&eacute;cessitent une protection par les agents de la police italienne des fronti&egrave;res dans les ports d&#39;Anc&ocirc;ne, de Bari, de Brindisi et de Venise, sur la c&ocirc;te Adriatique. Ces manquements constituent une violation des obligations l&eacute;gales de l&#39;Italie. Human Rights Watch a interview&eacute; 29 enfants et adultes qui ont fait l&#39;objet d&#39;un retour sommaire depuis les ports italiens vers la Gr&egrave;ce, au cours de l&#39;ann&eacute;e 2012 pour vingt d&#39;entre eux.<br/> <br/> &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Tous les ans, des centaines de personnes mettent leur vie en p&eacute;ril en se cachant dans ou sous des camions et des voitures &agrave; bord des ferrys qui traversent l&#39;Adriatique</em>,&nbsp;&raquo;, a indiqu&eacute; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060203/http://www.hrw.org/bios/judith-sunderland">Judith Sunderland</a>, chercheuse senior au sein de la division Europe de l&#39;Ouest chez Human Rights Watch.&laquo;&nbsp;<em>Bien trop souvent, l&#39;Italie les renvoie directement en Gr&egrave;ce, malgr&eacute; la situation et le traitement &eacute;pouvantables qui les attendent l&agrave;-bas</em>.&nbsp;&raquo;</p> <p>Confi&eacute;s &agrave; la garde des capitaines de ferrys commerciaux, les enfants comme les adultes sont enferm&eacute;s &agrave; bord des bateaux pendant lev oyage de retour vers la Gr&egrave;ce, parfois dans des cellules de fortune ou dans la salle des machines. Ils sont &eacute;galement souvent priv&eacute;s de nourriture adapt&eacute;e.</p> <p>De retour en Gr&egrave;ce, les mineurs non accompagn&eacute;s et les demandeurs d&#39;asile sont, comme tous les migrants, &agrave; la merci d&#39;abus de la part des forces de l&#39;ordre, ou d&#39;une d&eacute;tention dans des conditions d&eacute;gradantes. Selon Human Rights Watch, ils sont confront&eacute;s &agrave; un contexte hostile marqu&eacute; par des violences x&eacute;nophobes. Ali M., un jeune Afghan qui &eacute;tait &acirc;g&eacute; de 15 ans quand il a &eacute;t&eacute; renvoy&eacute; d&#39;Italie en mars 2012 vers Igoumenitsa, en Gr&egrave;ce, a racont&eacute; que les policiers grecs l&#39;avaient emmen&eacute; dans un centre de d&eacute;tention pr&egrave;s du port, et l&#39;y avait gard&eacute; prisonnier pendant plus deux semaines avec des adultes sans lien de parent&eacute;, dans des conditions sordide et sans nourriture suffisante.</p> <p>Le droit italien ainsi que le droit international interdisent le renvoi de mineurs non accompagn&eacute;s sans processus pr&eacute;alable permettant de d&eacute;terminer que cette d&eacute;cision respecte leur&nbsp; int&eacute;r&ecirc;t sup&eacute;rieur. Pourtant, Human Rights Watch a rencontr&eacute; treize enfants &acirc;g&eacute;s de 13 &agrave; 17 ans qui avaient fait l&#39;objet d&#39;un retour sommaire vers la Gr&egrave;ce. Aucun d&#39;entre eux n&#39;avait eu acc&egrave;s &agrave; un tuteur ou aux services sociaux, comme l&#39;exigent le droit italien et le droit international.</p> <p>Si la politique officielle du gouvernement italien est de donner &agrave; tout individu qui affirme &ecirc;tre mineur le b&eacute;n&eacute;fice du doute, les recherches de Human Rights Watch indiquent que cette strat&eacute;gie n&#39;est pas suivie. Seul l&#39;un des enfants interview&eacute;s avait pass&eacute; un examen quelconque pour d&eacute;terminer son &acirc;ge (dans son cas, une radiographie du poignet). Ali M., par exemple, a &eacute;t&eacute; renvoy&eacute; sans que son &acirc;ge n&#39;ait &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tabli. &laquo; <em>Je leur ai dit que j&#39;avais 15 ans, ils ne m&#39;ont pas &eacute;cout&eacute;. Ils m&#39;ont mis dans la billetterie, puis &agrave; bord du bateau.</em> &raquo;</p> <p><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060203if_/http://www.youtube.com/embed/kapV1goPbq0" width="638"></iframe></p> <p>Les bonnes pratiques supposent une approche pluridisciplinaire pour &eacute;valuer l&#39;&acirc;ge, et des tests m&eacute;dicaux qui doivent &ecirc;tre non invasifs, a rappel&eacute; Human Rights Watch. Il faut que les mineurs soient admis dans le pays pour pouvoir leur donner acc&egrave;s &agrave; un tuteur, aux services sociaux, ainsi qu&#39;&agrave; une &eacute;valuation appropri&eacute;e de leur &acirc;ge.</p> <p>&laquo; <em>La plupart des mineurs que nous avons rencontr&eacute;s &eacute;taient des gar&ccedil;ons afghans qui fuyaient le danger, le conflit et la pauvret&eacute;</em> &raquo;, selon Alice Farmer, chercheuse sur les droits de l&#39;enfant au sein de Human Rights Watch. &laquo; <em>L&#39;Italie doit prendre ses responsabilit&eacute;s et leur fournir les protections sp&eacute;cifiques auxquelles ils ont droit en tant qu&#39;enfants</em>. &raquo;</p> <p>Renvoyer des migrants adultes vers la Gr&egrave;ce sans leur donner l&#39;occasion de d&eacute;poser une demande d&#39;asile constitue &eacute;galement une violation des obligations nationales et internationales de l&#39;Italie, a affirm&eacute; Human Rights Watch. Si ce pays a le droit d&#39;appliquer ses lois relatives &agrave; l&#39;immigration, les demandeurs d&#39;asile doivent &eacute;galement avoir la possibilit&eacute; d&#39;exercer leur droit de demander l&#39;asile, et aucune personne &eacute;loign&eacute;e ne devrait &ecirc;tre expos&eacute;e &agrave; des risques de torture ou de mauvais traitements.</p> <p>Les preuves accablantes t&eacute;moignant des probl&egrave;mes chroniques qui affectent le syst&egrave;me d&#39;asile et les conditions de d&eacute;tention en Gr&egrave;ce ont pouss&eacute; plusieurs tribunaux europ&eacute;ens &agrave; rendre des d&eacute;cisions historiques interdisant le transfert vers ce pays au titre du R&egrave;glement Dublin II. Celui-ci impose qu&#39;en r&egrave;gle g&eacute;n&eacute;rale le premier pays d&#39;entr&eacute;e dans l&#39;Union Europ&eacute;enne soit celui qui traite la demande d&#39;asile d&#39;un migrant. En r&eacute;sultat, de nombreux pays de l&#39;UE ont suspendu tout transfert de demandeurs d&#39;asile vers la Gr&egrave;ce.</p> <p>L&#39;Italie, quant &agrave; elle, n&#39;a pas suspendu les transferts vers la Gr&egrave;ce au titre de Dublin mais affirme &eacute;valuer le risque de violations des droits quand elle d&eacute;termine si cette r&egrave;gle doit s&#39;appliquer. Cependant les retours sommaires pratiqu&eacute;s dans les ports du pays contredisent cette politique, a soulign&eacute; Human Rights Watch.</p> <p>La plupart des personnes interview&eacute;es ont racont&eacute; n&#39;avoir eu aucune chance d&#39;exprimer leur souhait de demander l&#39;asile, et cinq d&#39;entre elles ont dit que les agents de la police portuaire avaient ignor&eacute;es ces demandes quand elles &eacute;taient formul&eacute;es. Selon la police frontali&egrave;re de Bari, sur pr&egrave;s de 900 migrants rep&eacute;r&eacute;s dans le port entre janvier 2011 et juin 2012, seuls douze ont &eacute;t&eacute; autoris&eacute;s &agrave; rester en Italie.</p> <p>&laquo; <em>Il peut arriver que certains demandeurs d&#39;asile ne souhaitent pas d&eacute;poser leur requ&ecirc;te en Italie, m&ecirc;me si on leur en donne l&#39;opportunit&eacute;, parce qu&#39;ils sont convaincus que leurs chances d&#39;&ecirc;tre prot&eacute;g&eacute;s et int&eacute;gr&eacute;s sont meilleures dans d&#39;autres pays europ&eacute;ens</em> &raquo;, a d&eacute;clar&eacute; Judith Sunderland. &laquo; <em>Mais ceux qui veulent d&eacute;poser une demande d&#39;asile ne devraient pas se voir renvoyer.</em> &raquo;&nbsp;</p> <p>Les organisations non-gouvernementales qui, selon les accords avec les autorit&eacute;s, peuvent fournir des services et des informations aux migrants rep&eacute;r&eacute;s dans les ports, n&#39;ont pas syst&eacute;matiquement acc&egrave;s &agrave; ces personnes. Dans ces conditions, il revient &agrave; la seule police frontali&egrave;re de d&eacute;cider qui aura le droit de rester en Italie, a d&eacute;clar&eacute; Human Rights Watch. Aucune des personnes interview&eacute;es n&#39;avait eu acc&egrave;s aux organisations non-gouvernementales ou &agrave; des informations sur leurs droits et sur les modalit&eacute;s pour demander l&#39;asile. Seulement sept d&#39;entre elles avaient re&ccedil;u l&#39;aide d&#39;un interpr&egrave;te.</p> <p>&laquo; <em>Si des organisations non-gouvernementales sont autoris&eacute;es &agrave; fournir des services dans les ports, c&#39;est dans le but de garantir le respect des droits des migrants</em> &raquo;, a d&eacute;clar&eacute; Judith Sunderland. &laquo; <em>Mais ces organisations ne peuvent pas faire leur travail si elles n&#39;ont pas acc&egrave;s &agrave; tous les migrants qui d&eacute;barquent, et de nombreux migrants ayant besoin de protection sont laiss&eacute;s pour compte</em>. &raquo;</p> <p>La Cour europ&eacute;enne des droits de l&#39;homme doit rendre prochainement son jugement dans l&#39;affaire Sharife et Autres c. Italie et Gr&egrave;ce, impliquant le retour sommaire en 2009 de 25 adultes et 10 enfants. Ces derniers affirment que cette op&eacute;ration constituait une violation de leur droit &agrave; la vie, &agrave; la protection contre la torture et les mauvais traitements, ainsi que de leur droit &agrave; un recours effectif. Le Commissaire aux droits de l&#39;Homme du Conseil de l&#39;Europe, Nils Muižnieks, ainsi que le rapporteur sp&eacute;cial des Nations Unies sur les droit des migrants, Fran&ccedil;ois Cr&eacute;peau, ont tous deux press&eacute; l&#39;Italie de s&#39;abstenir de pratiquer des retours sommaires vers la Gr&egrave;ce.</p> <p>Human Rights Watch a recommand&eacute; de changer un certain nombre de points des proc&eacute;dures suivies par le gouvernement italien, notamment :&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li> <strong>Suspendre</strong> imm&eacute;diatement les renvois sommaires de migrants&nbsp;vers la Gr&egrave;ce ;</li> <li> <strong>Permettre</strong> aux personnes qui atteignent l&#39;Italie et qui affirment &ecirc;tre des mineurs non accompagn&eacute;s de rester dans le pays et de b&eacute;n&eacute;ficier des protections sp&eacute;cifiques garanties par le droit italien, sans exception aucune, dans l&#39;attente d&#39;un examen appropri&eacute;&nbsp; permettant de d&eacute;terminer leur &acirc;ge ;</li> <li> <strong>Examiner</strong> convenablement le cas des adultes afin d&#39;identifier les personnes particuli&egrave;rement vuln&eacute;rables et celles qui souhaitent demander l&#39;asile, ou pr&eacute;sentent d&#39;autres besoins de protection ;</li> <li> <strong>Garantir</strong> le plein acc&egrave;s &agrave; tous les arrivants aux organisations non-gouvernementales, afin qu&#39;elles puissent fournir une aide juridique et humanitaire ;</li> <li> <strong>Veiller</strong> &agrave; ce que toutes les compagnies maritimes transmettent aux commandants de bord des directives claires sur la mani&egrave;re d&#39;assurer un traitement humain et sans danger des clandestins quand ils sont d&eacute;couverts &agrave; bord et au cours des voyages de retour vers la Gr&egrave;ce.<br/> &nbsp;</li> </ul> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_en first"><a 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