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Lewis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 49 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="إدوارد لويس – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد لويس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C._%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ادوارد بی. لوئیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد بی. لوئیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8" title="এডওয়ার্ড বি. লুইস – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডওয়ার্ড বি. লুইস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96%D1%81" title="Эдвард Льюіс – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдвард Льюіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91._%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Едуард Б. Люис – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Б. Люис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bok_Lewis" title="Edward Bok Lewis – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edward Bok Lewis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward Lewis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C._%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ادوارد بی. لوئیس – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد بی. لوئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Lewis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Edward Lewis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_B._%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="에드워드 B. 루이스 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 B. 루이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bok_Lewis" title="Edward Bok Lewis – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edward Bok Lewis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bok_Lewis" title="Edward Bok Lewis – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Bok Lewis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%91._%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1" title="אדוארד ב. לואיס – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד ב. לואיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Эдвард Льюис – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдвард Льюис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Edward Lewis" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardus_B._Lewis" title="Eduardus B. Lewis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eduardus B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ادوارد لويس – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد لويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C._%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ادوارد بی. لوئیس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ادوارد بی. لوئیس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="エドワード・ルイス – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・ルイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ایڈورڈ لیوس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈورڈ لیوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bok_Lewis" title="Edward Bok Lewis – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Edward Bok Lewis" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edward Lewis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Льюис, Эдвард – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Льюис, Эдвард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ئێدوار لویس – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدوار لویس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward Lewis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Эдвард Льюис – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эдвард Льюис" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%97%D1%81" title="Едвард Льюїс – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едвард Льюїс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ایڈوارڈ بی لیوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈوارڈ بی لیوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Edward B. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF" title="愛德華·巴茨·路易斯 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛德華·巴茨·路易斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q274123#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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</nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Edward Lewis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ed_Lewis_1986.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ed_Lewis_1986.png/220px-Ed_Lewis_1986.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ed_Lewis_1986.png/330px-Ed_Lewis_1986.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ed_Lewis_1986.png/440px-Ed_Lewis_1986.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kelahiran</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edward Butts Lewis</div><br />May 20, 1918<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (laman tidak wujud)">Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meninggal dunia</th><td class="infobox-data">July 21, 2004 (aged 86)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Pasadena, California</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Warganegara</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United States">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Pusat pendidikan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Minnesota (laman tidak wujud)">University of Minnesota</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(B.A., 1939)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California Institute of Technology (laman tidak wujud)">California Institute of Technology</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ph.D., 1942</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;">M.S., 1943)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Terkenal kerana</th><td class="infobox-data">Research into genetics of the <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Drosophila melanogaster">common fruit fly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Anugerah</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hunt_Morgan_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal (laman tidak wujud)">Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> <small>(1989)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Gross_Horwitz_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (laman tidak wujud)">Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> <small>(1992)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (laman tidak wujud)">Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nobel Prize in Medicine (laman tidak wujud)">Nobel Prize in Medicine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"><b>Kerjaya saintifik</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bidang</th><td class="infobox-data category"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetics (laman tidak wujud)">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Developmental Biology (laman tidak wujud)">Developmental Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embryology (laman tidak wujud)">Embryology</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tesis" title="Tesis">Tesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4120/"><i>A genetic and cytological analysis of a tandem duplication and its included loci in Drosophila melanogaster</i></a> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1942)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Penasihat_kedoktoran" title="Penasihat kedoktoran">Penasihat kedoktoran</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Sturtevant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Sturtevant (laman tidak wujud)">Alfred Sturtevant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pelajar kedoktoran</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_M._Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark M. Davis (laman tidak wujud)">Mark M. Davis</a><sup id="cite_ref-davisphd_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davisphd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Butts Lewis</b> (20 Mei 1918 - 21 Julai 2004) ialah ahli genetik Amerika, yang mengutuk <a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fisiologi_atau_Perubatan" title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan">Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan</a> 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beliau membantu menemui bidang biologi perkembangan evolusi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_B._Lewis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_B._Lewis&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995/lewis-facts.html">https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995/lewis-facts.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davisphd-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davisphd_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavis1981" class="citation thesis cs1">Davis, Mark Morris (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-04292005-082735"><i>Programmed DNA rearrangements during differentiation : immunoglobulin class switching</i></a> (Tesis). California Institute of Technology. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/436997013">436997013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Programmed+DNA+rearrangements+during+differentiation+%3A+immunoglobulin+class+switching&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=California+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436997013&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mark+Morris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.caltech.edu%2FCaltechETD%3Aetd-04292005-082735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+B.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCrowBender2004" class="citation cs2">Crow, James F; Bender, Welcome (Dec 2004), "Edward B. Lewis, 1918-2004.", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetics_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetics (journal) (laman tidak wujud)">Genetics</a></i>, <b>168</b> (4), m/s. 1773–1783, <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448758">1448758</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15611154">15611154</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Edward+B.+Lewis%2C+1918-2004.&rft.volume=168&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1773-1783&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1448758%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15611154&rft.aulast=Crow&rft.aufirst=James+F&rft.au=Bender%2C+Welcome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+B.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanCelniker2004" class="citation cs2">Duncan, Ian; Celniker, Susan E (2004), "In memoriam: Edward B. Lewis (1918-2004)", <i>Dev. Cell</i> (diterbitkan Oct 2004), <b>7</b> (4), m/s. 487–9, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2004.09.005">10.1016/j.devcel.2004.09.005</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15469837">15469837</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dev.+Cell&rft.atitle=In+memoriam%3A+Edward+B.+Lewis+%281918-2004%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=487-9&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2004.09.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15469837&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Celniker%2C+Susan+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+B.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2004" class="citation cs2">Mishra, Rakesh K (2004), "Edward B Lewis (1918-2004)", <i>J. Biosci.</i> (diterbitkan Sep 2004), <b>29</b> (3), m/s. 231–233, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02702605">10.1007/bf02702605</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15381844">15381844</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biosci.&rft.atitle=Edward+B+Lewis+%281918-2004%29&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=231-233&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02702605&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15381844&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Rakesh+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+B.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester2004" class="citation cs2">Winchester, Guil (2004), "Edward B. Lewis 1918-2004", <i>Curr. Biol.</i> (diterbitkan Sep 21, 2004), <b>14</b> (18), m/s. R740–2, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.007">10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.007</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15380080">15380080</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Edward+B.+Lewis+1918-2004&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=R740-2&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.09.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15380080&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Guil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+B.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFScottLawrence2004" class="citation cs2">Scott, Matthew P; Lawrence, Peter A (2004), "Obituary: Edward B. Lewis (1918-2004)", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature (journal) (laman tidak wujud)">Nature</a></i> (diterbitkan Sep 9, 2004), <b>431</b> (7005), m/s. 143, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F431143a">10.1038/431143a</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15356617">15356617</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Edward+B.+Lewis+%281918-2004%29&rft.volume=431&rft.issue=7005&rft.pages=143&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F431143a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15356617&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Matthew+P&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Peter+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+B.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/LXVII4/lewis.html">Caltech obituary of Edward Lewis</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Penerima_Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fisiologi_atau_Perubatan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Perubatan"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fisiologi_atau_Perubatan" title="Perbincangan templat:Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fisiologi_atau_Perubatan&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Penerima_Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fisiologi_atau_Perubatan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_penerima_Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fisiologi_atau_Perubatan" title="Senarai penerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan">Penerima</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fisiologi_atau_Perubatan" title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan">Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">1901</span> <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1902</span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1903</span> <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1904</span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1905</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1906</span> <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1907</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1908</span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1909</span> <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1910</span> <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1911</span> <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1912</span> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1913</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1914</span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1915</span></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1916</span></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1917</span></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1918</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1919</span> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1920</span> <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1921</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1922</span> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1923</span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_James_Rickard_Macleod" class="mw-redirect" title="John James Rickard Macleod">John Macleod</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1924</span> <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">1926</span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1927</span> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1928</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1929</span> <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1930</span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1931</span> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1932</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_Baron_Adrian_Pertama" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, Baron Adrian Pertama">Edgar Adrian</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1933</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1934</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1935</span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1936</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1937</span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1938</span> <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1939</span> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1940</span></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1941</span></span></li> <li><span style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:90%;">1942</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1943</span> <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1944</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1945</span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1946</span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1947</span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1948</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1949</span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1950</span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">1951</span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1952</span> <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1953</span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1954</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1955</span> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1956</span> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1957</span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1958</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1959</span> <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1960</span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1961</span> <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1962</span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1963</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles" title="John Eccles">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1964</span> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1965</span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" class="mw-redirect" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1966</span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1967</span> <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1968</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1969</span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1970</span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1971</span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1972</span> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1973</span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1974</span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1975</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">1976</span> <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Blumberg" title="Baruch Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1977</span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1978</span> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1979</span> <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1980</span> <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1981</span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1982</span> <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1983</span> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1984</span> <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1985</span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1986</span> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1987</span> <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1988</span> <a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" title="James W. Black">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1989</span> <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1990</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1991</span> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1992</span> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1993</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1994</span> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1995</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1996</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1997</span> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1998</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">1999</span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2000</span> <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–kini</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">2001</span> <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2002</span> <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2003</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2004</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2005</span> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2006</span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2007</span> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2008</span> <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2009</span> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2010</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Edwards" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert G. Edwards">Robert G. Edwards</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2011</span> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>anumerta</i>)</li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2012</span> <a href="/wiki/John_B._Gurdon" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Gurdon">John B. Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2013</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2014</span> <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O'Keefe">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;">2015</span> <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell" title="William C. Campbell">William C. 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