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id="toc-Types_of_modified_wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of modified wood</div> <p><b>Acetylated wood</b> is a type of modified <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> that is produced through a chemical modification process and does not contain any toxic substances.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It produced from a chemical reaction (named as <a href="/wiki/Acetylation" title="Acetylation">acetylation</a>), involving <a href="/wiki/Acetic_anhydride" title="Acetic anhydride">acetic anhydride</a> and a modification process to make wood highly resistant to biological attacks by fungi and wood-boring insects and durable to environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a new wood product in the field of <a href="/wiki/Wood_science" title="Wood science">wood science</a>, following decades of research and experimentation. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akoya_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Akoya_2009.jpg/300px-Akoya_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Akoya_2009.jpg/450px-Akoya_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Akoya_2009.jpg/600px-Akoya_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption>Sample of acetylated wood (<i>Accoya</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The chemical modification occurs through the reaction of wood polymers especially the free hydroxyl groups present in <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> and hemicelluloses, without the need of a catalyst, forming bonds between them. The substances used, such as anhydrides, modify the structural components of wood without leaving toxic residues. This process prevents approximately 80-90% of hydroxyl (-OH) groups from forming <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> with water molecules, effectively "locking" the cellular walls with the material. The chemical reagents employed are non-toxic, and the potential of recycling and disposal of acetylated wood can be accomplished without any restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Militz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Militz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acetylated wood is characterized by its very light colour and has been shown to possess high durability<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and strong hydrophobic properties, as various research studies have indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This wood is suitable for outdoor wooden structures,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as exterior flooring and decks. It is primarily produced from pine wood (<i>Radiata pine</i>), although beech is also occasionally used with this technology. Acetylated wood has minimal moisture absorption, significantly enhancing dimensional stability and natural resilience.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_technology">Development of the technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development of the technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first patent for wood acetylation was filed in 1930 by H. Suida, an Austrian chemist.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowell-2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowell-2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further fundamental research was conducted in the United States at the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Products_Laboratory" title="Forest Products Laboratory">Forest Products Laboratory</a> by the researchers <a href="/wiki/Alfred_J._Stamm" title="Alfred J. Stamm">Alfred J. Stamm</a> and Harold Tarkow during the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary material for acetylated wood is one that contains lignocellulose. Since wood acetylation aims to produce durable wood for outdoor use, wood, which typically contains lignin and cellulose, is usually the material of choice. Acetylation is typically performed using acetic anhydride in specialized reactors made of stainless steel. Given that <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic</a> acid decomposes when it comes into contact with the added acetic anhydride, the moisture content of the raw material significantly influences the consumption of acetic anhydride. Therefore, it is advantageous to use raw materials that are as dry as possible (2-4%). In essence, any type of wood can be acetylated. However, since each type of wood behaves slightly differently during acetylation, the process needs to be adjusted to suit the specific wood type to achieve the desired product properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_process">Production process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematische_Darstellung_des_Funktionsprinzips_der_Acetylierung_in_der_Zellwand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Schematische_Darstellung_des_Funktionsprinzips_der_Acetylierung_in_der_Zellwand.png/220px-Schematische_Darstellung_des_Funktionsprinzips_der_Acetylierung_in_der_Zellwand.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Schematische_Darstellung_des_Funktionsprinzips_der_Acetylierung_in_der_Zellwand.png/330px-Schematische_Darstellung_des_Funktionsprinzips_der_Acetylierung_in_der_Zellwand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Schematische_Darstellung_des_Funktionsprinzips_der_Acetylierung_in_der_Zellwand.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing the blocking of free hydroxyl groups after the acetylation reaction</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formation_of_Cellulose_acetate_V1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Formation_of_Cellulose_acetate_V1.png/300px-Formation_of_Cellulose_acetate_V1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Formation_of_Cellulose_acetate_V1.png/450px-Formation_of_Cellulose_acetate_V1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Formation_of_Cellulose_acetate_V1.png/601px-Formation_of_Cellulose_acetate_V1.png 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="3151" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of cellulose acetylation: The <span style="color:red;"><b>red</b></span> hydroxyl groups (<b>-<span style="color:red;">OH</span></b>) of cellulose (see above) are partially acetylated by acetic anhydride, forming ester groups, while the resulting acetic acid is decomposed. The degree of acetylation varies; for example, two out of three hydroxyl groups are acetylated for each glucose structural unit.</figcaption></figure> <p>The process begins with the introduction of chemical reactants into wood raw material, and the injection of the acetic anhydride solution. The solution can be introduced under vacuum, excess pressure, or <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">at atmospheric pressure</a>. </p><p>The acetylation process of wood involves impregnating the wood with an acetic anhydride solution under pressure or vacuum, heating the solution and the wood, and achieving a temperature of around 120 °C to allow the actual acetylation reaction between the wood and the reagent. The excess acetic anhydride solution that is not absorbed by the wood can be removed either before or after the acetylation reaction. To extract unreacted acetic anhydride and the resulting acetic acid from the wood, a final step involving distillation with water or steam is carried out to ensure that the wood is essentially free from acetic anhydride and acetic acid. This step is mainly to prevent the release of acetic acid odors from the final product into the environment, which is undesirable. The solution resulting from dehydration, vacuum extraction, and post-processing is collected and separated. The entire production process is time-consuming.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_of_acetylation">Degree of acetylation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Degree of acetylation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The degree of acetylation (i.e., acetyl content) needs to be estimated by various methods to achieve successful results. A minimum acetylation degree of at least 20%-22% is required for high-strength wood. Due to the incorporation of acetyl groups, similar to water molecules, causing swelling of wood, the increase in volume can serve as a parameter for the degree of acetylation. On the other hand, the percentage increase in weight, known as WPG (Weight Percent Gain), can be used after acetylation. This also allows for conclusions to be drawn regarding the quantity of anhydrous oxalic acid that ultimately becomes chemically bound to the wood in the cell walls. </p><p>Further parameters that can be used to assess the degree of acetylation include resistance to water leaching, electrical conductivity, or methods such as HPLC analysis or spectrophotometry.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_made_from_acetylated_wood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bridge_made_from_acetylated_wood.jpg/300px-Bridge_made_from_acetylated_wood.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bridge_made_from_acetylated_wood.jpg/450px-Bridge_made_from_acetylated_wood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bridge_made_from_acetylated_wood.jpg/600px-Bridge_made_from_acetylated_wood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Timber bridge in the Netherlands, which was constructed with <a href="/wiki/Glulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Glulam">glulam</a> of acetylated pine wood</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_and_characteristics">Properties and characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Properties and characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acetylation permanently alters the chemical composition of wood. This chemical modification positively affects various mechanical and physical properties, as well as the wood's resistance to insects and microorganisms that degrade it. </p><p>Depending on the type of wood and the extent of modification, acetylation typically results in wood discoloration and an increase in density and hardness.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohmann_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohmann-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the level of post-processing, the final wood product may have a more or less pronounced acetic acid odor, easily detectable during cutting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_absorption">Water absorption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Water absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the acetylation process, the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups within the polymer structure of the wood's cell walls chemically react to form highly hydrophobic acetoxy groups. As a result, the hydrophobic nature of wood significantly limits its ability to absorb or release water. This means that acetylated wood exhibits a much lower equilibrium moisture content compared to natural, non-acetylated wood. </p><p>The maximum equilibrium moisture content of regular wood is typically around 30% (referred to usually as fiber saturation point of wood), while wood that has undergone acetylation treatment (with a WPG of 20%) has a final equilibrium moisture content of only 10-12%. Furthermore, water absorption rate is greatly reduced during the acetylation process.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensional_stability">Dimensional stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dimensional stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Replacing the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups within the polymer structure of wood's cell walls, e.g., cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses, with hydrophobic acetyl groups also positively impacts its dimensional stability. This refers to the wood's ability to maintain its dimensions in changing climatic conditions. Acetylated wood exhibits approximately 70 to 80% greater dimensional stability compared to untreated natural wood. Consequently, it experiences significantly reduced swelling and shrinkage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_resistance">Biological resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biological resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acetylation enhances the biological (natural) resistance of wood. Its resistance to decay by fungi, insects, and other factors is significantly improved. The reduction of maximum equilibrium moisture content to the range of 10-20% in acetylated wood prevents the minimal moisture required for fungal growth. Additionally, the molecular structures of the cell wall, which are easily degraded by fungi, change with acetylation in such a way that fungal hyphae can no longer penetrate through the porous cell wall and break it down. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance_to_weathering">Resistance to weathering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resistance to weathering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various wood species can be fully protected from brown, white, or soft rot through acetylation and upgraded to the highest resistance class, class 1, such as exceptionally durable tropical species like teak, merbau, azobe, and iroko. Acetylation can also improve wood's resistance to decay by bacteria and termites.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance_to_environmental_conditions">Resistance to environmental conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resistance to environmental conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to wood decay caused by fungi, wood exposed to sunlight and rain-hail-snow undergoes photochemical degradation and gradual decomposition. On the wooden surface exposed to sunlight, low molecular weight degradation products from photo-oxidative reactions are slowly and gradually produced, primarily triggered by ultraviolet radiation. These degradation products are washed away by rain over time, resulting in either wood bleaching and a change in surface structure or localized dark spots. </p><p>Because acetylated wood has a much lower equilibrium moisture content than untreated wood, the degradation products are washed away more slowly. Additionally, the photooxidative degradation of acetylated wood's polymers occurs more slowly. Acetylation cannot stop the process of photochemical degradation in wood, but it can significantly slow it down.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research has shown that acetylated wood is best treated with surface finishes or even paints.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_producers">Industrial producers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Industrial producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company named "Accsys Technologies," based in London (formerly "Titan Wood"), was initially the sole industry producing acetylated wood. In 2007, the production of this product on a larger scale began using radiata pine (<i>Pinus radiata</i>) sourced from Australia and New Zealand, under the brand name <i><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accoya.com">Accoya</a></b></i> at the company's manufacturing facilities in Arnhem, in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eastman_Chemical_Company" title="Eastman Chemical Company">Eastman Chemical</a> began producing acetylated wood again in 2024 at its <a href="/wiki/Kingsport,_Tennessee" title="Kingsport, Tennessee">Kingsport</a> location, through a joint venture with Accsys Technologies, after having taken a decade long break in production for unknown reasons from 2014 to 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_modified_wood">Types of modified wood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types of modified wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furfurylated_wood" title="Furfurylated wood">Furfurylated wood</a> (<i>Kebony</i>), which is also produced from radiata pine but can also come from American southern yellow pine and ash.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thermally Modified Timber, which is wood that has undergone thermal modification in a kiln without the use of chemicals.</li> <li>Impregnated wood, which is wood that has been pressure-treated with protective chemical compounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_M._Rowell" title="Roger M. Rowell">Roger M. Rowell</a>: <i>Acetylation of wood</i> (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-Rowell-2006_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowell-2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_Militz" title="Holger Militz">Holger Militz</a>: <i>Overview Report - Acetylated Wood - (Scientific and Technological Foundations, Material, Economic Possibilities and Limits, Current Status of Implementation).</i> SGD South Forestry Research Institute Rhineland-Palatinate, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fawf.wald-rlp.de/fileadmin/website/fawfseiten/fawf/downloads/Projekte/Seeg/acetylierungsuebersicht.pdf">online</a> on: <i>FAWF.Wald-RLP.de</i> retrieved on January 6, 2014, PDF; 915 KB, Ulf Lohmann: <i>Wood Lexicon.</i> 4th edition. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-86820-086-7.</li> <li>Callum A. S. Hill: <i>Wood Modification: Chemical, Thermal and Other Processes.</i> Wiley 2006, ISBN 0-470-02172-1. ** Fuchs, W. (1928). On the Knowledge of Genuine Lignin, I.: The Acetylation of Spruce Wood. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 61(5), 948–951.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylated_wood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSandbergKutnarMantanis2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sandberg, Dick; Kutnar, Andreja; <a href="/wiki/George_Mantanis" title="George Mantanis">Mantanis, George</a> (2017-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iforest.sisef.org/pdf/?id=ifor2380-010">"Wood modification technologies - a review"</a>. <i>IForest</i>. <b>10</b> (6): 895–908. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3832%2Fifor2380-010">10.3832/ifor2380-010</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In: Accoya.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.building-products.com/production-underway-at-new-accoya-plant/">"PRODUCTION UNDERWAY AT NEW ACCOYA PLANT"</a>. <i>Building Products Digest | The Merchant Magazine - A 526 Media Group Publication</i>. 2024-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building+Products+Digest+%7C+The+Merchant+Magazine+-+A+526+Media+Group+Publication&rft.atitle=PRODUCTION+UNDERWAY+AT+NEW+ACCOYA+PLANT&rft.date=2024-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.building-products.com%2Fproduction-underway-at-new-accoya-plant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcetylated+wood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.kebony.com/technology/the-process/"><i>Kebony Manufacturing Process</i></a> (English). 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